Types of Verbs Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all

English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Nonontinuous Verbs, and !ixed Verbs. Group I Normal Verbs !ost verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physi#al a#tions $hi#h you #an see somebody doing. These verbs #an be used in all tenses. Normal Verbs to run, to $al%, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to tou#h, et#. Examples:

& eat dinner every day. & am eating dinner no$.

Group II Non-Continuous Verbs The se#ond group, #alled "Non- ontinuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you #annot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in #ontinuous tenses. They in#lude: Abstract Verbs to be, to $ant, to #ost, to seem, to need, to #are, to #ontain, to o$e, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to o$n, to belong... Emotion Verbs to li%e, to love, to hate, to disli%e, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples:

'e is needing help no$. Not Correct 'e needs help no$. Correct 'e is wanting a drin% no$. Not Correct 'e wants a drin% no$. Correct

Group III Mi ed Verbs The third group, #alled "!ixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have more than one meaning. &n a $ay, ea#h meaning is a uni(ue verb. )ome meanings behave li%e "Nonontinuous Verbs," $hile other meanings behave li%e "Normal Verbs."
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Mi ed Verbs to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to loo%, to see, to $eigh... !ist of Mi ed Verbs wit" E amples and #efinitions$ to appear:

*onna appears #onfused. Non-Continuous Verb Donna seems confused. !y favorite singer is appearing at the +a,, #lub tonight. Normal Verb My favorite singer is giving a performance at the jazz club tonight.

to have:

& "a%e a dollar no$. Non-Continuous Verb I possess a dollar. & am "a%ing fun no$. Normal Verb I am e periencing fun no!.

to hear:

)he "ears the musi#. Non-Continuous Verb "he hears the music !ith her ears. )he is "earing voi#es. Normal Verb "he hears something others cannot hear. "he is hearing voices in her mind.

to loo%:

Nan#y loo&s tired. Non-Continuous Verb "he seems tired. -arah is loo&ing at the pi#tures. Normal Verb "he is loo#ing !ith her eyes.

to miss:

.ohn misses )ally. Non-Continuous Verb $e is sad because she is not there. *ebbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb "he is not there to see her favorite program.

to see:

& see her. Non-Continuous Verb I see her !ith my eyes. & am seeing the do#tor. Normal Verb I am visiting or consulting !ith a doctor. %&lso used !ith dentist and la!yer.' & am seeing her. Normal Verb I am having a relationship !ith her.

'e is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb $e sees something others cannot see. (or e ample ghosts) aura) a vision of the future) etc.

to smell:

The #offee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb *he coffee has a good smell. & am smelling the flo$ers. Normal Verb I am sniffing the flo!ers to see !hat their smell is li#e.

to taste:

The #offee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb *he coffee has a good taste. & am tasting the #a%e. Normal Verb I am trying the ca#e to see !hat it tastes li#e.

to thin%:

'e t"in&s the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb $e considers the test to be easy. )he is t"in&ing about the (uestion. Normal Verb "he is pondering the +uestion) going over it in her mind.

to $eigh:

The table weig"s a lot. Non-Continuous Verb *he table is heavy. )he is weig"ing herself. Normal Verb "he is determining her !eight.

'ome Verbs Can (e Especially Confusing$ to be:

.oe is /meri#an. Non-Continuous Verb ,oe is an &merican citizen. .oe is being very /meri#an. Normal Verb ,oe is behaving li#e a stereotypical &merican. .oe is being very rude. Normal Verb ,oe is behaving very rudely. -sually he is not rude. .oe is being very formal. Normal Verb ,oe is behaving very formally. -sually he is not formal.

NOT& E: Only rarely is "to be" used in a #ontinuous form. This is most #ommonly done $hen a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypi#ally. &t #an also be used $hen someone0s behavior is noti#eably different.

to feel:

The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb *he massage has a pleasing feeling. & don)t feel $ell today. "ometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb I am a little sic#. & am not feeling $ell today. "ometimes used as Normal Verb I am a little sic#.

NOT& E: The se#ond meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real differen#e in meaning bet$een "& don0t feel $ell today" and "& am not feeling $ell today." Acti%e * Passi%e Verb +orms )enten#es #an be a#tive or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "a#tive forms" and "passive forms." 1ou must learn to re#ogni,e the differen#e to su##essfully spea% English. Acti%e +orm &n a#tive senten#es, the thing doing the a#tion is the sub+e#t of the senten#e and the thing re#eiving the a#tion is the ob+e#t. !ost senten#es are a#tive. 2Thing doing a#tion3 4 2verb3 4 2thing re#eiving a#tion3 Examples:

Passi%e +orm &n passive senten#es, the thing re#eiving the a#tion is the sub+e#t of the senten#e and the thing doing the a#tion is optionally in#luded near the end of the senten#e. 1ou #an use the passive form if you thin% that the thing re#eiving the a#tion is more important or should be emphasi,ed. 1ou #an also use the passive form if you do not %no$ $ho is doing the a#tion or if you do not $ant to mention $ho is doing the a#tion. 2Thing re#eiving a#tion3 4 2be3 4 2past parti#iple of verb3 4 2by3 4 2thing doing a#tion3

Examples:

Acti%e * Passi%e ,%er%iew /#tive )imple 5resent On#e a $ee%, Tom cleans the house. 6ight no$, )arah is writing the letter. )am repaired the #ar. The salesman was "elping the #ustomer $hen the thief #ame into the store. !any tourists "a%e %isited that #astle. 6e#ently, .ohn "as been doing the $or%. 7eorge "ad repaired many #ars before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense. hef .ones "ad been preparing the restaurant0s fantasti# dinners for t$o years before he moved to 5aris. )omeone will finis" the $or% by 8:99 5!. )ally is going to ma&e a beautiful dinner tonight. 5assive On#e a $ee%, the house is cleaned by Tom. 6ight no$, the letter is being written by )arah. The #ar was repaired by )am. The #ustomer was being "elped by the salesman $hen the thief #ame into the store. That #astle "as been %isited by many tourists. 6e#ently, the $or% "as been being done by .ohn. !any #ars "ad been repaired by 7eorge before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense. The restaurant0s fantasti# dinners "ad been being prepared by hef .ones for t$o years before he moved to 5aris. The $or% will be finis"ed by 8:99 5!. / beautiful dinner is going to be made by )ally tonight.

5resent ontinuous )imple 5ast 5ast ontinuous

5resent 5erfe#t

5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous 5ast 5erfe#t

5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous

)imple -uture !ill )imple -uture be going to

-uture ontinuous !ill -uture ontinuous be going to -uture 5erfe#t !ill -uture 5erfe#t be going to

/t ::99 5! tonight, .ohn will be was"ing the dishes.

/t ::99 5! tonight, the dishes will be being was"ed by .ohn.

/t ::99 5! tonight, .ohn is going to be was"ing the dishes.

/t ::99 5! tonight, the dishes are going to be being was"ed by .ohn.

They will "a%e completed the pro+e#t before the deadline. They are going to "a%e completed the pro+e#t before the deadline. The famous artist will "a%e been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. The famous artist is going to "a%e been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. .erry used to pay the bills. !y mother would always ma&e the pies. & %ne$ .ohn would finis" the $or% by 8:99 5!.

The pro+e#t will "a%e been completed before the deadline. The pro+e#t is going to "a%e been completed before the deadline.

-uture 5erfe#t ontinuous !ill -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous be going to

The mural will "a%e been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. The mural is going to "a%e been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. The bills used to be paid by .erry. The pies would always be made by my mother. & %ne$ the $or% would be finis"ed by 8:99 5!.

;sed to <ould /l$ays

-uture in the 5ast .ould -uture in the 5ast .as /oing to

& thought )ally was going to ma&e a beautiful dinner tonight.

& thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by )ally tonight.

'imple Present +,-M 2VE6B3 4 s=es in third person Examples:

1ou spea& English. #o you spea& English> 1ou do not spea& English.

omplete ?ist of )imple 5resent -orms .'E / -epeated Actions

;se the )imple 5resent to express the idea that an a#tion is repeated or usual. The a#tion #an be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a s#heduled event or something that often happens. &t #an also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:

& play tennis. )he does not play tennis. #oes he play tennis> The train lea%es every morning at : /!. The train does not lea%e at @ /!. <hen does the train usually lea%e> )he al$ays forgets her purse. 'e never forgets his $allet. Every t$elve months, the Earth circles the )un. #oes the )un circle the Earth>

.'E 0 +acts or Generali1ations

The )imple 5resent #an also indi#ate the spea%er believes that a fa#t $as true before, is true no$, and $ill be true in the future. &t is not important if the spea%er is #orre#t about the fa#t. &t is also used to ma%e generali,ations about people or things. Examples:
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ats li&e mil%. Birds do not li&e mil%. #o pigs li&e mil%> alifornia is in /meri#a. alifornia is not in the ;nited Aingdom. <indo$s are made of glass. <indo$s are not made of $ood. Ne$ 1or% is a small #ity. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

.'E 2 'c"eduled E%ents in t"e Near +uture

)pea%ers o##asionally use )imple 5resent to tal% about s#heduled events in the near future. This is most #ommonly done $hen tal%ing about publi# transportation, but it #an be used $ith other s#heduled events as $ell. Examples:

The train lea%es tonight at B 5!. The bus does not arri%e at CC /!, it arri%es at CC 5!. <hen do $e board the plane> The party starts at : o0#lo#%. <hen does #lass begin tomorro$>

.'E 3 Now 4Non-Continuous Verbs5

)pea%ers sometimes use the )imple 5resent to express the idea that an a#tion is happening or is not happening no$. This #an only be done $ith Non- ontinuous Verbs and #ertain !ixed Verbs. Examples:

& am here no$. )he is not here no$. 'e needs help right no$. 'e does not need help no$. 'e "as his passport in his hand. #o you "a%e your passport $ith you>

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#.
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Examples:

1ou only spea% English. *o you only spea% English>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

On#e a $ee%, Tom cleans the #ar. &ctive On#e a $ee%, the #ar is cleaned by Tom. 0assive

Present Continuous +,-M 2am=is=are 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou are watc"ing TV. Are you watc"ing TV> 1ou are not watc"ing TV.

omplete ?ist of 5resent ontinuous -orms .'E / Now

;se the 5resent ontinuous $ith Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening no$, at this very moment. &t #an also be used to sho$ that something is not happening no$. Examples:

1ou are learning English no$. 1ou are not swimming no$. Are you sleeping> & am sitting. & am not standing. Is he sitting or standing> They are reading their boo%s. They are not watc"ing television. <hat are you doing> <hy aren)t you doing your home$or%>
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.'E 0 !onger Actions in Progress Now

&n English, "no$" #an mean: this se#ond, today, this month, this year, this #entury, and so on. )ometimes, $e use the 5resent ontinuous to say that $e are in the pro#ess of doing a longer a#tion $hi#h is in progressD ho$ever, $e might not be doing it at this exa#t se#ond. Examples: E/ll of these senten#es #an be said $hile eating dinner in a restaurant.F

& am studying to be#ome a do#tor. & am not studying to be#ome a dentist. & am reading the boo% *om "a!yer. & am not reading any boo%s right no$. Are you wor&ing on any spe#ial pro+e#ts at $or%> Aren)t you teac"ing at the university no$>

.'E 2 Near +uture

)ometimes, spea%ers use the 5resent ontinuous to indi#ate that something $ill or $ill not happen in the near future. Examples:

& am meeting some friends after $or%. & am not going to the party tonight. Is he %isiting his parents next $ee%end> Isn)t he coming $ith us tonight>

.'E 3 -epetition and Irritation wit" 6Always6

The 5resent ontinuous $ith $ords su#h as "al$ays" or "#onstantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or sho#%ing often happens. Noti#e that the meaning is li%e )imple 5resent, but $ith negative emotion. 6emember to put the $ords "al$ays" or "#onstantly" bet$een "be" and "verb4ing." Examples:

)he is always coming to #lass late.

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'e is constantly tal&ing. & $ish he $ould shut up. & don0t li%e them be#ause they are always complaining.

-EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs* Mi ed Verbs &t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous tenses. &nstead of using 5resent ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use )imple 5resent. Examples:

)he is lo%ing this #ho#olate i#e #ream. Not Correct )he lo%es this #ho#olate i#e #ream. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou are still $at#hing TV. /re you still $at#hing TV>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

6ight no$, Tom is writing the letter. &ctive 6ight no$, the letter is being written by Tom. 0assive

'imple Past +,-M 2VE6B4ed3 or irregular verbs Examples:

1ou called *ebbie. #id you call *ebbie> 1ou did not call *ebbie.

omplete ?ist of )imple 5ast -orms .'E / Completed Action in t"e Past

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;se the )imple 5ast to express the idea that an a#tion started and finished at a spe#ifi# time in the past. )ometimes, the spea%er may not a#tually mention the spe#ifi# time, but they do have one spe#ifi# time in mind. Examples:

& saw a movie yesterday. & didn)t see a play yesterday. ?ast year, & tra%eled to .apan. ?ast year, & didn)t tra%el to Aorea. #id you "a%e dinner last night> )he was"ed her #ar. 'e didn)t was" his #ar.

.'E 0 A 'eries of Completed Actions

<e use the )imple 5ast to list a series of #ompleted a#tions in the past. These a#tions happen Cst, Gnd, Hrd, Ith, and so on. Examples:

& finis"ed $or%, wal&ed to the bea#h, and found a ni#e pla#e to s$im. 'e arri%ed from the airport at ::99, c"ec&ed into the hotel at @:99, and met the others at C9:99. #id you add flour, pour in the mil%, and then add the eggs>

.'E 2 #uration in Past

The )imple 5ast #an be used $ith a duration $hi#h starts and stops in the past. / duration is a longer a#tion often indi#ated by expressions su#h as: for t$o years, for five minutes, all day, all year, et#. Examples:

& li%ed in Bra,il for t$o years. )hauna studied .apanese for five years. They sat at the bea#h all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. <e tal&ed on the phone for thirty minutes. /: 'o$ long did you wait for them> B: <e waited for one hour.

.'E 3 7abits in t"e Past

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The )imple 5ast #an also be used to des#ribe a habit $hi#h stopped in the past. &t #an have the same meaning as "used to." To ma%e it #lear that $e are tal%ing about a habit, $e often add expressions su#h as: al$ays, often, usually, never, $hen & $as a #hild, $hen & $as younger, et#. Examples:

& studied -ren#h $hen & $as a #hild. 'e played the violin. 'e didn)t play the piano. #id you play a musi#al instrument $hen you $ere a %id> )he wor&ed at the movie theater after s#hool. They never went to s#hool, they al$ays s&ipped #lass.

.'E 8 Past +acts or Generali1ations

The )imple 5ast #an also be used to des#ribe past fa#ts or generali,ations $hi#h are no longer true. /s in ;)E I above, this use of the )imple 5ast is (uite similar to the expression "used to." Examples:

)he was shy as a #hild, but no$ she is very outgoing. 'e didn)t li&e tomatoes before. #id you li%e in Texas $hen you were a %id> 5eople paid mu#h more to ma%e #ell phone #alls in the past.

IMP,-TANT 9"en-Clauses 7appen +irst lauses are groups of $ords $hi#h have meaning but are often not #omplete senten#es. )ome #lauses begin $ith the $ord "$hen" su#h as "$hen & dropped my pen..." or "$hen #lass began..." These #lauses are #alled $hen-#lauses, and they are very important. The examples belo$ #ontain $hen-#lauses. Examples:

9"en I paid "er one dollar, she ans$ered my (uestion. )he ans$ered my (uestion w"en I paid "er one dollar.

<hen-#lauses are important be#ause they al$ays happen first $hen both #lauses are in the )imple 5ast. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, & paid her one dollar, and then, she ans$ered my (uestion. &t is not important $hether "$hen & paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the senten#e or at the end of the senten#e. 'o$ever, the example
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belo$ has a different meaning. -irst, she ans$ered my (uestion, and then, & paid her one dollar. Example:

& paid her one dollar w"en s"e answered my :uestion.

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou ;ust #alled *ebbie. *id you ;ust #all *ebbie>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

Tom repaired the #ar. &ctive The #ar was repaired by Tom. 0assive

Past Continuous +,-M 2$as=$ere 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou were studying $hen she #alled. 9ere you studying $hen she #alled> 1ou were not studying $hen she #alled.

omplete ?ist of 5ast ontinuous -orms .'E / Interrupted Action in t"e Past

;se the 5ast ontinuous to indi#ate that a longer a#tion in the past $as interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter a#tion in the )imple 5ast. 6emember this #an be a real interruption or +ust an interruption in time. Examples:

& was watc"ing TV $hen she #alled. <hen the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
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<hile $e were "a%ing the pi#ni#, it started to rain. <hat were you doing $hen the earth(ua%e started> & was listening to my i5od, so & didn0t hear the fire alarm. 1ou were not listening to me $hen & told you to turn the oven off. <hile .ohn was sleeping last night, someone stole his #ar. )ammy was waiting for us $hen $e got off the plane. <hile & was writing the email, the #omputer suddenly $ent off. /: <hat were you doing $hen you bro%e your leg> B: & was snowboarding.

.'E 0 'pecific Time as an Interruption

&n ;)E C, des#ribed above, the 5ast ontinuous is interrupted by a shorter a#tion in the )imple 5ast. 'o$ever, you #an also use a spe#ifi# time as an interruption. Examples:

?ast night at B 5!, & was eating dinner. /t midnight, $e were still dri%ing through the desert. 1esterday at this time, & was sitting at my des% at $or%.

IMP,-TANT &n the )imple 5ast, a spe#ifi# time is used to sho$ $hen an a#tion began or finished. &n the 5ast ontinuous, a spe#ifi# time only interrupts the a#tion. Examples:

?ast night at B 5!, & ate dinner. I started eating at 1 0M. ?ast night at B 5!, & was eating dinner. I started earlier2 and at 1 0M) I !as in the process of eating dinner.

.'E 2 Parallel Actions

<hen you use the 5ast ontinuous $ith t$o a#tions in the same senten#e, it expresses the idea that both a#tions $ere happening at the same time. The a#tions are parallel. Examples:

& was studying $hile he was ma&ing dinner. <hile Ellen was reading, Tim was watc"ing television. 9ere you listening $hile he was tal&ing>
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& wasn)t paying attention $hile & was writing the letter, so & made several mista%es. <hat were you doing $hile you were waiting> Thomas wasn)t wor&ing, and & wasn)t wor&ing either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and "a%ing a good time.

.'E 3 Atmosp"ere &n English, $e often use a series of parallel a#tions to des#ribe the atmosphere at a parti#ular time in the past. Example:

<hen & $al%ed into the offi#e, several people were busily typing, some were tal&ing on the phones, the boss was yelling dire#tions, and #ustomers were waiting to be helped. One #ustomer was yelling at a se#retary and wa%ing his hands. Others were complaining to ea#h other about the bad servi#e.

.'E 8 -epetition and Irritation wit" 6Always6

The 5ast ontinuous $ith $ords su#h as "al$ays" or "#onstantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or sho#%ing often happened in the past. The #on#ept is very similar to the expression "used to" but $ith negative emotion. 6emember to put the $ords "al$ays" or "#onstantly" bet$een "be" and "verb4ing." Examples:

)he was always coming to #lass late. 'e was constantly tal&ing. 'e annoyed everyone. & didn0t li%e them be#ause they were always complaining.

9"ile %s< 9"en lauses are groups of $ords $hi#h have meaning, but are often not #omplete senten#es. )ome #lauses begin $ith the $ord "$hen" su#h as "$hen she #alled" or "$hen it bit me." Other #lauses begin $ith "$hile" su#h as "$hile she $as sleeping" and "$hile he $as surfing." <hen you tal% about things in the past, "$hen" is most often follo$ed by the verb tense )imple 5ast, $hereas "$hile" is usually follo$ed by 5ast ontinuous. "<hile" expresses the idea of "during that time." )tudy the examples belo$. They have similar meanings, but they emphasi,e different parts of the senten#e. Examples:

& $as studying w"en s"e called. 9"ile I was studying, she #alled.

-EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs * Mi ed Verbs

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&t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous tenses. &nstead of using 5ast ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use )imple 5ast.

Examples:

.ane was being at my house $hen you arrived. Not Correct .ane was at my house $hen you arrived. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou $ere ;ust studying $hen she #alled. <ere you ;ust studying $hen she #alled>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

The salesman was "elping the #ustomer $hen the thief #ame into the store. &ctive The #ustomer was being "elped by the salesman $hen the thief #ame into the store. 0assive

Present Perfect +,-M 2has=have 4 past parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou "a%e seen that movie many times. 7a%e you seen that movie many times> 1ou "a%e not seen that movie many times.

omplete ?ist of 5resent 5erfe#t -orms .'E / .nspecified Time (efore Now

<e use the 5resent 5erfe#t to say that an a#tion happened at an unspe#ified time before no$. The exa#t time is not important. 1ou /NNOT use the 5resent 5erfe#t $ith spe#ifi#
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time expressions su#h as: yesterday, one year ago, last $ee%, $hen & $as a #hild, $hen & lived in .apan, at that moment, that day, one day, et#. <e /N use the 5resent 5erfe#t $ith unspe#ifi# expressions su#h as: ever, never, on#e, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, et#.

Examples:

& "a%e seen that movie t$enty times. & thin% & "a%e met him on#e before. There "a%e been many earth(ua%es in alifornia. 5eople "a%e tra%eled to the !oon. 5eople "a%e not tra%eled to !ars. 7a%e you read the boo% yet> Nobody "as ever climbed that mountain. /: 7as there ever been a $ar in the ;nited )tates> B: 1es, there "as been a $ar in the ;nited )tates.

7ow #o =ou Actually .se t"e Present Perfect> The #on#ept of "unspe#ified time" #an be very #onfusing to English learners. &t is best to asso#iate 5resent 5erfe#t $ith the follo$ing topi#s: T,PIC / E perience 1ou #an use the 5resent 5erfe#t to des#ribe your experien#e. &t is li%e saying, "& have the experien#e of..." 1ou #an also use this tense to say that you have never had a #ertain experien#e. The 5resent 5erfe#t is NOT used to des#ribe a spe#ifi# event. Examples:

& "a%e been to -ran#e. *his sentence means that you have had the e perience of being in (rance. Maybe you have been there once) or several times. & "a%e been to -ran#e three times. 3ou can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. & "a%e never been to -ran#e. *his sentence means that you have not had the e perience of going to (rance. & thin% & "a%e seen that movie before. 'e "as never tra%eled by train. .oan "as studied t$o foreign languages. /: 7a%e you ever met him> B: No, & "a%e not met him.

T,PIC 0 C"ange ,%er Time <e often use the 5resent 5erfe#t to tal% about #hange that has happened over a period of time. Examples:
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1ou "a%e grown sin#e the last time & sa$ you. The government "as become more interested in arts edu#ation. .apanese "as become one of the most popular #ourses at the university sin#e the /sian studies program $as established. !y English "as really impro%ed sin#e & moved to /ustralia.

T,PIC 2 Accomplis"ments <e often use the 5resent 5erfe#t to list the a##omplishments of individuals and humanity. 1ou #annot mention a spe#ifi# time. Examples:

!an "as wal&ed on the !oon. Our son "as learned ho$ to read. *o#tors "a%e cured many deadly diseases. )#ientists "a%e split the atom.

T,PIC 3 An .ncompleted Action =ou Are E pecting <e often use the 5resent 5erfe#t to say that an a#tion $hi#h $e expe#ted has not happened. ;sing the 5resent 5erfe#t suggests that $e are still $aiting for the a#tion to happen. Examples:

.ames "as not finis"ed his home$or% yet. )usan "asn)t mastered .apanese, but she #an #ommuni#ate. Bill "as still not arri%ed. The rain "asn)t stopped.

T,PIC 8 Multiple Actions at #ifferent Times <e also use the 5resent 5erfe#t to tal% about several different a#tions $hi#h have o##urred in the past at different times. 5resent 5erfe#t suggests the pro#ess is not #omplete and more a#tions are possible. Examples:

The army "as attac&ed that #ity five times. & "a%e "ad four (ui,,es and five tests so far this semester. <e "a%e "ad many ma+or problems $hile $or%ing on this pro+e#t. )he "as tal&ed to several spe#ialists about her problem, but nobody %no$s $hy she is si#%.

Time E pressions wit" Present Perfect <hen $e use the 5resent 5erfe#t it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before no$. 6emember, the exa#t time the a#tion happened is not important.

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)ometimes, $e $ant to limit the time $e are loo%ing in for an experien#e. <e #an do this $ith expressions su#h as: in the last $ee%, in the last year, this $ee%, this month, so far, up to no$, et#.

Examples:

7a%e you been to !exi#o in t"e last year> & "a%e seen that movie six times in t"e last mont". They "a%e "ad three tests in t"e last wee&. )he graduated from university less than three years ago. )he "as wor&ed for three different #ompanies so far. !y #ar "as bro&en do$n three times t"is wee&.

N,TICE "?ast year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "?ast year" means the year before no$, and it is #onsidered a spe#ifi# time $hi#h re(uires )imple 5ast. "&n the last year" means from HB8 days ago until no$. &t is not #onsidered a spe#ifi# time, so it re(uires 5resent 5erfe#t. Examples:

& went to !exi#o last year. I !ent to Me ico in the calendar year before this one. & "a%e been to !exi#o in t"e last year. I have been to Me ico at least once at some point bet!een 415 days ago and no!.

.'E 0 #uration +rom t"e Past .ntil Now 4Non-Continuous Verbs5

<ith Non- ontinuous Verbs and non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, $e use the 5resent 5erfe#t to sho$ that something started in the past and has #ontinued up until no$. "-or five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s," and "sin#e Tuesday" are all durations $hi#h #an be used $ith the 5resent 5erfe#t. Examples:

& "a%e "ad a #old for t$o $ee%s. )he "as been in England for six months. !ary "as lo%ed #ho#olate sin#e she $as a little girl.
20

/lthough the above use of 5resent 5erfe#t is normally limited to Non- ontinuous Verbs and non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, the $ords "live," "$or%," "tea#h," and "study" are sometimes used in this $ay even though they are NOT Non- ontinuous Verbs.

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou have only seen that movie one time. 'ave you only seen that movie one time>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

!any tourists "a%e %isited that #astle. &ctive That #astle "as been %isited by many tourists. 0assive

Present Perfect Continuous +,-M 2has=have 4 been 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou "a%e been waiting here for t$o hours. 7a%e you been waiting here for t$o hours> 1ou "a%e not been waiting here for t$o hours.

omplete ?ist of 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous -orms .'E / #uration from t"e Past .ntil Now

<e use the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous to sho$ that something started in the past and has #ontinued up until no$. "-or five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s," and "sin#e Tuesday" are all durations $hi#h #an be used $ith the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous. Examples:

They "a%e been tal&ing for the last hour.

21

)he "as been wor&ing at that #ompany for three years. <hat "a%e you been doing for the last H9 minutes> .ames "as been teac"ing at the university sin#e .une. <e "a%e been waiting here for over t$o hoursJ <hy "as Nan#y not been ta&ing her medi#ine for the last three days>

.'E 0 -ecently? !ately

1ou #an also use the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous <&T'O;T a duration su#h as "for t$o $ee%s." <ithout the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." <e often use the $ords "lately" or "re#ently" to emphasi,e this meaning. Examples:

6e#ently, & "a%e been feeling really tired. )he "as been watc"ing too mu#h television lately. 7a%e you been e ercising lately> !ary "as been feeling a little depressed. ?isa "as not been practicing her English. <hat "a%e you been doing>

IMP,-TANT 6emember that the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous has the meaning of "lately" or "re#ently." &f you use the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous in a (uestion su#h as "'ave you been feeling alright>", it #an suggest that the person loo%s si#% or unhealthy. / (uestion su#h as "'ave you been smo%ing>" #an suggest that you smell the smo%e on the person. ;sing this tense in a (uestion suggests you #an see, smell, hear or feel the results of the a#tion. &t is possible to insult someone by using this tense in#orre#tly. -EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs* Mi ed Verbs &t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous tenses. &nstead of using 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use 5resent 5erfe#t. Examples:

)am "as been "a%ing his #ar for t$o years. Not Correct )am "as "ad his #ar for t$o years. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT

22

The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou have only been $aiting here for one hour. 'ave you only been $aiting here for one hour>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

6e#ently, .ohn "as been doing the $or%. &ctive 6e#ently, the $or% "as been being done by .ohn. 0assive

NOTE: 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous is less #ommonly used in its passive form. Past Perfect +,-M 2had 4 past parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou "ad studied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%. 7ad you studied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%> 1ou "ad not studied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%.

omplete ?ist of 5ast 5erfe#t -orms .'E / Completed Action (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past

The 5ast 5erfe#t expresses the idea that something o##urred before another a#tion in the past. &t #an also sho$ that something happened before a spe#ifi# time in the past. Examples:

& "ad never seen su#h a beautiful bea#h before & $ent to Aauai. & did not have any money be#ause & "ad lost my $allet. Tony %ne$ &stanbul so $ell be#ause he "ad %isited the #ity several times. 7ad )usan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand> )he only understood the movie be#ause she "ad read the boo%. Aristine "ad never been to an opera before last night. <e $ere not able to get a hotel room be#ause $e "ad not boo&ed in advan#e.
23

/: 7ad you ever %isited the ;.). before your trip in G99B> B: 1es, & "ad been to the ;.). on#e before.

.'E 0 #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past 4Non-Continuous Verbs5

<ith Non- ontinuous Verbs and some non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, $e use the 5ast 5erfe#t to sho$ that something started in the past and #ontinued up until another a#tion in the past. Examples:

<e "ad "ad that #ar for ten years before it bro%e do$n. By the time /lex finished his studies, he "ad been in ?ondon for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house be#ause they "ad owned it for more than forty years.

/lthough the above use of 5ast 5erfe#t is normally limited to Non- ontinuous Verbs and non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, the $ords "live," "$or%," "tea#h," and "study" are sometimes used in this $ay even though they are NOT Non- ontinuous Verbs. IMP,-TANT 'pecific Times wit" t"e Past Perfect

;nli%e $ith the 5resent 5erfe#t, it is possible to use spe#ifi# time $ords or phrases $ith the 5ast 5erfe#t. /lthough this is possible, it is usually not ne#essary. Example:

)he "ad %isited her .apanese relatives on#e in C@@H before she moved in $ith them in C@@B.

M,-E,VE&f the 5ast 5erfe#t a#tion did o##ur at a spe#ifi# time, the )imple 5ast #an be used instead of the 5ast 5erfe#t $hen "before" or "after" is used in the senten#e. The $ords "before" and "after" a#tually tell you $hat happens first, so the 5ast 5erfe#t is optional. -or this reason, both senten#es belo$ are #orre#t. Examples:

)he "ad %isited her .apanese relatives on#e in C@@H before she moved in $ith them in C@@B. )he %isited her .apanese relatives on#e in C@@H before she moved in $ith them in C@@B.
24

7,9EVE-

&f the 5ast 5erfe#t is not referring to an a#tion at a spe#ifi# time, 5ast 5erfe#t is not optional. ompare the examples belo$. 'ere 5ast 5erfe#t is referring to a la#% of experien#e rather than an a#tion at a spe#ifi# time. -or this reason, )imple 5ast #annot be used. Examples:

)he never saw a bear before she moved to /las%a. Not Correct )he "ad never seen a bear before she moved to /las%a. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou had pre%iously studied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%. 'ad you pre%iously studied English before you moved to Ne$ 1or%>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

7eorge "ad repaired many #ars before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense. &ctive !any #ars "ad been repaired by 7eorge before he re#eived his me#hani#0s li#ense. 0assive

Past Perfect Continuous +,-M 2had been 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou "ad been waiting there for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived. 7ad you been waiting there for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived> 1ou "ad not been waiting there for more than t$o hours $hen she finally arrived.

omplete ?ist of 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous -orms .'E / #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e Past

25

<e use the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous to sho$ that something started in the past and #ontinued up until another time in the past. "-or five minutes" and "for t$o $ee%s" are both durations $hi#h #an be used $ith the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous. Noti#e that this is related to the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuousD ho$ever, the duration does not #ontinue until no$, it stops before something else in the past. Examples:

They "ad been tal&ing for over an hour before Tony arrived. )he "ad been wor&ing at that #ompany for three years $hen it $ent out of business. 'o$ long "ad you been waiting to get on the bus> !i%e $anted to sit do$n be#ause he "ad been standing all day at $or%. .ames "ad been teac"ing at the university for more than a year before he left for /sia. /: 'o$ long "ad you been studying Tur%ish before you moved to /n%ara> B: & "ad not been studying Tur%ish very long.

.'E 0 Cause of 'omet"ing in t"e Past

;sing the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous before another a#tion in the past is a good $ay to sho$ #ause and effe#t. Examples:

.ason $as tired be#ause he "ad been ;ogging. )am gained $eight be#ause he "ad been o%ereating. Betty failed the final test be#ause she "ad not been attending #lass.

Past Continuous %s< Past Perfect Continuous &f you do not in#lude a duration su#h as "for five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s" or "sin#e -riday," many English spea%ers #hoose to use the 5ast ontinuous rather than the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous. Be #areful be#ause this #an #hange the meaning of the senten#e. 5ast ontinuous emphasi,es interrupted a#tions, $hereas 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous emphasi,es a duration of time before something in the past. )tudy the examples belo$ to understand the differen#e. Examples:

'e $as tired be#ause he was e ercising so hard. *his sentence emphasizes that he !as tired because he !as e ercising at that e act moment.
26

'e $as tired be#ause he "ad been e ercising so hard. *his sentence emphasizes that he !as tired because he had been e ercising over a period of time. It is possible that he !as still e ercising at that moment 67 that he had just finished.

-EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs * Mi ed Verbs &t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous tenses. &nstead of using 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use 5ast 5erfe#t. Examples:

The motor#y#le "ad been belonging to 7eorge for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct The motor#y#le "ad belonged to 7eorge for years before Tina bought it. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou had only been $aiting there for a fe$ minutes $hen she arrived. 'ad you only been $aiting there for a fe$ minutes $hen she arrived>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

hef .ones "ad been preparing the restaurant0s fantasti# dinners for t$o years before he moved to 5aris. &ctive The restaurant0s fantasti# dinners "ad been being prepared by hef .ones for t$o years before he moved to 5aris. 0assive

NOTE: 5assive forms of the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuous are not #ommon. 'imple +uture )imple -uture has t$o different forms in English: "$ill" and "be going to." /lthough the t$o forms #an sometimes be used inter#hangeably, they often express t$o very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstra#t at first, but $ith time and pra#ti#e, the differen#es $ill be#ome #lear. Both "$ill" and "be going to" refer to a spe#ifi# time in the future.

27

+,-M 9ill 2$ill 4 verb3 Examples:

1ou will "elp him later. 9ill you "elp him later> 1ou will not "elp him later.

+,-M (e Going To 2am=is=are 4 going to 4 verb3 Examples:

1ou are going to meet .ane tonight. Are you going to meet .ane tonight> 1ou are not going to meet .ane tonight.

omplete ?ist of )imple -uture -orms .'E / 69ill6 to E press a Voluntary Action "<ill" often suggests that a spea%er $ill do something voluntarily. / voluntary a#tion is one the spea%er offers to do for someone else. Often, $e use "$ill" to respond to someone else0s #omplaint or re(uest for help. <e also use "$ill" $hen $e re(uest that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. )imilarly, $e use "$ill not" or "$on0t" $hen $e refuse to voluntarily do something. Examples:

& will send you the information $hen & get it. & will translate the email, so !r. )mith #an read it. 9ill you "elp me move this heavy table> 9ill you ma&e dinner> & will not do your home$or% for you. & won)t do all the house$or% myselfJ /: &0m really hungry. B: &)ll ma&e some sand$i#hes. /: &0m so tired. &0m about to fall asleep. B: &)ll get you some #offee. /: The phone is ringing. B: &)ll get it.

.'E 0 69ill6 to E press a Promise "<ill" is usually used in promises. Examples:

28

& will call you $hen & arrive. &f & am ele#ted 5resident of the ;nited )tates, & will ma&e sure everyone has a##ess to inexpensive health insuran#e. & promise & will not tell him about the surprise party. *on0t $orry, &)ll be #areful. & won)t tell anyone your se#ret.

.'E 2 6(e going to6 to E press a Plan "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. &t expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. &t does not matter $hether the plan is realisti# or not. Examples:

'e is going to spend his va#ation in 'a$aii. )he is not going to spend her va#ation in 'a$aii. /: <hen are $e going to meet ea#h other tonight> B: <e are going to meet at B 5!. &)m going to be an a#tor $hen & gro$ up. !i#helle is going to begin medi#al s#hool next year. They are going to dri%e all the $ay to /las%a. <ho are you going to in%ite to the party> /: <ho is going to ma&e .ohn0s birthday #a%e> B: )ue is going to ma&e .ohn0s birthday #a%e.

.'E 3 69ill6 or 6(e Going to6 to E press a Prediction Both "$ill" and "be going to" #an express the idea of a general predi#tion about the future. 5redi#tions are guesses about $hat might happen in the future. &n "predi#tion" senten#es, the sub+e#t usually has little #ontrol over the future and therefore ;)E) C-H do not apply. &n the follo$ing examples, there is no differen#e in meaning. Examples:

The year GGGG will be a very interesting year. The year GGGG is going to be a very interesting year. .ohn )mith will be the next 5resident. .ohn )mith is going to be the next 5resident. The movie "Kenith" will win several /#ademy /$ards. The movie "Kenith" is going to win several /#ademy /$ards.

IMP,-TANT &n the )imple -uture, it is not al$ays #lear $hi#h ;)E the spea%er has in mind. Often, there is more than one $ay to interpret a senten#e0s meaning. No +uture in Time Clauses
29

?i%e all future forms, the )imple -uture #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#. &nstead of )imple -uture, )imple 5resent is used. Examples:

<hen you will arri%e tonight, $e $ill go out for dinner. Not Correct <hen you arri%e tonight, $e $ill go out for dinner. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou $ill ne%er help him. <ill you e%er help him> 1ou are ne%er going to meet .ane. /re you e%er going to meet .ane>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

.ohn will finis" the $or% by 8:99 5!. &ctive The $or% will be finis"ed by 8:99 5!. 0assive )ally is going to ma&e a beautiful dinner tonight. &ctive / beautiful dinner is going to be made by )ally tonight. 0assive

+uture Continuous -uture ontinuous has t$o different forms: "$ill be doing " and "be going to be doing." ;nli%e )imple -uture forms, -uture ontinuous forms are usually inter#hangeable. +,-M +uture Continuous wit" 69ill6 2$ill be 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou will be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight. 9ill you be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight> 1ou will not be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight.

+,-M +uture Continuous wit" 6(e Going To 6 2am=is=are 4 going to be 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:
30

1ou are going to be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight. Are you going to be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight> 1ou are not going to be waiting for her $hen her plane arrives tonight.

6E!E!BE6: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the -uture ontinuous $ith little differen#e in meaning.

.'E / Interrupted Action in t"e +uture

;se the -uture ontinuous to indi#ate that a longer a#tion in the future $ill be interrupted by a shorter a#tion in the future. 6emember this #an be a real interruption or +ust an interruption in time. Examples:

& will be watc"ing TV $hen she arrives tonight. & will be waiting for you $hen your bus arrives. & am going to be staying at the !adison 'otel, if anything happens and you need to #onta#t me. 'e will be studying at the library tonight, so he $ill not see .ennifer $hen she arrives.

Noti#e in the examples above that the interruptions E mar#ed in italicsF are in )imple 5resent rather than )imple -uture. This is be#ause the interruptions are in time #lauses, and you #annot use future tenses in time #lauses. .'E 0 'pecific Time as an Interruption in t"e +uture

&n ;)E C, des#ribed above, the -uture ontinuous is interrupted by a short a#tion in the future. &n addition to using short a#tions as interruptions, you #an also use a spe#ifi# time as an interruption. Examples:

Tonight at B 5!, & am going to be eating dinner. I !ill be in the process of eating dinner. /t midnight tonight, $e will still be dri%ing through the desert. .e !ill be in the process of driving through the desert.

-EMEM(E31

&n the )imple -uture, a spe#ifi# time is used to sho$ the time an a#tion $ill begin or end. &n the -uture ontinuous, a spe#ifi# time interrupts the a#tion. Examples:

Tonight at B 5!, & am going to eat dinner. I am going to start eating at 1 0M. Tonight at B 5!, & am going to be eating dinner. I am going to start earlier and I !ill be in the process of eating dinner at 1 0M.

.'E 2 Parallel Actions in t"e +uture

<hen you use the -uture ontinuous $ith t$o a#tions in the same senten#e, it expresses the idea that both a#tions $ill be happening at the same time. The a#tions are parallel. Examples:

& am going to be studying and he is going to be ma&ing dinner. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and "a%ing a good time. <hile Ellen is reading, Tim will be watc"ing television. Notice 8is reading8 because of the time clause containing 8!hile.8 %"ee 9 planation :elo!'

.'E 3 Atmosp"ere in t"e +uture &n English, $e often use a series of 5arallel /#tions to des#ribe atmosphere at a spe#ifi# point in the future. Example:

<hen & arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. )ome will be dancing. Others are going to be tal&ing. / fe$ people will be eating pi,,a, and several people are going to be drin&ing beer. They al$ays do the same thing.

-EMEM(E- No +uture in Time Clauses ?i%e all future tenses, the -uture ontinuous #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#. &nstead of -uture ontinuous, 5resent ontinuous is used. Examples:

<hile & am going to be finis"ing my home$or%, she is going to ma%e dinner. Not Correct <hile & am finis"ing my home$or%, she is going to ma%e dinner. Correct

AN# -EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs * Mi ed Verbs

32

&t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous tenses. &nstead of using -uture ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use )imple -uture. Examples:

.ane will be being at my house $hen you arrive. Not Correct .ane will be at my house $hen you arrive. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou $ill still be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives. <ill you still be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives> 1ou are still going to be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives. /re you still going to be $aiting for her $hen her plane arrives>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

/t ::99 5! tonight, .ohn will be was"ing the dishes. &ctive /t ::99 5! tonight, the dishes will be being was"ed by .ohn. 0assive /t ::99 5! tonight, .ohn is going to be was"ing the dishes. &ctive /t ::99 5! tonight, the dishes are going to be being was"ed by .ohn. 0assive ontinuous are not #ommon.

NOTE: 5assive forms of the -uture +uture Perfect

-uture 5erfe#t has t$o different forms: "$ill have done" and "be going to have done." ;nli%e )imple -uture forms, -uture 5erfe#t forms are usually inter#hangeable. +,-M +uture Perfect wit" 69ill6 2$ill have 4 past parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou will "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.). 9ill you "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).> 1ou will not "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).

+,-M +uture Perfect wit" 6(e Going To6 2am=is=are 4 going to have 4 past parti#iple3
33

Examples:

1ou are going to "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.). Are you going to "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).> 1ou are not going to "a%e perfected your English by the time you #ome ba#% from the ;.).

NOTE: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the -uture 5erfe#t $ith little or no differen#e in meaning. omplete ?ist of -uture 5erfe#t -orms .'E / Completed Action (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture

The -uture 5erfe#t expresses the idea that something $ill o##ur before another a#tion in the future. &t #an also sho$ that something $ill happen before a spe#ifi# time in the future. Examples:

By next November, & will "a%e recei%ed my promotion. By the time he gets home, she is going to "a%e cleaned the entire house. & am not going to "a%e finis"ed this test by H o0#lo#%. 9ill she "a%e learned enough hinese to #ommuni#ate before she moves to Bei+ing> )am is probably going to "a%e completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time & finish this #ourse, & will "a%e ta&en ten tests. 'o$ many #ountries are you going to "a%e %isited by the time you turn 89>

Noti#e in the examples above that the referen#e points E mar#ed in italicsF are in )imple 5resent rather than )imple -uture. This is be#ause the interruptions are in time #lauses, and you #annot use future tenses in time #lauses. .'E 0 #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture 4Non-Continuous Verbs5

<ith Non- ontinuous Verbs and some non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, $e use the -uture 5erfe#t to sho$ that something $ill #ontinue up until another a#tion in the future. Examples:

& will "a%e been in ?ondon for six months by the time & leave. By !onday, )usan is going to "a%e "ad my boo% for a $ee%.
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/lthough the above use of -uture 5erfe#t is normally limited to Non- ontinuous Verbs and non-#ontinuous uses of !ixed Verbs, the $ords "live," "$or%," "tea#h," and "study" are sometimes used in this $ay even though they are NOT Non- ontinuous Verbs. -EMEM(E- No +uture in Time Clauses ?i%e all future forms, the -uture 5erfe#t #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#. &nstead of -uture 5erfe#t, 5resent 5erfe#t is used. Examples:

& am going to see a movie $hen & will "a%e finis"ed my home$or%. Not Correct & am going to see a movie $hen & "a%e finis"ed my home$or%. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou $ill only have learned a fe$ $ords. <ill you only have learned a fe$ $ords> 1ou are only going to have learned a fe$ $ords. /re you only going to have learned a fe$ $ords>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

They will "a%e completed the pro+e#t before the deadline. &ctive The pro+e#t will "a%e been completed before the deadline. 0assive They are going to "a%e completed the pro+e#t before the deadline. &ctive The pro+e#t is going to "a%e been completed before the deadline. 0assive

+uture Perfect Continuous -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous has t$o different forms: "$ill have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." ;nli%e )imple -uture forms, -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous forms are usually inter#hangeable. +,-M +uture Perfect Continuous wit" 69ill6 2$ill have been 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou will "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives.
35

9ill you "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives> 1ou will not "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives.

+,-M +uture Perfect Continuous wit" 6(e Going To6 2am=is=are 4 going to have been 4 present parti#iple3 Examples:

1ou are going to "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives. Are you going to "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives> 1ou are not going to "a%e been waiting for more than t$o hours $hen her plane finally arrives.

NOTE: &t is possible to use either "$ill" or "be going to" to #reate the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith little or no differen#e in meaning. omplete ?ist of -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous -orms .'E / #uration (efore 'omet"ing in t"e +uture

<e use the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous to sho$ that something $ill #ontinue up until a parti#ular event or time in the future. "-or five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s," and "sin#e -riday" are all durations $hi#h #an be used $ith the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous. Noti#e that this is related to the 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous and the 5ast 5erfe#t ontinuousD ho$ever, $ith -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous, the duration stops at or before a referen#e point in the future. Examples:

They will "a%e been tal&ing for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. )he is going to "a%e been wor&ing at that #ompany for three years $hen it finally closes. .ames will "a%e been teac"ing at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for /sia. 'o$ long will you "a%e been studying $hen you graduate> <e are going to "a%e been dri%ing for over three days straight $hen $e get to /n#horage. /: <hen you finish your English #ourse, will you "a%e been li%ing in Ne$ Kealand for over a year> B: No, & will not "a%e been li%ing here that long.

Noti#e in the examples above that the referen#e points E mar#ed in italicsF are in )imple 5resent rather than )imple -uture. This is be#ause these future events are in time #lauses, and you #annot use future tenses in time #lauses.
36

.'E 0 Cause of 'omet"ing in t"e +uture

;sing the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous before another a#tion in the future is a good $ay to sho$ #ause and effe#t. Examples:

.ason $ill be tired $hen he gets home be#ause he will "a%e been ;ogging for over an hour. laudia0s English $ill be perfe#t $hen she returns to 7ermany be#ause she is going to "a%e been studying English in the ;nited )tates for over t$o years.

+uture Continuous %s< +uture Perfect Continuous &f you do not in#lude a duration su#h as "for five minutes," "for t$o $ee%s" or "sin#e -riday," many English spea%ers #hoose to use the -uture ontinuous rather than the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous. Be #areful be#ause this #an #hange the meaning of the senten#e. -uture ontinuous emphasi,es interrupted a#tions, $hereas -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous emphasi,es a duration of time before something in the future. )tudy the examples belo$ to understand the differen#e. Examples:

'e $ill be tired be#ause he will be e ercising so hard. *his sentence emphasizes that he !ill be tired because he !ill be e ercising at that e act moment in the future. 'e $ill be tired be#ause he will "a%e been e ercising so hard. *his sentence emphasizes that he !ill be tired because he !ill have been e ercising for a period of time. It is possible that he !ill still be e ercising at that moment 67 that he !ill just have finished.

-EMEM(E- No +uture in Time Clauses ?i%e all future forms, the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#. &nstead of -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous, 5resent 5erfe#t ontinuous is used. Examples:

1ou $on0t get a promotion until you will "a%e been wor&ing here as long as Tim. Not Correct 1ou $on0t get a promotion until you "a%e been wor&ing here as long as Tim. Correct

AN# -EMEM(E- Non-Continuous Verbs * Mi ed Verbs &t is important to remember that Non- ontinuous Verbs #annot be used in any #ontinuous tenses. /lso, #ertain non-#ontinuous meanings for !ixed Verbs #annot be used in #ontinuous
37

tenses. &nstead of using -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous $ith these verbs, you must use -uture 5erfe#t . Examples:

Ned will "a%e been "a%ing his driver0s li#ense for over t$o years. Not Correct Ned will "a%e "ad his driver0s li#ense for over t$o years. Correct

A#VE-( P!ACEMENT The examples belo$ sho$ the pla#ement for grammar adverbs su#h as: al$ays, only, never, ever, still, +ust, et#. Examples:

1ou $ill only have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives. <ill you only have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives> 1ou are only going to have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives. /re you only going to have been $aiting for a fe$ minutes $hen her plane arrives>

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

The famous artist will "a%e been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. &ctive The mural will "a%e been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. 0assive The famous artist is going to "a%e been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. &ctive The mural is going to "a%e been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. 0assive

NOTE: 5assive forms of the -uture 5erfe#t ontinuous are not #ommon. .sed To +,-M 2used to 4 VE6B3 Example:

& used to go to the bea#h every day.

&t is better not to use "used to" in (uestions or negative formsD ho$ever, this is sometimes done in informal spo%en English. &t is better to as% (uestions and #reate negative senten#es using )imple 5ast.

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.'E / 7abit in t"e Past

";sed to" expresses the idea that something $as an old habit that stopped in the past. &t indi#ates that something $as often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done no$. Examples:

.erry used to study English. )am and !ary used to go to !exi#o in the summer. & used to start $or% at @ o0#lo#%. hristine used to eat meat, but no$ she is a vegetarian.

.'E 0 Past +acts and Generali1ations

";sed to" #an also be used to tal% about past fa#ts or generali,ations $hi#h are no longer true. Examples:

& used to li%e in 5aris. )arah used to be fat, but no$ she is thin. 7eorge used to be the best student in #lass, but no$ ?ena is the best. Oranges used to cost very little in -lorida, but no$ they are (uite expensive.

6.sed to6 %s< 'imple Past Both )imple 5ast and ";sed to" #an be used to des#ribe past habits, past fa#ts and past generali,ationsD ho$ever, "used to" is preferred $hen emphasi,ing these forms of past repetition in positive senten#es. On the other hand, $hen as%ing (uestions or ma%ing negative senten#es, )imple 5ast is preferred. Examples:

1ou used to play the piano. #id you play the piano $hen you $ere young> 1ou did not play the piano $hen you $ere young.

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

.erry used to pay the bills. &ctive The bills used to be paid by .erry. 0assive
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PA-T A "ome of the sentences belo! contain common verb form mista#es. (ind the sentences !ith errors and correct them using either 8"imple 0ast)8 8-sed to8 or 8.ould &l!ays.8 If you are confused) go to the "imple 0ast 0age) the 8-sed to8 0age or the 8.ould &l!ays8 0age . EL/!5?E: used to /F & $ould al$ays be unhealthy as a #hild.

C. <hen & $as a #hild, & rode my bi%e everyday.

G. )he $ould al$ays be beautiful $hen she $as young.

H. & used to go to the bea#h yesterday.

I. !argie loves horses be#ause she used to have one as a #hild.

8. .ames $ould al$ays have a very important test last $ee%.

B. .erry al$ays used to #oo% dinner for himself, but no$ his $ife prepares dinner.

M. .amie $ould al$ays have a dog $hen she $as a #hild, but no$ she has a #at.

:. ?aura $ould al$ays ba%e #oo%ies for us $hen $e $ere %ids.

@. & used to graduate from 7eorgeto$n ;niversity in C@@G.

C9. 'e $ould #onstantly embarrass himself by as%ing stupid (uestions in #lass.

CC. They $ould spend Easter $ith us every year until $e moved.

CG. They used to spend Easter $ith us every year until $e moved.

CH. They spent Easter $ith us every year until $e moved.

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CI. & used to be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

C8. & $ould al$ays be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

PA-T A C. <hen & $as a #hild, & rode my bi%e everyday. Correct used to be ; !as G. )he $ould al$ays be beautiful $hen she $as young.

!ent H. & used to go to the bea#h yesterday.

I. !argie loves horses be#ause she used to have one as a #hild. Correct had 8. .ames $ould al$ays have a very important test last $ee%.

B. .erry al$ays used to #oo% dinner for himself, but no$ his $ife prepares dinner. Correct used to have ; had M. .amie $ould al$ays have a dog $hen she $as a #hild, but no$ she has a #at.

:. ?aura $ould al$ays ba%e #oo%ies for us $hen $e $ere %ids. Correct graduated @. & used to graduate from 7eorgeto$n ;niversity in C@@G.

C9. 'e $ould #onstantly embarrass himself by as%ing stupid (uestions in #lass. Correct

CC. They $ould spend Easter $ith us every year until $e moved. Correct

CG. They used to spend Easter $ith us every year until $e moved. Correct

CH. They spent Easter $ith us every year until $e moved. Correct

CI. & used to be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool. Correct

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used to ; !as C8. & $ould al$ays be fat, but & lost a lot of $eight in high s#hool.

9ould Always +,-M 2$ould al$ays 4 VE6B3 Examples:

1ou would always ta&e your surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h. 9ould you always ta&e your surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h> 1ou would not always ta&e your surfboard $ith you $hen you $ent to the bea#h.

.'E / 7abit in t"e Past

?i%e "used to" and )imple 5ast, "$ould al$ays" expresses the idea that something $as an old habit $hi#h stopped in the past. &t says that an a#tion $as often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done no$. ;nli%e "used to" and )imple 5ast, "$ould al$ays" suggests that someone $illingly a#ted that $ay and sometimes expresses annoyan#e or amusement at the habit. &t also often suggests the habit $as extreme. To express the opposite idea, $e #an say "$ould never" to indi#ate that someone never did something in the past, but no$ they do. Examples:

)he would always send me strange birthday gifts. )am and !ary would always c"oose the most exoti# va#ation destinations. )ally would not always arri%e early to #lass. )he #ame late on#e or t$i#e. Ned would always s"ow up at our house $ithout #alling first. !indy would not always wal& to s#hool. )ometimes, she too% the bus. hristine would always come late to the meetings. .eff would ne%er pay for drin%s $hen $e $ent out together $ith our friends. 7efusing to do something or normally not doing something is also a form of habit.

-EMEM(E- 69ould Always6 is #ifferent "<ould al$ays" is not exa#tly the same as "used to" or the )imple 5ast. "<ould al$ays" #annot be used to tal% about past fa#ts or generali,ations. &t #an only be used for repeated a#tions. Examples:
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)arah was shy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Correct )arah used to be shy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Correct )arah would always be shy, but no$ she is very outgoing. Not Correct

+orms -elated to 69ould Always6 &n addition to "$ould al$ays," English spea%ers often use "$ould #onstantly," "$ould often," "$ould forever" or simply "$ould." /lthough the last form "$ould" is #orre#t, it is not suggested be#ause it #an easily be #onfused $ith other verb forms su#h as the onditional or -uture in the 5ast. )imilarly, spea%ers #an use "$ould rarely," "$ould o##asionally" and "$ould seldom" to express the idea that an a#tion $as not often repeated. Examples:

.erry would come to the parties every $ee%end. .erry would constantly bring his girlfriend to the parties. .erry would often bring his best friend to the parties. .erry would occasionally bring his older brother to the parties. .erry would seldom bring his sister to the parties. .erry would ne%er bring his younger brother to the parties.

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

!y mother would always ma&e the pies. &ctive The pies would always be made by my mother. 0assive

+uture in t"e Past ?i%e )imple -uture, -uture in the 5ast has t$o different forms in English: "$ould" and "$as going to." /lthough the t$o forms #an sometimes be used inter#hangeably, they often express t$o different meanings. +,-M 9ould 2$ould 4 VE6B3 Examples:

& %ne$ you would "elp him. & %ne$ you would not "elp him.

+,-M 9as*9ere Going To 2$as=$ere 4 going to 4 VE6B3

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Examples:

& %ne$ you were going to go to the party. & %ne$ you were not going to go to the party.

.'E / +uture in Past

-uture in the 5ast is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something $ould happen in the future. &t does not matter if you are #orre#t or not. -uture in the 5ast follo$s the same basi# rules as the )imple -uture. "<ould" is used to volunteer or promise, and "$as going to" is used to plan. !oreover, both forms #an be used to ma%e predi#tions about the future. Examples:

& told you he was going to come to the party. plan & %ne$ .ulie would ma&e dinner. voluntary action .ane said )am was going to bring his sister $ith him, but he #ame alone. plan & had a feeling that the va#ation was going to be a disaster. prediction 'e promised he would send a post#ard from Egypt. promise

-EMEM(E- No +uture in Time Clauses ?i%e all future forms, -uture in the 5ast #annot be used in #lauses beginning $ith time expressions su#h as: $hen, $hile, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, et#. &nstead of using -uture in the 5ast, you must use )imple 5ast. Examples:

& already told !ar% that $hen he would arri%e, $e $ould go out for dinner. Not Correct & already told !ar% that $hen he arri%ed, $e $ould go out for dinner. Correct

ACTIVE * PA''IVE Examples:

& %ne$ .ohn would finis" the $or% by 8:99 5!. &ctive & %ne$ the $or% would be finis"ed by 8:99 5!. 0assive & thought )ally was going to ma&e a beautiful dinner. &ctive & thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by )ally. 0assive
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A-T A "ome of the sentences belo! are (uture in the 0ast and some are e amples of other verb forms !hich loo# similar but have entirely different meanings. Identify !hich sentences are (uture in the 0ast and !hich are not. If you are confused go to the (uture in the 0ast 0age.

EL/!5?E: /F )he told me she $ould be there. 39" BF )he $ould #ome if she had time. N6

C. 'e $as al$ays going to the bea#h $hen he $as a %id. G. They %ne$ he $as going to go to the bea#h. H. )he $ould travel if she had enough money. I. )am thought he $ould $in the #ontest. 8. *onna mentioned that she $as going to go to 'a$aii on va#ation. B. .udy $as going to the bea#h $hen & #alled. M. .udy $as going to go to the bea#h $hen & #alled. :. )he $ould al$ays go to #lass late. @. )he $as al$ays going to #lass late. C9. !y parent %ne$ & $ould go to #lass late. CC. )ally as%ed if & $as going to go to #lass late. CG. & told )ue & $as having dinner $ith some friends after $or%. CH. & told )ue & $as going to have dinner $ith some friends after $or%. CI. <hen & $or%ed there, $e $ere al$ays having produ#tion problems. C8. <as she a$are of the fa#t that $e $ere meeting after #lass.

PA-T A C. 'e $as al$ays going to the bea#h $hen he $as a %id. NO EThis is 5ast ontinuous ;)E 8.F
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G. They %ne$ he $as going to go to the bea#h. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF H. )he $ould travel if she had enough money. NO EThis is 5resent ;nreal onditionalF I. )am thought he $ould $in the #ontest. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF

8. *onna mentioned that she $as going to go to 'a$aii on va#ation. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF B. .udy $as going to the bea#h $hen & #alled. 1E) E-uture in the 5ast, the meaning tells you that "going" is not interrupted.F M. .udy $as going to go to the bea#h $hen & #alled. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF :. )he $ould al$ays go to #lass late. NO EThis is "<ould /l$ays."F @. )he $as al$ays going to #lass late. NO EThis is 5ast ontinuous ;)E 8.F C9. !y parent %ne$ & $ould go to #lass late. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF CC. )ally as%ed if & $as going to go to #lass late. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF CG. & told )ue & $as having dinner $ith some friends after $or%. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF CH. & told )ue & $as going to have dinner $ith some friends after $or%. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF CI. <hen & $or%ed there, $e $ere al$ays having produ#tion problems. NO EThis is 5ast ontinuous ;)E 8.F C8. <as she a$are of the fa#t that $e $ere meeting after #lass. 1E) E-uture in the 5astF

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