English 2: The final exam: Speaking: General English Topics

1 Languages with most speakers Which languages have most speakers? What are the countries where these languages are spoken? Why are some languages spoken in several ifferent countries? Which languages are similar to Ser!ian" an which ones are completely ifferent?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

*f we talk a!out native speakers the most common language is )an arin 23hinese4" next most common language is Spanish" an after that English5 )an arin is spoken in )ainlan 3hina" Taiwan an it6s one of official language in Singapore5 Spanish is spoken in Spain" 3olom!ia" 3u!a" )exico an many other counties" an English is spoken in %ustralia" 0&" 0S%" an +ew 7ealan as e facto language5 3ana a accepts English as e 8ure 2official4 language as it is practice in many other countries5 *f we look through the history we can see that these languages are languages of great cultures5 0& an Spain ha many colonies through centuries an 3hina as *mperial 3hina an later the !iggest communist repu!lic in %sia has ha great influence on less ominant countries5 *ts ensity an !ig population makes 3hinese the language with most native speakers5 )ost similar languages to Ser!ian are 3roatian" ,ussian" )ace onian etc5 an therefore we can conclu e Ser!ian is similar to Slavic languages5 Ser!ian is specific !ecause of its complicate grammar an its simplicity of rea ing an writing5 2 Places for adventurers Give examples of angerous 2non9ur!an4 places on our planet5 Why are they angerous? 'ow o people explore these places? 1o people live in these angerous places? What is life like there? Woul you like to visit an :or explore some of these places?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

*f we talk a!out angerous non9ur!an places on our planet we almost everytime think a!out Sahara" +orth an South #ole an other places with extremely high or low temperature5 )ainly !ecause of temperature these places are angerous an non9ur!an5 #eople explore them with highly evelope technology an in very" very har con itions5 #eople live in these places" an their life is a apte to the weather con itions so their life an culture are completely ifferent than ours5 )ay!e * woul like to explore some of these places" so * coul test my physical an mental a!ilities5 ; Weather Give some wor s that escri!e weather phenomena5 What kin of weather makes you feel goo or !a ? 'ow o our activities epen on weather? 3an weather cause trou!le? 1escri!e weather accor ing to the four seasons in continental climate5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

We can almost every ay hear a!out the weather" is it clou y" rainy" sunny or snowy ay5 *s it foggy or something else? * like when it is sunny" !ut you must know that high temperature or really low

makes me feel very !a 5 When it is too hot it6s almost un!eara!le especially in uniform5 With snow an low temperature it is almost as ifficult as it is when it is very hot5 * usually try not to !e one of the meteoropathic people5 Surely the weather can cause trou!le !ut *6m ealing with it very goo 5 3ontinental climate is a climate characteri<e !y important annual variation in temperature ue to the lack of significant !o ies of water near!y5 /ften winter temperature is col enough to support a fixe perio of snow each year" an relatively mo erate precipitation occurring mostly in summer" Spring9like temperatures occur in this <one !etween early )arch in the southern parts of this <one to mi %pril in the far northern fringes of this climate <one an autumn9like temperatures occur in late Septem!er to the !eginning of +ovem!er5 = The land and the humankind What must people o to grow fruit an vegeta!les? What must people o to keep animals? What o people look for un er the groun ? What are these in ustries calle ? Why is each of them important? -irst they must plant see s in fertile soil5 Growing fruit an vegeta!les is not as easy 8o! as it looks like5 .ou must provi e con itions that are most appropriate for the plant5 Every plant has specific nee s5 %!ove this you must have appropriate technology an goo knowle ge !efore starting any agriculture !usiness5 With keeping animals it is as almost the same as it is with plants" !ut animal nee s are !igger5 So the investments are !igger" an it is may!e more challenging than agriculture5 #eople exploit un ergroun ores" minerals" oil" coal an gas5 These in ustries are calle agriculture" livestock an mining 2oil" ores" minerals" coal an gas45
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

> Animal kingdom Which animals are often feature in cartoons an picture !ooks? 1o you like e ucational programmes a!out animals? %!out which animals? What are the reasons for an against keeping animals in <oo gar ens? Which animals are angerous? Which ones are gentle?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

$ions" tigers" !ears" cats" mice" ogs" chipmunks" giraffes" ra!!its" snakes an others are often feature in cartoons an picture !ooks5 Every animal has its role accor ing to their features5 Some of them are evil" some of them are goo " some of them are wise etc5 When * have time * watch e ucational programmes a!out animals !ut it6s almost never" !ecause * rarely have spree time5 When * watch them *6m not too picky5 7oo keeping is goo !ecause of en angere species an research a!out animals6 life5 We almost always fin pets an farm animals as kin an gentle an wil animals are those which are angerous5 ? Body language and body image Which gestures have meaning in our culture? Which parts of the !o y are most use in communication? Which parts of the !o y o people sometimes want to change through surgery" an why? What o people sometimes try to change a!out their !o y through exercise" an why?

#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

The most significant gesture in our culture is kissing three times in the cheeks an a goo strong han shake5 'an s" lips" an eyes are may!e most use in communication" !ecause we talk" look" smile an almost always we use han gestures5 #eople often want to change their !o y through surgery mostly they change nose 2nose 8o!4" !reasts" an many try to fin elixir of youth through face9lifting5 *t6s !ecause they want to look !etter" younger !ut almost everytime the result of the surgery is opposite5 /thers try to change their !o y through exercise5 They want to look slimmer or more muscular !ecause in that shape they feel more attractive5 That is mostly wrong kin of thinking !ecause exercises strengthen not 8ust our !o y !ut also our min 5 @ Looks 1escri!e a man that !oth you an examiner know from TA5 1escri!e a woman that !oth you an the examiner know from TA5 *s there a stereotype for attractive women an for attractive men? 1o looks tell us anything a!out the person?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

Tom 'anks 9 %verage height" not too tall an not too short5 This actor has short" ark" almost !lack hair5 'e is not the most han some guy in 'ollywoo !ut its charisma an positivism has given him a star on 'ollywoo Boulevar 5 Culia ,o!erts 9 Smile la y5 /ne of the most !eautiful an !est pai actresses in 'ollywoo 5 'er natural hair is curly an !rown5 She has pale skin" an !rown eyes5 Beauty is a philosophy that changes through history5 /nly in the 2Dth century we ha ifferent stereotypes of attractive men an women5 .ou can 8ust compare )arylyn )onroe" short chu!!y !lon ie with mole a!ove her lip an wi e hips" an to ay6s slim" tall" !oyish !o y type mo els with no mole or any kin of irregularities on their skin5 )en !o y type i n6t change through the 2Dth century Cames 1ean type" tall" muscular" an mystical eyes remaine 5 #sychologists say that looks has !ig influence when it6s a!out first contact5 #eople 8u ge through looks an that is the truth5 E Personality What kin of people o you like to !e aroun an work with" an why? What kin of people o you avoi ? What is important in the evelopment of personality? %re there any personality traits that can !e !oth goo an !a ? Explain5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

* like to !e aroun an work with relaxe " easy9going" honest" strong an cheerful people5 That kin of people make work easier an time well9spen 5 *t6s goo to have someone who can give you win at your !acks an who can !e relia!le5 )ostly * avoi people with opposite characteristics: tense" weak" ishonest" misera!le people5 0p!ringing" sociali<ation an genetic factors have most important influence in the evelopment of personality5 Surroun ings has !ig role in evelopment of personality5 'onesty for example is a trait that can !e !oth goo an !a 5 .ou can almost always hear that honesty is positive trait !ut honesty can also !e hurtful for everyone5 There is a saying: 1on6t shoot the messengerF Truth can !e hurtful an it can have !oth positive an negative impact on the relationship5

G Family What is nuclear family? What is extended family? 3an you name an explain some family relations in English? *n your opinion" is the family the !asic unit of the society? Why? *s family life ifferent to ay from what it was like in the past 2accor ing to what you know4?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

The nuclear family or elementary family is a term use to efine a family group consisting of a pair of a ults an their chil ren5 The term exten e family has several istinct meanings5 *t consists of gran parents" aunts" uncles" an cousins5 *n some circumstances" the exten e family comes to live either with or in place of a mem!er of the nuclear family5 Gran parents 2gran mother an gran father4 are parents of the parents5 0ncle an aunt are !rother an sister of the parents" their chil ren are cousins5 Brother6s or sister6s chil ren are nephews or nieces5 )other of person you marry is mother in law same is when we talk a!out their father9father in law 2sister in law an !rother in law are !rother an sister of person you marry45 *f someone remarries the new father or mother is step9father or step9mother5 Their chil ren are step9!rothers an step9sisters5 *f person you marry ies then we talk a!out wi ow an wi ower5 *n my opinion family is the !asic unit of society" !ecause family is where everything !egins: home up!ringing" morality" an it epen s on the family in which irection society will !e evelope 5 *f family fails" society fails5 -amily life in the past is a lot ifferent than to ay5 Women are in ifferent positions" family community almost vanishe " an the relationships !etween mem!ers of family are ifferent5 ,aising chil ren has ifferent course5 They are more in epen ent then they were in the past" they have more li!erty to say what is on their min " an to make an opinion5 1D Ages in life 'ow many ages can you efine in English? What is goo an !a a!out each age? *s there a scenario for a person6s life accor ing to what is expecte at ifferent times in life? What are happy an sa moments in most people6s lives?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

%ge a!out D91 approximately is !a!y stageH age from 1 to 2 is a to ler stage" age 2912 is a chil hoo " from age 1; to age 1@ is a stage famous as teenage" from age 1EI is a ult perio 5 *n a ult perio we have ifferent stages: twenties are from 2D to ;D years 2mi 9twenties 2= to 2?4" from age ;D to =D is a perio calle thirties 2;E9late thirties4" =DI is a stage calle mi le9age" from ?D or ?> is a stage calle retirement 2in that age people stop working" they retire4 an @>I is a stage calle ol age 2el erly people45 -irst two sages are stages people can6t remem!er" chil hoo is a stage full of iscoveries" goo memories" !a !ehaviors" an eserve punishments5 *n this stage chil ren epen on their parents which is goo an !a characteristic of this stage5 % ult perio is may!e the most stressful stage" the most responsi!le" !ut also the stage full of surprises" !est memories" in epen ence5 There is a scenario for a person6s life: in first four stages the most important is evelopment of personality5 The a ult perio is a perio reserve for romance" getting marrie " getting pregnant" having a !a!y 2in twenties an mi 9twenties45 Thirties are reserve for parenting an perio of retirement an ol age are reserve for gran parenting5 The happiest moments are gra uation" engagement" getting marrie " !irth of the !a!y etc5 The sa est moments are !raking up 2relationship" engagement" an marriage4" istance separation an eath of a love one5

11 Housework What kin of housework o you like? What kin of housework o you hate? *s there a ivision of la!our among family mem!ers in most families? *s housework to ay ifferent from what it was like in the past 2accor ing to what you know4?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

* on6t like housework" !ut if * have to choose that will !e the shopping 2!uying the groceries45 * think that housework that * hate is washing5 %lthough * hate housework * o everything: ironing" washing9up" usting" vacuuming etc5 There is a ivision of la!our among family mem!ers an it can !e room ivision" work ivision or mix5 *n some families every mem!er of a family has to make their room" an to o some of the chores like washing9up" vacuuming" ironing5 'ousework in the past is a lot ifferent than to ay5 )any iscoveries as electricity affecte on eveloping househol appliances5 %!ove that family community almost oes not exist" it is important to highlight this !ecause the chores in family community are a lot ifferent than they are in mo ern nuclear family 2women staye in the house an man went to the fiel 45 12 tilities Why is electricity important? 'ow o people manage without it? Why is running water important? 'ow o people manage without it? What kin s of heating are there? Which one is the !est an why? What o people throw away? Who collects these things?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

1iscovering electricity an multi phase current ma e our life easier an more epen ent on electricity5 )any appliances can6t work without electricity5 /ur life an culture now can6t !e imagine without electricity5 *t6s har to imagine how people manage without electricity" how they store they foo in long terms" how they communicate" spen spare time etc5 Societies without electricity survive without it" they stoke fire" an illuminate they rooms with can les5 *t6s the same with running water5 *t serves us for !athing" flushing the toilet" washing" rinking etc5 Wells" rivers" streams an lakes serve people though centuries5 They ha to !ring water to the house" as it is practice in some villages in our country too5 There is steam heating" gas heating" electricity heating an woo !urning stoves5 )ay!e the gas heating is the !est" !ecause it6s less polluting an it is !etter for the environment5 #eople throw away everything they on6t nee in the house: foo scraps" plastic !ags an !ottles" !roken appliances etc5 Gar!age9men 2Gar!age collector4 collect gar!age 2un esira!le things from the house45 1; Housing What o !locks of flats usually have? What o etache houses usually have? What is your preference: a flat or a house? 'ow o people get their own place to live in? *s it easy or ifficult?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

Blocks of flats usually have elevators an stairs" an !alconies5 1etache houses usually have front gar en" fence" gate" front oor!ell" front oor" roof" garage" path an rive5 * prefer house" !ecause

you have yar an more space to relax5 .ou have your own privacy" an it6s not as noisy as it is in the flat5 .ou on6t have to hear your neigh!or vacuuming" flushing" or their stepping a!ove your flat5 *t6s more peaceful in the house5 #eople can rent or !uy flat or house5 By renting you pay rent every month to your lan lor 5 When people !uy their own property they usually pay !y cre it they !orrowe from a !ank" or !y mortgage5 *t6s not as easy as it soun s to get your own property especially if you on6t have permanent employment5 %n interest rates are very high so it is har to repay the ept you have5 %n renting is not as easy as it soun s !ecause you can have pro!lems with your lan lor a!out things in the apartment an with paying your rent5 *t6s har to fin the place very you can feel 8ust like home5 1= Home What rooms are there in a typical flat? What furniture an eJuipment are usually there in each of them? Which room is most important to you? Why? What o people o when there is not enough space in a flat?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

There are kitchen" !athroom" !e room" ining room" living room an hallway5 These rooms are typical for a flat5 -lat can have !alcony" for resting an getting outsi e for a cup of coffee or tea in the morning5 *n lounge 2living room4 usually you have armchair" sofa" coffee ta!le" carpet" curtains 2 rapes4" lamp" 31 player" hi9fi or other music system" TA with remote control" vase or some houseplants5 *n the kitchen you can fin fri ge" ishwasher" washing machine" cooker" oven" foo mixer" a kettle" sink" taps" cup!oar s" flying pan" sauce pan" stool etc5 *n the !e room most common we can see !e " war ro!e" !esi e ta!le" alarm clock" lamp" chest of rawers" pillows" pa8amas" uvet etc5 *n the shower you may fin shower" !athtu! 2!ath4" toilet" mirror" wash!asin" towel" towel rail" etc5 -or me the most important room is my !e room" !ecause there are all of my !elongings" my #3" guitar an TA5 -or me this is a place where * can fin peace an relax from every ay routine5 When there is not enough space in a flat people often !uil sli ing closets" they !uy smaller furniture an ou!le9 eckers5 Sometimes people wall up their !alcony so they get one extra room5 1> !oney What kin s of money are there? 'ow o most people earn money? 'ow can people save money? Give examples of people wasting money" an of people charging too much for something5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

.ou can have !anknotes 2paper money4 an coins5 Every county has its own currency5 *n Britain the currency is sterling" in the 0S% is ollar" in E0 is euro" in Ser!ia is inar" etc5 )ost people work an earn money5 Sometimes we !orrow it" sometimes we len it" an sometimes lucky ones win the lottery5 Wise people can save money" they put it in a !ank an so they get positive interest rate" !ol ones invest in stocks" an some people keep it in the house on hi en place5 #eople can waste money too5 They can spen money on something they on6t nee 2for example" women !uy one extra pair of shoes although they have @ pairs in the closet4" waste it on gam!ling" or something that is o!viously non9profita!le5 -ashion is goo example for charging too much for something5 'ow can one !ag cost thousan s of ollars" or cars" they can cost hun re s of thousan s of ollars 8ust !ecause they are !ran 5 Bran s actually have the !iggest affect on prices" in that negative way5

1? Health and illness What are the most common health pro!lems? What are their symptoms" an how can they !e treate ? What parts of !o y usually hurt? Why? 'ow o people usually feel a!out seeing a octor? Why?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

The most common health pro!lems are flu" a col " hay fever" iarrhoea" nausea 2feeling sick4" hangover etc5 Symptoms for flu are sore throat" snee<ing" a cough" aching muscles an a temperature e5g5 ;G5> K3 it can !e treate with resting" rinking a lot of liJui 5 Symptoms for a col are sore throat" snee<ing" an a cough" it can !e treate with anti!iotics5 'ay fever manifests through snee<ing" runny nose" sore eyes it can !e treate with special me ications an nose rops5 1iarrhoea symptoms are often going to the toilet" with proper me ication an iet it can !e treate Juickly5 +ausea manifests through vomiting" it can !e treate with some me ications an sparkling water can help too5 'angover symptoms are hea ache an nausea" aspirin is may!e the !est way to treat hangover5 'ea " stomach" ears" teeth" an !acks are parts of the !o y that usually hurt5 )ay!e !ecause these parts of the !o y are the most vulnera!le an most expose to the surroun ings5 #eople on6t like to go to a octor !ecause that means that they are not feeling very well an that they have to eal with waiting in the waiting room" ealing with nervous nurses an ealing with paperwork for the health insurance5 1@ "n#uries What are the most common in8uries? Woul you !e a!le to a minister first ai for those in8uries? What woul you o as a first9ai er? Give examples of minor an ma8or in8uries5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

The most common in8uries are a cut 2finger" leg etc54" twiste ankle" !roken arm" concussion" a !urn" an a !ruise5 * think * will !e a!le to a minister first ai for those in8ures" * think that the most ifficult in8ury to ai is twiste ankle an !roken !one" !ecause you must !e careful not to make things even worse5 -or a cut you can use a plaster 2finger for example4" an a !an age 2for example leg45 %s * sai twiste ankle can !e pro!lematic" if it is a !a twist then you shoul immo!ili<e ankle an !ring in8ure one to the nearest hospital" if it6s not so serious 8ust put the in8ure one to rest5 -irst ai for !roken arm is to immo!ili<e arm with !an age or a sling" after that transport in8ure one to the nearest hospital5 ,est is also the !est ai for the concussion5 With !urns you must !e careful with the treat" you must use proper cream an o not cover it with ry plasters or !an ages5 .ou can use paraffin gau<e to treat !urns5 Treatment of a !ruise is to put ice pack on it5 )a8or in8uries are: !roken ri!s" !ullet woun " open fracture of the arm" thir egree !urn etc5 )inor in8uries are: finger cut" first egree !urn" small !ruises etc5 1E Fashion Which clothing items can you name in English? 1escri!e them5

Why is fashion important to some" an unimportant to others? 1oes fashion change" how" an why? Give examples of ress co e for certain occasions5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

Skirt" women6s clothing item can !e in long an short5 Cacket" it can !e formal or casual" it can !e worn every season5 Sweater 28umper" pullover4" ma e out of wool" it6s !est to wear it in col winter ays5 Ceans" famous as !lue 8eans are pants ma e out of special fa!ric calle the same as pants9 8eans5 'at" we put it on our hea s" it can !e in ifferent si<es an shapes5 Shoes" they are ma e for walking" as the !oots are5 We wear ifferent kin of shoes epen ing on the weather5 -ashion is important to someone may!e !ecause they have ifferent priorities" every person has its own opinion" !ut importance of fashion mustn6t !e un erestimate !ecause it6s a !ig an one of the most profita!le in ustries in the worl 5 -ashion changes through time5 The !iggest turnover was in the 2Dth century with elimination of the corset5 -ashion change is more noticea!le in women6s fashion than in men6s5 -ashion changes with the change of culture an nee s of the customers5 Business ress co e is for work" casual is for every ay" !lack9tie is for the formal occasions etc5 1G $hopping What kin s of shops are there? What o they sell? What kin s of items must !e trie out !efore they are !ought? What o people !uy very often" an what o they !uy very rarely? *s shopping !oring or interesting" exhausting or fun? Explain5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

There are epartment store 2it sells almost everything" from furniture to foo 4" supermarket 2it sells foo an househol goo s4" newsagent 2it sells cigarettes" sweets" newspaper etc54" !utcher 2it sells meat4" greengrocer 2it sells fruit an vegeta!les4" !outiJue 2it sells fashiona!le clothes4" an chemist 2it sells shampoo" soap" toothpaste" me icine etc545 3lothes an perfumes must !e trie out !efore they are !ought5 #eople sometimes try ifferent kin s of foo as it is cheese or some fruit or vegeta!le !efore they !uy" !ut of course if it is possi!le5 #eople often !uy groceries" especially !rea " milk" meat" fruit 2apples" oranges" !ananas" lemon etc54" vegeta!le 2lettuce" carrot" potato" tomato etc54 also people often !uy clothes5 ,arely people !uy expensive stuff as cars" expensive 8ewelry" expensive appliances etc5 Shopping can !e !oring" interesting" exhausting an fun5 Because it epen s on what are you !uying an who are you going with5 *f you sen me on a mission to !uy a new car" !elieve me there woul !e no pro!lems5 But if you sen me to shop with my sister" * know it woul !e long an exhausting trip through stores5 2D Food What kin s of fruit an vegeta!les are common in Ser!ia? Give examples of ifferent kin s of meat5 What o people usually have for three ifferent meals? What kin of foo o chil ren an teenagers usually like an hate?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

3ommon fruit in Ser!ia are apples" straw!erry" peaches" pears" grapes" cherries" plums5 %n common vegeta!le in Ser!ia are potatoes" green !eans" peas" carrots" cauliflowers" peppers"

ca!!age" mushrooms 2!oletus an chanterelle4 in South Ser!ia5 &in s of meat: !eef" veal" lam!" pork" salmon" shrimp" oyster" lo!ster" an mussels5 -or !reakfast usually people have omlet 2eggs with onion an !acon for example45 -or lunch there is a chicken soup" mash potato" sala with cucum!er" tomato" onion an peppers" an frie chicken5 %n for inner -rench toast" yogurt" cheese or some sala 5 3hil ren an teenagers usually like unhealthy foo : !urgers" french9fries" ice cream" milkshake" in general chil ren an teenagers like fast foo 5 They on6t like healthy foo : spinach" green !eans" peas" !eans" fish" etc5 21 Home%made food and restaurant food What ifferent kin s of cooking are there? Which meals can you prepare? Explain the proce ure5 When an why o people eat out 2have a meal at a restaurant4? What is usually there on ta!les in a restaurant?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

There are !oiling 2eggs for example4" grilling 2meat" peppers etc54" roasting 2meat for example4" frying 2sausages4 an !aking 2e5g5 cake45 * can prepare a lot of things: pancakes" mash potato" omlet" ifferent kin s of sala " etc5 -or the pancakes we nee eggs" milk" flour" water" oil" pinch of salt an sugar5 )ix all the ingre ients5 )ixture shoul !e thick like honey5 /n the other si e put oile pan on the hot plate than when pan reaches high temperature pour the mixture you ma e on it 2a!out one la le45 %fter few minutes flip pancake on the other si e5 .ou can put on the pancake almost everything5 #ancakes can !e salty or sweet it epen s on what you put on them5 #eople eat out for many reasons: they haven6t time to cook" they want to relax with frien s an :or family" they have !usiness meetings in the restaurant" they on6t know how to cook" etc5 Well" when you go to the restaurant you can usually see on the ta!le menu" may!e a car !oar that says Lreserve M" saltshaker" oil" vinegar" pepper" napkins" ta!lecloth" may!e a can le etc5 22 Town and country What are the a vantages an isa vantages of living in a town? What are the a vantages an isa vantages of living in the country? 1o more people live in ur!an areas or in the country" an why? 'ow is life in a small town ifferent from life in a !ig city?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

% vantages of living in a town are that they are excitingH there are a lot of things to o" there is a wi e range of shops" an there is a lot of night9life5 Everything !ecause of shopping centers" commercial center" !ars" cinemas" theaters" li!raries" iscos etc5 1isa vantages are: they are noisy" pollute an irty" stressful" crow e an angerous5 Because of the factories" pollution" car parks an in many cases !ecause of a night9life living in a town isn6t so pretty5 % vantages of living in the countrysi e are numerous5 3ountrysi e is Juiet an peaceful" clean" calm an relaxing" safe an it has lots of open space5 1isa vantages of a living in countrysi e: there is nothing to o" it6s !oring" there are only a few shops" an there is no night9life5 )ore people live in ur!an areas" !ecause in ur!an areas there are more employment opportunities" !etter health an social care" !igger resi ential space" etc5 -rom a vantages an isa vantages of living in a town or countrysi e we can conclu e the ifference !etween life in a small town an life in a !ig town5 *t is less noisy" less pollute " less crow e " etc5 -ast life is a main characteristic of a !ig town5

2; &umbers What is the ifference !etween num!ers such as: ;@G" 2"E?D" 2">>D"DDD" an num!ers such as 2Dth" 21st" 22n " >;r ? What o you call them? 'ow o you write an say fractions" ecimals" an percentages? What are the four !asic processes in calculation? 'ow o you say ND6 in ifferent contexts?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

+um!ers ;@G 2three hun re an seventy nine4" 2"E?D 2two thousan " eight hun re an sixty4" 2">>D"DDD 2two million" five hun re an fifty thousan 4 are car inal num!ers" an num!ers 2Gth 2twenty9ninth4" 22n 2twenty9secon 4 an >;r 2fifty9thir 4 are or inal num!ers5 When rea ing fractions" it is customary in English to pronounce the enominator using or inal nomenclature" as in OfifthsO for fractions with a > in the enominator5 -or example: 1 P 2one an a half4" 2 2:> 2two an two fifths4 etc5 The enominators 1" 2" an = are special cases5 The fraction ;:1 may !e rea Othree wholesO5 The fraction ;:2 is usually rea Othree9halvesO" !ut never Othree secon sO5 The fraction ;:= may !e rea either Othree fourthsO or Othree9JuartersO5 1ecimals are rea like car inal num!ers" only we rea num!er !y num!er5 -or example: 25@>E 2two point seven five eight4" E5>;G@ 2eight point five three nine seven45 +um!er !efore full stop we rea regularly" !ut num!ers after full stop we rea separately5 -or example: >>5=>@ 2fifty five point four five seven4" 2DDD5>?@ 2two thousan point five six seven45 #ercentage we rea using or inal nomenclature a ing Lper centM after the num!er5 Example: >>Q 2fifty five per cent4" EGQ 2eighty nine per cent4" etc5 There are four !asic processes in calculation: a ition 2>IER1;H five plus eight e'uals thirteen4" su!traction 2E9>R;H eight minus five e'uals three4" multiplication 2>xER=DH five times:multiplied by eight eJuals forty4" an ivision 2ES=R2H eight divided !y four e'uals two45 +um!er D can !e sai in ifferent ways: telephone num!er like oh 2ne cita8 h nego samo o" h 8e !e<vucno4 %merican English D is rea like <eroH in mathematics it can !e rea like nought an oh when we rea ecimal num!ers5 +ought we rea when there is D !efore full stop an oh we rea D after full stopH temperature we rea D like <eroH in foot!all we rea D as nilH an in tenes we rea D as love5 2= $hape( si)e( and dimension Which geometrical shapes can you name in English? What are the three imensions? What are the a 8ectives relate to them? 'ow o you ask Juestions a!out imensions an how o you answer them? Give examples5 'ow are people" buildings" books" lakes" roads an prices typically escri!e in terms of imensions? 2We talk a!out the imensions of prices figuratively54
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

* can name: a sJuare" a triangle" a rectangle" a pyrami " a circle" a semi9circle" an oval" a right angle" a point" a star5 Three imensions are height" length an wi th5 % 8ectives of these imensions are: high" long" an wi e5 -rom this we can form a 8ectives like this: What6s the height:length:wi th of 2for example4 the pool? or 'ow high:long:wi e is the pool? We use ifferent wor s to escri!e the si<e of people an things: a tall girl 2Ta short girl4" a fat person 2Ta thin person4" a long !ook 2Rmany pages" Ta short !ook4" a eep lake 2Rmany metres" Ta shallow lake4" a thick !ook 2Ta thin !ook4" a wi e roa 2Ta narrow roa 4" high price 2Tlow price4" tall !uil ing 2Tsmall !uil ing45

2> $easide holiday Where o people stay on a holi ay? What can people o on a seasi e holi ay? What o people nee on a !each? *s swimming in the sea" in a lake" in a river" an in a swimming pool the same?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

#eople stay at a hotel or hostel" they can rent the apartment or villa" some people like sleeping in a tent at the campsite5 /n seasi e holi ay people want to spen time on the !each5 So they can sun!athe" swim" or play ifferent kin s of sports on the !each or in the water5 /n a !each people nee a suntan lotion for !etter tan an sun protection" sun!lock for total protection" um!rella" towel" an sunglasses an a hat are optional5 +o it6s not the same" swimming in the sea is rather more interesting !ecause of the waves" swimming in a lake is may!e the most relaxing an peaceful" swimming in a river can !e ifficult an angerous !ecause of the river currents5 Swimming in a pool is fun !ecause usually people go on pu!lic pools an they are very crow e 5 2? *ountry holiday Why o people go on country holi ays? Where o people stay on a country holi ay? Why o people like !eing in the countrysi e? What can people o in the countrysi e?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

#eople who live in large towns sometimes 8ust want to get away from the crow " irt an noise that are part of their every ay life5 They want to fin peace an Juiet in countrysi e5 #eople can stay in a hotel or hostel" they can rent the apartment or villa" or they can sleep in a tent if they like camping5 #eople like !eing in the countrysi e !ecause it is peaceful an Juiet so they can take their min s off pro!lems5 *n countrysi e people can relax" go for a stroll or they can go hiking" or 8ust en8oy in a nice picnic5 2@ $ightseeing holiday When people go sightseeing" which places o they usually visit? What o tourists often o on holi ay? Which sights are worth visiting in Belgra e" an why? Which sights are worth visiting in your hometown" an why?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

#eople often visit museums" galleries" temples" castles" cathe rals" palaces" monuments an statues" fountains an markets for souvenirs5 #eople can go sightseeing alone if they have gui e !ook5 #eople look aroun " take photographs" spen a lot of money" !uy souvenirs" sometimes they get lost" an explore the nightlife5 %ll in all they have won erful time5 Belgra e as capital has many sights worth visiting5 There are many museums" theaters" parks" statues etc5 * woul recommen to every tourist to visit Saint Sava Temple" &alemeg an" Tera<i8e -ountain" Bohemian Juarter Ska arli8a" ,epu!lic SJuare" &ne< )ihailova Street 2#rince )ihailo Street4" /l 3ity etc5 *

recommen them !ecause these places are places with story an history5 2 uso 8a ne <nam nista o Brusu" nika nisam !ila" moraces sam a napises45 2E +cology What are common causes of amage to the environment? 'ow can we help preserve the environment? What is happening to the o<one layer? Explain the phenomena of glo!al warming an aci rain5 3ommon causes of amage to the environment are: smoke from factories" car exhaust fumes" umping in ustrial waste" aerosol cans" an cutting own tropical forests5 We can help !y recycling" planting more trees" !y trying not to waste resources" to use them smartly" trying to save them5 )any research show that there is a hole in parts of o<one layer5 Glo!al warming is the phenomenon that manifests through the increase in worl temperature cause !y an increase in car!on ioxi e5 %ci rain is cause !y emissions of sulfur ioxi e an nitrogen oxi es" which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to pro uce aci s5 *t can !e cause !y natural phenomena 2volcanoes4 or human activity 2factories for example45 2G Air travel What o passengers o !efore !oar ing a plane? Who are the mem!ers of the crew an what o they o? What is it that passengers mustnUt o uring the take9off" flight" an lan ing? What happens when the plane lan s?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

-irst you go on a check9in esk" there they weight your luggage" usually lour !ags have to weight 2D kilos" !ut of it is more you must pay extra5 Then you have to check your ticket an take !oar ing car " with your seat num!er on it5 Then you have to pass passport check an after that you go to eparture lounge5 %!out an hour or forty minutes !efore taking9off you are tol to go to a gate with certain num!er5 )em!ers of the crew are pilot" co9pilot" flight atten ants5 #ilot an co9pilot are flying the planeH flight atten ants are taking care of the passengers5 #assengers shoul n6t smoke until they are in insi e terminal !uil ing5 When the plane lan s an oors are open" you get off the plane an walk through the terminal !uil ing an then go to the !aggage reclaim where you collect your luggage5 .ou then pass through customs 2carina45 ;D Hotels What types of hotel accommo ation are there? What 8o!s o people have in hotels" an what o they o? 3an you expect to fin a hotel room in a popular resort in the mi What services can you get at a hotel?

le of the season? Explain5

#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

*n 0& there are hotels gra e from one9star to five9star5 %lso you can fin accommo ation at Be V Breakfast 2Guest 'ouses4" where you can get !e room" possi!ly a ensuite an !reakfast5 *n a hotel you can get a single room" a ou!le room" a twin room" gull !oar " half !oar " BVB 2!e an !reakfast45 *n hotels there are many 8o!s: receptionist" porter" cham!ermai " chef etc5 ,eceptionist is

a person that works at the reception" porter carries luggage" opens the oor" escorts you to your room" cham!ermai is a person that cleans rooms5 * can6t expect to fin hotel room in popular resort in the mi le of the season if * haven6t !ooke a room earlier5 Those places are very popular so there are lots of people intereste in spen ing their vacation there5 Services that you can get are" use of room service" swimming pool" spa" gym" etc5

;1 Traffic What are the most important things that rivers must remem!er? What are the most important things that pe estrians must remem!er? 'ow is traffic regulate ? Why o acci ents happen?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

1rivers must remem!er all roa signs" an to watch for roa works" to watch for pe estrians an slow own at the pe estrian crossing" to comply with traffic lights" they must a here to spee limit 2at fast lane an insi e lane45 They must watch for pe estrians" !icyclists an other vehicles5 #e estrians must remem!er they are not alone traffic participants5 They have to cross over the street at pe estrian crossing" to comply with traffic lights" to walk on the si ewalk" to watch right an left !efore crossing the street" etc5 Traffic is regulate with traffic lights" roa signs" an patrolmen 2traffic policemen4 work in all con itions" all the time so they coul ena!le smooth flow of the traffic5 %cci ents coul happen ue to vehicle !rake own" traffic 8am" careless riving" isregar of traffic lights an roa signs" riving un er the influence of alcohol" etc5 ;2 Transport 1escri!e the ifferences !etween a passenger car an a motor!ike5 1escri!e the ifferences !etween lorries an vans5 1escri!e the ifferences !etween !uses an coaches5 What are the a vantages an isa vantages of traveling !y car" !y coach" an !y train?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

#assenger car is a vehicle with four wheels" with chassis an shell" riving wheel etc5 )otor!ike look like !igger !icycle" an it6s motori<e 5 $orrie or truck is a vehicle that is manly use for transporting goo s" it has !ig trailer in the !ack5 Aan is more like !igger passenger car with !igger trunk5 3oach is a vehicle that is ma e for !igger 8ourneys5 *t has more comforta!le seats" air9 con ition" an place for rivers where they can have a nap5 *t6s more a apte to !igger istance5 Bus is use for smaller istance" an they are part of people6s every ay life5 #eople use it for going to work" on the other part of the city" for going to school etc5 Travelling !y car is more private" you can take a !rake whenever you want" !ut it6s exhausting if you are the river" you must stay awake through whole trip" you must !e concentrate all the time5 Traveling !y coach eliminates this isa vantages of travelling !y car" !ut you can6t take a !reak whenever you want" an may!e you coul have pro!lems with other passengers 2they can !e noisy" they can eat smelly foo " etc545 Travelling !y train has many a vantages5 .ou can have a meal" go to the !athroom" sleep" stan up

if your lour legs are num!" an you can have privacy in your roomette5 1isa vantage is sometimes train can move slowly so your trip can last longer5 ;; Work What is the ifference !etween a profession an a 8o!? Which professions an 8o!s are interesting" in your opinion? What o people o in these professions an 8o!s? What are the !enefits of !eing an officer?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

% 8o! is work where you get pai an you may or may not get fulfilment from the work5 % profession or career is a 8o! where you get fulfilment from your work5 *5e5 2that is9i est4 this is the 8o! you want to o for the rest of your life" rather than oing this 8o! to make money5 *n my opinion the most interesting professions are police inspector" pilot" military officer" 8ournalist 2ti i<meni ovo ako ti se ne svi 8a" 8a sam pisala po nekom svom naho 8en8u45 #olice inspector is ealing with many interesting cases" his 8o! is to solve pu<<les an fin the !est way how to prevent crime an to take repressive measures5 #ilot is person who travels the worl " he has huge responsi!ilities !ut also he has many !enefits" like visiting many interesting places" an meeting many interesting people5 Cournalist is challenging 8o!5 *t can !ring many exciting a ventures5 Cournalist must !e always on a right place at the right time" so he coul forwar news a!out latest events5 )ilitary officer is complex profession it can involve many ifferent 8o!s5 )ain 8o! of every officer is !ase on three missions of Ser!ian %rmy: W 1efense of the ,epu!lic of Ser!ia from external arme threatH W #articipation in !uil ing an maintaining peace in the region an the worl H W Support to civil authorities in com!ating security threats5 *t is a great honor to serve your country an to get opportunity to help your people when they nee you5 2na am se a 8e ovo ok?4 ;= +mployment 'ow o people go a!out getting employe ? Besi es the salary" what !enefits o people get? What kin s of working hours are there? Why oes employment en ?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

#eople apply to the 8o! !y pu!lic !y pu!lic ten er" recommen ation" etc5 .oung people are rea y to work part9time so they coul get practice knowle ge5 Besi e salary !enefits that people get are social" me ical an ental insurance" after retirement they coul get pension5 )any companies attract employees with ifferent kin s of !enefits: from parking spot to free ay nursery5 -ull9 Time work 9 Employment that is !ase upon a contract of employment for a stan ar hours engagement 2generally !etween ;> to =D hours per week45 -ull9time employees are pai either a wage !ase upon an hourly rate or a set salary5 % part9time 8o! is a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full9time 8o!5 Employment can en !ecause of retirement" !ecause of closing of the company" human recourse re un ancy" !a work !ehavior etc5

;> $ports +ame several sports an the eJuipment that players use5 +ame several ifferent places where ifferent sports are playe 5 *n many sports players use a !all5 What can you o with a !all? Who are the people involve in sports an what o they o?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

*n foot!all players use foot!all" they wear 8ersey" soccer shoes" an socks5 *n tennis they use racket" tennis !all" they usually wear white t9shirt" shorts" an snickers5 That is why tennis is calle LThe White SportM5 *n golf" golfers use clu!s an golf !alls5 Golfers are usually well resse they usually have covere legs an they wear a glove on one han H if they are right han e the glove is on the left han " an if they are left han e the glove is on the right han 5 They use golf cart for faster movement through golf course5 -or volley!all" players use volley!all an they wear 8ersey" snickers an knee protectors5 -oot!all is playe on a foot!all pitchH tennis is playe on a tennis courtH golf is playe on a golf courseH volley!all is playe on a volley!all court5 * can throw the !all" pass it to other player" catch it" kick it an * can hea it5 #eople involve in sports are players" coaches 2in !asket!all4" manager 2in foot!all4" also there are line 8u ges 2tennis4 umpire 2tennis cricket" !ase!all4" a referee 2foot!all" rug!y" hockey4 linesmen 2in foot!all45 #layers play the game in a team game one player is the captain 2he is hea of the team4 " manager an the coach lea the team" umpire an referee control the game" linesmen an line 8u ges track the in or out position of the !all5 ;? Theatre( Film( Literature What are the ifferences !etween theatre an cinema? What types of film are there? What literary forms are there? What are your favourites in theatre" film" an literature?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

*n theatre you must !ook the ticket in a vance" clap at the en of the scene an at the en of the play" that6s not typical for cinema5 #lays are performe on stage" live" an films are shown on screen5 There are many types of film: western 2%merica in 1Gth century" often with cow!oys an *n ians4" War film 2%pocalypse +ow4" horror film 2-rankenstein4" science fiction film 2Star Wars" ET4" action film 2Cames Bon 4" come y 2Ghost Busters4" an thriller 2#sycho45 -orms of literature: the novel 2The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest 'emingway4" short stories 2The Black Cat" E gar %lan #oe4" poetry 2Invictus, William Ernest 'enley4 an plays 2 aiting for !odot" Samual Becket45 * like theater !ecause there is connection !etween au ience an actors" you can feel the emotions that are presente an you can see the talent of the actors5 )y favourites in film are that film can !e spectacleH it can present you everything" from historical events to unimagina!le things like %pocalypse" or ifferent kin s of life5 3reating the worl " events an places is may!e literature6s !est charm5 Goo literature can make you peek in your un iscovere parts of personality" it can give you wis om of the wisest" an it can awake your emotions5

;@ !usic and ,isual Arts What types of music are there" an what are the usual musical forms? Which musical instruments can you name in English? What types of painting are there? What are your favourites in music an visual arts?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

0sual music forms are: classical an pop:rock5 3lassical music 2Beethoven" )o<art" 3hopin4" pop 2)aria 3arey" Whitney 'ouston4 an rock 2Xueen" $e 7eppelin4 music" Ca<< 2)iles 1avis" $ouis %rmstrong4 are types of music5 There are many music instruments: guitar" violin" cello 2Yelo4" piano" rums" saxophone" flute" -rench horn 2horna4" !agpipes 2ga8 e4" organ 2orgul8e4" etc5 When we talk a!out art 2painting4 there are four ifferent types of painting: a portrait 2painting of the person4" self9portrait 2a painting of the artist !y himself:herself4" a lan scape 2painting of part of the countrysi e4 an an a!stract painting 2a painting that is not realistic45 )usic is a !ig part of my life" !ecause it relaxes me" it cheers me up" an it helps me to overcome rainy ays5 * am into rock music" !lues an 8a<<" may!e it6s !ecause * love soun of guitar5 %n as for the visual arts" * like filmmaking" photography an architecture5 * think that there is not a man or woman that oesn6t like filmmaking5 *t is interesting to see how someone6s i ea !ecomes lively story like in every ay life5 #hotography interests me !ecause it captures the moment an makes it eternal5 %n as for the architecture" it interests !ecause it6s astonishing to see how men can efy the laws of physics5 ;E &ewspapers What kin s of newspaper are there? What oes a newspaper usually contain? Who works for newspaper an what o these people o? 'ow is reporting on arme conflict ifferent from covering other topics?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

We have aily newspapers 2pu!lishe every ay" some comes out only on Sun ays4" maga<ines 2usually weekly or every month4" some newspapers are ta!loi s 2small in si<e4 an some of them are !roa sheets 2larger si<e45 )ainly ta!loi s are popular press with many pictures an !roa sheets are more serious press5 +ewspaper usually contains home news" sports news" !usiness news" international news" features 2a!out politicians an famous persons4" weather forecast" an reviews 2theater" movie criticsZ45 #eople who work for newspaper are e itor 2the person that controls aily pro uction4 an 8ournalist 2people who report news an write articles4 they can !e freelance 2they work for themselves45 ,eporting on arme conflict can !e more angerous" !ecause in arme conflict 8ournalists risk their life so they coul get information5 ;G Television 'ow o you operate a TA? What kin s of TA programme are there?

What are your favourites on TA? What is the ifference !etween TA an the *nternet?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

* plug it in" then * press on !utton" after that * 8ust take my remote controller an switch it to something * want to watch an turn it up so * coul get !etter atmosphere5 There are five ifferent types of programme: soup opera" Jui< show or game show" chat show 2with famous people talking4" ocumentary" an current affairs programme5 )y favourites on TA are sitcoms" history ocumentaries" an news5 * like sitcoms !ecause they relax me" an cheer me up5 'istory ocumentaries are interesting !ecause you can always fin out something new" an as * love history this types of programme always makes me stay on current TA station5 * watch news to get informe a!out current events5 The main ifference !etween TA an the *nternet is flow of information5 .ou can fin everything you want anytime" anywhere !y using the *nternet5 TA shows you the information they want you to know accor ing to their time sche ule5 =D *omputers What are the components of a #3" an possi!le a itions? What o people usually o when they use )icrosoft Wor ? What o people use computers for? What o people use the *nternet for?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

3omponents of a #3 are software an har ware5 3omponents of har ware are central processing unit 2the hearth of the computer4" monitor" key!oar " mouse" an possi!le a ition like laser printer" fax" scanner etc5 So har ware is physical part of computer5 Software inclu es all programmes nee e to work the machines5 These programmes are on har isc" floppy isc an 315 )icrosoft Wor is the software that is use for preparing ocuments an letters" for wor processing5 #eople use computer every ay for many reasons: for surfing the *nternet" for making ata!ases" for making ocuments" for !usiness" for planning" for esigning" for fun 2playing computer games" watching movies" etc54" etc5 #eople nowa ays epen on the *nternet5 %lmost everyone that has access to the *nternet is a mem!er of a social network5 #eople also use the *nternet in !usiness purposes" for sen ing e9mails" for ownloa ing programmes" movies an computer games5 %lso people can a!use the *nternet !uy lancing viruses" worms an other malicious software that can cause trou!les an violate the privacy5 =1 Politics What types of government are there" an what are the a vantages an isa vantages of each? +ame an explain several ifferent political !eliefs5 What is the purpose of elections? What are the two !asic kin s of policies that a government must have?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

Types of government: monarchy is a state rule !y a king or Jueen5 )ain a vantage is connection with other monarchies" an main isa vantage is autocratic systemH repu!lic is a state governe !y representatives an a presi ent5 % vantages are: people can participate in

government an give opinion" there is no ictator" an people elect representatives5 1isa vantages are: ma8ority wins so many o not have preferre representative" an people can vote for !a representativesH 1emocracy is a system of government in which lea ers are chosen !y the people5 % vantages are: emocracy ena!les society to have emocratic characteristics" an there are free an fair elections5 1isa vantages are: it can result in an elitist an unrepresentative system" an great eal of power can !e in the han s of fewH 1ictatorship is a system of government in which one person rules the country5 1isa vantages are: loss free om of choice" government has a!solute power" an people coul !e oppresse !y regime5 % vantages are: sta!le government an ictator can act out in !est interest of the people5 There are several political !eliefs: socialism" social emocracy" conservatism" li!eralism" communism an fascism5 Socialism is political philosophy that supports social ownership5 Social emocracy views the evelopment of socialism as connecte with the evolution of capitalism5 3onservatism promotes retaining tra itional institutions an supports5 $i!eralism is foun e on i eas of li!erty an eJuality5 3ommunism is a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless" moneyless" an stateless social or er5 *n fascism" the country is consi ere more important than any one person" group" or li!erty5 With the election people participate in government !y electing representative5 Two !asic kin s of policies that government must have are economic policy an foreign policy5

=2 Law and order What o the police o when someone oes something wrong? *s !eing a policeman:policewoman ifficult? What o people o in a court of law? What happens when it is eci e that a person has one something wrong? When someone oes something wrong police must investigate the crime5 They collect evi ence an if they have enough evi ence against the criminal they can charge him with the crime5 *t is har to !e a policeman !ecause they are freJuently expose to ea ly situations" !ut in the other han they protect people !y law enforcement5 *n a court of law the efen ant has the opportunity to prove his innocence an to convince the 8ury5 %fter they hear all evi ence they make the ecision5 1epen ing on crime" person who !roke the law can get many sentences" for smaller felonies he can pay money 2for example illegal parking4" an for the theft or mur er he can stay in prison for many years5
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

=; *rime +ame several kin s of crime an the nouns for the people who commit them5 'ow woul you gra e crimes from minor to ma8or? What can governments an in ivi uals o to prevent crime? 3an offen ers 2people who commit crime4 !e reforme ?
#$E%SE %S& T'E E(%)*+E, *- T'E,E *S %+.T'*+G /+ T'*S S$*# T'%T ./0 1/ +/T 0+1E,ST%+1

Theft 2general wor for stealing4 person who commit this crime is thief5 ,o!!ery 2stealing from people an places4" person who commit it is ro!!er5 Burglary 2!reaking into a shop or house for

stealing4" committer of this felony is !urglar5 Shoplifting 2stealing from shops when they are open4" person who oes this crime is shoplifter5 )ur er 2kill someone !y intention4" person who commit this crime is mur erer5 )anslaughter is the one who kille someone !y acci ent5 ,ape 2forcing someone to have sex4" man who commit this crime is rapist5 * woul rate them !y following tren : shoplifting" theft" ro!!ery" !urglary" manslaughter" rape" an mur er5 Government can apply tougher preventive an repressive measures5 #reventive measures can !e tougher punishments for some crimes" an repressive measures coul !e empowerment an !etter eJuipment for police officers5 %n people can prevent crime !y protecting themselves an their property for example installing !urglar alarms" not going alone on angerous places at night" etc5 *n some cases they can !e reforme !ut in most cases they can6t5