NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept.

of Aerospace Engineering


1

Module5:
Multi - Dimensional
Problems



Lecture 23:
Linearized Compressible Flow



















NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


2
Stokes theorem:
( ) ( )

c s s
A dr A dS A ndA = V = V
} }} }}

Green-Gauss theorem:

s V
A ndA AdV = V
} }



Or
j
A V
j
g
gn dA dV
x
c
=
c
} }

Continuity equation
( ) 0 =
c
c
+
c
c
j
j
u
x t

or
0
j
j
u
D D
u
Dt Dt x


c
+ V = + =
c

Momentum equation

( ) ( )
i i j i
j i
p
u u u f
t x x

c c c
+ = +
c c c

Assuming steady flow and no body forces, integrating the equation over an enclosing control surface,
the force of the fluid on the body is obtained as


( )
1 1
i i k k i
A A
F u u n dA pn dA =
} }


( )
1 1
1 1 k k
A A
D u u n dA pn dA =
} }



( )
1 1
2 2 k k
A A
L u u n dA pn dA =
} }



NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


3
Energy equation


( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
j i i i
j i
e u e u u q f u pu
t x x

( c c c
| | | |
+ + + = +
| | (
c c c
\ . \ .



or
( )
2
1
2
i i i
i
De D
u q f u pu
Dt Dt x

c
| |
+ = +
|
c
\ .
[using continuity]
i
i
x
u
p q
t D
De
c
c
=
[using momentum]
Or
q
Dt
D
p
t D
De
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
[using continuity again]

Introducing entropy
1 De D DS
p T
Dt Dt Dt
| |
+ =
|
\ .


Introducing enthalpy

2
1 1
2
i i
D p
h u q f u
Dt t
c
| |
+ = + +
|
c
\ .

If the flow is inviscid, non-conducting, adiabatic and steady both entropy and total enthalpy are conserved
along streamlines. Using the natural co-ordinate system (streamlines and normal n ), the steady flow
equations of motion are

. const n u = A
- continuity


s
p
s
u
u
c
c
=
c
c

- s momentum


NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


4

s
u
n
p
R
u
c
c
=
c
c
=
u

2
2
- n momentum [u flow direction wrtx ]

o
h u h = +
2
2
1
- energy
1 1
o
TdS dh udu dp dh

| |
= = + +
|
\ .


1
0
S u p
T u
s s s
c c c
= + =
c c c


1
o o
dh dh S u p u u
T u u
n n n dn n R dn
| | | | c c c c
= + + = +
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .


, u
dn
dh
o
+ =


The flow will be homentropic if
=
o
h constant throughout
And 0 = , throughout

General form of the Croccos theorem

dp p
TdS dh T S h

V
= V = V



NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering


5

DV
p
f
Dt

V
=

from Eulers equation

( )
( )
( )
2
V V
DV V V
V V V V
Dt t t

c c
= + V = + V V
c c






2
1
2
V
V V
t
e
c
= +V
c

2
1
2
V
T S h f V V
t
e
c
V = V + +V
c

|
.
|

\
|
+ V V =
c
c
2
2
1
V h S T V
t
V
e

[body force neglected]

o
h S T V V =


S T h V
o
V V = e

for steady flow

Circulation and rotation

} }
V = = I
c A
dA n u dl u

Vorticity = = V 2 u angular velocity
j
i
ij
i j
u
u
x x
e
c
c
=
c c

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