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Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-2434 47 26) St. Benedict's Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones ; 0361-254 96 69, 251 38 81) (Phone : 040-2475 02 47) 1181-222 12 72) 37-G, Bondel Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 80 29 31, 22 80 90 19) + 18, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) 128A, Block 3, First Floor, Noorani Building, L.J. Road, Mumbai (Phone : 022-24 46 99 98) Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranehi (Phone : 0651-290:77 64). EMAIL ; colexmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE *: werw laxmipublications.com All Rights Reserved with the Author and Publishers. C- Béited by: Rama Gupte, A BYRD) © 121-5902-250.comP. Maus x1 (a) Price: Ra. 380.00 Only —Typesetted at: GOSWAMI'PRINTERS Printed at : AJIT PRINTERS(xii Problems on heights and distances, Concept of inverse trigonometric functions and their use to reduce expressions te simplest forms. @ sin”! (sin x) = x and other similar formulae. 1 sin (2) = cosec! x and other similar formulae. (ie) Gi) sin (— x! sin“! x, tan™ (- x) =— tan" x, coger? cosecr! x, cos! (— x) = n— cos"! x, sec (—z) = n— see! x, cot! (—x) = n- cot! x, zr © x (iv) sin) x + cost x = 5 tant s+ cot"! x = 2° cosec! x + sec"! x = 2 tw) tant + tancly = tan? (#24) aye wivtante—tanty wtant(222) ,2y>—1 (oii) 2 tant x = sin a lz]<. Applications. 10, Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates (Chapter 21) Marks 4, Periods 10 Recall of cartesian system of coordinates in a plane. Lastance formula, selection formula, centroid and incentre. Area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points in a plane. Slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines. Intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes. Locus and its equation. 11, Straight Line and Family of Straight Lines (Chapter 22) Marks 4, Periods 12 ‘Various forms of equations of a line—Parallel to axes, Slope Intercept form. The point- slope form. Symmetric form. Parametric equations of a line. Two point form. Intercept form. Normal form. General form. Intersection of lines. Equations of bisectors of angle between two lines. Angle between two lines. Condition for concurrency of three lines. Distance af a point from a line, Equations of family of lines through the intersection of two lines. Translation of as S 12. Circles (Chapter 23) Marks 4, Periods 10 Standard form of the equation of a circle. General form of the equation of a circlé, its radius and contre, Equation of the circle in the parametric form. Equation of a circle when the ond points of a diameter are given. Points of intersection of a line and a circle with centre at the origin. Condition for a line to be tangent to the given circle. Equation of a tangent to acirele and length of the tangent. 13. Gonle Sections (Chapter 24) Marks 4, Periods 10 Sections ofa cone. Equations of conic sections (Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola) in stand- ard form. Applications.(xiv) 14, Permutations and Combinations (Chapters 31-22) Marks 4, Periods 12 Fundamental principle of counting. The factorial notation. Permutation as an arrange- ment, meaning of P(n, 7). Combination, meaning of C(n, r). Applications of permutations and combinations. 15, Binomial Theorem (Chapters 33-34) Marks 6, Periods 12 Statement of Binomial Theorem. Proof of Binomial theorem for positive integral expo- nent using principle of mathematical induction and also by combinatorial method. General and middle terms in binomial expansions. Properties of Binomial evefficients. Binomial thearem for any index (without proof). Applications of Binomial thearem. 16. Exponential and Logarithmic Series (Chapters 35-36) Marks 4, Periods 12 Concept ofe as the sum ofan infinite series, proof of 2 A. Dlustrations. (i) N°Q,NCZ,Z5Q,REQ,R5C, Gilet A=i1, 2,3), B = {2, 3, 4, §, 6], C= (1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 71, then AB, because le B, BCC is true, A SC is also true. Gi) Let A= (a, ¢, i, 0, u} and B = (a, 6, ¢, ....... 4, ¥, 2h then A cB. If A is not a subset of B, then there must exist at least one element in A, which is not in B. If A is not a subset of B, then we write A < B. Example 8. Which of the following are true + (IFA = (3, 6, 71, B= (2, 3, 7, 8, 10), then ACB. GUIfA = (1, 6, 5, 6), B=, 3, 5), then A SB. ii) If A = (x ix" +4x-21=0,xe N},B=1{-7, 9), then Ac B. GU) IPA = (e:29-7 = 0, x6 NI, B= (xi07-dx+3=0,26N), thenAck, Sol. (i) The element 6 of A is not in B. . ADB. -. Given statement is false,14 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI (ii) A contains 1 and 5 and both are in 2. AcB. *. Given statement is false. ) As (erx?+dr-21=0,2¢ N} ede-2120 2 2entt Best =A e00 5-7, Since x ¢ N, we havex =3. o A=(3h Also B=-7,3) 4. ASB. Given statement is true, (iv) A ste :xt- 120,26 N) e120 = G@-Delexe 20 = x-1=0 or atere1-0. x-1=0 > x=1eN , ~1tjl-4 -1ltf-3 Pocete 9 2D EE 2 Also, 4c+3=0,x6N) 44 fi6-12 442 ade4+3=0 = x= APAERH 488 Since, 1,3 ¢N,wehaveA= (1, 3}. AcB. +. Given statement is true. 1.10, SOME PROPERTIES OF SUBSETS (i) The null set is subset of every set, Let A be any set. GA, for there is ne element in g which is not in A. (ii) Every set ia subset of itself, Let A be any ect. s xc A = x6 A,though trivially. 2» AGA. (i) 1A cB and Bs ©, then AsO. Letze A. os xeB (. ACB) " wet ( Bet) Ace. (2) A= BAM AG Band Bc A. Let A =B. * xcA = xeB Gs A=B) : AcB. Similarly, xeB = xed (; A=B) Bca. Conversely, let Ac Band BcA ged = xeB ( ACB) and xe B = xeA ( BoA) A=B. Example 10. If'A = (x, y) ; state whether the following statements are true or false: @klcA (ii) xe A Gii)peA (iv)xe A why ca (vi) Vle A ui) 9c ALSETS 15, Sol. (i) is true, for xe {x} and xe A. (di) is false for (x] is not an element of set A, (ri) is false for 9 is a set. (iv) is true. (e) is false, because y is not a set, (vi) is false, because [y}is notan element. (vif) is true, because$ is subset of every set. 1.11. PROPER SUBSETS Asset A is said to be a proper subset of set B, ifA is a subset of B and A is not cqual to B. IfA is a proper subsct of B, then we write A cB. IfA is a proper subset of B, then B must have at least one element which is not in.A. For example, Nc Z, because -2< Zand -2¢ N. IfA = (1, 2, 3], then proper subsets of A are 9, {1}, 121, £31, 11, 24, (1, 3}, 12, 3). Remark 1. IfA cB then every clement of A is in B und there is a chance that A may be equal to Bice, every element of is inA, but in cased = B, then every element of A is in B and there is na chanee that A may be equal to B ie,, there will exist at least one element in I which is not in A ACH = AGBA#B ie, ACB,BZA, Remark 2. If Ac B, we may have Bc A, but ifA ¢B, we cannot have Be A. Example 11. Which of the following are true ; G@)fA= (1, 3, 71, B=, 3,5, 71 then Ac Band Ac RB, Ui IfA = (2, 3, 9), B= (3, 2, 91, then A cBandAcB. Gai) fA =(1, 2, 3, 6), B = (2, 3, 6), then B& Aand Ba A. (vo) A =(1, 5}, B= (1, 3,4, 6, 9), then ACB,ACB Sol. (i) Every element of A is in B, s0 A cB Also, every clement of A is in B and there is one element (5) in B whit and B cannot be equal. o AcB. Given statement is true. i) Every element of A is in B, s0A cB. There is no element in B which is not in Ai. i AGB. isnot ina, soA . each element is Bis inA Le, A= B. Given statement is false. (iid) Every element of Bis inA,so BoA. Also le Aand1e B,soBcA Given statement is false. Gv) Se Aand 5 B. + Given statement is false. ‘Example 12. (i) Prove that ifa set has only one element, then it has 2 subsets. (if B CA and if A has one element more than B, prove that A has twice as many subsets as B. (it) Deduce from these two results that a set with 2 elements has 2° subsets, a set with 3 elements has 2° subsets and so on. How many subsets does a set with n elements have ? AT BandAcB.16 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS--XI remat Bol. (i) Let.A = [a) be a set having only one element. The subsets of A are 6 and A. These are 2 in number. Gi) Let B = (b4, by, 00s byl and BCA and A has one element more than B. Let A= ayy By bye snsen gle Let By, By, By, .., B, be the subsets of B, All possible subsets of A are B,, By, These subsets are A += 24 in number. Abas twice as many subsets as B. (ii) By part (@), number of subsets of a set with one element = 2. Number of subsets of a set with 2 elements = 2(2) = 2” (By using part (i) Number of subsets ofa set with 9 elements = 2(2") = 2° [By using part (4) By, BU lal, Byv ki Number of subsets of a set with n elements = 2", 1.12, POWER SET OF A SET The set of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A snd is denoted by P(A). Symbolically, PA) = (B:B cA}. For example, if A = (5, 7), then Pt) = (9, (5), (71, (5, 7H. Theorem. [f a finite set has n elements, then the power set of A has 2" elements. Proof, Let A be a set of n elements, ‘The null set is a subset of A containing no element. No. of subsets of A containing no clement = 1 = "Cy, No. of subsets of containing 1 element = No. of groups of n elements taking 1 at a time =C 1 No. of subsets of A containing 2 elements = No. of group of n cloments taking 2 at a time a", °C No. of subsets of A containingnelements ie, A +. No, of elements in PLA) = "Cy +", 4 °C, +... + °C, =2. see chapter on Binomial Theorern) = lcA = (cle PIA) = (ele PIB) = bic BR = re B. AcB. Similarly BoA. A=uBWORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule L The set A is empty if it contains no element. Rule II. The set Aisa singlton set if it contains exactly one element, Rule IIL. The sets A and B are equal if every element of A is in B and every element of B isin A. Rule IV. The set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is in B. Rule V. The set Ais a proper subset of set B if every element of Ais in Band B has at least one element which is nat in A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Which of the following are true (@ If A is the collection of five natural numbers each containing two zeros, then A is not a sct. (Gi) If A is the set of all even numbers, then 7 € A. ii) A subset of an infinite set is either finite or infinite (iv) Every set must contain at least one clement. (v) If4 and B be any two sets, then cither A c Bor Bcd. (vi) IA CB, then B may not be a superset of A. (ui) ITA = (4, 6,8, 101, then 2¢.A,4¢A, 106 A, 15 ¢ A, (oifi) ITA = (2, 2, 3), B = (2,9, 3,3, 3), C= (3, 2), D= (2, 3), thend = B= C= D. (ACB = bed = x08] GAcB = eB = xe] (xi) The sets (4) and {{4}} are equal. 2. Describe the following sets by roster method = Gi) [x : 26 —80x +9 = 0, QF (ii) fr: Qe? + 80x 47 = 0.x € QH (iit) (x -x* -2e 44s 0,2€ NP (iv) {x atox 41 =0,x€ C}. 8. Describe the following sets by roster method + G@) fy -4x- 15 < 29, r€ NI (i) x: 4-3 26,26 N} (ili) [x : 4x3 < 6,26 Z Uv) f&: Ty 49 < 55,26 NI} 4. Describe the following sets by roster method : @ fe8-1=0,00 RI iti) be: |x| <4aeN (iit) xs fx | <3.26 Z) Giv) (es x is a letter of the word LITTLE). 5. Describe the following sets by property method ; G) (5, 10, 15, 201 Gi) (7, 10, 13, 16, 19) (div) (19, 34, 491 tiv) (23, 30, 37, 44). @. Describe the following sets by property method ; () (3.5, 9, 17, 391 (ii) (5, 7, 1,19, 177 gg teed ts iti) 2 at (iv) {3, 10, 29, 661,18 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —x1 T 15, Which of the following sets are null sets : rz 3) (i) B= (x13? 29 ond 8 = 7) didi) C = x iz*-1= 0,46 RP (iv) D = te :x is an even prime number). Which of the following sets are singlton sets : 220,26 Q) GB eb:8-1e0,x6 RI 130s -59=0,26 N] (ie) Dele: |x] sre 2) Which of the following are true: WNcz QE Z GiRec dv ZEQ wQcNn (wi) BER SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Which of the following statements are true ? Give reasons. @WAwters*- 10,26 Nand B= (-1, 1), then #5. Gi) ICA = xix >3,x 50] and B= 9, then A = B, Gi fA = le: |x | =3,2e Zand B= [-3), thenA=B (iv) A = sot of letters in “ALLOY” and B = set of letters in “LOYAL”, then A #2. Give an example of sets A, B, C and D such that : WACBBcD,CoD (ATE ECCACC BED. Which of the following statements are true tere 4 1<10,ce Nw (12,3, 4) (ii) le: <50,2e NV=U1, 2,3, 4,5) Wi) ide + =~ Ize Z=¢ Gio) fe ix? 4 +7 = 0,26 C) = (2- V32.2+ VBI) ‘Write the power set of the set (7, 10, 11] and verify that thia set contains 8(= 2°) elements. Write all the proper subsets of the set {- 1, 3, 4}. Also write those proper subsets which arc superset of the set (3). Let B be a subset of A and let PLA: B) = (8: B cS cAl (i) Let B = (a, 6) and A = {a, 6, c,d). List all the members of P(A : 5). (ii) Show that PLA : 6) = P(A). Answers G), Gi, Git), aii), (uit, 19s) D4 ting Gey {TEES mee (AL, 2, 3,4, 5,6,7,8,9, 10) Gi) T1,2) ai WU Gi) (1,2, 8) id 2, (teres Gn, s4,ne N} Gi) ere 23n+1,2sns6,neN) Un + 4,053, nN) (iv) le:x=In+2,94n56,n6N) 2 eins5,neN) Gille:xisa prime number, 5 ave (i) Let A=(x:xeN,0 (1, 4,6, 9 = (4, 9} oe LES. =A U(BOC)= (4, 5, 7, 8, 10} 14, 9F = '4, 5, 7, 8,9, 10). Also, AUB x14. 5,7,8, 101 (4, 5, 9) = 14, 5, 7, 8, 8, 10). and AvuC =[4, 5,7, 8, 10]U (1, 4,6, 9} = (1,4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10) RES. =AVBI NAC) =[4, 5, 7,8, 9, 10) o (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) = (4, 5, 7, 8, 10) AVIBAC) =(AU BINA), (iti) BuC=14,5, 9 (1, 4, 6, 9 = (1, 4, 5, 6, 9) & LHS. =A n(BUC)= (4,5, 7,8, 10} 011, 4,5, 6, 9) = (4, 5). Also, AOS <(4,5,7,8, 10} (4,5, 9) = 14,5) and AOC #14, 5,7,8, 10) (1, 4,6, 9 = [4) RAS. =(Ae Buta Ch= (4, 5) tab = 4, Sh AUC s(AN BAO),22 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —Xt 1 rr SE SEA SESE ET ET ‘Remark. The reader is advised to note the following : (UAC, thnAUB=BandAnw=A. (i) fA =, thenA UB 2B and An = 6 Example 6. Give an example to show that ifA UBand An Bare given, then Aand Bare not uniquely determinable, Sol. Let AUB ={1,2,3,4) and AB = (2, 3} be given. Consider A={1,2,3) and B= (2, 3,4). Wehave AUB ={1,2,3, 4], An Bs (2, 3) Let A=(2,3) and B= (1,2, 3,4). Here also. we have UB = (1, 2,3, 4) and ANB =12, 31. A and Bare not uniquely determinable. 1.19. DISJOINT SETS Two setsA and B are said to be disjoint sets if there is no clement x which is both in A and 2. IA and B are disjoint, then A nB = 6. For example, the sets = {4, 6, 10} and B = (7, 11, 15) are digjoint (s) sets. The sets te: 24,x ¢2), B= 16,7, 10, I5Kv)A=(9, 6 71, B=11, 2, 5,8), Sol. (i) A-#B = (2,3, 6) - (1,3, 7, 10) = (2, 6). and B-A-=(1,3, 7, 10) ~ (2,3, 6} = (1,7, 10}. Gi) A~B=(1,4,7)-11,2,5,4, 7.9) =9 and B-A-=(1,2,3,4,7, 9}—(, 4, 7) = 12,3, 9). Git) B = (2(2)+ 1, 208) + 1, 2(4) + 1, 215) + 1, 206) + 1, 207) +h = (5, 7,9, 11, 13, 151 * A-B=(5, 7,9, 11, 13, 151-15, 7,9, 11, 13, 15) = 6 and B-A=(5,7,9, 11, 83, 15}~ (5, 7,9, 11, 13, 18) =6. (iv) Ifx > 4, then x cannot be less than2. «A= [xix>4,x<2)=9. A-B=$~-(6,7, 10, 15) =0 and B-A= (6,7, 10, 15} -9 = (6, 7, 10, 15), () A-B= (3,6, 7}-(1, 2,5, 8} = (3, 6, 7}. and B-A=(1,2, 5, 8}- (3,6, 7} = (1, 2, 5, 8). Example 8. If A = (4, 5, 8, 12), B = (1, ¢, 6, 9) and C =11, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10), then find ; GA-B )B-C (i) A-C iv} A ={B =A) WIA =(C- 8). Sol.(i) A-B=(4,5,8,12)-(1, 4,6, = (5,8, 12). Gah B-C={1,4,6, 9} -{1, 2, 4,7, 8, 10} = (6, 9}. (ii) A-C = (4, 5,8, 12)—-[1, 2, 4, 7,8, 10) = 15, 12). (iv) B-A =(1,4,6,9) —{4, 5, B, 12} = (1,6, 9} : 4, 5, 8, 121 — (1, 6, 9} = (4, 6, 8, 22). co) C-B=(1,2,4, 7, 8, 10) - 1, 4,6, 9) = 12, 7,8, 10} A-(C~B) = (4,5, 8, 121 = (2,7, 8, 10) = (4, 5, 121. Remark. The reader is advised to note the following (IFA cB, then A = # = ¢ and 8 =A may or may not be ¢. Gi) IFA =6, then A-B =$andB-A=B. (iii) We have AW B= Bw Aand A 8 =8 OA, but A- B and B - A may not be equal sets. (iv) A OB = 9, thenA-2 =A and B-A = B. (») IfA = B, then A -# and BA are both null sets. Example 9. fA ={x:x=4n4+ 1,n55,n¢ N}and B= (3n:ns8, ne NI, then find : (@A-(A-B) GO A-(AOB) (HD (AB) (ANB). Sol. Azle:4ntin¢5,n6 Nh, Bs (3nins8neN} * A= (5,9, 13, 17,21) and B= (3,6, 9,12, 15, 18,21, 24) 2) A-B = (5,9, 13, 17, 21) - {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24) = (5, 13, 17) A-(A~-B)= (5,9, 13, 17, 21) - {5, 13, 17) = 49, 211. (ii) ANB = (5,8, 13, 17, 211 713, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24) = 19, 211 2 A-(AOB)=45,9, 18, 17, 21) - (9, 21) = (8, 13, 17}.COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 24 AUB =[55, 9, 15, 17, 21) v (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24) = (3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24) and AB = (5,9, 13, 17, 21) 113, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24) = (9, 21) (A VB)-(AnB) = (3,5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24) ~ (9, 21} = (3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 24}. 1,22. COMPLEMENT OF A SET IfA be a subset of universal set X, then the complement ofA ee 4 Eze = with respect toX is defined as the set of all those elements of X which are not in A. The complement of A is denoted by A‘ or by A‘. Insymbols, A’ = (xix Kandxe A). Clearly, A’sX-A, For example, if X = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) and A = (2, 3, 4} then A’ = 11,5, 6, 7, 8). Es Example 10. Let X= (1, 2, 3, ....) 10) be the universal set. If A = (3, 4, 6, 8), find A’ and show that AU A’ =X, AMA’ = and (A) =A. Sol. A’ =X-A =(1,2, 3, .... 10) - (3, 4, 6, 8) = (1,2, 5, 7,9, 10). AvA’=[8, 4,6, 8) 011, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10) = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10) =X. AnA’ ={8, 4,6, 8.0 {1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10) =o. (AY =X-A'=(1,2,3, 10}={1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10) = (3, 4, 6, 8} =A. Example 11. Find A’ for A= |3, 6, 7, 8), where universal set X is given by : (X= UL, 2 sreey 10) (GX =U, 2, we, 15). Sol. We have A @ = (1,2, 4,5, 9 10}, on 15)-(3,6,7, 8}=(1,2, 4,5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Example 12. [fX = (1, 2, 3,. 12), find A’, where : @A= (1, 4) (H)A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12} GiiA=o (i) A =X. 4, 12) — (1, 4) = (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). 12) - (1, 2,3, 6, 8, 9, 12} = (4, 5, 7, 10, 111. 12) — = (1, By By ssseny 12. 12) = (1, 2, 3, 1.5 12) 39. Example 18. Let X = {i, 2, 3, 12). A= (4, 5,9, 11) isa subset of B = (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12). Verify that B’ is a subset a4 : Sol. 1, 2,3, 15) — (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12} = (3, 6, 7, 10}. —{4, 5, 9, 11) = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12} Bcd’. Remarks. () # =X, X"=6. GA UA =X,ANA'=@1AT =A. (iit) IFA ¢ B, then BY cA’ Example 14. For sets X = (I, 2, 3, A-B=AnB , 10), A=(1, 2, 5, 6), B =(6, 71, verify that : ASETS 25 Sol. {1, 2,5, 6) -{6, 7) = (1, 2, 51 BY =X-B = (1, 2,3, 0... 10)- (6, 7} = (1, 2,3, 4,5, 8, 9, 10) AnB =11,2,5, 610 (1,24, 4,6, 8,9, 10) = (1, 2, 5} AYE X-AHU1,2, 8, oey 10 —t1, 2, 6, 8) = (3, 4,7, 8, 9, 10) BY -A’ = 11,3, 3,4, 5,8, 9, 10) — (3, 4, 7, 8,9, 10} = (1, 2, 8). 2 A-BeAnB'=B'-A. Example 18.1 X = (1, 2,3, saucy 111, A= (2,5, 9, 10}, B= (1,4, 7, 9), then verify that : @ AOBY AaB" (DAO BY = ATOR", Sol. (i) AB =(2,5,9, 10)U (1, 4, 7, 9 = f1, 2, 4, 5, 7,9, 10} LHS. = (Av By =(1, 2, 11-1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10) = 13, 6, 8, 11). Also A’ sl, 2,5, and # =[1, 2,3, 11) - (2,8, 9, 10) = {1, 3, 4,6, 7,8, 11} 11) - 1, 4, 7, 9) = 12, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11} RHS. = A'nB' =(1, 3, 4,6, 7,8, 11/92, 3, 5, 6,8, 10, 11} = (3, 6, 8, 11) (AUBY 2A’ B. a AQB=(2,5,9, L011, 4,7, 9) = (91 s LHS. = 1A n BY = (9! = 11, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11} ‘Also A’ = (2, 5,9, 10)" = (1,3, 4, 6, 7,8, 11) =(1,4,7,91"= (2, 3,5, 6, 8, 10, 11} and B RHS. =A’ B’ = (1, 3, 4, 6, 7,8, 11} (2, 3,5, 6, 8, 10, 11) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 10, 11) (ANB) =A UB. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS | Rule I. To find the ‘union’ of two sets, write all the elements of the bigger set and then add those elements of the smaller set which are not in A. Rull 11, To find the ‘intersection’ of two sets, write only those elements of the smaller set which are also in the bigger set. Rule IIL. To find the ‘difference’ of two sets, write those elements of the first set which are not in the second set. ‘VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. FindAUB if: (A= UL, 2, Bh B= (2,3, 11, 15) UDA = (3,5, 91, B = (1, 4, 8, 12, 14) @i)A=N B= (OVA = (1, 9,5, Te orbs B= 12, 4, 6, 8, 2 FindAnBif @)A = (3, 6, 8, B = (1, 4, 6, 10) Gi) A = (1,9, 61, B= (2, 4,5, 9 (iii) A= (4, 8, 10), B = (1, 4, 7, 8, 8, 10) (v).A = set of all prime numbers, 8 = set of all even natural numbers, 3. Which of the following are true: WxeAUB = cA or reB UizeAUB + xe€A and reB WixeAnB = x€A or zeHR (vire€ANB = xeA and re.26 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI 13. 14, 15, 16. 17, 18. 19. ePpr Consider the following sets of geometrical figures in a certain plane : = set of all equilateral triangles, f = sot of all isoxccles triangles, of all scalene triangles, f = set of all right angied triangles, A = set of all acute angled triangle: ‘Which of the following statements are true @Icx Gi) EoS Gi) RSA Ww) AN ERE WANE aiaRk, Find A- B and B-Aif A= 12,3, 51,811, 4,5, 91 (ii) A = (1,3, 9), B= (2, 4,6, 11) Gif) A= (1,4, 61,8 =(1,4,5,6, 181 (iv) A= 4, 12, 191, 8 = 9. TEX = [1,2 3, ....., 15}, find AY, where : @A=1 9 (@) A= (1, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 11, 12, 14] WDA =o Gu) A = X. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS IAs (x:x=3",n $6,n6 Ni and B= (x:x=S",n¢4,n @N}, find: @AUB GDAAB GijA-B (io) BoA, TAs (a, 6, cl, B= thc, di, C= ta, b, deb, then find : @AoB AABAC) Gi) AA UO), IEA = (1,4, 6, 8}. B= (5, 9, 1h, verify that A nB-A)= 9. IA =(1,2,3,4, 5, 6), B= (1, 2), then verify that. A -(4~ B)=A 9B. IEA = (2, 3, 4, 6), B = (3,5, 8), C= (1,3, 5, 8, 10), then find : A-B,B-C,C~A, C~B, A~(A~ B), (B-C) ~(C- A). ted ses x is a multiple of 2; xe NI, isa multiple of 5; x © N) and = esx is a multiple of 10;.4¢ NI. Desc the ses: @Unwac Find AU B,AB,A-~B, B-Aif: @Acteix> Oa Zi Be tesea-3 Example 2. Hlustrate by means of Venn diagrams that : WMACAUB ANB CA (itij)A-BsAoB’ WAR => BcA WAU BY =A OB. Sol. (i) L-H.S. RHS. From the Venn diagrams, AAU B.SETS 29 Gi) LAS. RES ¥ 2 ¥ BB tA «From the Venn diagrams, AG BQA My Eanes Bga—ra Git) LAS. RHS. +. Fromthe Venn diagrams, A-B=A ng’. (iv) L-HLS. RES. “lS el E&= EZA—>8" ZA WLS. RHS. From Venn diagrams, (A.W BY’ =A’ Bt 4 TA —>{av By Example 3. IHustrate by means of Venn diagrams that : MAABYG=ANBLANG tANB-C)=(ANB-lAnc) iii) A -(B 0G) 2 (A - BYU tA- ChCOMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI diagrams of LHS, and RES. Sol. (i) Identical sets,A, B, C are taken for drawing Venn diagrams of L.H.S. and R.H.S. Steps for LHS. (@ AN (BUC) 1. BUC is shown by shaded lines. Il. A is shown by different type of shaded lines. TH. A 4 (B UC) is covered by thick line. Steps for RLS. (= (ANB) (ANC) LAn Band AoC are shown by differont types of shaded lines. IL (A 9B) (B nC) is covered by thick line. 2 AO(BUC)=(ANB)UANC), (i) Identical sets.A, B, C are taken for drawing Venn ‘Steps for L.ALS. (= An (B-C)) 1. B- Cis shown by shaded lines. IL A is shown by different type of shaded lines. TEL. A 9(B — C) is covered by thick line. Steps of R.HLS. (= (ANB) - (ANC) LAN Band An are shown by different types of shaded lines. IL (An B)-(An C)is covered by thick line. An(B-€)s(AnB)-(Anc). I> Ana-ang (iii) Mentical sets A, B, C are taken for drawing Venn diagrams of L.H.S. and R.H.S. Steps for LAH.S. (= A- (BoC) — 1. BC is shown by shaded lines. II. A is shown by different type of shaded lines. MI. A -(B nC) is covered by thick line. SW 0gSETS 31 Steps for R.HLS. (= (A - B) uv (A-C)) LA-BandA-C are shown by different types of shaded lines, TI. (A - B) (A - C) is covered by thick line. » A=(BOC)=(A-B)U(A-C). Bag PIA BIL IA-C} Use Venn diagrams to illustrate the followin: VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1 BCAUB RANBCR 3.4-BsA-(AnB) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4, A-B=B'-A’ 6.A-(A-B)=ANB 6.#-(B-A)=ANE LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 7 AVIBAC)=AUB)A AUC) BA-(BUC)=(A-B)ntA-Ch. TIL ALGEBRA OF SETS 1.24. COMMUTATIVE LAWS: If A, B are two seta, then : WAUB=BUA (DANB=BHA. 1.25. ASSOCIATIVE LAWS. IfA, B, Care three sets, thon : DAUB)UC=AUIBUC) Gi) (AA B)AC=ANBAC). Proof. (i)(AUB)UC= (x:xe AUBorze C} = lr: (re Aorxe B)orxe Cl=[x ix Aorlxe Borxe C)) =(rixeAorz reAorzea’ > re Aud’ XcAua’, 2. Combining, we get AU A’ =K. Gi) If possible, let xe ANA’. « xeA and xed’ 2 xeA and xe A, which is impossible. There is no element inA mA’ + AMA =6 xeA = xeAug a AcAV®. xeAug = xed or re¢ = xcA (2 @ contains ne element) Augca Combining, we get AUQ= A. (iv) If possible, let x« Ang. “ e€A and reo This is impossible, because ¢ has no element Anos WxeAY @ x€d’ @ acd = (Ay Example 2. Prove that AU B=ANB iff A= Sol. Let AUB =ANB. Now zeA = zeAuB Gr AgAUB)SETS 33 A EEE ET EAE ELSI, = xe AnB > AUB=AAB) = x xe€AB = xeAUB 4 xeAuB s (A-B)U{B-A) (ANB) CAUB Combining, weget AU B=(A-B)u(B-A)U (ANB). gen 10. uu, 12, 13, 14. 15. 18, VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Prove that: @AgB => ANB=A WACB > AUB=B, Prove that : WANA =9 WA WA =X. ‘Prove that : (A-O=sA WA-A=e it} g-A=o. Prove that: @A-BsAnk (i)A-B =BY- A’ Prove that: () (A= B)O(B-Al=o Gi) A-BIN (A MB) =o. Prove that ; MANB-Alao (ii) A- BAB a6. IfA cB, then prove that B’ cA’. IfA 4B 2 6, then prove that A ¢ BY and BoA’. Prove that : GA-BoB (i)B-ACA @) fA UB = B then prove that A cB. (ii) Prove that A WA UBY) = 4. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Prove thatA-B=A @ ANB=¢ Prove that A-B =A-(AnH)=(AUB}-B, Prove that An (B= C)= (An B)=C. Prove that (A - #}-C=A-(BUC), Prove that AW (B -C)= (Aw B)—(C- A), Prove that Am (8 - C) = (An B)—(Anc)SETS 35 IV. SOLUTION OF PRACTICAL PROBLE 1.29, SET THEORY IN PRACTICAL PROBLEMS In this section, we shall learn the utility of set theory in practical problems. IfA is a finite set, thon the number of elements in A is denoted by n(A). Let A and B be two finite sets, then two cases arises ; Case I. A and B are disjoint In this case, there is no common element in A and B. oo n (AUB) =n(A) + n(B). a B Case IL A and B are not disjoint Disjoint Sets In this case, we have TA (i) n(A v B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A rn B) * (i) (AU B) = n(A-B) + n(B-A) + n(A 4B) (iii) n(A) = n(A - B) + n(A mB) Gv) n(B) = n(B - A) + n(An B). 4 Let A, B, C be any three finite sets, then WAU BUC) =n(A UB) UC) =nlA UB) + n(C)-n((A UB) C) = [n(A) +.n(B)- nA B)] + n(C)-allAnC) U (BC) = ntA) + n(B) + n(C)—nlA nr B) Int nC) + nl'B OC) =n(AN CAB OC = n(A) +n(B) +n(C) nA VB) lA nC) =n BAC) +A BAC) br AnOABC=AnBaC *& mA BUC) =n(A) +n(B) + n(C) - (4.4 B) - n(B 4 C) = n(C mA) +mANBAC). Example 1. LetA and B be two finite sets. such that n(A-B) = 15, n(Aw B) = 90, AA 7B) = 30. Find n(B). Sol. We have (Au B) = n(A— B)+n(A 1B) + n(B-A) = 90 = 15 +30 + n(B A) n(B—A)= 90-45 = 45, Now nlB)=n(AnB)+n(B-A) + n(B)= 30 +45 = 75. Example 2. Out of 500 car owners investigated, 400 owned cars A and 200 owned ears B ; 50 owned both A and B cars. Is this daia correct ? Sol.Let X= set of all car owners S = set of all owners of car A T = set of all owners of car B. 3 ACY) = 500, n(S) = 400, n(F) = 200, (S07) = 50. ‘We haven(S U T)= n(S) + n(T) -n(S oT), = nlS UT) = 400 + 200 - 50 = 550. Also SuTeXx. > n(SUT)sn(X) = 550 £500, which is impossible. Given data is not correct. AnSCOMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XxI 36 Example 3. There are 20 students in a Chemistry class and 30 students in a Physics class. Find the number of students which are either in Physics class or Chemistry class in the following cases : (i) two classes meet at the same hour (ii) the two classes meet at different hours and ten students are enrolled in both the courses. Chemistry class Sol. Let and Physics class. (i) Since the classes meet at the same hour, there cannot () () c P be any student enrolled in both the courses, ACOPl= > n(C UP) = n(C) + n{P) = 20 + 30 = 50. (ii) We have a(C 4 P) = 10. Since the classes meet at different hours, these 10 students would be able te attend both the courses. a(C uP) = n(C) + n(P)—n(C oP) a = = 20+ 30-10 = 40. Example 4. A town has total population 25,000 out of which 13,000 read ‘The Hindustan Times' and 10,500 read ‘The Indian Express’ and 2,500 read both papers, Find the percentage of population who read neither of these newspapers. Sol. Let X = set of persons in the town A = set of persons who read “The Hindustan Times” B = set of persons who read “The Indian Express’ n{X) = 25,000, n(A) = 13,000 n(B) = 10,500, n(A mB) = 2,500. We haven(A w B)= n(A) + n(B)-n(An BY = 13,000 + 10,500 — 2,500 = 21,000 Set of persons not reading any of these newspapers isX -(A UB) = (Aq BY and is shown hy shaded lines in the diagram. n((A U BY } = 25,000 - 21,000 = 4,000 ‘ 4,000 of persons not reading any of these newspapers = 2795x100 = 16%, a % Example §. In a class of 60 boys, there are 46 boys who play cards and 30 boys play carrom. Using set theory, find > (i) How many bays play both games ? (ii) How many boys play cards only ? ) How many boys play carrom only # A = set of boys who play cards. B = set of boys who play carrom. set of boys who play cards or carrom or both, set of boys who play eards and earrom bath. jet of boys who play cards only BA = set of boys who play carrom only. i Sol. Letsets a7 By the given data nA UB) = 60, nlA) = 45, n(B}= 30. Wehave n(AuB)=alA) + n(B)—n(AnB) 60 = 45 +30—ntA mB) : n{AnB)= 15, wl) Also n(A)en(A-B}+nlAnB) 2 45 2nA-B)+15 n(B-A}+ntAnB)implies 30 =n(B-A)+ 15 15. 43) “@® Number of boys who play both games = n(A 4B) = 15 fusing (1)] (i) Number of boys who play cards only = nA — B)=30 {using (2)) (tit) Number of boys who play carrom only = n(B - A) = 15. fusing (2) Example 6. A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the Americans like both cheese and apples, find the value of x. Sol. Let ‘A= set of Americans liking cheese and B = set of Americans liking apples. By the given data: n(A) = 63%, n(B) = 76%, WAN B}= x. Let total number of Americans be 100, n(A) = 68, n(B) = 76, nA B) =x. We have afA UW BY s 100 => nfA) + n(B)—ntA no B)s 100 63+76-x5100 = x239 AD ‘Also, A 7B CA implies nfA mB) < nA) => £568 AZ) Combining (1) and (2), we get 39 ¢ x $63. Example 7. Of the number of three athletic teams in a school, 21 are in the basketball team, 26 in hockey team and 29 in the football team, 14 play hockey and basketball, 15 play hockey and football, 12 play football and basketbail and 8 play all the games. How many members are there in all ? Sol. Let B = sot of members of the basketball team set of members in the hockey team H = set of members in the football team. n(B) = 21, nH) = 26, nF) = 29, nH AB) = 14, al AF) = 15, nF 9B) = Wand ABOHF)=8. = Total number of members = (BU Hu F) = n(B) + n(H) + nF) lB 0H) al AF) —nBo PF) 4 nlBOH OF) = 21426 +29-14-15-12+8=43, Example 8. Each student in a class of 40, studies at least one of the subjects English, Mathematics and Eeonomies. 16 study English, 22 Eeonomics and 26 Mathematics, 5 study English and Economics, 14 Mathematics and Economies and 2 English, Economics and Mazhematics. Find the number of students who study : (i) English and Mathematies ii) English, Mathematics but not economics. and38 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Sol. Let A = set of students who study English B = set of students who study Economics and C = set of students who study Mathematics, We are given; n(AU BUC) = 40, n(A) = 16, n(B) = 22, nC} = 26, nlA B) =5, nlC 1B) = 14 and fA NBC) =2. Wehaventa 80) entA)+n(B) +niC)—nAnB)—nB vO)—niC nA) +n Bro) 40 = 16 +22 + 26-5-14-n(CNA)+2 = n(C nA) = 66-19-40=7 No. of students who study English and Mathematics = nA nC) = 7. Also, no. of students who study English, Mathematics but not Eeonomies =ntAnC)-aANBOC)=7-2=6, Example 9. Jn a class of 60 students, 23 play Hockey, 15 play Basketball and 20 play Cricket. 7 play Hockey and Basketball, § play Cricket and Basketbail, 4 play Hockey and Cricket and 15 students do not play any of these games. Find : GW) how many play Hockey, Basketball and Cricket. ii} how many play Hockey but not Cricket. (iii) how many play Hockey and Cricket but not Basketball. Sol, Let H = set of students playing Hockey H (Ay B = set of students playing Basketball and C = set of students playing Cricket, ED In the adjoining Venn diagram, let a, 6, c, d, e, f, g denote the ao number of elements in the respective region, ¢ aH) =a+b+d+e=23 LD ntB)=b+cre+ fas nC) adte+feg=20 3) ANN Blab+e COB) =e+f=5 wf5) MH Oad + A AB’ nC) 260 —nH UB C= 15 (= nH UBUC)= 60-15 = 45 =o n(Hf) + n(B) 4 nC) - nt AB) - aC 9B) nH 9 ©) # nH ABC) = 45 = 23416 +20-7-5-4+0lH A BOC) =45 = WHO BAC) =45-58+16=3 a e=3 (6) = d=4-9=1, (6) => feb- (B) = 1+S+24g520 = geld, () > a44414+3=23 + a@=15. (i) Number of students who play Hockey, Basketball and Cricket = (i) Number of students who play Hockey but not Cricket =a +6 =15 +4= 19. (ii) Number of students who play Hockey and Cricket but not Basketball = d = 1, Example 10. [na town of 10,000 families, it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper C. 5% families buy A and B, 3% buy Band C and 4% buy A.and C. If 2% families buy all the newspapers, find the number of families which buy (i) A only (ii) B only (iif) none of A, Band C.seETS 39 Sol. Let P= set of families buying A, Q = set of families buying B ‘Cay and R = set of families buying C. (EXD R In the adjoining Venn diagram, let a, 5, c,d, e, f; g denote the number of clements in the respective region. UP) =a +b +d +e-= 40% of 10,000 = 4,000 wf n(Q) = b +404 f= 20% of 10,000 = 2,000 AB} WR) = d 44+ g = 10% of 10,000 = 1,000 48) RIP AQ) = b +e = 5% of 10,000 = 500 nQ VR) we +f 8% of 10,000 = 300 alP AR) =d + = 4% of 10,000 = 400 a(P A Q VR) =e = 2% of 10,000 = 200 el (6) > d=400-200= 200, (5) > f=300-200= 100, (4) = b = 500-200 = 300, (3) = 200+200+100+g=1,000 = = 500, (2) = 300+e+200+100=2,000 = = 1,400 (1) = a +300+200+200=4,000 = a= 3,300, (éii} Number of families buying none of A, B, C = 10,000-latb+ctdserfegl = 10,000~ [3,300 + 300 + 1,400 + 200 + 200 + 100 + 500] = 10,000 - 6,000 = 4,000. Example 11. ina survey of 25 students, it was found that 15 had taken Mathematics, 12 had taken Physics and 11 had taken Chemistry, 5 had taken Mathematics and Chemistry, 9 had taken Mathematics and Physics, 4 had taken Physics and Chemistry and 3 had taken alt three subjects. Find the number of students that had (i) only Chemistry (ii) only Mathematics (ii) only Physics (iv) Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics (¢) Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry (oi) only one of the subjects (vii) at least one of three subjects (vill) none of three subjects. Sol. Let M = set of students who have taken Mathematics uf fy °y P = sot of students who have taken Physics a Ty and n set of atudents who have taken Chemistry. ary, In the adjoining Venn diagram, let a, b, ¢, d, ¢, f, ¢ denote the e number of elements in the respective region. a n(M)=a+bedeealS (1) a(P)=b+ere4 fe 12 we) n(C)ad+e+f+gell (3) aM nO)sd+e=5 Ad) AM OP) =b+e=9 AMaAPAC)=e=3 alPnC)se+fa4 BD40 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI (@) = f=4-3=1, (5) = -8=6, (4) = d=5-3=2, (Q) > 24+8414gell = g=5, (2) => 64+e+341212 = cH2, () = o+64+2+3=15 = a=4 (@) No. of students who have taken only Chemistry = g = 5. Gi) No. of students who have taken only Mathematics = a = 4. (iii) No. of students who have taken only Physics =c = 2, (iv) No. of students who have taken Physics and Chemistry but not Mathematics =/= 1. (v) No. of students who have taken Mathematics and Physics but not Chemistry =5 =6. (vi) No. of students who have taken only one of the subjects satcege4+245e 11, (wii) No. of students who have taken at least one of the subjects masbecedsesfeg 4464242434145 223 (vidi) No. of students who have taken none of the subjects =25-(a+b+c+dtetftg)= 25-23 =2, Example 12. A college awarded 38 medals in Football, 15 in Basketball and 20 in Cricket. If these medals went to a total of 58 men and only three men got medals in ali the three sports, how many received medals in exactly two of the three sports ? Sol. Let ¥ = set of men receiving medal in Football, 2B = set of men receiving medal in Basketball and C = set of men receiving medal in Cricket. In the adjoining Venn diagram, leta, b,c, d, ¢, f, gdenote the number of elements in the respective region. a aP)eat+b+d+e=38 n(B)=b+e+e+f=15 n(Qhed+e+feg=20 MFUBUC)=a+b+e+d+e+fig=58 aAFABOC)=e=3 oD We have aF UB UC) =n(F) + n(B)+n(C)- nF 9 B)-n(B aC) -nlC nF) 4 nlF mB) 58 = 38+ 15+ 20-n(F 1 B)-n(BoC)-nl(C on F)+3 alF OB) +alB nC) +alC oF) = 18 (b+el+le+fit+d+ey= 18 (b+d+f+3e=18 b+d+fs1B-33)=9 No. of men who received medals in exactly two sports = rbuuaeSETS 4t a NE SE ESTE aT TE NR at [ae | EXERCISE 1.5 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Let A and B be two finite disjoint sets such that m(4 VB) = 475 and n(A) = 435. Find a(R). 2, Let A and B be two finite sets such that mA 4B) = 12, n(A -B) = 24, n(B—A) = 45. Find nA) and nlB), 8. LetA and B be two finite sets such that n(A) = 115, n(B) = 926 and niA ~ B) = 47, Find nud w B) and nlA 8) RT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4, There are 210 members in a club, 100 of them drink tea and 66 drink tea but nat coffee. (@ How many drink coffee ? (Gi) How many drink coffee but not tea ? 6. Fora certain test, u candidate could offer English er Hindi or both subjects. Total number of candidates was 500, of whom 350 appenred in E: ‘and 90 in both subjects. (@® How many appeared in English only ? (ii) How many appeared in Hindi only ? (Git) How many appeared in Hindi? 6. Ina group of 400 people, 250 can speak English only and 70 can speak Hindi only. (@® How many can speak English ? (i) How many can speak Hindi ? (dif) How many can speak beth English and Hit 7. If A. and B be two sets containing 12 and 27 distinct elements respectively, what can be the minimam number of elements in AU # ? Find also the maximum number of elements in Au 8. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 8 Aciass has 176 students. The following is the description showing the number of students studying ‘one or more of the following subjects in this class : Mathematics 100, Physics 70, Chemistry 46, Mathematics and Physica 30, Mathematics and Chemistry 28, Physics and Chemistry 23, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 18. How many students are onrolled in at least ono of the subjects 7 (Gi) How many students are not studying any of the subjects ? ® Tna group of 100 persona, liking at least one of tea, coffee, ice-cream, 49 like tea, 41 like coffee, 62 like ice-cream. 25 persons like tea and coffee both, 18 persons like coffee and ice-cream both and 17 persons like both tea and ice-cream. Find the number of persons who like all the three items. 10. Inasurvoy it was found that 21 people liked product A, 26 liked product and 29 liked products C. If 14 people liked products A and B, 12 people liked product C and A,14 people liked products Band C and § liked all the three products. Find how many liked product € only. 11. Ina survey of 100 persons it was found that 28 read magazine A, 30 read magazine B, 42 read magazine C, 8 read magazines A and B, 10 read magazines A and C, 5 read magazines B and C and 9 read all the three megazines. (@) How many read none of three magazines ? (i) How many read magazine C only ? 12. Ina clasa, 36 students offered physics, 46 offered chemistry and 48 offered mathematics. Of ‘these, 26 are in bath chemistry and mathematics, 24 are in both physies and chemistry, 22 are in both mathematics and physics. 12 have offered all the three subjects. Find : (i) the number of students in the class. (it) the number of students who have offered mathematics but not chemistry, the number of students who have offered exactly one subject. a42 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Answers 1 40 2. 36, 57 3. 873, 68 40145 @i)110 S 0)260 Gi) 160 ii) 240 6. G) 330 (i) 150 (iit) 80 % 21,30 8. i) 153 8) 22 a8 10. 11 11. (20 (i) 30 32. 70 (id) 23 Git) 22. Hints 7. We have nA VB) = nA} + n(B) - nln Bt ¢. mMAvB) ia minimum, when aA 78) is maximum. In AB, there can be at the most 12 (= n(A)} elements and that would be #0 when Ac B. até VB) is maximum, when n(A 9 8} is minimum. The minimom value of n(A - B) is zero and. that would be so when Ain B= @.2 Relations CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS 2.1, ORDERED PAIR A pair of objects, listed in a specific order, is called an ordered pair. It is written by listing the two objects in the specified order, separating them by acomma and enclosing the pair in parantheses. In the ordered pair (a, 6), a is called the first element and 6, the second element. For example, (5, 7) is an ordered pair with 5 and 7 as the first clement and second element respectively. ‘Two ordered pair are said to be equal if their corresponding clements are equal i.e. (a, 6)=(c, d) ifa =e and b=d. Example 1. If (2x + y, 7) = (6, y- 3), find the values of x and y. Sol. We have (2x +y, 7) = (5, 7-3). By equality of ordered pairs, 2x +y = 5 (L) and- Tey-3 (2) @ = y=7+3=10. Putting the value ofy in(1),weget 2+10=5 ie. 2 . = 5/2, y = 10. 2.2. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS ‘The cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B is defined as the set of all ordered pairs (a, 6), where a ¢ A, 6 ¢ B. The cartesian product of sets A and B is denoted by AxB. In symbols, we write A x B= (a, 6): € A, B). For example, if A = (2, 4), B = (m, n, p}, then (GA x A = [(2, 2), (2, 4), 4, 2), (4, 4)) Gi) A x B ={(2, m), (2, n), (2, p), 4, m), (4, n), (4, pI) (iii) B x A =m, 2), (a, 2), (p, 2), (en, 4), (n, 4), (p, 40) (iv) B x B= {(m, m), (m, n), (m, p), (n, m), (n, m), (n, p), (p,m), (Pp, 7), (B, PL The sets {a, 6} and (b, a} are equal, but the ordered pairs (a, b) and (6, a) are equal only ifa =b. If at least one of A or B is null set, then we define A x B= 9, 4344 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi ET RR ONE ER MRC Example 2. Let A= (1, 2, 4} and B = {2, 6, 10), then write Ax B. Bol. Ax B= (a, b):ae A, be Bl weA,ye Bandxe ByeA = ZYEANB = (ye (ANB) xAnB) (A xB) 0 (B eA) CA NB) x (ANB) Combining, we get (ANB) x (ANB) =(Ax B) (Bx A). 2.3. SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES WACB = AxCeBxc Wi) Ax (BUC) =(Ax BUA) Gi) A x (BC) =(A x B) (A ® C) (iv) A x (B-C) =(A x B)-(A x C) () 4 x B) (Cx DAC) x (BOD) (A x BUC xD) cA UC) x BUD). Example 12. Prove that: @MAxBaC xD) =An€) xBoD) i) (Ax Bul «Dc (AUC) x (BUD). Sol. (i) Let ye (A x BY (Cx D) => ye Ax Bands, ye CxD = xceAyeBandseGyeD = xe A,Candye B,D = xeAnCandye BoD => (yen) «(BnD) if (Ax B)N(C x DC ANC)x (BAD) Now, let (ye ANC) x (BND). = xeAnCandye BAD = eA,Candye B,D = x¢A,ye Bandze Gye D. = &yeAxBand(zyleCxD = (ye (AxB)A(CxD) “ (ANC) x (BAD) CA BNC xD). ‘Combining, we get (Ax B)n(C xD) =(AnC)x (BaD), i)Let Gy) (Ax B)U(C « D). = (Ye AxBorls, ye CxD = xeAye BorzeCyeD => ze AuCandye BUD (Note this step)a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.10. m1 a2. 13. 14, ms. 16, M1 16. COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS IPA = (5, 6), B= (4, 5, 6), C= (5, 6, 71, show that A x A = (B x B) (Cx C), IfA = 12, 4}, B = 16, 81, C = (Al, then find MAxBxe (HAxC%B. ICA, B are disjoint sets, then show that A x B and B x A are disjoint sets. IfA = (1, 2,8), B= (4), C = (5), then verify that @)A x (BUC) a (A x B) UIA xO) (Ax Bad 2AxBndx) (ii) A x (B-C) = (A x B)— (Ax 0. The ardered pairs (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4) are among the elements in the set A x B. If A and B have 3 elements each, how many elements in all does the set A x B have ? Also find the remaining elements. Some elements of A x B are (1, 7),(1, 10), (3, #2). IfA = (1, 2,3), find the remaining elements of Ax B such that n{A x 8) is least. ‘The cartesian product A x A has 9 elements among which are found (— 1,0) and (0, 1). Find set A and the sot of remaining elements of A x A. IfA ={1, 2), B= 41, 2,3), C= (1,6, 7), D = (2, 4, 7), then verify that, WAX B)O(C% DIZ ANC) (BAD) Gi) (Ax B)U(C xD) cIAUC)x(BuD). ‘LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS IfA, B, C be any three sets, prove that: WA x BUC) =A x BUA x) Ui) Ax (BNO) = Ax Bata x0) (iii) A x (B-C) = (A x BY-(A x C), IfA and B are two non-empty sets having k elements in common, then prove that A x B and B x A have # elements in common, IfA and B are two non-empty sets then prove that A x B=B xAerA= 8, IfB cA, then prove that (A x B) 0B xA)= Bx B. Answers -2,-3 0 Go (wii) 12 infinitely many DAC, 1, C1, 3), CL, 6), (3, 13, (3, 33, (3, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), 46, 6 ii) 14, 4), (4, 8), (8, 4), (8, SD iid) (C1, 4), CL, 8), (3, 4), (3, 8), (6, 4), (6, BN (iv) M4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 6), (8, 1), (B, 3), (8, 6)) {B{C2, 6, 4), (2, 8, 4), (4, 6, 43, (4, 8, 4) Gi) (C2, 4, 8), (2, 4, 8,44, 4, 6, (4, 4, BI 9; M2, 9), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 2), (4, 3) 14, (1, 12), (2, 7, (2, 10), (2, 12), (4, 7), (4, 10), 11,0, 0, (1,-1.1, 2, 0, - 0, (0, 02,0, =, 0, 0), (1, 2) Hints First prove that (4 mB) « (AmB) = (A » B) (8 & A), ‘We have nA B) =k. nA OB) (ACB) keh = he > MA » B) (8 x AD) = ke Ax Band B « A have ? elements in common. AB = AxBeAxAandBuAsAxA. Conversely, eta c A. be B. (a,b) ¢ Ax Bor(a, bye BxAieae Bbe A.RELATIONS 49 Bi RELATION | 2.5. RELATION Let A= (2,3, 4) andB =(2, 4, 5, 9, 16), Wehave Ax B = ((2, 2), (2, 4), (2,5), (2, 9), (2, 16), (3, 2), (8, 4), (3, 5), (3, 9), (3, 16), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 9), (4, 16)). Let R = {(2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)} be a subset of A x B. In every element of R, we sec that second element is square of the first element. In other words, the elements of ordered pair in R bears a common relationship among them. 2.6. DEFINITION Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A relation frem set A to set B is a subset of A x B. ‘Thus, if 2 is a relation from A to B, then RCA x B. Also, if (a, 6) e R, then we say that. is R-related to b and denote this by aRb. In particular, ifB = A, then subsets of A x A are called relations from the set A to the set A, or simply as relations in the set A Illustrations: (i) Let A =[1, 3, 5, 7}, B= (6, 8, 10) Let R be the relation “is less than” from A to B. 186, 18, 1R10, 3R6, 3R8, 3R10, 5RG, 5R8, 5R10, 78, 7R10. Equivalently, R = {(1, 6), (1, 8), (1, 10), (3, 6), (3, 8), (3, 10), (5, 6), (5, 8), (5, 10), (7, 8), (7, 10)). (ii) Let A=(1, 2,3, ......, 42}. Let R be the relation “is one fourth of” in A. 1R4, 2R8, 3R12, 4216, 5R20, 6R24, 728, 8R3I2, 9R36, 10F40. Equivalently, = (C1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 12), (4, 16), (5, 20), (G, 24), (7, 28), (8, 32), (9, 36), (10, 40)). If R is a relation from A to B, then the set of first elements of elements in FR is called the domain of RF and the set of second elements of elements in F is called the range of R. Symbolically, Domain of R = {x : (x, y)¢ Ri and Range of R = ly: G, y)« R). Domain of R is a subset of A and range of F is a subset of B. For example, F = ((4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 10)) is relation from A=([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] to the set B = (6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Domain of R = (4, 5, 61. This is a subset of A. Range of FR = (7,8, 10}. This is a subset of B. Example 1. Let A = (2, 3, 4, 4, 6). Let R be the relation in A defined by (fa, b):a€ A, be A, a divides 6). Find (i) R (ii) domain of R (iii) rangle of R. Also represent this relation by (a) an arrow diagram (b) a table. Sol. (i) We have A = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. We observe that 2/2, 24, 2/6, 3/9, 3/6, 4/4, 5/5, 6/650 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS--XI 2R2, 2R4, 2RG, IRB, IRG, 4R4, FRB, RG 2 R= ((2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)). (ii) Domain of R = (a: (a, b)¢ RI = (2,3, 4, 5,6). (iii) Range of R= {b :(a, be RI =(2,3,4,5, 6). (a) Arrow diagram (6) Tabular form Tn the tabular form : if (a, b) ¢ R, then we write ‘0’ in the row con- taining o and column containing 6. if (a, b) ¢ R, then we write ‘l’ in the row con- taining o and column containing 5. 2.7, NUMBER OF RELATIONS Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets con- sisting of m and n elements respectively. . AB contain mn ordered pairs. Total number of subsets of A x Bis 2". Since each relation from A to B is a subset of A x B , the total number of relations from Ato Bis 2, Example 2. if A ={1, 3, 5, 7}, B = (2, 5), find the number of relations from A to B. ‘Sol. We have n{A) = 4, n(B) = 2. 2 nA B)=nfA) xn(B)=4 x2 = 8. No. of relations from A to B = No. of subsets of A x B = 28 = 256, Example 3. Let A =I, 2, 3, 4, 6) and B= (I, 2, 3, ..... 67}. If R bea relation from the set A to the set B defined by (i) is square root of (ii) is cube root of, find R and also its domain and range. Sol. We have A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 51 and B= (1, 2, 3, () Here R is the relation “is square root of *. We have 1 = ¥1,2= J4,3=J9,4= Ji6,5 = 35 and 1, 4,9, 16, 25 are in B. * R = ((1, Dy (2, 4), (8, 9), (4, 18), (5, 25)} Also, domain of R = (1, 2, , 4, 6} and range of R = (1, 4, 9, 16, 25). +» 87).RELATIONS: 51 (it) Here R is the relation “is cube root of”. We have 1 = ¥1,2= 98,9 = Y27, 4 = Yad, 5 = Yi26 and 1,8, 27, 64 are in B whereas 125 is not in B, R= IG, D, (2, 8), (8, 27), 4, 64) Also, domel of R = (1, 2, 3, 4] and range of R = [1, 8, 27, 64}. Example 4. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by Ra ((e+i,x+5i):xe (6, 1,2, 3, 4, 5). Sol. xe (0,1, 2,3,4, 5). enQ = xeleO+lelandx+5=0+525 x=l 5 x4l=141 ands 4+5=21+5=6 we2 = x41=24l=3andx+5=2+5=7 ee3 = x4153+1s4andx+523+528 eed = x41 54+] 5 andx+ +5=9 e=6 0 = #410841 oGandx+5=65+5=10 Ss R= (C1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 7), (4, 8 (5, 9}, (6, 100). «. Domain of B = (a: (a,b) © R) = 11,2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Rangeof = (6: (a, b) € FR} = (5,6, 7, 8,9, 10). Example 5. Let R be the relation of Z defined by R = (la, b),a¢ Z,b¢ Z,a? = b4), Find ti) R ii) domain of R (iii) Range of R. Sol.(i) ab = a?=h? = bata * aRa, oR -a fora e Z Re (la,a):a¢ Zulla,-a),a¢ Z) (i) Domain of R= {a : (a, 6)€ R) = Gii) Range of R = {6 : (a, be Rl=Z. Example 6. Determine the domain and range of the relation : (x, y):y = |x—1|,x€ Z, jx} sa). Sol. Let R = (lx, y):y=| 2-1 xeZ|x| sd). Ix|s3 0 = 1,0,1,2,3. xe-300 = ys|-3-1]=|-4| =4 xe-200 = ya[-2-1]=|-3] =3 xe-1 = ya|[-1-1]=|-2| 22 x=0 = y=]O-1[=)-1] =1 xsl = o| =o ee2 0 = ye[2-1]-]1| #1 x=3 = ys[8-1[=[2| =2. R=((-3,4), (2,3), C1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), (2 1), (3, 23) + Domain of R = (a :(a, b)¢ R) =(-8,-2,~1,0, 1,2, 3). Rangeof —- R= (b sa, b) ¢ R}=(0, 1,2, 3,4). Example 7. Determine the domain and range of the following relations : r (R= {{=4):0<2<62en} GE)R, = (fx, x? + 7) +x is an even natural aumaber|.52 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi Sol. (i) We have 8,= [x 3)-0 a=7 b=3 = a+2(3)=11 = and bed = a4+2%4)=1l1 > aad b=5 = a4%5)=1 > a=l b=G => o426)2Hl = R= U9, DV), (7, 2), (5, 3), (3, 4), (1, 5)RELATIONS 53 10 ARRON NNER, EMEP Te Domain of R= (9,7,5,3, 1}, Range of R= (1, 2,3, 4, 5). and R= (0, 9%, @ D, (3, 5), 4, 9), (5, Dh. Example 9. Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let R be a relation in A defined by (x, y)¢ Rif x+2y = 10 ie. R= (x, y):x+2y = 10andx,y ¢ Al, Express Rand R-¥ as sets of ordered pairs, Determine also (i) domains of R and R-* (ii) ranges of Rand Ro. Sol.x+2y=10 = x=10-2y Since x, y ¢ A, the possible values of «, y are 1, 2, ysl = x= 10-21 ye? => x=10-22)=6¢cA y=3 9 x=10-28 yeas x=10-24 ye x=10-25)- 084 R= ((8, 1), 6, 2), (4, », (2, 4) By definition, R+ = (1, 8), (2, 6), (8, 4), (4, 21 4) Domain of R = [2, 4, 6, 8], Domain of R-! = (1, 2, 84) (i) Range of R = (1, 2, 8, 41, Range of R = (2, 4, 6, 81. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule lL If Risa reiation from set A to set B, then RCA 8B. If (a, b) € R, then we write aRb, (i) Domain of R = (a, : (a, he RICA (ii) Range of R = [0 ; (a, b) ¢ RIC B. Rule II. [fn(A) = mand n(B) =n, then there are 2" relations from the set A to the set B. Rule Ml. If R is a relation from set A to itself, then Ris called a relation tn the set A.A relation R in the set A ts the > (¢) universal relation if R =A x A. (ii) identity relation if R = Wa, a); a € Al. ii) void relation if R = 4. EXERCISE 2.2 ‘VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS. 1, Let A =e, y, 2) and B = (1, 2}. Find the number of relations from A to B. 2 Let A =(1, 2). List all the relations in A. 3. LetR = 41, 4), (2, 4),43, 6), (4, 8) be a relation in the set {1, 2, 9}. Find the domain and range of R. 4. Let A =11, 2,3, 45) and H-be the relation “is square of” in A. Write i as a subsct of A x A, Also find the domain and range of FR. 5. LotA =11,2, 8, ...... 40} and R be the relation “is one-fifth of" in A. Write R as a subset of A x A ‘Also find the domain and range of R.54 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xt 6 Let A = (2, 3, 5, 7, 10). Show that the relation : (@)R, in A defined as “is equat to” is. an identity relation. ji) R, in A defined as *is cube of" ia a void relation i) R, in A defined aa “difference is an integer" ia the universal relation in A. Determine the domain and range of the following relations : G) Rw ie, x*) is a prime number less than 10) Gi) R= de +3, 1-2): 4,¢e NI (i) Ra (sy, 1622):255,26N1 una [ree 52) 4seceren}, IfR ia the relation “is less than” from A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) to2 =(1, 4, 5). Write Fas a set of ordered pairs. Find the inverse relation of R. 1a ire not elements of the relation ; State which of (1, 0), (- 2, - 1), (7, -6), (— 3, 4), (0, 2), (- (@ytysi-frlinye Ql Answers 64 2. 6, (C1, 1), (C1, 20, M2, WY), 42, 29), (1, 1, C4, 20), (C4, 2, 2, DY, (62, 1, (2, 2M, (1, 1), (2, 29), (C1, 1), (2, BD), (C1, 29, €2, 20), (1, 1, CL, 29, (2, DI, 1G, 1, C4, 29, 2, 21, UCL, 1), (2, 13, (2, 2), (C1, 29, (2, 1D, (2, 20 WL, WD, (1, 22 €2, 10,42, 20) Domain = (1, 2, 3, 4), Range = (4, 6, 8). R= ICL, 1D, (4, 2), (8, 3), (16, 4), (25, 5), (36, 6)), Domain = (1, 4, 9, 16, 26, 36), Range = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). R= (1, 5), (2, 10), (3, 18), (4, 20), (5, 254, (6, 20), (7, 35), (8, 4001 Domain = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8h Range = 15, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40). 4) Domain = {2, 3, 5, 7), Range = (8, 27, 125, 343) (i) Dornain = {7, 11, 15, 19} Range = {0,-1,-2,-3) (iii) Domain = (2, 3, 4,5, 6], Range = [2, 5, 10, 17, 26) iv) Domain = {8, 9, 10} Range = ts x, R= (CL, 4), (1, 8), (2, A), (2, 8), (4), (3, 8), 4, 89g Y= (4, 1, (6, 1D, (4, 23, (5, 2,44, 89,45, 99 (5, #) “4 (3,4), (0, 2). Hints For (— 3, 4), let x = n Lede {- 3, 4) is not im the relation,3 Functions 3.1, INTRODUCTION ‘We know that the area ofa circle depends upon its radius. If the radius of a circle be 4 em, then its area is uniquely determined and is equal to 16x em’. If the variablesx andy respectively represent the radius and the area of acircle, then we have y = nx?. For any positive valuo of x, the value of area, y is uniquely determined. The value of the variable y (= xx?) depends upon the value of the variable x. ‘The square root a positive real number is not unique whereas the positive square root of a positive number is uniquely determined. Presently, we are interested in variables where any particular value of one variable, say x, gives a uniquely determined value of another variable, sayy. Such a relation between two variables is called afunetion. The ‘function’ concept lays the foundation of the study of the most important branch ‘Calculus’ of mathematies. The word ‘function’ is desired from a Latin word meaninge ‘operation’. 3.2, FUNCTION Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A correspondence between the clements of A and B is called a function from. to B if to each element of A, there correspond exactly one element of B. A function from A to B is denoted by fg, h, ¢, yete. Iffis a function from A to B, then we write fi:AoB or A-!5B The set A is called the domain of function f, and the set B is called the codomain off. If the clement x ofA corresponds to y (¢B) under the function f, then we say 4 B that y is the image of x under fand we write Ax) = y. 1 Iffiz) =, then we also say thats is apre-image of ” Iffis a function fromA toB, then each element ofA has a unique image in B, whereas every element in B need not be image of some x in A. The subset of B, containing the images of elements of A is called the range of the function. The range of f is denoted by (lA). In symbols, we write LA) = (Ax): x © Al. If f: AB is a function, then the subset ((x,/lx)):x ¢ Al ofA xB is called thograph of function f. A function is also termed as a ‘map’ or a ‘mapping’. 5556 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xi cnecconcancaovencseecsneessremen erent ee PoUETSE SER Remark. The syn.icl fix) is read as “f of x" but never “f times x”, It is used to denote a given function of x. If in the saine problem, another function ofx occurs, then that function may be denoted by. any of the following ways : f(x), g(x), A(x), g(x) ete. Mlustrations : (#) Let f assigns of each positive value of r, the volume V ofa sphere whose radius isr. Since V= : nr}, te each value of r, there is unique value of V. f fira¥( $ 27") is a function from the aot (0,~) tothe set (0, =) (ii) Let f assign to each country in the world its capital city. Since each country in the world has a eapital and exactly one capital, f is a function. The domain of f is the set of all countries, the codomain is the set of all cities in the world. Here f (India) = Dethi, f (England) = London ete (ii) Let A = (2, 3, 4) and B = (1, 3, 6, 8}. Let * represents the rule under which 2 of A correspond to 3 of B, 3 of A correspond to 8 of B and 4 of A correspond to 1 of B. Here to each element of A, there correspond exactly one element of B. «fis a function, We write fl2) = 3, (3) = 8, A4) = 1. Caution : f(2) is not to be interpreted as ‘f’ times 2 whereas /(2) represents the value of the function ” at 2 or simply 7” of 2. For the above function /’, the image of 2 is 3 ete. Also, codomain of f = (1, 8, 6, 8), range of f= {1, 3, 8] and graph of f= ((2, 3), (3, 8), (4, D). (iv) Let X = (3, 6, 8}, ¥ = fa, b, el. Let ‘f’ represents the rule under which 3 of X correspond to a of ¥ ; 6 of X correspond toc of ¥. Here 'f" is not a function, because there is no element of ¥ which correspond to 8 of X. (u) Let X= (1,5, 7, ¥ = (2, 3, 4, 7). Let ‘f’ represents the rule under which 1 of X correspond to 4 of ¥ ; 5 of X correspond to 4 of ¥; 7 of X correspond to 3 and 7 of ¥. Here {f" is not a function, because for 7 of X, there ig not corresponding exactly one value of Y. (vi) Let X= (2, 3, 4, 7], ¥ = (1, 2, 8, 4,5, 6, 7). Let ‘g’ represent the rule under which 2 of X correspond to 5 of ¥ ; 8 and 4 of X correspond to 3 of ¥; 7 of X correspond to 6 of ¥. Here ‘f’ is a function, because te each element of X, there correspond exactly one eloment of Y_ For this function, range = [3, 5, 6) and graph = {(2, 5), (3, 3), (4, 3), (7, 6).FUNGTIONS: 57 Remark. In the above example, the elements 3 and 4 of X are corresponding to the same element ‘3’ of Y. This situation is not violating the definition of a funetion. In a function from X ta Y, two or more or even all elements of X may have same image, but each element of X is bound to have exactly one image. (vii) Let A = {1, 2,3), B = (1,2, 3,4, 5,6, 7,8,9, 10h Let f: A + B be the correspondence which assigns to each element in A, its square, Hence, we havef{1) = 1? = 1, fl2}=2 =4, fg} =3? =9 Since to each element (1 or 2 or 3) of A, there is exactly one element of B, so fis a function. In this case, every element of B is not image of some element of A. For this function, we have : Domain = (1, 2, 3), Codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) ; Range = {1, 4, 9}. Graph of function = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 90), (viii) Sometimes, fanctions are also represented by formulae. Let A=(2,4,6,7,9],B=N. Let varinbles x and y represents the elements in the scts A and B respectively. Let 9:.A —» B be a function from A to.B given by (x) = li + 17,x€ A. The variable ‘x’ ean take values, 2, 4, 6, 7,9. x=2 = 9(2)=18(2)+17 <47 x=d = (4) = 154) +17 =77 x=6 = 9(6)=15(6)+17 = 107 xeT = QT £59 => (9) = 15(9)+ 17 = 162. For the function ‘6’, we have : Domain = (2, 4,6,7, 9), Codomain =N, Range {47, 77, 107, 122, 152) and Graph = ((2, 47), (4, 77),(6, 107), (7, 122), (9, 1520). (ix) Let A= (1, 2, 3, 4, 6), B=N and flx) = Gr + 9, forxe A. Inthiscase, f1)=6(1)+9=15, 2) =6(2)+9=21, — (3)=6(3)+9=27, fla) = 6(4)+9=33, (5) =6(5)+9 = 39 Range of f =f16, 21,27, 33,38) cB. In this case, fis a function and we have graph of f= ((1, 15), (2, 21), (3, 27), (4, 33), (5, 39)} (x) Let A= (1,2, 91,8 = Nand flz)= 4 ae, A, In this case, Alj=24(1)=24. There are two images (4 and — 4) of the element 1 ¢ A. fis not a function. Remark. The reader ia advised to remember the following characteristics of a ‘function’. iff: X + Yis a function, then : 1. any one of X and ¥ or both X, ¥ may be infinite sets. 2. each element of X must have exactly one image in ¥ i.,, no element of X should be without an ‘image and no element of X can have more than one image.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FUNCTIONS: 61 fO.8) = (0.8 + [0.8] + | 0.8 | -7 = 0.64 + (0) + (0.8)-7 A=)? + [ll4 | 1] -7T22414+1-7==4 14.3) = (4.3 + [4.3] + | 4.3 | -7= 18.494 4443-7 = 19,79. Example 5. Which of the following functions even and which are odd : (i) fix) = 2? +7 (i) fiednee2 ii) fidaxT+ Be” Gv) fin =| x | +4? Sol.(i)Wehave fiz)=2247 flea) ex) 4 Texte Te Ae) fx) is an even function. (ii) We have fie) =x+2 2 flexle Cx) +2efx) Also flex) s-xt+25-(2-2e-fx) ._ fix)is neither even nor odd. iii) We have As)=x7+ 208 flex) = (Ox) + 2 x)8 ex? - 2x8 =~ (a! + 2x5) = = fl) 2. fix)is an odd function, (iv) We have fixde[xf+4 on fore |-x] +45 [ x] +45 fe) fix)is an even function, Example 6. Let A = (9, 10, 11, 12, 13) and let fA N be defined by fin} = the highest prime factor of n. Find the range of f. Sol, A= (9, 10, 11, 12, 13) we have x3,10=2x5,ll=I1« 11, 12=2«2x%3,13=1%13 #9) = 3, (10) = 5, f(11) = 11, (12) = 3, (13) = 13. Range of f={3, 6, 11, 13). Example 7. Find the domain and range of the function y = fx -3 Sol. We have y= /x—3 . ‘The function is defined ifx-320ie,ifx23. «Domain = (3, «) For any & in the domain, Jk-9 20. + Range ¢ (0, ). For Ae (0, «), the equation k= /x-3 implies xe k? +3 = x23 = xe Domain. Also, the value of the function atx = 2? +3is 40 +9)—3 =, [0,e0)¢ Range -. Range=[0,=) WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule LA correspondence 'f between the elements of non-empty sets A and Bis called a function if to each element of A, there correspond exactly one element of B. If the element x of A corresponds toy of B then we write y = ftx). Rule Il. If fis function from set A to set B, then domain of fis the set Aand range of F is the set (ft): x ¢ A). Rule III. Two functions fand g defined from A to B are equal functions if fx) = g(x) for alized.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.64 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi In the nut shell, we conclude our findings as below : A function from A to B is always a relation from A to B and a relation from A to B will be a function from A to B, if each element of A is the first element of some ‘element in the relation and no element of A is first element of any two distinct ele- ments in the relation. Example 1. Let A= (1,2, 3, 1, B= (i, 5,9, 11, 15, 16) and f= (Ct, 5), (2, 9), (3, , (4, 5), (, 11)}. Are the following true? W) fis a relation from A into B (ii) Fis o function from A into B. Justify your answer in each case, Sol. (i) f is a subset of A x B. +. fis a relation from A into B. ) We have (2, 9), (2, Ue f. ‘There are two images of 2 under f. fis not a function from A into B. Example 2. Let X= (1,2, 3,4, 6], Y=(2, 3, 6). The relation fdefined as f = ((1, 2), (3, 2), (4, @), (6, 1)) from X to ¥ is not a function from X to Y. Given reasons, Sol. The given relation is f= {(1, 2), (3, 2), (4, 6), 6, Dh. Here 2 ¢ X and 2 is not the first element of any ordered pair in the given relation. So, given relation is not a function Example 3. Let X=, 2, 3,41, ¥=(p,9, rl. The relation $= (2, p), (2,1), (8, ph (9), (4.r)) from X to ¥ is not a function from X to ¥. Give reasons. Sol. The given relation is = {(1, p), (2, 7), (3, p), 1, 9g), 4, 7). Here each element of X is first element of some ordered pair in 9. Secondly, 1 ¢ X and is the first clement of two distinct ordered pairs (1, p) and (1, q) in is not a function. Example 4. Let f be the subset of Z x Z defined by f= (fab, a+ b):a,be 2). is fa function from Z into Z ? Justify your answer. Sol. Wehave f= {(ab,a+):a,5€ Z) Let a=2,b=3. (ab, a+b) =(2%8,248)= 66, 5) Let a=1,b=6, (ab,a+b)=(1 x6, 1+6)+66, 7) : The image of 6 under fis not unique. “+ fis not a function. Example 5. Let X = 19, 4, 6, 8), Determine whether or not the relation R = (x, ftx}) ix X, fx) =x" + 1) from X to Nis a function from X to N. In case this is a function, determine its range. Sol. We have Re lz, flr) x © X, fx) 27+ 1). x takes values 3, 4, 6, 8. (8) = (BF +1= 10, fl4)= (42 #1517, AG) = (6F +1537, f8) = (8)? + 1-65. R= ((3, 10), 4, 17), (6, 37), (8, 65)} Here each element of X is the first element of some ordered pair in the relation and no element of X is first element of any two distinct elements in R. Risa function fromXtoN, - This function ® may be denoted by ‘f°. Range of function R = (10, 17, 37, 65).FUNCTIONS. 65 WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule L. Every function from the set A to the set B is a relation from the set A to the set B. Rule Ii. A relation from the set A to the set B may or may not be a function from the set Ato the set B. ‘Rule IIL. A relation from the set A to the set B is a function if: (each clement of A is the first element of some ordered pair in the relation. (i) no element of A is the first element of any two distinct ordered pairs in the relation, EXERCISE 3.2 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, LetX= (1, 2,3, 4), ¥ = (2, 4, 6). The relation f = ((1, 2), (2, 2), (4, 2)} from X to Yis not a function. Give reasons, 2. LetX= (2,3, 4),¥= (1,3, 7). The relation /=((2, 7), (3, 1), (3, 3),(4, 7) from X te ¥ is not a function. Give reasons, 8. Let X= (1, 2, 8, 4, 6). The relation g = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 9), (2, II] in X is not a function from XtoX Give reasons. 4. Lot X= (4, 7, 8, 11, 12), Ifthe relation f = (4, 8), (7, 6), (11, 6), (12, 5), (8, 11)) from Xt Nisa function, find ARA4))). 5. Let X= (1, 2,3, 4, 5}. If the relation g = ((1, 2), (2, 9), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 1)] in X is function from X to , then find g(g(et2))) and aigiat4))). SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: & Let X= 11, 2, 3,4}, Determine which of the following relations are functions from X to X. () f, = KL, D, (2, 3), (3, 4), 4, DI DF, = 13, 1), (4, 2), (1, D) (iii) f, = 11, 4), (2, 8), (2, D, (8, 2), (4, 401 Civ) f= C2, 19,13, 4), CL, 4), (2, 10, (4, 0b ) fy = 401, D, @, 1, D, (4, 7 Let A=11,2,3,4,5,6)end 8 termine Which of the following relations from A to B are functions ? In Tange. 1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 6), (6, 7)) Gi) R, = (C1, 2, 9), (8, B), (4, 4), (6, 10), (6, ID) iif) Ry = (CL, 2), (4, 53, (2, 9), (@, 9), (8, 4), «5, 7), (6, 1} ie) Ry = (C1, 7), (2, 72, 8, Ti, 4, 7), (8, D, 48, D. & Leta = (1,2, 3, 4,8) and 8 = N, Which of the following relations from, to B are functions 7 In case ‘ofa function, range. 1, 4}, (2, 16), (4, 15), (5, 9)) (GDR, = (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 9, (4, 72, (6, 8)) ‘1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2)) (ivt Ry = (1, 2), 42, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, BL. f & Let be the subset of @ « Z defined by f= (@ vm) mnezineoh Isa function from @ into 2? Justify your anawar.66 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI 10. r 4 10. 10. Find the domain and range of the following functions : Git) We, 9-2" yr RY wofos2y}=ea} ‘Sis not the first clement of any element in /-2.'3"is the first element of two distinct elements inf. ‘S' is not the first element of any element ing, Also, '2"is the first element of two distinct elements ing. ‘Yes, 6 6, Yes, 6,2 6.4) Yes (ii) No Gif) Ne (iv) Yes (uv) Yes 7.) No (i) Yes, (2,3, 4, 10, 11) (Hi) No io} Yea, (7) 8. (2) No (a) No (iii) Yes, (21 Civ) Yes, (2,3, 4,6,6) 9. (2) No (BR - (1), R-(2)) R, -=, 0] (ii) [-3, 9], [0,8] du) R-(- 1, 1}, B~ (0, 1) ()R, (0, D. Hints pani t )e 4 and non/{2)q <8. . Tmage of4 is not unique. G) Let fix) = Domain = R- {il Fors #1,f)= S— POTD oy 2: fls)eanmot take value 2. Range = R - (2). (iy Let fl = fox? Ax) ia defined if 9 ~ x?2 0 or if'x* <9 or if-3 y=120,9>0 or y=150,y<0 = y21 or ye0 > yeR-(0,0 fv) Let fix) 7 omsin fis)=1~ a = fe 0,0. +eFUNCTIONS or 8.7, ONE-ONE FUNCTION ‘A funetion f: A + B is called a one-one function A { 5 if the images of distinct elements of A are also distinct . elements of B. In other wards, for ay, ay 6 A, << if a, #a, thenfla,) #(a,). rt Equivalently, we say a function fA +B a one-one function if for ay, a, € A, fla,) = fla,) then a, = ay. Let = Aw[l,2,3} and B=[1,2,3,4,5, 6}. ‘The function f= ((1, 2}, (2, 8), (3, 2)] from A to B is not one-one because images of distinct elements 1 and 3 are not distinct. ‘The function g = ((1, 1), (2, 5), (3, 4)} from A to B is one-one, because images of distinct elements of A are distinct, Let us take one more example : Let. A = B, B= R, and f': A+ B be the function defined by fix) = x”. fis not 1-1 function for l-4)=(-4P =16 and fl4)=(4P = 16. In this example, if'we restrict A to R’, then the funetion f'will be 1-1 A. one-one function is also called an injective function. Remark, If the function /: A +B is not one-one, then "is referred as.a many-one function, For example, the function f': Rt —+ R defined by flz) = x? is many-one because f.- 4) = fl) = 16. Example 1. Let A =(I, 2, 3, land B= (1, 4, 7, 8), Find which of the following functions from A to Bare 1-1: (i) f: A B defined as AD = 1 f2)=4, 0D =4, fa=8 (ii) f: A> B defined as fC) =4, f(2) = 7, (3) = 1, fl) = 8, Sol, (i) We have 1) = 1, £2) = 4,13) = 4,9) = 8. Here the images of distinct elements 2 and 3 of A are equal. fA Bis not one-one. (ii)Wehave fil) = 4, (2) =7,/(3) = 1,/fl4) =8. Here the images of distinct elements are distinct. . fA + Bis one-one, Example 2. Which of the following functions are one-one : WF: RR, defined by fix) =4,xeR. (ii) ff: RR, defined by fix) = 6-1, xe RB. (iii) f: RR, defined by fix) =x? + 7, x¢ R. (iv) RR, defined by ftx) = x3, x ¢ R. twyo:R- FR defined by os) = = 2 ee R-in Sol. (i) We have fiz) = 4,x¢ R. Here the images of any two distinct real numbers are equal (= 4 each). fis not one-one, (if) We have fiz) =@r-1xe R. Let fly) = fix), 2086 = 6x,~1= Gry —1 Gx, = 6, 2 2,23, f° is one-one.68 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI (iii) We have Ax)=a+ 7,26 R. A-2)=(-2P +7=11, A2)=(2)?+7=11 ‘The images of distinct elements - 2 and 2 of R are equal. ‘f' is not one-one. (iv) We have fad=xixe R Let fix) = fl), xy xy eR > xa? 23 x f-x220 = ()—x)62+xx,+2,2) 0 (: (« +2) +80) Qe] (v) We have 92) = Fe R- 7). Let $x) = Ole), xy 2, R- (7h. > att Ba = Bey Mae, +.x,- 7 = 2x yt)- Mee, 4a, -7 > -15t,=-16t, > *,=%, ‘is one-one. 3.8. ONTO FUNCTION A function f: 4 P is called an onto function if everv element of B is the image of at Jeast one element of A. t In other words, for 5 ¢ B, there exists at least one A B ae Asuch that fla) 6 The adjoining diagram illustrates an onto function ; Let A=(1,2,3) and B= (1,4,5). The function fA B defined as (UD) = 1, 2) = 5, (3) = 1 is not onto, because there is no element of A, whose image under fis4. The function g:A—5 given by g = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1] is onto, because each element of B is the image of at least one element of A. ‘The function f: Rt + F defined by f(x) = 4x + 9 is an onto function, because for k e R, we have &-9 k-9 ston we (te!) An onto function is also called a surjective function. Remark 1. If the function /: A ~ Bis onto, then range of fi.e., the image of A is the whole 2. Remark 2. If the function f: A — B is not anto, then ‘f" is referred as an into function. For example, the function f: R -+ R defined by f(x) = x? is an into function, because there is no real number whose image is a negative real number.FUNCTIONS 69 5 ST Example 3. Let A = (J, 2,4, 4) and B= (3, 4, 7). Find which of the fallowing functions are ‘onto: W)frA+Bdefinedas fli) = 3, 2) =4, ft3) = 3, fdi=3 (i)f:A>Bdefinedas — fl) = 3, fl2) = 3, ft) = 4, fl) =7. Sol. (i) We have fl) = 8, 2) = 4, 3) = 3, fl4) = 3, Here 7 € B and there is no element in A whose image is 7. fis nat onto. Gi) We have fll) = 8, A2) = 3, (3) = 4, (4) = 7. Here, to each b B, there exists at least one element in A whose image is b © "is onto. Example 4. Which of the following functions are onto : (i) f RR defined by fx) = 115x + 49,26 R Gi) f RR Redefined by fix) = | x |,2e R (iii) [RB Re defined by fx) = Vz" xe R (iv) f: RB RY defined by fiz) = 22+ 4,re R. Sol.(}Wehave (x)= 1152+ 49,x6 R. Let k ¢ Rbe any real number. ka49 fiz) =k implies 115x + 49 =k. ose k-49 ke #). (ta) : Now “55 €R and Ct Tie) 7135 “Fg ) tte 40) + do =k. k-49 iy . intheimnge of“. «fis onto. (#)Wehave fix)= |= |,x¢R. | x | is never negative. <. Nonegative real number can be the image of any real number under ”. “fis not onto. (iii) We have fiz) = Vz", xe Re Letze R*. 2. xis non-negative real number Vet ax ie fixlex Also (-2)? eV" ex ie, fixex There are two elements in Rwhose imageisx. «. ‘f’ is onto. (iv) We have fix) =x7+4,x R. S¢ Rt and fix) = 3 implies x7 + 4 = 94, x7 = — 1 which is not true for any x € R. 1 Bis not the image of any element in R. + fis not onto.70 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI ATE TSP TET 3.8. ONE-ONE, ONTO FUNCTION A function f: A — 2 is called a one-one, ento function if it is both one-one and onto. ‘The adjoining diagram illustrates a one-one, onto A f B function : LetA =(1,2,3), B={6, 10, 15) and F, = (C1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 15)}, fy = (CL, 15), (2, 6), (3, 10)) fy = (G, 6), (3, 15)}, The function f, : A -> B is not one-one, onto because f, is neither one-one nor onto, Acts At ‘The function f, :.A B is one-one, onto because f, is both one-one and onto. The function f, : A > B is not one-one, onto because f, is not even a function. Let us take one more example : Let A=R,B=R and fix)=x,xeA, giz)=x5,x€A and Az)=6r+7,x6 A. The function fis neither 1-1 nor onto for f(- 2) = f(2) and no negative real number has pre-image under ‘f’. ‘The function g is both 1-1 and onto. The function A is also both 1-1 and onto. Aone-one, onto function is also called a bijective function. Romarks : Let A and # finite sets and f:A +H be a function. Then one-one, then ntA) s n(B). Gi) if fis onto, then n(A) 2 n(B). Gif) if f is both one-one and onto, then n(A) = n(B). Example 5. If f: R + Rt be a function defined by fix) = 49 - 7, show that the function fis a bijective function, Sol. We have flx) = 4x?-7,x6 R fini. Letz,,x,¢ Rand fx,)=flx,). = 4e3-7T=4e 3-7 = 4x, = 4x! = 2 > (yaa 24a, x)= 0 => t-19 +8) => x,—x,= 0, because the other factor is non-zero. =+ =, =X) fisonto. Let k ¢ R any real number. fixlek = 43-7ek = xe(**7FUNCTIONS nm 2 ER RRR SA RS wow (#47) tea |: (9"}- wa(te2) tee z bint image of (822)"" fis onto, + fis a bijective function, 3,10, INVERSE FUNCTION Let /: A+ B be a one-one onto function. For each 6 ¢ B, there exists exactly one a ¢ A such that fla) = b. We get a function, denoted by f-! and defined as fl: BA and f(b) =a if and only iffla)= 5. The function f 1 is called the inverse function off Illustration. Let A = {2, 3, 4,51, 2 ={1, 7,8, 11) and: B be the function defined as f2)= 7, (8) = 1, fla) = 8, (5) = 11. ‘The function f: A ~ Bis 1-1 and onto. {711A Bexists and £71) = 8, because (3) = 1, f71(1) = 2, because A2) = 7, f7(@)=4,becausefid)=Band — f-!(11)=5, because f(5) = 11. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Take flz,) = fl) and show that z, =z, :. fis one-one. To define 1, let f-1 (x) = & where xe REP. f°! (x) = h implies flk) =x. Solve this equation to find the value of k in terms of x. Example 6. Let A= (i, 2,91 and B= (4, 5, 6). f: AB is a function defined as f(D) = 4, ft2) = 5, 713) = Fe, Write down f-! as a set of ordered pairs, Sol. We have fll) = 4, (2) = 5, A3) = 6. ‘The images of distinct elements in A are distinct. fis one-one. Also, every element in B has at least one pre-image, .. fis onto. “fis invertible Le. f- exists, cs f71:B— Ais defined as: £744) = 1, because (U1) = 4, f-1(6) = 2, because 2) = 5 and /-46) = 3, because /(3) = 6. so £7 =1G, Ds 6,2, 6,30), Example 7. Find the inverse of the function fix) = 4x~ 7, 2 RB Sol. We have lz) = 4~7,2€R. f(x) is one-one. For x, 2) ¢ R, Ax)=fley) > 4xy-T=4e-7 = desde, > x, =m, +: flx)is one-one, f(x) is onto. Let ke R.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.FUNCTIONS. 73. ‘VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Show that the function f: R -» R defined by fix} = 2x + 9 is one-one. ‘Show that the funetion g : R -» R defined by giz) = x* + 15 is one-one. ‘Show that the function {; R — R defined by f(x) = 7x — 8 is onto. Let A=(1,2,9,4,5}, B=(2,4] and f: AB be defined by Al)=2, fl2)= 43) = 2, fa)= 2, (5) = 4. Show that fis onto. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ‘Show that the function f: N -3 N, defined by fix) = Sr is one-one, but not onto. Let X = (2,3, 4, 5), ¥ = 4, 6, 8, 10}. Show that the function /:X — ¥ defined by fix) = 2x, xe Xis one-one and onto. 7. LetX= (1, 2,3), ¥=(10, 15, 20.30). Show that.the function /: X— Y defined by fix} = 10x is one-one, but nat onto. 8 Let X= (-1, 1, 4,5) and ¥= (1, 16, 26, 36), Show that the funetion f: X + ¥ defined by fix) =x? is neither one-one, not onto, 9. Show that the function f: Z + Z defined by ftx) = x? is neither one-one nor onto. 10. IfA={a,b,¢,d) and B = (x, B, y, 8! find whieh of the following functions are bijective : ©) f= fla, @), (6, B), Ce, 8), dy (i) g = ((o, 0), (, 6), fe, B), (d, (tit) A = Wher, 8), (b, 7), Ce, 8), (a, oh. 11. Show that the function f: Rt -> R-defined hy fiz) = ain x, x € Ris neither 1-1 nor onto. 12. Show that the function /: R -+ R defined by fiz) = | = | +5, x € Ris not bijective. 18. Show that the function f': RB defined by fl) = 143 + 15, x ¢ Ris bijective. 14. Let X= (1, 2,3, 4) and fs X + ¥ is given by f= ((1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 13, (4, 39). Show that fis one-one from X onto X. Find f~! 15, Lot R, be the setof all non-zero real numbers. Show that [Ry -» Ry defined by f(x) = Ux, vx Ry is one-one and onto. Find f~, 16. Find the inverse of the function /: R ~> R defined by fiz) = 2e +3, x¢ R. I. Find the inverse of the function f: R + R defined by fix) = 1-9r, x € BR. 18. Find the inverse of the function ': (0, 4} -> (0, 4Jdefined by fz} = 16 - x". PPP Pe Answers 10. 14, ft = (C1, 3), (2, 0), (3, 4), 4, 2 15. fz) = Uz, ze Ry 1. 18. fq) = YI6- #7, xe [0,4]. 3.11. COMPOSITE FUNCTION Let: A> Band g: BC be two functions. aA te Ut .. For each ae A, there exists exactly one ele- ment la) B. Since, ¢ : BC is a function, sog(/la)) is a unique element of C. Thus, to each a ¢ A, there exist exactly one element g(fla)) in C. This correspondence C/ \/ between the elements of A and C is called the compos- ite function off and g and is denoted by gof. ‘aftta)} = (gotta) We have (gofKa) = siffa)), ae A. ”74 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI rT Illustration 1: Let f: R-Randg: RR be defined by fz) = 4x +7 and g(x) = 5x - 2. (Gopkz) = gfx) = gl4x + 7) = 5(4e + 7) 2 = 20x + 33. Also (fag Xx) = fla(a)) = f\Sx — 2) = ASx—2)+ T= 20x~ 1. Let us find (fogX3) : (fog\(3) = flg(3)) = (USCS) — 2) = f(13) = 4(13) + 7 = 59. Alternatively, (fog)(8) = 20(3)- 1 = 59, Gs fog)ix) = 202 - 1) Mlustration 2: LetA={1, 2, 3, 41,B=(@, 6, c,d) andC= (1, m,n). Letf:A +B andg :B— Cbe functions given by fsa, fD=b, fld=e, fidad aa)=1, gb)=l, gte)=m, gid) =m. gof'is a function from A to C defined by (gof(1) = gif) = g(a) = 2, (gof(2) = g(f(2)) = gtb) = 1 (gof\(3) = gif(3)) = g(c) =m, ofa) = gVl4)) =g(d) = m. Example 1. Let A =I, 2, 3, 4, 5) and let f:A +A and g:A—+A be defined as fO) = 2, (2) = 8, (13) = 4, 714) = 5, 15) = 1 B(1) = 4, g(2) = 1, (3) = 1, gC4)} = 2, g(5) = 3. Find the graphs of functions fog and gof. ‘Sol. We have AX) = 2, 02) = 3, 3) = 4, 4) = 5, fl5)= 1, and SCL) = 4, g(2) = 1, gf) = 1, gC4) = 2, g(6) (os X2; Rat) =Al)=2, (fogX4) = Aig(4)) = A2) = 3 (fogX1) = fle) = (U4 (fog (8) = flg(3)) = fC: and (fogX5) = AUK) = 13) = :. Graph of fog = ((1, 5), (2, 2), (8, 23, (4, 3), (5, 4)) Also, (gofK1) = g(t) = g(2) = 1, (wof2) = g(f{2)) = (3) = 1, (wofX3) = g(fl3)) = etd) = 2, Gof) = (Fld) = g(5) = 3 and (gofK5) = g(A5)) = g(1) = 4 » Graph of gof'= ((1, 1), (2, 1), (8, 2), (4, 8), (8, 4)}. Example 2. Let f,g be real valued functions defined as fix) =x3+x+7,x¢R and tz) = 6x ~ 3, x © R. Find fog and gof. Aiso find (fog)(2) and (gof)(1). Sol. We have fd=2ex+726¢R,. x)= 5r-3,26R. * (fog Wax) = flgta)) = Sx - 3) = (Sx — 3)? + (5x —3) +7 = act — 25x + 13 (fog\x) = 25x? - 25x + 13, x < R, (gofix) = g(fix)) = gt +2 +7) = Bat+2+7)-3= bats 6432, io GGofx) = Sx? + Bx + 32,26 R Also, (fogX2) = 25(2)? - 25(2) + 13 = 68 and (GofM2) = 5(1)" + 5(1) + 92 = 42. Example 3. Let f, g be real valued functions defined as : 7e*4+2-8 est Ix] x<-3 itd 4e45 1exs7 and gale} 0 ~Ssxe2 stad eee Find (fog)~ 3), (fog(7), (fog), (gofht2), (gof)(0), (gof)(6). mead x7FUNCTIONS 75 EE TERT TE Sol. (fog 3) = flgl—3)) = /l0) = 10)? + 0-8. (fogX7) = fla(7)) = AUT)? + 4) = A53) = 8(53) + 8 = 427 (fog) = fla(9)) = AU9Y? + 4) = ABS) = 8(85) + 3 = 68S (goa 2) = g(fl2)) = g(4(2) + 5) = 13) = (13)? + 42173 (GofkO) = gifl0)) = g(10)? + 0-8) = g(- 8) = | ~8| =8 (gofA6) = gtfl6)) = g(4(6) + 5) = (29) = (29)" + 4 = B45. | WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS: Rulel. Iff:A—Bandg : B-+C are functions, then (gof}(a) =gif"a)) forae A. Here fog is not defined. Rule Ii. Ifg:A—Bandf:B->C are functions, then (fog a) =f(g(a)) for ae A. Here gof is not defined. Rule Ill. Iffand g functions from A to itself, then fog and gof are both defined and these Gre generaily unequal functions. EXERCISE 3.4 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Letfix) ex 45,26 Rand gle) = Br + 3,2 ¢ R. Find Yogh2), (go). 2, Lot fiz)= [= |,z6 Rand plz) =4—z,2¢ R. Find (ogX5), (go/X7). 3, Let A= 11, 2,3, 4) and fandg be functions defined from A to A and are given below : fLN=2,f2)= 3,9) = 4,4) = 2; gC) = 3, g(2) = 1, g(8) = 4, g(4) = 2. Find (fop)1), (fog )(4), (gof 3), (gor). 4 totter FETE TEZ and ada {8 "7 223 be functions from R to Find (fogi(3), (ogX7), (gof 10), (go). 5. iffig: RvR are defined by flx) = = + 7, gtx) = 2-7, then find the values of (/og)(7) and (gefX7). SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 6. Iffandg are real functions defined by fiz) = 2c! + de + 5 and g(x) = 4x —6, find [fog)(1) and (gofX2). 7 Lff:R-Randg :R - Rare defined by /tz) =x + 2 andg(z)= 22? + 5, Find the composite fenctions fog and goj. Also find (fagX0) and (gofi(0). & If fand g be functions defined from A toA such that A = (1,2, 3,4, 5) and f= ((1, 1), (2, 1,03, 1), 44, 1), (, D1 and g = (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 9), (4, 9, (5, 90). Find the composite functions fog and gof. ® Iff,g: RR are defined by lz) = sin x, g(x) = x°, thon find (fog\ix) and (gofXz), x e 10. ff: R + Ris given by fix) =x" + 2 andg ; R > R ie given by gtx) = 4x= 1, find (fogXx) and (gofXx) and show that (fagXx) + (go/Xx). LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS U. Let f,g are defined by fix) = x? + 3x + 1,46 R, gx) = 2r - 8, x ¢ R, find formulae for (i) fog (ii) gof Gib fof iv) gog. 12. Let fg are defined by fla) =a, x¢ R,g(s)= | x |, R, find formulae for : (8 fog (td) gof i) for i) gow.7é COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Bis PPaee 1. 12. 1a. Let A= (1, 2,3, 4, 5) and let /:A +A and g: A -+A be defined as : A) = 3, A2) = 5, A3) = 3, fad = 1, A5d= 2; Bll) = 4, 912) = 1, 93) = 1, a4) = 2, 965) = 3 Find graphs of the functions fog and gof. Answers 12,27 21-3 3.4,3,2,1 4. 59, 34, 7,7 MT 64,71 (fog x) = 2x? + 7, (gofix) = 2x* + Bx + 13, (fogX0) = 7, (of KO} = 13 fog = (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1,44, 1), (5, Db, gof = (1, 3, (2, 3, (8, 3), (4, 3), 45, 31 (opis) = sin 23, (gop) (x) = sin? x 10, 64x? — 480? 4 12r + 1, 4x3 47. ti) 4x2 6r41 Gi) 2x? + G1 (iti) x4 + Gx + Lda? + 15x + 5 (iv) dx - 9 © [x [i | x | Gilde Go) |x| Graph of fog = ((1, 1), (2, 3}, (3, 3), (4, 5), (5, 3H}, Graph of gof = ((1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 4), (5, D)4 Binary Operations 4.1, DEFINITIONS Let A be a non-empty set. A function from A to A ia called a unitary operation on A. Let A be a nen-empty set. A function from A x A toA is called a binary operation on A. Ifa binary operation on is denoted by-», then the image» (a,c) of (a, a")¢ A xA under the binary operation* is generally written asa +a’. ‘Thus, 2 binary operation ‘s' on A is a rule which assign to a pair a, a’ ¢ A, another unique elementa ea’ A. Similarly, a function from A xA x ...... x (n times) to is called an-ary operation on A. Presently, we shall restrict ourselves only to binary operations. Illustrations. (i) Addition of numbers ia a binary operation on N, Z, @, R, C each. (di) Subtraction of numbers is a binary operation in Z, Q, R, C each. Since subtraction of two natural numbers may not be a natural number, so it is not a binary operation on N. (Gi) Multiplication of numbers is a binary operation on each of N, Z, Q, R, C. (iv) Division of numbers is a binary operation on Q - {0}, R- {0}, € — {0} each. This is so because division by zero is not defined. a+b-ab (v) Fora, be Z, definea «b= ————, arke ab ‘s!is not a binary operation on Z, because may not be an integer for integers a, b. 1 wicca 169 ODT Example 1. Let «bea binary operation on Z. W Find 5*3 ifa+b=(a" +0? ;0,b¢ Z. i) Find 15 * (— 14) ifavb=2a-b;a, be Z. (iii) Find 0+ 5 ifasb=(a+b-2)';4,beZ, (iu) Find 19 * 16 ifa +b =2ab ;0,be 2. Sol. () Wehavea «b= (a+ 53750, be Z. 5 93 = (5) + (9) = (25 + 277 = 2704, Gi) Wehavea* b= 20-8; nner. 18 9 (- 14) = 2(15)-G 14) = (ii) We havea * b = (a+ b= 2); ree. “ O+5=(0+5-2) 81, 7738 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI (iv) We havea +b = 2ab; a, be Z. o 19 « 16 = 2(19)16) = GOB. Example 2. Let A = (x, y}. Find the number of binary operations on A. Sol. We have A = (x, y}. AxA=(6z, x), (z 9) 0,2), & st Under a binary operation, each element of A x A will have its image in A. ‘There are 2 ways of defining the image of each element of A x A. Total no. of ways of assigning images to the elements of Ax A = 2% 2x 2x 2= 16. +. No. of binary operations on A = 16. 4.2, BINARY COMPOSITION TABLES Leta = la,,a,, ....,@,}be a finite set-ofn elements, A binary operation, say + on A.can also be described by means of @ table with n+ 1 rows and n+ 1 columns. The first row and first column contains the elements of the set A. The clement a, «a, of A is shown in the space at the intersection of (i + 1th row and (j + Dth column. Composition Table a, a, a, a, +a, O, +a, Let us consider the following composition table : Composition Table for the set A = (a, 6, ¢). « Wehave arash, atb=c, bease, babwa, ceasa, crb=b, Example 3. Let A = (J, - 1, i,-i], where i= J—1. Draw the composition table correspond: ing to binary operation ‘multiplication’ on A.BINARY OPERATIONS: 79 Sol.Wehavelxl=l, 1x(-De xt GCDxl=-LCD«CU CDE ixls xe ies, Ciel CAdeD= Gixi=lL Ciel-as-1 The required composition table is given below : 4.3.TYPES OF BINARY OPERATIONS Let A be a non-empty set and * be a binary operation defined on A. (@) The binary operation ¢ i# said to be commutative if a, fora, be A. (Gi) The binary operation + is said to be associative if {a= b)*c=a=tb +0), fora bce A. ate=a=esaforaed. (iu) Fora & A, an element 6 ¢ A is said to be an inverse ofa if atb=e=bea, Example 4, Let * be the binary operation ‘addition’ on the set of integers. Show that : (i) (Z, Vis commutative (ii) (Z, +) is associative (iii) 0 is identity element of (Z, ») (iv) Inverses of elements exists in (Z, *). Sol. Fora, b< Z,wehave a+b =a +b, which is a unique integer » is a binary operation on Z. Ga a*beath =b+a=bea, a¢h=beaie *is commutative. (at b)ecata+b)ecalat+b)tcsat(b+c)aat(b*e)=a*(b*c) (a+b)*c 2a + (b*c)ie.+is associative. Gii) 0 ¢ Zand fora e Z, we have a*0=sa+0=cand0+ t+a=a. * a+0sa=0+a «. Oisidentity element of(Z, +). (iv) Letae Z. . ~ae Zanda*(-a)=a+(-a)s@-a=0, (-a)*a=(-a)+a=0. at(a}e0e(-a)ta +. ~qisinverseofas Z. 44, THEOREM Let * be a binary operation defined on a non-empty set A. Prove that if identity element for * exists, then it is unique.80 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi SS PT TEA MP MERE ST AL REY PS TEP Proof. Let e, and ¢, be identity elements for +, ee, = em e, %ey - ¢; is identity? Also e, ey ™ 2, =e, %e) e, is identity) * e,=¢, -. Identity element for » is unique. Each =e, #¢,) 4.5. THEOREM. Prove that for an associative binary operation on A with identity, an invertible element possesses unique inverse. Proof. Leta < A be invertible. Let , 5” be two inverses of a. ws a*bse=bea ADD and ath =e=5'*a, AZ) Now babrenbe(a eb =(b *a)*b =e=b' =a", +. The inverse of a is unique. Example 5. Consider the binary operation + on Q defined bya +b =a + 12b +ab fora, be Q. (i) Find 2« 4 (ii) Show that * is not commutative (iii) Show that + is not associative, Sol. We havea *b = a+ 12b+ab ja, be Q. @) aed aast2(2}+2{3)-042-™. G)1,2€Q, Now L*2=1+12(2)+12)227 and 2*1=2+121)+2)=16 eo Le2e2ed . tis not commutative. (ii) 0, 1,2 @ Now = (0+ 1) = 2 = (0+ 12(1) + (1) ¢ 2= 12 + 2 = 12 + 122) + 12(2) = 60 and O*(L* 2) =0*(1 + 12(2) + 1(2)) = 0 27 = 0 + 12(27) + 0(27) = 324 (0+ 1)+240*(162) * is not associatin Remark. In the above example, our claim that ‘*” is not associative is justified, because if + were associative, then for any rational numbers a, b, c, we are bound to have (a *b)*c=a*(b +e). ‘Thus, in particular when a = 0,6 = 1 andc = 2, we should also have (0 + 1) #2=0(1*2). Example 6, Let + denote the operation defined by a +b = a°, Show that : Gi) * is @ binary operation on N. Gi) + is neither commutative nor associative on N. \(Gié) There does not exist identity for binary operation * on N. (iv) » is not a binary operation on Z. (v) * is not a binary operation on Q. Sol. (i) Let a, & be any natural numbers, +, aig also a natural number. * a*b=a*; a, b@ Nisa binary operation on N. Gi) Leta, be N. a*é=0° andb*a=t" : atbebea + + is not commutative on N. Leta, bce N. fa *b)ecaabsc= (aby and = a*(b*c)=a*bf =a), & (a*b)+e#a*(bre) “is not associative on N.BINARY OPERATIONS 81 Car SRA OES SUE 22 SE TE (ii) Let e e N be the identity for binary operation + on N. aterazetaforaeN. - a'=anct This is not possible for any natural number‘. ‘There does not exist any identity for binary operation * on N. (iv) Leta =e Z, ba-2eZ, 1 whe (-2)2 52) Atha Be (aS He eh + is not a binary operation on Z. 1 gee Ww)Leta=2€Q, b= BH geome te t, a+b=2+(-2) <2 =p =Feee * is not a binary operation on Q. Example 7. Consider the binary operation +: @ x Q > Qdefined bya * aheQ i) Is * commutative ? (ii) Ts * associative ? (iii) Is identity for * exists ? If eaists, find it. (iv) Are elements of Q, invertible. If so, find the inverse of a rational number, Sol, (i) Fora, 5 ¢ Q, a*b=a+b-ab=b+a-ba=6*a, . *is commutative. Gi) Fora, b,c Q, (a *b)*c=(a4+b-ab)ec =(a +b -ab)+e-(a+6 -ab)e watb-ab+e-ac—be +abema+bh +e —ab—ac —be + abe. Similarly, a *(b*e)=a+b4c-ab—ac—be + abe, sa+b-ab; (a *b)te=a=(b +e). + is associative. (iii) Lete be a rational number such thata *e=a, a¢ Q. z ate-ae=a as el-a)=o e e=0. (: @may not be 1) Also + is commutative. Fore = 0, we havea tesase*a <. Ois the identity for *. (iv) Leta ¢ Q. Ife Q is an inverse of a, thena +b =0. a+b-ab=0 * b(1-a) +. Every (a # Ibe Qis invertible, Example 8. Let 2" be the set of all ordered n-tuples of real numbers. If x= RY = Op Py ond are in R" then define ‘+'on RY asx +y =x, + ad ty. Prove that ‘+’ is commutative and associative binary operation on Ri Sol.Wehave RY = (zx, rh x,¢ R,lsisni, Let ey Sp82 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi Now, RAY Fly Xp ooeey Ed + Oy Sp 2O1+ ep Yt Xp ay ts, ‘+’ is commutative (ge ap Ry) # OR Map snr FD ta Bas Et V yy Ty AN ge in Ny $Yg) + Bye Bay (ey HY) + yy ey YQ) HBG rey ay + 2p), ey ty +2Q), » Fy) + Oy +z at 2 Ly) + Or Vay nceen Fg) + Spy Bye sees Edd ‘ais associative. Example 9. Let A= @ x Q. Let ‘* be a binary operation on A defined by : fa, b) * fc, d) = (ac, ad + b). Then (i) find the identity element of (A, #) (ii) find the invertible elements of (A, 4). Sol. (i) Let (e, f) be an identity element for *. For (a, b) ¢ Q x Q, we have (a, b) Ce, = (a, by ale, f) * (a, b). Ya) =O +I a $Y Jn +n) = Yay rr Fa) + yy Ray Also = (ae, af +b) = (a, 6) = (ea, eb +f) = anea, b=eb+f = ext, ba(lb+f = e=l, f=, e=1, f=0 * fe, f= (1,0) GL, O)is the identity element of (A, *). (ii) Let (a, be QxQ. Let (c,d) € Q x Q such that (a, b) # (c,d) = (2, 0)=(6, d) # (a, 6). = (ae, ad + b) = (1, 0) = (ea, eb +d) = ac = 1,ad +b =0,ca=1cb+du0 = VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Let + bea binary operation on N defined by a eb =ab+4; a,b e N, Find 394, 71, 1+2, 293. Qarb 2. Lets bea binary operation on Q defined bya +6 = 7 aaBINARY OPERATIONS: 83. a 4. 5. 10. 1 12 13. Lat * bo a binary operation on Z defined by x*y =x" + y+ ay; x,y ¢ Z. Find K1 © 2) + (0+ aye. Let * be a binary operation on Z x Z defined by (a, b) + (c,d) = (a +c, b +d) (a,b), te, de ZZ Find (1, 2) * (8, 8) and (4, 3) # (1, 0). Let * be a binary operation on Q. 1 ib Find 1+ 7 ifosb=“Pforgbe@ Gi Find 3 fora, be Q (ii) Find 2+ 3 ifae b= 2a? + 6% fora, be Q two) Find 1+ fifa +b =a + 25, fora be @ SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Let + be a binary operation defined on N such that a+ b =a" +6" +2 fora,be N: (i) Find 245 (i) Show that 1*2=261 (iii) Show that ‘is commutative. If a *b = da + 6b? be a binary operation on Q, then verify that + is not commutative by computing 442 i : + is a binary operation defined on Q. Find which of the binary operations are commutative : W)a+b=a~b fora, be Q Gia +b=07 +8? fora, be Q (ii)a+bsa+ab fora, be Q tis)a® =(a-b¥ fora, be Q. If @ is a binary operation defined on Rby 2@ 6 = +2 for a, be R, then show that (265) 87 *20(5 7). From above, can we conclude that the binary operation @ is not associative. + is a binary operation defined on @. Find which of the following binary operations arc associative : ive : 5 ab f}a*b=a~b fora be Q Gia+b= "F fora be @ Gili) a+b =a=b+ab fora, be Q Gv) a+b =ab* fore, be Q. If+ be a commutative binary operation on a set A, then show that a+(beo)=le*b)eafora, bcea. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS A= (1, @, @#}, where wis a complex cube root of unity. Draw the composition table corresponding to the binary operation ‘multiplication’ on A. Does the composition table : give 2 commutative binary operation on the set (a, 8, el?COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi 14 15. 1. 18. 10, a2, 15. ‘Lot « (a, 6, ¢, dl. Complete the missing entries in the composition table given belaw, so that the binary operation +’ may be commutative : Let A be any non-empty set and PrA) be the set of all its subsets. Show that the operation ‘U is a binary operation on PYA) and © @) <7 is commutative (iV is assoriative (iis) there exista identity element for ‘U'. Let A be any non-empty set and P(A) be the set of all its subsets. Show that the operation ‘rv’ is a binary operation on PLA) and : {G) ‘ris commutative (ie) ‘ris associative (iii) there exists identity element for "7. Let ® be a binary operation on Z x Z defined by (a, b) @(c, d) =a +e, b+d); (a, ble, die Zn Z, Show that : (8) 8 is commutative Gi) @ is associative (iii) (0, 0) is the identity element for '®” (iv) (+o, ~ 6) ia the inverse of (a,b). Let © bea binary operation on Z x Z defined by (a, 5) @) te, d) = (ae = be, nd + be), Show that : (@ © is commutative G2) © is associative (iit) (1, 0) is the identity element for ©) tiv) There is noclement in Z x Z which is inverse of(2, 3). Answers 16, 11, 6, 29 2. 4, 17/s0, 11/48, 188/44 3. 266 4,6, 3) 5.() 18 ii) a1/60 Gi) 17 (iw) 123/11 6.) 31 8. (i), iv) 8. yea ii Yes Mea+d=d,becnad*baedve=b (iii) is the identity 16, (iii) A is the identity.BINARY OPERATIONS: 85 ETE Hints Use a? aed sa-detc. 1) Od) Ole N= tar~bd ad +b) Oe p = Uae - bible ~(add + bey, (ae - bey + (ad + Bele) = (ace ~ bde — ad - bef, acf - bdf + ade + Boe) Also, (a, 8) © le, d) © (eM) = (a, BI © (ce ~ df of + ded = (alce —df) - Blcf + de), alef + de) + b(ce—df)) = (ace ~ adj bef bde, acf'+ ade + boe - bd) © is associative, BER5 Mathematical Induction 5.1. INTRODUCTION ‘We know that the sum of firstn odd natural numbers isn®, This is a general result, From this, we can deduce that the sum of first 97 odd natural numbers is 94 (97)). This process. of deducing particular results from a general result is called the process of deduction. ‘The numbers 324, 692, 904, 576 are all divisible by 4. From these particular results, we can hope te have a general result that all numbers of 3 digits are divisible by 4. But this is not true, because 325 is not divisible by 4. If at all this conjucture were true, wo would have to. establish its validity either by verifying the conjucture for all possible 3 digit numbers or by using some mathematical process. The process of drawing a valid general result from particu- lar results is called the process of induction. ‘The principle of mathematical induction is a mathematical process which is used to establish the validity of a general result invelving natural numbers. 5.2. STATEMENT Asentence is called a statement if it is either true or false but not both. For example, the sentence “Two plus five equal to seven” is a statement because this sentence is true. Astatement concerning the natural number ‘n’ is gencrally denoted by Piz). For example, if Pin) denotes the statement : “n(n + 1) is an even number,” then. P(3): “3(3 + 1) = 12 is an even number” and PUT): “707 + 1) = 56 is an even number” etc. Here P(3) and P(7) are both true. Example 1. Let P(n) be the statement P(4). Which of P(1), P(2), P(3), P(4) are true ? Sol. We have Pin): n® + n is divisible by 3, “ PCL) is the statement P(2) is the statement P(3) is the statement + 3 = 90 is divisible by 3 (4) is the statement 8 + 4 = 68 is divisible by 3. Out of 2, 10, 30, 68, only 30 is divisible by 3. Only P(3) is true. Example 2. Let P(n) be the statement : 17 + 32 +3? +... ante Bt UaeeD nen, Verify that P(2} and P(6) are true: + nis divisible by 3”. Write P(1), P(2), P(S}and 86a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.MATHEMATICAL INDUGTION 89 WORKING RULES TO APPLY P.M.1. Step I. Show that the given statement is true for n= 1. Step Il. Assume that the statement is true far n= k. Step IIL. Using the assumption made in Step Il, show that the statement is true for nekel. StepIV. This completes the principle of mathematical induction. Conclude that the given statement is true for all ne N. Example 1. Prove that the product of two consecutive natural numbers is an even number. Sol. Let Pin) be the statement “nin + 1) is even”. We shall prove the result by using P.M.I. Step L Letn=1. nin + D= 11+ 1)=2, which iseven. .. P(1)is true. Step I. Let Pin) be true forn =k. kik + 1) is even. Let b(k + 1)= 24, he Ne Step. Let n=k+1. a nin + 1) =(k + 1k +141) = (+ 1Mk +2) = (R+ Ik + (e+ 12 = 2+ Wk+ 1) = 2(1 +k +1), which is even. Pk + Distrue. By P.MLL, n(x + Lis even fora e N. Example 2. Prove that 244+ 6+... +2nenin+ Ine N. Sol. The given statement is 2+ 446+ 42n =nin+1),neN. We shali show that (1) is true for n € N by using P.M.IL. StepLLetn=1. . LHS.of(1)=2 RAS. of (1 =10 +1) =2. (Dis true for n = 1. Step Il. Let the statemont be true for n = & 244464... ¢ 2k eke) al) Step IIL Let nee. LHS.of ()n244+64...+ 28+ 1 e(2+d+6+ Bk) + 2k +1) = hk + 1)+ 2k +1) fusing (2)] aik+ 1) (k+ 2) Also, R.HLS. of (1) = (A + 1Mk +141) = (hk + 1k +2) +. (L)is true form =k +1. By PML,2+4+6+.. anln+1)neN. Example 3. Prove that 124224 3% 4....4n?= nies iea si} aig nee 2a +d Sol. The given statement is 17+ 2° 4 3? +... + 6 We shall show that (1) is true for n e N by using PML. Step L Let n=l. LHS.of(1) =e RLS. of (= (1) is true for n = 1. neN. oll} A+ WOD+D 162%9 6 é *a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION a1 Example 5. Prove by the mathematical induction that for alla « N, sin 8+ sin. 20+.....48in wets & 2 2 wi StepLLet n=l, LHS.of(1) =sin6 RH. of 1)=sinO sin 9 oosae © wind (1) is true for n= 1. ‘Step IL. Let (1) be true fora =k. sin 6+ sin 20+... +sindo= sin (**2) asin coaee 5 lB Step III. Letn =k +1. LHS. of (1) = sin 8 + sin 20 +....... + sin AO + sin (+ 10 win (#25) in! ne m8 (Using (2)) 1 of, (k+1 #8 a = J cee [zsin(#S? z jon Bsaeinthevoringl] 1 ey 8 8 a 39" =p soe |soe8 —eus(40-+£) +cos(40 3)- ov(s0+2] 1 of @ J sae _ fk+2), . (e+ => == cos( kO+——|| == = f= 3 eae [on a>) «1m fonin #22) #2 h+Led ‘k+l a oe 2 Jenin (#5) eo = RWS. of (1) when nis & +1, (Dis true forn =k +1. By P-MLI,, the result holds. Example 6. Use the Principle of Mathematical Induction to prove that 2 PAP Pen tat >A nen 3 Sol. The given statement is 1? + 2243? +......#n2> 5 nen, eh) ‘We shall show that (1) is true for n ¢ N, by using PMI. Step I. Leta = 1. 3 LHS. of }=1?=1 RES. ote t=t Since 1> 3, (is true forn #1.92 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 3 Step II. Let (1) be true forn =k ae Pe ateste tite e, A Let Veet eit aps Epo, wl) Stop I. Let nek+1. a LHS.of(1) = 2+ +... tee (he P= (> *) ther? (using (2)1 : 34 ap? aps seems teps Stee sobre (ik? + 3h? 43k 4 1) + (88 +2) eS ee 2 wae can 4,2, Gent =RHS.of (1) (1) is true for n =k +1, a By PML, 1742+... ¢n2> a neN. Example 7. Prove that : tede eee 1 i ‘ Gh ig te ope o= Em De Ny by using PML, 1a Sol. The given statement is 1+ F+Z +b +. We shall prove that (1) is true for n(> 1) ¢ N by using P-M.1. Step I. Letn = 2. LHS.of ()=1+t=2 and RHS.=-2- wD) Since 5 <3, (a)is rue fora =2, Step IL. Let (1) be true forn = 8. ‘ i 28 Ahk bet n ate ig tt eenE lilt 1 1 Let Le pt gtig tent pete aaa p peo. AB) Step IIT. Let n= +1. 1 4 1 LES. fats deseee Pao ( 1 1 1 1 -(-sh)(a-}ade} > Note this step) 1) A +k-k? -2k-1th 1 esti ttet oe) ator) 1 1 ele yl, i ’) GenMATHEMATICAL INDUCTION: 9 el li rena eA APOE STE ET 1 < 2-757 (BAS. of (Lis true forn =k + 1. . By PML, the result holds. Example 8. Prove that (14x) 21 +nx forx>-1LneN. Sol. The given statement is (1 +x 21+ nx forx>-1n¢N. Equivalently, (14s ~(1+nz)20feres—-1neN, AD) We shall prove that (1) is true for n « N, by using P.MLL. StepLLet n=1. LHS.of(1) =(1+2)'-(1+1G))=020. 4 (I) istrue fora =1. Step IL. Let (1) be true for n = &. (+x —(1+ aa) 20, Let (lez -(+kd=p pzo 2) Step UL. Let n=k+1. LHS.of(1) 9 =(L+a7*'-(14 e+ De) = (+X +a 1-0 + De a (L+2Xp+1+ke)—1-(h+ Ds fusing (2)] apt like sprees ke? 1—ke-x=p +pe + ket =p(l +z) +h220. (yo x>=1 = x41>0) (1) is true forn =k +1. 2 ByPMAL,(1+2¥21+nzforx>—1neN. 5 4! Example 8. Prove by using the Principle of Mathemaiical Induction that = y 4 Te is @ natural number for all ne N. s 3 a In Bol.Let fin) E+ te ne N. StepLLet n=1. 1,1,7 15 A= 745+ yg 7 eT LEN- The result is true forn = 1. ‘Step IL. Let the result betrueforn=k. .. flk) wl) Step UL Let n=k+1. 4 fies tye AD foe hee _ RE +R + 208° + 10K? +541 AY +BR*+OR+1 -TR+T 5 3 16 aS ie Th «(Ee pate an et ead ene. (, Ist part is in N by (1) and IInd part is in N because & « N.) The result is true forn =k + 1. a By PML, 542+ 28 @ Nfor ln e N.o4 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Example 10. Prove that 2n +7 <(n +3), ne N. Using this, prove that (n+ 3 <2"*8, nen, or PoP ee oe Bl 10, 1, a. Sol. 2n+ Teln 4+ 3) ifIn+ T0, which is true for allne N. * m+ T<(neS¥neN, Let P(n) be the statement : (n + 3)? s2"*3, ne NL (1) We shall prove that Pin) is true for alll n < N, by using P.M. Step I. Letn =1. L.HLS. of (1) = (1 + 3)? = 16 and R.ELS. of (1) = 2'+4 = 16 Since 16 < 16, (1) is true for n = 1. Step TI Let (1)be true for n= &. hearst =f) Step IIL. Letn =k +1. LHS. of (1) sheds Be ake ab etd aes Oh 0+ Ges 1 (h+ 34 (2k +7) 5284 (k +3) 2 hs T tk ake 1. Best ms 22H < ABN < HSH) ay Bee c Geet The statement is not true far n= 1. ‘The result is not true in general. Let l +2434. 4h< Let Bhs Pd 8484 +A)ap>d, Now 142434 +h + ik + 1) = take Di-peth+D= 2 ak eS-28-peteD 4 _4(2k+3) 1 my ake P+ Spee =F oaenen-p0,a# Landa* =y, then we define the logarithm ofy to the basea asx and write og, ¥ ==. Equivalently, the logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base must be raised in order to obtain the given number. Illustrations : @) log, 64 is equal to 3 because (4)° = 64, (Gi) log, 249 is equal to 5 because (3) = 243 Remark 1, ‘log’ is the abbreviation of the word Iogarithm’. Remark 2. Ifa>0,a#1 and a* =y, then y is positive for every value of r. ‘Also, a* = y implies log, y = x. « Logarithm is defined only for positive numbers. Remark 3. Ifa > 0,4 1, y > 0, then log, y is that number (x) for which a* = y. Remark 4, Logarithms of zero and negative numbers are not defined. For example, the expressions log, 0 , log, (- 7), log, (2— J) are meaningless. Remark 5, We have log, 625 = 4, because (5)* = 625. log, 625 = 4 is called the logarithmic form of (5)' = 625. (5) = 625 is called the exponential form of log, 625 = 4, 6.3. UNIQUENESS OF LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER: Leta>0,a#l,y>0. -. log, y is defined. If possible, let log, y =x, and log, y =x, a%=y and a¥=y 89a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LOGARITHMS. 101 (0.4¥ = 0.0256 ire (i) -(i5) > =-« Example 5. Find the value of x if log, (x? - 1) = log, 8. Sol. We have log, (x? - 1) = log, 8. = stole = 2729 => ra+8, (i) Wehave log, , 0.0256 ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule. Ifa>0,a#1anda*=y, then log, y =x. Rule IL. jog, =, = log, x» implies x, = x». Rule lL. (og, 120 Uidiog,a = 1. EXERCISE 6.1 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Show that (27)47 = z and express it in the logarithmic form. Find the values of the following @) Logs (ii) log, (iD tog, S82 tiv) log, YF 3. Find the values of the following : @) log, 243 4a) 1og,, (0.001) (iii) log gg 18 Civ) logy, 243 (0) love pg 324 (vi) Loge ; 0-008 (vil) log, 15 (biti) log, r# 4. Find the value of x from the following equations ogy & (i) log, x = - 8 (Gai) log, BL = 4 Gorton, (2) <= (o) tog, 32.= (vi) log yy 273 =x (vii) logy 2 = 3 (wild) log, x = 4. G. [f logy, (a? — 4a + 5) = 0, then show that a = 2. Show that log, (log, (log, 16)) = 1. Answers L aod wo iy 3 co) a 5 2 «a8 te) 7 wd (wi eb gon , ad Zs ' (ity 5 iti 4 4.6032 5 Git) 8 (iv) =4 (w) 16 (vi) = ¥ (vii) 0.008 (wiié) 0.0256. 4a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LOGARITHMS Example 6. Ifa? + b¥ 2 7ab, show that or 28 Sol. if if if tog [224 =F cope +109 b) woe 22] 2 J hog + log bi log [se . Frog ea (Using product formula on B.S] ves [*¢ *]- log (aby {Using power formula nlog, m = log, 2") 2 age = (ab) or if a = (a+6)? = Sab or if a? +b? + 2ab=9ab a? +5? = Tab, which is given tobetrue, +. The result holds. Example 7. Ifa! + b* = ab(8 -3a—3b), show that a+b oT og 25> = 5 flog 0 + Tog 8). Sol. Wehave a9 + 63 = ab( — 3a - 36). > => = 5 +63 =8ab-9a7b-3ab? = a+ 63+ 90% + Bab? = Bab (a+bP=8ab = eo =ab => ton (222 2) ato ot sloga+logh = tog “22 = jMlog a + loz). Example 8. Solve the equation : log (x + 4) = log 7 = 3 log 2 log ( + 6). Sol. Wehave log (x + 4) log 7 = 3 log 2 = log (x + 5). => log a = log (2)°— log (x + 5) xrt4 8 eee lg slog 8 7 (e+ 4)G+5)=56 => 29+9:-36=0 x= 12,3 xe-12 = loge + Owing (1244) log (~ 8), which is not defined. x =~ 12is rejected. Example 9. Find x if Z Log yg (11 + 47) = log yo (2 + 2). Sol. We have F tog0 (11 + 4/7) = logy, (2 +2)a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.108 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 8 10, Ik 13. Mu 18. 8) Show that. lop, 252 logy 8 + logy, 18 = 2. 32 (i) Show that log 7 — 2g § tog 32 = tog 2. sis 16 25 81 (ii) Show that logy 2+ 16 logis f= +12 l0Ri9 37 +7 login ga = 2: 2 z iM 7 3 Gu) Show that 5 logy 7 +4 logig 5 +6 logy “y+ logy 7, +4 lone 75 =O. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Solve the following equations : ) log (4 ~ 3) = log (x + 19+ log 3 Cid og x= tog 3 +2 og 2 — 4 log 16 (iti) log 2 + log Gr + 2)— log (Ae -5) = log 3 (iv) logx = 2 log 3+ 3 log 25 log 7. Wlog =F =3 (og. + log y), show that x = y. Ifa? + 6? = Tab, show that : {i} 2 log (a +b) = 2 log 3 + log a + log b (ii) 2 log (a= 6) = log 5 + loga + log 5. Show that loga + log.a?+loga?+...... + loga" = hin ik aa poe gn Ifa, 5, ¢ are three consecutive natural numbers, then show that log (1 + ac) = 2 log b Show that: Gi) logy a log, 6 x log, c= 1 (ii) log, 3 x log, 4 « log, 6 x log, 6 x log, 7 x log, B= 3. Show that : 1 i 1 ° Tolig Goal * Tog, Goal * To Ge) "7 1 1 1 1 |) ————. # ———___ + ——__4- Tog, abed * Togpabed ~ log, abed * logy abed aln+ Dloga. ek i 2 Solve :log,# + log, = +logg*= 7 Prove that : G) log, mnp = log, m + log, n + log, p (ii) log, tui og, = PS Important Remark. It should always be remembered that logarithm of a number without a. bese does not make any sense. In the sbove problems, if ‘base’ is not mentioned with logarithms: in any problem, then it is understood. that the same positive number different from:‘I’ is theLOGARITHMS 109 ae Answers (i) 8 log x-2 logy - 4 log 2 Ga) loge + r Jom y ~ Flow 2 m 3 ay 2 w. we : (oy ~} 0.6020,09090 4.6 wo 2 tain 2 45 (iw) 7 14. 8. Hints Use log 4 = log (2)* = 2 log 2. Gi) log, (1 + 2 + 3) = log,6 = log, (1.2.3). (iii) RIES, = (log 7 + log 5) — (log 2 + log 3 + log 13) = log (7 x 5) — log (2 x 3 x 13) = log 35 — log 78. LHS. = logy 2 + 16 (logyy 2! —logyg (3 x 6)) + 12 (og, 5? — log 1, (2° x 39) +7 (logy 3 ~ log,,(2* x 5)) We have log =** =tog Jay => 72% = Jay > Weyi=dey = G-y)F=0. (ii) LS, = log (a — bY? = log (a? + b? - 2ab) = log (Tab - 2ab) nine) — xbay-loee ylge=loes lg s—leny = 3, if log [xher- lens, yines— logs zlors— len) = Jog 1. ive, if Gog.y—log 2) log = + (log z ~ log x) log y + (log x- logy) log 2 = 0 he, if logy log x - log 2 log x + log z logy — log logy + log x log = - log y log z = 0, We have b=a + Lande =a +2 1 Use: ——"__ ok 7 Use Stay ~ ton Use log, x = (log,, xXlog, 16) =4 logy, and log, = = (log,,2)(log, 16) = 2 log,,= . Equation reduces to 7 logy = 2, Il. COMMON LOGARITHMS Use l+24+3+...0+n8 6.9. DEFINITION OF COMMON LOGARITHM The logarithms to the base ‘10’ are called common logarithms. Tn all practical calculations, common logarithms are used. In the rest of the present chapter, we shall be discussing and using only the common logarithms and thus if no base is mentioned with logarithm of a number, it would be taken to be as ‘1(’,110 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 88 or or Example 1. Given log 2 = 0.30103, calculate log 5. Sol. log 5 means log, 5. log 5 = log, 5 = loge = 1og yp 10 - logy, 2 = l= logy bs logy) 10= 1) = 1-0.30103 = 0.69807, Example 2. Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, find log 360. Sol, We have 360 = 86 x 10= 4 9 x 10 = 2? x 3? x 10, a Jog 360 = log (2# x 3? x 10) = log (2) + log (3)? + log 10 log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 10 = 2 (0.3010) + (0.4771) + 1 = 0.6020 + 0.9542 + 1 = 2.5562, Example 3. Given log 2 = 0.9010, log 3 = 0.4771; find log (0.405}'"*, 1 405 1 81 Sol, Jog (0.405)? = 5 1B F000 = 5 08 350 #1 a log = [og 3‘ - log (2 x 10°) a 20°" 2x10? 1 1 -3 [4 log 3 = (log 2 + fog 107)] = 2 [4 log 3 — log 2-2 log 10) = 3 [4(0.4771)} - (0.3010) - 2 x 1] =} [1.9084 - 2.3010) = 3 (— 0.3926) = - 0.1963. Example 4. if log 2 = 0.3010300 and log 3 = 0.4771213, then show that 4" (2 3) > 100000. 1000 Sol. (2} > 290000 if tog (1-2.)"" >10g 100000. or if 1000 log 1 > log 10° if oe (1) > log 1 or 1000 log 157 > log 1 1000 log #4 55 1ag-10 = or if 1000 log Ys seci 80 2° x10 1000/4 log 3 ~ 3 log 2= log 10) > 6 1000 [4 x 0.4771213 - 3 x 0.9010300- 1] >5 1000 [1.908452 — 0.9020900-- 1} > 5 1000 [1.9084852 -1.9020900] > 5 1000 x 0.0083952 > 5 5.3952 > 5, which is true. Hence the result. RRR RRLOGARITHMS WwW L EXERGISE 6.3 ‘VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Given log 2 = 0.3010, find : CB) logy, G4 Gi) log Eo (Hit) log 0.0008 (iv) logy 25. Given log 2 = 0.30108, log 8 = 0.47712, find log 162. (4) Given logy, 2 = 0.3010, log,, 9 = 0.4771 ; find log, 218, ii) Given log 2 = 0.20103, log 2 = 0.47712, find log 360, SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Given log 2 = 0.30103 and log 7 = 0.845098, find : ay? 4 site) tial $s) Given logya 2 = 0.30108, log), 3 = 0.47712, log,, 7 = 0.545098 ; find = WW) logy, 162 Gi) log, (2056) (ii) log Given log 4 = 0.60206, log 3 = 0.47712, find log ¥O.00018 . v Given lo 2 = 0301090 ano 8 = 0477122, thn nao (32) wa Given log 2 = 0.3010300, log 2 = 0.4771218, log 7 = 0,8450980; find log (03) E Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771 ; solve the equation 2*. 3% = 100. 100, Given log 2 = 0.3010300, log 8 = 04771213 and log 7 = 0,8450980, show that (: z) > 100. Answera i) 1.808 (ii) 0.5920 (iit) — 3.3010 (iv) 1.55 2, 2.20051 (i) 3.3895 (ii) 2.5563 4.()-0.66617 i) 0.458092 (@) 2.20951 Gi) 0.66269 (iii) 2.212894 6. - 0.46809 7. 0.264 13695 0.056352 ® 1.593. Hints (iii) log 0.0005 = log Es aloe 5 * = log 1 ~ log (2 « 1000) = 0 ~ Gog 2 + 3) Jog 925 _ logjp 100 ~ 2 logy 2 = Go) og, 38 = Te Sogo 2 1 1a a) axa? log YOODOIS = 5 toe 5 = 5 lee A = j flow 2+ 2 log a ~ 5 log 10} Also log 2 = log JZ = 3 log a = 3 = (0.60206) = 0.30108.112 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI shee va B 1 35 21 =|) sibg ==! 7-3 log 3] tor(1 3) gE op = gine 8 + log 7 Blog 3] ® 2. F= 100 = log 2 + log 2* = log 100 2 = =llog2+2bog8)=2 = x=. 6.10, TWO PARTS OF COMMON LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER ‘The logarithm of a number (positive of course) consists of two parts : characteristic and mantissa. 6.11. CHARACTERISTIC ‘The integral part of the logarithm of a number, after expressing the decimal part as non-negative (if already not so), is called the characteristic of the logarithm of the number The characteristic of the logarithm of a number is either positive or zere or negative: () If log x = 4.3729, then characteristic of log x = 4. (ii) If log y = — 2.8719, then we write logy = — 2- 0.8719 = (— 2-1) + (1 - 0.8719) = 31281 and say that tho characteristic of log y = — 3. Note. 3.1281 means that the integral part 2 is negative and the decimal part .1281 is positive 6.12, METHOD OF FINDING CHARACTERISTIC ‘Case I, Number is equal or greater than 1, ‘We have 10° = 1, 10" = 10, 10? = 100, 10° = 1000 ete. log 2 =0, log 10 = 1, log 100 = 2, log 1000 = 3 ote. Since log 1 = 0, the characteristic of log 1 = 0, ‘The logarithm of any number between 1 and 10 (i.e, a number of one digit in its integral part) lies between 0 and 1 ; hence its characteristic is zero. ‘The logarithm of any number between 10 and 100 (Ze, a number of two digits in its integral part) lies between 1 and 2 ; hence its characteristic is 1. Similarly 2 is the characteristic of the logarithm of any number between 100 and 1000 (ie., a number of three digits in its integral part). In general, (n — 1) is the characteristic of the logarithm of any number of n digits in its integral part. <., The characteristic of the logarithm ofI' is zero and of any number greater than unity is one less than the number of digits in its integral part. Illustrations : @ Characteristic of log 5.39 = 1-1 = 0. (i) Characteristic of log 936.1= 3-152. (iii) Characteristic of log 236987 = 6 - 1 = 5. Case IL Number is positive and less than one. We have 10° = 1, 10-1 = 0.1, 10 = 0,01, 10° = 0,001 ete. ee Jog 1 = 0, log 0.1 = — 1, log 0.01 = ~ 2, log 0,001 = — Sete,LOGARITHMS 13 Thus the logarithm of any number between 0.1 and 1 lies between - i and 0 and is therefore, equal to — 1 + some proper fraction. Chorecteristic = — 1. The logarithm of any number between 0.01 and 0.1 lies between ~ 2 and - 1 and is therefore, equal to - 2 + some proper fraction. Characteristic =~ 2. Similarly, — 3 is the characteristic of the logarithm of any number between 0.001 and 0,01 .e,, a number in which there are two zerus immediately after the decimal point). In general —(n + 1) is the characteristic of the logarithm of'a number in which there are n zeros immediately after the decimal point. ‘The characteristic of the logarithm of any positive number less than 1, is negative and is numerically one more than the number of zeros immediately after the decimal point. Tiustrations: (i) Characteristic of log 0.296 =-(0 + 1)=— L. (ii) Characteristic of lag 0.0’ (+1) (iii) Characteristic of log 0.000693 = Remark. A negative integer —n is also denoted by 7j and is read as ‘n bar’. Caution. 3,637 means - 3 + 0.637 whereas — 3.637 means — 3 ~ 0.637. Example 1. Find the characteristics of the following logarithms = (8) log 37.3 (ii) log 8.0067 (iii) log 23679 (iv) log 87.0967. Sol. (i) 37.3 is greater than 1 and has 2 digits in its integral part. +. Characteristic of log 87.3 = 2-121. (éi) 8.0067 is greater than 1 and has 1 digit in its integral part. .. Characteristic of log 8.0067 = 1-1=0. (iif) 23679 is greater than 1 and has 5 digits in its intogral part. Characteristic of log 23679 = 5-1=4, (iv) 87.0967 is greater than 1 and has 2 digits in its integral part. « Characteristic of log 87.00967 = 2-11. Example 2. Find the characteristic of the following logarithms : (i) log 0.237 (ii) log 0.00087 (iid) log 0.09378 (iv) log 0.000005. (i) 0.237 is a positive number less than 1 and has no zero immediately aftor its decimal point. ©. Characteristic of log 0.237 =-(0+ 1)=-1. (é) 0.00087 is a positive number less than 1 and has 3 zeros immediately after its decimal point. Characteristic of log 0.00087 = —(3 + 1) =-4. 2) 0.09378 is a positive number less than 1 and has one zero immediately after its decimal point. Characteristic of log 0.09378 = — (1+ 1) =-2.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LOGARITH¥S: 115 Sol. (2) 3862 = 3.862 x 108 (153.862 < 10) “ Characteristic of 3862 = Characteristic of 3.862 = 10° = 3. (ii) 4.385 = 4.385 x 10° (1 $ 4.385 < 10) Characteristic of 4.385 = Characteristic of 4.385 x 10° = 0, ity 0.00023 = 2.3 x 10-4 (1$2.3 <10) Characteristic of 0.00023 = Characteristic of 2.3 x 104 = -4. (iv) 0.976 = 3.76 x 10°? (133.76 < 10) Characteristic of 0.376 = Characteristic 3.76 x 10-7! =- 1, WORKING, RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS RuleI. Characteristic of log 1 is 0. Rule. [fx> i, then the characteristic of log x is one less than the nusnber of digits in the integral part of x. Rule IIL, Jf 0 3 < 5. The first-two digits from the left form the number 71, the third digit is @ and the fourth digit is 8. In the table of ‘logarithms’, we run our eye down the extreme left hand column, till we reach the number 71. run our eye down the extreme loft hand column, till wea) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LOGARITHMS 121 teu Te A REMERON ONE SENS A ER ST Characteristic of logx=—3 x contains 2 (= 3 ~ 1) zeros immediately after the decimal point. Mantissa of log x = 8554. In the table of antilogarithms, in the row starting with .85 and under the column headed by 5, the number is 7161. In the same row and under the small column on the right headed by 4, the number is 7. Adding 7 to 7161, we get 7168. Since x contains 2 zeros immediately after the decimal point, we get x =antilog 3g554 = 0.007168. Example 8. Find antilog 5.9414. Sol. Mantissa = 9414. Adding & te 8730, we get 8738. Since, characteristic is 5, the integral part of antilog 5.9414 must have 6(= 5 + 1} digits. Antilog 5.9414 = 873800. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Find the values of the following by using ‘Antilogarithms’ table : 1. Antilog 1.2400 2, Antilog 2.5690 &. Antilog 0.6987 4. Antilog 1.87 5, Antilog 6.972 6, Antilog 8 7. Antilog 12 8. Antilog 3.653 ®. Antilog 4.1236 10. Antilog 3.5999 LL. Antilog (0.7214) 12. Antilog (2.8514), Answers 1, 17.98 2,370.7 3.4.997 4.46.77 5. 9976000 8, 100000000 7, 0.1585 8. 0.004498 9. 0.0001929° 10. 0.03980 TL, 0.1900 12, 0.002809.122 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Hints Antilog (- 0.7214) = Antilog La7e6 4486. © Antilog (~ 2.5514) = Antilog 3.4486. Wi. -0.7214s~141-0.7214 = La7e6 12, -2.5514 = -2~ 5514 =-3+ 1-551 6.18. APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMS TO PROBLEMS OF COMPOUND INTEREST, GROWTH AND DECAY (DEPRECIATION) ‘The technique of logarithms is used to simplify the algebraic calculation ta a great extent. The nth root of a number can also be found out very easily by using logarithms. Example 1. Find the seventh root of 0.00001427. Sol. Let x= (0,00001427)". ‘Taking logarithms of beth sides, we got Jog x = log (0.00001427)7 = og (0.00001427) 46. ye tes 40.1545) = 7(5.1645) = 75+ 0. = 75-2424 0.1645) (Note this step) = 2-7 +2.1548) =-1 + 302.3606) = -1+ 0.9078 = 1.3078 m x = antilog (7.3078) = 0.2092. Example 2. Find x, if I log x = 2 log 3+ 3 log 8 ~ log 7. Sol. We have log = 2 log 3 + log 5 log 7. log = = (0.4771) + + (0.6990) — 0.8451 = 0.3421 x = antilog 0.3421 = 2.199, (\oeas 17) v6") (3126 + Ysa3 (eas + 11)(/82) (2773) @) (3125 + Y343 “is Veet tog SF = tog v5 Example 8. Evaluate : log Sol. log =log 8+ flog 3 = 0.9081 + 30.4771) = 1.14165."LOGAAITHMS 123 3 Example 4. Evaluate: (64) (3.2) «(6.5) _af__ (45.4)? Bohhet *" Vea xe Taking logarithms of both sides, we get wa? J" 3), (65 (a2)? x(6.5)° 3 °F Gay x(asy 1 = 5 [log (45.4)? — log ((3.2) x (6.5) b= bl (2 log 45.4 -(2 log 3.2 + 3 log 6.5 )} [2 (1.6571) — 2 (0.5052) — 3 (0.8129)] a i s 1 3 0.1349) = - 0.0450 =— 1+ 1-0.0450 = 1.9550 3 x = antilog (1.9550) = 0.9016. _ (3.142)° «(0.078)"* Example 5. Kvaluate : ——-———5-~+—— (0.005) (3.142)° x(0.078)"" (0.005)"* Taking logarithms af both sides, we get (3.142)° x(0.078)"* (0.005)"* = log {(3.142) x (0.078)! — Tog (0.005) Sol. Let log = 3 log (3.142) + Fog (0.078) - Fog (0.005) = 3(0.4972) + J @so20- 3.6090) = 1.49164 5 + 1.8921] - +a +1,6990) (Note this step) = 14916 + 1 +0.6307- 1 - 0.4248 log x = 2.1223 0.4248 = 1.6975 ax = antilog (1.6975) = 49.89.124 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS Example 6. Find the mean proportion between Y47.a and Y2564. Sol. Let x be the mean proportion between 93473 and Y256.4. x= y(¥473 ~¥2564) x= (847.3) (256,4)¥"° log x = log [(347.3)"* (256.4 429] 1 1 = log (347.3)" + log (256.4)/"9 = glee 347.3 + 75 log 256.4 1 1 = gi2-5407) To (2.4088) = 0.42345 + 0.24087 = 0.66432 = = antilog 0.66432 = 4.616, 6.19, FORMULAE RELATING COMPOUND INTEREST, GROWTH AND DECAY (DEPRECIATION) () If P= principal, n = no. of periods, r= rate of interest per period, A = amount after na periods, then per period, P,, = population at the end of n periods, then ry .-R(ie ty (iii) If P, = population at beginning, 1 = no. of periods, = rate of decay of population per period, P, = population at. the end of n periods, then p,=P,{1-"_). 2 Pall] (iv) If Vy = value of « machine at beginning, n = ne. of periods, r= rate of depreciation of machine per period, V, = value of machine at the end of n periods, then v.=¥, (“2 y. Example 7..An investment of Rs. 25,000 carns interest at 9 percent, compounded annually. What will be the value of the investment at the end of § years ? Sol. Investment = Rs. 25,000, rate of interest = 9% p.a., time = 5 years. P= 25,000, r= 9,0 =5. . 5 , r 9 Using aeP(1+ 5) swe get A= 25,000(1+.5.) A= 25,000 « (1.0935 *Mean proportion between numbers a and b is equal tovab -Jog A = log [25,000 x (1.09)5] = log 25,090 + 5 log 1.09 = 4.3979 + 5(0.0374) = 4.5849 “ A= antilog 4.5849 = 38,450 + Value of investment after 5 years = Rs. 38,450, Example 8. If Rs. 1,760 are invested at 9 percent interest per year for 10 years. Find : (a) the interest compounded annually, (&) the interest compounded half yearly and, (ce) the difference between interests obtained in (a) and (b). Sol. (a) Interest compounded annually Principal = Rs, 1,750, rate of interest = 9% p.a., time = 10 years. P=1,750,r=9,n= 10 . 10 Using a=P(15) we get A = 1,750 (+585) . * A= 1,750 x (1.09)! log A = log [1,750 x (1.09)""| = log 1,750 + 10 log 1.09 3.2430 + 10 (0.0374) = 3.617 A= antilog 3.617 = 4,140 Interest = Rs. 4,140 Rs, 1,750 = Rs. 2,390. (6) Interest compounded half yearly Principal = Rs. 1,750, rate of interest = 4.5% (- 3a) per half year, time = 20 (= 10 x 2) half years. s P=1,750, r=4.5, 2=20 U: A=Pip— ne (ing. A= 1,750 « (1.04579 log A = log [1,750 x (1.045) = log 1,750 + 20 log 1.045 = 3.2430 + 20 (0.0191) = 3.625 He A= antilog 3,625 = 4,217 :. Interest = Rs. 4,217 — Rs. 1,750 = Rs, 2,467. (c) Difference of interests = Rs. 2,467 ~ Rs. 2,390 = Rs. 77. Example 9.Af what rate percent will Rs. 1,000 amount to Rs. 1,500 in 12 years at compound interest F Sol. Principal = Rs. 1,000, amount = Rs. 1,500, time = 12 years, os P= 1,000, A= 1,500, n = 12. Let rate of interest be r% p.a. we get A= 1,750 (83° é 12 Usi A=P za it 1,500 = 1,000 ——| . sing (ig) we get 1,5 (14355) = (ss) = i 15a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LOGARITHMS: 127 pee si RSA = AL [log 3.7 +5 log 10+ 2 log 0.95 + 3 log 0.9] = AL (0.6682 + 5(1) + 27.9777) + (7.9542 )} AL (0.6682 + 5 + 2(— 1) +2 (0.9777) +8 (1) + 8(0.9542)1 = AL [5.3862] = 243900 = 2.433 « 108. Price of car after 5 years = Rs. 2.493 = 105, Example 13. The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 7% p.a. If the present 2 value of the machine is Rs, 70,250, find its valwe after ora years. ol. Present value of machine = Rs. 70,250, rate of depreciation = 7% p.a., time = a Vp = 70,250, 7, = 7,rg= 7x 7 = 5.25, ny =4,n,=1. ee 4 i ay" 2)" i ( a Using V, = Vo ( a ( i00) °¥* have V,, = 70,250 ” V,, = 70,280 (0.93) (0.9475) AL flog 70,250 (0.93)! (0.9475)] AL [log 70,250 + 4 log 0.93 + log 0.9475] = AL [4.8466 + 4 (1.9688) + 1.9765) = AL [4.8466 + 4 (1) + 4 (0.9685)— 1 + 0.9765) LL [4.6971] = 49,780. 2. Value of machine after ab years = Rs. 49,780. EXERCISE 6.7 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Find the square root of 0.6254. ‘2. Find the fifth root of 8.0125. 3. Find the fifth root of 0.096, 4. Find the seventh root of 0.02487. an? $730 5, Find the logarithm of the expression : >= SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Using logarithms, compute the following (Q. No. 6@—13) : ve 870.0021 sigan a (g-284xe24) 8. 7. (38.56)! » (79.98) 8. Sone 8 (435)? x J0056 ro, [6873200345 ii (62.24)¥? x1525)/2 . «ga0)* “y (@ase)* “ @0004)128 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi 12, 14. 15, 16, 1% 18, 19. 22. (e234)”® x (62.34)? 49, (35000 (452) (a.006aaa)7 4 xe (6.234 (64.25"° x ‘¥525 Find the value of N when x = 3362 in the followin, 2 keawew sasesaeemt Ifan amount of Ra. 572 is invested at 10% per year interest, compounded every year for 5 years, what is the amount realized at the end of 5 years? Find how many years it will take the sum of Rs. 95,000 to double when invested at 4% p.o. compounded half yearly. Asum ofmoney amounts of Rs. 10,000 in 2 years and Rs. 10,948 in 3 years at compound interest which ia being compounded annually, Find the sum and rate percent per annum. At what rate percont compound interest, will Rs. 15,640 yield Rs. 1,950 compound interest in 3 years? ‘At what rate pereent compound interest, will money double itself in 6 years ? At what rate pereent compound interest, will Ra, 5,000 will become Ra, 17,000 in 25 years ? ‘The population of a city grows at the rate of 1.87% p.a. If the present population ia 1,20,680, find ‘its population after 8 years. ‘The population of a city is growing at the rate of 3.76% p.a. If the present population is 6,00,000, find its population after 6 + years. ‘The population of a village is decreasing at the rate of 1% p.a. If the present population is 6,490, find its population after 24 years, ‘Tho value ofa machine deprociates at the rate of 83% p.a.If the present value of the machine is Rs, 25,00,000, find its value after 54 years, ‘Through depreciation, an automobile loses 20% per year of its values at the beginning of the year. If the original cost of on automobile was Rs. 36,000, determine its value at the end of five years A machine purchased for Rs. 20,000 depreciates at the rate of 5% per annum, the depreciation being worked out on the value of the machine at the beginning of the year, Find its depreciated value after 7 years. ‘A machine costing Ra. 5,000 depreciates each year by 4% of its value at. the beginning of the year. Find the value of the machine after 4 years, ‘The bacteria in a culture grows at 4% per hour of what it had been at the beginning of the hour. If the original count of bacteria in the culture at 8 a.m. on a day was 1.5 x 107, find the count at 12 noon. ‘The value of a machine at present is Rs. 41,000 and its serap value after some period is Ra, 25,560, If the annual depreciation is 14.6%, find the life of the machine. ‘The compound interest.on Rs. 2,000 at 9% per annum, compounded annually, fora certain period is Re. 4,735. Find the time period. ‘At what rate per cent per annum will Ra. 100 amount to Rs. 126 in 3 years at compound interest which is being compounded annually ? In the 1991 census, the population of Delhi was 9.4 x 10°. If the population inercases at the rate of 2% every year, what would be the population in 2001 ? ‘The population of Haryana in 1991 was 17.8 x 107, If the annu 2.5%, what will be its population after 10 years ? rate of growth in Haryana isLOGARITHNS. 129 34, 35, 36. 16. 19. 2. ‘The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 14.3% p.a. Ifthe present value of the machine is Rs, 80,000, find its value after 33 years, Find the approximate radius of a sphere whose volume is 139.9 cm’. ‘Use Hera’s formula to find area of a triangle having sides of lengths 87 m, 63 m and 46 m. Answers: 0.7909 2. 1.517 9. 0.6259 4, 0.6189 §. 264.2 4.299 7.22.2 8, 590.5 9.0,0009942 10. 0.299 358.6 12. 6,63,900 13. 0.002594 14, 0,000000001052 Rs. 921.2 16. ne years 17. Rs. 8,341, 9.48% pa. 18. 4% pn 23%pa 20. 5.1% pa. 21. 1,39,800 22, 6,29,900 28. 6,927 Rs.15,82,000 25. Rs, 11,800 28. Rs, 13,850 27. Rs. 72,210 28, 1.754 x 107 3 years 30. 10 years, BL 1TT% $2.1.146% 10% = 33, 2.277 « 108 Rs, 46,760 85.9: 221cm 86, 1,240 Hints. Let = x = (0,096) 1 =. 1 =, logs = 5 108 0.096 = 2 E9625) = 5 (5 + 3.9829) =~ 1 + 0.79646 = T796848 x= AL (1.79646) = 0.6259, log N= log 0.00603 — 2 log 4.6378 — 1.2 log 3362 ~ 3 log 2.5, = 5.7808 - 2(0,6663) ~ 1,2 (3.5266) - 3(0,3979) = — 3 + 0.7803 - 1.9926 ~ 4,23192 ~ 1.1997 = - 8.97792 = 9.02208, N= AL (9.02208) = 0.000000001052, Let the number of years be 2. ane : since 26000 (1-22 )" = 2ac.aeh = tag t ete ng 18 log 2 3010 _ g010 Zilog 1.02 ~ (0.0086) 172 * Lot the rate of interest be r% p.a. 6 200 « 100 [1+ 75) = 100 = AL (log 2". = as 6 } = leg" a Reqd. population = 1,20,680 (a a = 1,20,680 (1.018715 = AL (log 1,20,680 + 8 log 1.0187) = AL, (5.0816 + 8(0.0080)) = AL 5.1456 = 1,89,800. 1. wy Regd. population = 6490 0-3 (-4) = 6490 (0.997 (0.995) = AL (log 6490 + 2 log 0.99 + log 0.995) = AL (3.8122 + 2 (1.9956) + 1.9978) = AL 3.8012 = 6327,130 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Zonioor (0.92) (0.96) = AL (log 25,00,000 + 5 log 0.92 + log 0.96) = AL (6.9979 + 5(1.9638) + 1.9823) = AL 6.1992 = 16,82,000. 28, Regd. count of bacteria 21.5% 107 (a i] = 1.5 10" x (1.04) = AL (log 1.5 + 7 log 10 + 4 log 1.04) = AL (0.1761 + 7 + 4(0.0170)) = AL 7.2441 = 1.754 = 107, 20. Let the life of machine ben years. og 25,560 = log 41,000 + n log 0.884 in log 25,560 ~ log 41,000 _ 4.4075 ~ 4.6128 _ - 0.2053 log 0.854 1.9315, 38. $wter99 = tetssex dnt aa - v= [HBgxat) ~ at} dog1s8e + tog 21 tag 0) 88 3 96 Let g=57,b=63,c=45. 3 = 22848 aps Area = Ys(s-a)(s— Bie -c),7 Complex Numbers 7.1. INTRODUCTION We know that the square of a real number is always non-negative, thus no real number can satisfy an oquation of the type? + # = 0, where# > 0. This shows the inadequacy of the real number system R. Ewer was the first mathematician to use the symbol, for 1, with the property i2 =~ 1, The symbol '? is called tota. The definition of i made us able to talk about the square root of negative real numbers. We havo, for example, (= 16 = 71.6 si. 424i (36 = Ji V86 =i .6 = 6: Example 1. Evaluate the following : Gi) (= 16 VBE (a) (9 FB. Sol. (i) (—16 J25 =(J=1V16 )5 =i. 4)5 = 201, Gi) JF HTB = (19) 1 VTE) = 306, 4) = 127? = 12-12, Remark. It is incorrect to write {=9 J-16 = J 9-18) = Jisd = 12, because the result vz Jy = fry is true only when at lenst one of x and y is non-negative. 7.2, INTEGRAL POWERS OF i Wehave isy=1, ®=-1 Petxia-Dxi= ioand it=@xA@=o@ Ix) =1. For any n éN, the value of i* is found by dividing n by 4 and then using the values of ®, iF and i For any n ¢ N, the value of is found by writing this as > F Example 2. Bvaluate the following : wi” anre. Sol. (i) We have 39 = 4(9) +3. nd solving i*. GY -a=(D8-O=1- =i. sites.132 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 7.3. DEFINITION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Ifx and y are any real numbers, then the symbol x + iy is ealled a complex number. ‘The set of complex numbers is denoted by C. Cek+iyizyeR, isv-1), For example, 2 + 3i, 4+ (j-2)i, 0 + Gi, 4+ Oi are complex numbers. We identify the complex number a + i0, a € R with the real number a. Under this identification, the sct of real numbers is a proper subset of the set of complex numbers. The inclusion is proper, because there exists complex numbers like 2 + 5i, which are not identifi- able with any real number. Thus, Rc C. Remark 1, In complex numbers, the order relations ‘is greater than’ and ‘is less than’ are not defined ie., for complex numbers z, and zy, we do not have statements like 2, > 29 oF 21 < 2p Remark 2. The complex number ‘0 + (iis called the zero of the complex number system and is denoted by ‘0’. 7.4. REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Ifz =a + ib ,a, 6 € Ris a complex number, then the real numbers and 6 are respee- tively called the real part and imaginary part of the complex number z. ‘The real part of z is written as ‘Re (z) and the imaginary part of z is written as ‘Im (2). « Ifz=e+ibja,0¢ R, then Re (z) =a and Im(z)=b. For example, the real part of the complex number 7 + 9/ is 7 and imaginary art is 9. Equivalently, z= 7 + 9i implies Re (z) = 7 and Im (2) = 9. If the imaginary part of a complex number is 0, then the complex number is called purely real. Similarly, we say a complex number to be purely imaginary if its real part is 0. For example, the complex numbers 4 + 0i, 0 -7i are respectively purely real and purely imaginary. Remark. When a complex number is taken asa + ib, then it is generally understood thata, 6 sre real numbers, Example 3. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following complex numbers : 3-4 (7 (iii) — 58 (iv) 1-27, Sol. (i) Let z = 3 ~ 4i. 6 Eade Mi. » Re(z)=8 and Im(z)=—4. Letz =7. AS 274i. . Re(z)=7 and Im (z)=0. (iii) Let z = — 5é. 2 2e0+(-5) - Re(@)=OandIm(z)=-5. (iv) Let z 2 1-277. ge 1-2-1)2383+0i. Re (2) = S$ and Im (2) = 0. 7.5. EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ‘Two complex numbers are said to be equal if their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. Symbolically, a +ib=c +id if and only ifa =¢, 8 =d. Thus, ifx+iy=4-3i, then x= dandy=-3.COMPLEX NUMBERS. 133 Example 4. Find the values of x and y if i i Ts . (fete) Saeco 11) 3, : Sol. We have (3+-39) + 7ybe 8+ BE By equality of eomplex numbers, we have lot 3 greg ofl) and q778 (2) 20 (2) = yey Putting this value of y in (1), we get 2 2 - dye-aeSn-3 3 a""4 > x=-4,y = 20/3, 7.6. CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Ifz =x-+ iy ;x,y € Ris a complex number then the complex number x ~ iy is called the conjugate of x + jy. The conjugate of the complex number z is denoted by 2. Thus, we have z+ =x-iy x ye R. Ifz, is conjugate of z,, then z, is conjugate of z,. The conjugate complex numbers differ only in signs of their imaginary parts. For example, the complex numbers 7 - 3i and 7 + Si are conjugate of each other and we may write 7+3i=7-8) and 7-5) =7+3), Example 5, Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers : (2 +8 Gig (iid) — 38 (iu) 1 - 218, Sol. (i) 245i 2-5: Gi) d= 4405 4-08 Gi)= Bi = 0-3 204 8i = 81. (iv) 1 = 24 = 1 = 269) = 1- 2K = 1 +259 = 8 +0. 2 1-2f 2 3¥0is9-01=3. Example 6, For what real values of x and y, are the numbers — 3 + ixty and 2° 4 + 4i conjugate complex numbers ? Sol. Let -34 ixty = x7 444i. A B+ itty ext y— 4h Equating real and imaginary parts, we get —Bextty eal) and xty=—4 (2) Qs yo-3-x? Putting this value ofy in (2), we get x%-3-x%)=-4 ie, xf+dr?-420134 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi =32vovi8 -925 2 ” als 7 yp -4, atel = xe21 and y=-3-2 getlyn4. 22 =~ 4 in impossible, because: i a real oumaber. o geatly=-4 7.7, MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Ifz == + iy;x,y € Ris a complex number, then the real number qx? + y* is called the modulus of x + iy. The modulus of the complex number z is denoted by | z |. Thus, wehave | x+iy | = Ja? +5? The modulus of a complex number is always a non-negative real number, For example, if'z = 5 — 12; then Jz | = | 5-12: | = Jt)? +(- 19)" = J254 144 = 13, Example 7. Find the modulus of the following complex numbers : W347i Gi1-# (ii) (iv) 9 + 3:7, Sol. (i) | 347i | = fa)? +(n? = 9449 = it T-fe1-Ci-t4i os [1-#® | =| 148] = /@?+a = [S| =| 5+08] = (or +O" = /35 = 5. iv) 9497 =9 + 804M) = 94+ 9-2) = 9-3 [943i | =| 9-31] = JO +3) = J81+5 = /00 = 3,10. Example 8. if z, and 2, are two complex numbers such that |-2, | = | 2p |, then is it necessary thatz,=z, ? Sol. Let 2,=0+ibandz,=c+id. |e, |=] 2, | implies fat +6? = Joh +d? or a+b ¥=ched? (1) (1) cannot imply a=candb=d. .. 2, andz,nced not be equal. Let 2,524 iandz)=2-i ” Jz, | = {@? 4? = 441 25 and | 2, | = +E D = fee des. 2 Lay d= | a | bute, tay. Example 9. [f | z+i | = | 2-i |, findz. Sol. Let gax+iywherexye R, Wehave |z+ij=|z-i] * [@+mtife|@+i-i] = [x+GeDil=|x+0-Di] = WsGen? =f +o-0F = x+y? Le dyaatey+ 1 -2yCOMPLEX NUMBERS 135 = Baty = dymd = ya 2 =x, where x is any real number. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule I. Life ited Rule I. (i) For any n € N, the value of i is found by dividing n by 4 and using the values of #, i and i, (ii) For any ne N, the value of i is found by writing this as 1/i* and solving * Rule Il. If x,y ¢ R, then x+4y is called a complex number, Re (x + iy) =x and Im (e+ bey. Rule IV, a+ ib=c +id implies a = ¢ and 6 =d and this holds only when a, b,e,d¢ R. Rule V.. The conjugate of complex number x + iy (=, y ¢ R) is equal to x — iy. Rule VI. The modulus of complex number x + iy (x, y © R)is equal to Jz? + y? VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Evaluate the following : ara s (ii) JF 38 BT 6 Rs Gey 2 FF, 2, Evaluate the following : ae cae (aay Gop Bt, 3. Evaluate the following : ons wee Geiy io) 4. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following complex numbers = (12438 Gi) 189" titi) 87 + (518 Kin) 5 — 2, &. Find the values of the real numbers x and y if: G) 2+ a44Gi GIT ~si=y +3 Gi) e+ byl = 7 (iv) 2-3? =x -yi, Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers : 6+ Gp — V5 - 471 (ii) 4? iv) — Bi. 7. Find the modulus of the following complex numbers : (i) +108 Gi) 8-2 Gi) 7 (iv) = 31. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 8. Explain the falacy:—1sixieJ-1x J-1-J/CD-D=VI-L 9, Find the values of the real numbers x and y if: () 8x 4 2 — Sy = 6 +39 wa $8) 0-8 Civ) (ay — 201" + (5 - 22N = 0.136 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X1 10, Find Rez, Imz, 2 and | 2 |, if'z is equal to: @s-i Gi) 5?) « TB (i) BET + B Gu) - - BF, 11. For what values of the real numbers x and y, are the numbers 3 + ix’y and a7 + y + 4i conjugate complex numbers ? 12. Solve the equation | 2 | -2= 1+ 2i. Answers L 6 (is) 15-438 (iii) - 28 {iv} - Vd 2 @1 Gai (iid) = 1 tiv) =i 3 @L Gai (iti) 2 tiv) =i 4 12,3 Gi) 0, 18 (i) S97, S19 io) 4,0 5 2,5 (ii) 3,7 (itd) 7,0 tio) 5, 0 6 ()6-Ti Gi) - JE + V7i (is) 4 Gv) Bi % @) fin weit (aii) 7 (ins ® @2,u8 G)G+JDN5R,0 Gi) 43, U8 (iv) 8/2, 23 10. G)3,1,3-i,J10 0, - 12, 124, 12 (ii) 6,5,6- 5i, 61 (iv) 3, 8, 3-81, 7a Wo xea2ys-1 1ae2 3-2, Hints 8 Use the fact that Ja vB = Jab is tru only when at least one of ¢ and b is non-negative. 12. Lete =x +iy, wheres, ye R. [2 | -2= 142i implies fx? + y? — (2+ iy) = 1+ 28 = {Pry -z-land -y=2. 74. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION IN COMPLEX NUMBERS Addition in complex numbers. If ¢ + ib and ¢ +id be two complex numbers, then their sum (a + ib) + (¢ + id) is defined as the complex number (a +c) + {b+ 2). Thus, (a+ ib) + (c+ id) = (m +e) + i(b +d). Remark. The sum of complex numbers can be easily computed by considering complex numbers as binomials : “ (a+ ib)+(c + id) sa+ib+e+id=(+0)+ b+) For example, (1+ 2i)+ (3-4i) = 142i +3-4i=4-2i. Subtraction of complex numbers. If c + ib andc + id be two complex numbers, then. their difference (a + ib)—(c + id) in this order, is defined as (a + ib) + (—{e + id)) where —(c + id) is defined as the complex number (~ c) + i(-d). Thus (a + ib) —(c + id) = (a + ib) + (— le + id)} = (a + ib) + (-c) + (-d)) = (ae) + Hb -d) & (a +ib)-(c+id)= ©) +i(b~d). Forexample, (4 + 34 =(449i)+(-2+i)=24 4. Equivalently, (4+ 3/)-(2-i)2449i-24i=244i.COMPLEX NUMBERS: 437 Example 1, Express the following in the form x+iy, x,y ¢R: (i) (2 ~ Bi) + (7 + GD Gi) (1-17) + G2 4D (ii) (4-9 - (248) (iv) (9427) + (3-15), ‘Sol. (i) (2 = 31) + (7 + Gi) = 2-3 +74 i= 94 Si. GA =7) +P +) = 0-4 OE +) = 1-1-4 C5 +d s(ltD+Seial+i-S+ic-442i. )- +8) = -)- G28 = 4-)-4)e4-i-2-1 22-21, (iii) “a iv) and Ori) +G-2) = 040484512491 Example 2 Find the conjugate and moduius of the following complete numbers : Gi) (2-i) + +6) - 6-3) (ii) (1 + 8) - (44.32) + (7-97) (i) T3464 9 (iu) BFS + Gi 49) + GE- 79. Bol. (0 Let 6 = Ch :<2) 2 + Beh (63a) ea2-i4+24 6-549 =-1+ 81 ivi =-1-8i and | -148i | = fe D? +a? = 5. ~(4+ 32) 417-97) (4-3)+(7-9)=1-i-1-2=-2-1. e-Bei and [2 f=] -2-i| = (Co +en? = V5. 2a(9+i)+6 =9+i+(6+i)-B=7+ 2. Cs 840i =8-0i=8) TrBie7-2 and |z[=|7+2| = V+ = 49rd = (iv) Let 2 = 243i + (61-479) + (6 - 714) we z= (2-3i)+ Gi+4i) + (Gi-7) = (2-3) + 049i + (61-7) 2-3i+0-Si + 6i-7=-5- Gi. =~5+6i and [z|=|-5-6 |= {Cm +C@) = [25496 = Jar 7.9. PROPERTIES OF ADDITION 4-1, The sum of two complex numbers is a complex number, thus C is closed with respect to addition Ae, Let2,-a+ib,2se+ide C. oe zy +2, 4 (a+b) +(e + id)ala +e) +ilb +a) and 2442, = (C+ id) + (a+ ib) =(c +a) +ild +b) =(a40)+ilb +a) s By + my ent ey. +. Addition is commutative.138 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI AB. Letz, =a +ib,2)=0+id, 2 se+ife C. @, +2) +2, = (G+ ib) +e rid +(e +iN=(la +c) +ib +d +le+ip fa+e)se+ille+d}+f) {a + ib) + [le + id) +(e +P) = (a + 1b) + le He) +d +A) sarle+el+ib+idtfPalate)terilb+ed+f (2, +2) +2, #2, + (2, +2). . Addition is associative. Letz=a+ibe C. Then z+O0=(a+ib)4 (04 i0) =(a+0)+b+ 0 eat+ibaz and O42 =(0+10) + (a +76) =(0+a)+H0+5)=a+ib=z ” e+OezeO04z Additive identity exists in C and is given by 0 i.e., 0 + i0. AS, Letz =a+ibe C. * -2=-(a4 ib) =-a+il-b)eC 2+(—z) =(a+ib) + (-a +i{-b)) = (a +(-a)) + ib + (-b) a O+i0=0. Similarly, (-2)42=0. g+(-2) 20=(-z) +2. Additive inverse of a complex number exist in C. Example 8. fz, =2 + 5i, 2, = 1+ 7i, 2, = 4 ~3i, then verify that: and 2,4, #25) (a, tageay tz, Gi), + 2q) +25 22, 4 (2429), Bol.) 2, +2) = (2+ Bi) + (1+ 7 and 2 +2, =(1 + Ti) +(2 +6 ” B, + 0y Ey t Bye (i) @, +2q) #2, = (2 + Si) + (1 + Ti) + (4 - Bi) = (8 + 128) + 4-31) = 74 and 2, + Gy +29) =(2 + Bi) + [(L 4 Ti) + (4-8) = 2+ 5+ +4 = 7491. (a, +2) + zy 2, + Hy + 24) Example 4. Express the following in the form x + iy ;x,y ¢ R. W442 ne N (6 (20? — F) + (12k 4 FG - 87) Bol. (i) i+ i+ i sme HE TH eM tite AD (1 +i4(— 1+ (—d) =i" (0) =0= 04 01. = 2-)-CD = 1-2 = 142i, Gi) 1 +P = 1284+ (= li 10 += is $1 i and 5-2 25-4 = 5- Wi a Bi = 4). Given expression = (1 + 2i) + (11) -(5 +) =142)4Mi-5-i=-4+ 12,COMPLEX NUMBERS 139 WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule I. Complex numbers are added and subtracted by considering the complex num- Rule Il. Ifa, b, cand dare real numbers, then @) (a + ib) ++ id) =(a+e) +ib+d) i) (a + ib) - (e + id) = (a0) + ith - a). Rule Ill, If, 2p 2, are complex numbers, then (2, +2) = 2,42, (zy +29) +2522, 4 (oy +25) Gii)2,+0=2,=0+2, (2,4 (2) =0=(-2) +2, EXERCISE 7.2 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Express the following in the form.x + iy;x,y¢ Ri 4-3) +42) Gi) (@4+)—(4—20. 2. Express the following in the furm x + iy ;x,y¢ R: 2-4 42-9 di) (Bi? + 8) — 8 — 3, Express the following in the form x + iy;x, ye Re: (3 (6 - Ti) (8 + 20 + (6 + 6) Gi) - (6-62) + (1+ 9-B-2, SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4. Express the following in the form x4 iy ;3, 7 € R ). (1 + a? [200 j1000 Gi) 22 + Gi8 + 8118 — BEY + 47% 4 4. 5S. Find the conjugate of the following : (2 + 9) -(4 i) 4 (7 + BF) Gi) (4-279) + FED - (8-14), 6. Find the modulus of the following : (14) +--+ 10) (i) (5 -D + 124+ 7)--d. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 7. We, = 1247, 2,=9~3i, z= 174 4i, then vorify that (2, +2,) +2, = 2, + (2, +z). (2,42, 24,42, Gi) Gay +4) + ay = 2, + Gy Hy). 8. Find the conjugate and modulus of the following complex numbers : @) 742 +(6-)-4-3 Gi) BG) - BFE + (8-1. Answers 1 e-i G5 +3 2-240 UD) 44D & (3-3 Gi)-7 48 4.6) 0408 i) B+ 4 5. (=3 +01 1-7 6.0) JT da 8 @B+4i, 45 Ge 1u, 185.140 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI 7.10. MULTIPLICATION IN COMPLEX NUMBERS Ifa +ib ande +id be two complex numbers, then their product (a + ib\c + id) is defined ag the complex number (ac ~ bd) + lad + bc). Thus, (a+ ib)(c + id) = (ac - bd) + i(ad + be}. Remark. The product of complex numbers can be easily computed by considering complex numbers as binomials. (a + tbMe + id) = ac + iad + tbe + Pod =a + i(ad + be) - be = (ac = bd) + iad + be). For example, (2-86 + 7i) = 12+ 14i— 184-217 = 12-4i + 21 =33~ 4i, Example 1. Express the following in the form x + iy ;x,y ¢ R: WM +i4+ 70 G+ f= 36)(3+2J-81) ii) (1 + 21-37 + 4 (3-0 (iv) (1-8) (2 + 30) + (5 + OS - DD. Sol. (i) (2+ i) (4+ Ti) = 8+ 14d + 4i + 77 = 8 + 18-7 = 1+ 18h Gi) (2+ y= 36) (3+ 2/— Bi) = (2 + Gi} (3 + 2(9i)) = (2 + Gi) (3 + 181) (ii) (14 21-37 + 448-2 ) = 24-81 + Gi— 2? =24-24+2=26- (2+ Bi 2i — 317) 4 (15 - Bi + 31-2?) (2 +i +3) +(15=2i + 1) (5 +i) + (16 - 23) = 21- Example 2. Given that (1 - 6i) 2, - 22, = 3 - 7i, find 2, and zy where 2, and z, are conjugate of each other. Sol, Let z,=04ib;0,beR * 2,=0-ib, iv) (1 - iH + 31) + (5 + D8 -£ We have (L-5i)z,- 22, = 3-71 = (1 - 5i) (a + ib) — a — ib) => @ + ib — Sai — 5bi* - 20 + 2bi = F- Ti > (a + 5b) + Ba + bi = 8-7 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get-a+56=3 and -5a49b=~—7. Selving these equations, we geta=2 and bel. 2y=a4ib=2+i and 2.-a-ib=2-i. 7.11. PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION M-1. The multiplication of two complex numbers is a complex number, thus C ia closed ‘with reapect to multiplication. M-2. It can be easily verified that multiplication is commutative, M3. Let 1,=0+ib,2.=04id,2,-e+ife C. * Gyzgkeg = [la + ibMe + ide + if) = Kae — bd) + ilbe + ad) (e+ i = Mac — bade - (be + ad)/] + ibe + ad)e + (ac — bd lf = (ace ~ bde — bef — adf) + i(bce + ade + acf— bdf) 2 (gt) = (a + ibe + idXe + if] = (a + ib MMce - df) + ide + of) = la{ce — df) — bide + ef) + ilalde + cf) + blee - df}.COMPLEX NUMBERS 141 and and = (ace - adf — bde — bef) + lade + acf + bee — bef) “ (y2g)By = 24(25%4)- ., Multiplication is associative. M-4.Let z=a+ibe C. Then 21s (a+ ib) (1+ 08) =(a,.1-6.0)+ ib. 1+a,0) satibaz, Sisailanty, La-* fs eleualiz Multiplicative identity exists in C and is given by 1 i.e. 1 + 01. M5. Let z =a + ib be a non-zero complex number. At least one of a, b is non-zero. a+ boo . « =»), j Let #-(a53)*( Fh ]ice (e" is defined because a” + 5? 40) Now 2 =(+i0)(3% a’ 2 -(3 +b Similarly, guzel geveler.s Multiplicative inverse of a non-rero complex number exist in C. M-6. It can be easily verified that multiplication is distributive over addition. Example 3. if 2, = 3 + 5i, 2, =4 + 3i,z, = 1 + 64, then verify that : Wz2,=22, Gi) (¢ eye, =e leey Sol. (i) 2yq = (3 + SEA + 92) = 12 + OF + 20i + 157 = 12+ 297-15 =- 39 + 29% zz, = (4+ BENS + Si) = 12 + 208 + OF + 157 = 12 + 29i- 15 =-3 + 29%. ite = Bh (ii) Cayley = 0B + Sid + BE)ICI + Gi) = (12 + BE + 207 + 15801 + Bi) = (12 + 291 — 15X1 + 6i) = (— 3 + 291) (2 + 61) ==3~ 18i + 291 + 174i? =—3 + 11-174 =— 177 + Li. ‘2y(epey) = (B+ BANA + BEL + GED] = (9 + SIVA + 24i + Bi + 1872) = (3 + 5iX4 + 27: - 18) = (3 + SEN 14 + 278) — 424 81i—70i + 1385/7 = — 42 + 11-135 = - 177 + 1. (az), = 2,(2,2,). Example 4. Show that the multiplicative inverse ofa non-zero complex number is unique. Sol. Leta + ib BES HONS ARES RED: 2 at+b?50. ‘We know that =—> za -a is a multiplicative inverse of a + ib. tat a’ + ib’ be shake multiplicative inverse of a + ib. (a + ibMa’ + ib = 14 OF (aa’ ~ 5b’) + i(ba’ +b) = 1+ 08142 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI oe aa’ - bb’ =} oy ba‘ + ab’ =0 vb2) b bx()-ax@) = -bte-a¥ ab = bs-aoe | oo ate a? +b? ax (1)+bx(2) = ada’ + bea’ a a+b? a? +87” ++ ‘The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex number is unique, Remark 1. The multiplicative inverse of complex number z is also denoted by "1. Remark 2. We have seen that the multiplicative inverse of non-zero complex number a + ib is a ib at+b? a? +h?" Jn practical problems, the multiplicative inverse (M.I.) of a non-zero complex number a + ib is calculated as follows : a’+ib’= i i a-ib a ib MiMGre =F apy aft? afab! afb? Example 5. Find the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of the following : W®1-i 4-9 (6+ 60" (iu) (8+ U2 + 5001-0. , dd dee aed Me a Sol. () MJ. of 1-i= = php egg gh os 1 1 L 443i GD ML of4— 9 = Teg = Tai dow * asi 431 “16-97 ~ sie ie oe 1 — i GD MLL of (6 + SE = (7 cam = 3eyabi + e0i ~ Sa~B5+O0I * 11+ 60: 1 M-60r_tt-60!_ 1-60? to * 114608 “11-60: ” I2i-se00! ~ 121+3600 ~ 3721 3721 (ie) (3 + EX2 + 52) (1 i) = (6 + 154 + 2 + 5) (1-1) = (6 + 1-H) -D) = (1+ 1X1 ~i) =1-i+ 17-17? = 1+ 161+ 17 = 18+ 16. of (3 +42 + 51X12) = ML. of 18 + 16 L 118-16 _18-16i_—e-16i_ 8g [a+ lei * 18+ 16: “ 18-16) “ 324-2567" “580” 290 145 * Example 6. If'z, and z, are non-zero complex numbers, then show that (z,2,)"! Sol. ayzy) (ay! ay") = yg) (tet 2g) = lleyzy) 2g ay? =G, (2:20) 21 of, Day sayzyt=1. 1 ag!(COMPLEX NUMBERS 143 nn me AES OT PRA ASS APA Similarly(z,122"}) @ 24) = 1. (a, ayy! = 27 Bt The above result ean also be written as - MI. of ,2, = (MLI. of z,) (MLL. of 2,). Remark. The result of above example can be generalised as follows : Itz, 29, 7.12, INTEGRAL POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS Ifz is any complex number, then for anyn ¢ N, 2” is defined asz.z.2......n times. We define Mel Ifz is any non-zero complex number, then for anyn ¢ N, 2 is defined as (2"1 £e,, the MLL of 2". Remark. We have (2"}! .- 2, are non-zero complex numbers, then (2,29 se. 2,9 = 2,1 Z: ey, where uisamy nccsceto eowiples iumibans Example ‘7. Find the conjugate and modulus of the following complex numbers : (3 BENG + 27 +i) Gi) (1-2 + 0-3-4" (iii) (9 --4i)* (iv) 3-1-3, Bol. (Let 2 = (9— BS + 21K +2) 2=(946i-6f— 421 41) = (94 4X1 +i) = 13+ 132. z= d+ 18 = 18-131 and | 2 | =| 13+ 137 | = fas)? +(13)? = (169+ 169 = 58 = 19v2. (Let = z= +)-(8- 42)" a z= (1—J[(1—dX1 + (9 + 167 - 24i) = (1 = 1-77) = (9 - 16-241) =(1-iX1 + D)-( 7-242) = 2-25 +7 + 241 3 9 4 223, 2 =9+22i 9-221 and fz | =| 9+22 | =)? +2)? = 814484 = /565. (Gi) Let 2=(8-4i)*. os 2 =[(3 — 4i)?]? = (9 + 16/4 - 24i}* = (9 - 16 - 241) = (- 7 - 24" = 49 + 576i? + 396i = 49 — 576 + 396i =~ 527 + 236i. = = =027 +3808 = 827 ~ 836i and | | = | -527 + 386i | = y(-627)" + (636)? = (277720 + 112806 = (350685 = 625. (iv) Let = 2 2 (8-1-8 -, ” z= (8 ~iP)?— [8 — D2] = + 22 Gi) (9 + 2? + Gi)? = (9—1- Gi)? (9— 1 + 62)? = (8 - Bi)? - (8 + Gi)? = (64 + 36# — 961) — (64 + 36%? + 96i) = (64 — 36 — 96i) —(64 — 36 + 967) = (28 — 96i) —(28 + 96i) = 0 - 192i F 20-1982 0+ 192% = 1921 and |z | =| 0-192 | = fo? +192)? = 192.144 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI Example 8. Find the value of x? - dx? - 9x +97 ifx 4+ J7i. Sol. We havex = 4+ V7 i. => x-¢eV7i = x8416-8r=-7 = x?-8r423-0 Dividing x3 — 4x? — 9x + 97 by x? - Sx + 23, we get of — de? — Ox + 97 = (x? — Be + 29M 4) = Or + 4) +5 =5. te 2?-84+23=01 Remark. The required answer could also have been got just by putting x = 4 + V7i in the given expression. Example 9, If (¢ + iy)!" =a # ib, then show that 4(a? - 6?) = ate Sol. We have (+iy) sa + ib. ” [ie + iy)"9)9 = (a + bY = (a +ibP =x+iy = a + Gb? + HaKib\a + ib) =x +i = a3 — ib’ + 310% + Si0b? =x + iy = (a4 - Sab*) + (3a ~ 59) =x + ty = a Sab? =x and 30%-b=y = y a*-3ab? 302-5? ala? - 3b") (gg? — = 242 7 ab a b @ 6 = (a — 3b?) + (3a? — 52) = da? — 4b? = d(a? — 62), + ‘The result holds, ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS RuleL Complex numbers are multiplied by considering the complex numbers as binomials. Rule H. Ifa +ib and c+ id are complex numbers, then fa + ible + id) = ac + iad + ibe + ibd = (ac — bd) + ifact + be). Rule Il. Ifz,, 2» 2, are complex numbers, then 22) =22, (i) (ep pey=2 egy Giz, 1=2,=1.2, (iv) Ifz =a + ib is ¢ non-zero complex number, then zz’ = 1 = 2's a ib where2!= Fe 5T ~ Far (u) zag + 2g) = 2,29 + 2:25. Rule IV. Ifa + ibis a non-zero complex number, then 5 1 a ib Mi ofa vibe iy oa ote Rule V. Ifz is a complex number, then. @z2=1 (ii)2? =2.2.2.....n terms, ae N Gite = 2 ne N (w)z" =@ IP, ne NeCOMPLEX NUMBERS: 145 10. nu 12. 18. Mw Bl 16. 18, ‘If Ge + ip)? = 2 + iv, then show that “ 4 ¥ VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Express the following in the form x + iy; x,y « R: (3 + BENT - BF) (ii) (Qe + 3i + 4716 + 52) ii) (4-8) bn (2-3) (v) (cos 6 + i sin 8)(cos 6 in 6) wi) (1 + i, ‘Show that the real part of (2 + 8iX2~ 3iX1 + i)* is zero. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers : Gi) 3+ BE Gi VE + 3 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Ifa = 3 + 2i and 6 = 3 —2i, then show that a” + ab + b? = 23. If (cos 6+ isin OY = + iy, then show that 2? +y? = 1. Simplify: (0) 5 + ENE - 77 (i) (5 ~ 3/5 + THR (44 Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers : a+ iF Gi) Q-)-(@+50 iii) {04 (8 + 38) (iv) Bi + Gi + 3:16 — Gi + 412, Ifz, and 2, be any complex numbers, then show that : G) Re (2,2,) = Re (e,) Re @,)— Im @,) Im (,) Gi) Im (2,24) = Re @,) Im @,) + Im) Re (z,). ‘Verify that 2,2, = 2,2,, where : Ga, = b+ i, i Gide, = J2 +8i,2,24- J8i. Simplify : te -1-i) @-1+i&+1+@+1-i. Ifx + iy = (a + ib}, show that 2? 4 y= (a! + bi. Show that the product of two complex numbers cannot vanish unlesa at least one of them vanishes. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: Hz, = 1+, 2,2 5,2 = 1-i, verify that (2,23, = zy(e775). Find a complex number which when multiplied by 2 + 5i gives 3 - 7i. fz =—5 + di, show that 2? + 10z + 41 = 0 and hence find the value of 2‘ + 927 + 3527-2+4. Find the value of zt + G2 + 72?—2 + 41, when z = —2—-i 8. dt —y. Iz, =a4 ib, 2,20 +id, 2, =e 4 if, then verify that: Wala, + 2,) = 22, + 2_2, Gi) Gay + 2qhey = 242g + Zaz ¥a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.COMPLEX NUMBERS 149 a rR SC SE ENA (240 ii) Letz= Sar B+i5 460841) B-i+1-6 2410 @ 6-41 +33i-221* tego ~ 348 “Sear * 3-2" 9-47 64291422 28 29 = O44 "337i! 7-3, 3, 8_ 3 ia ia" a Ba, [3025 | ond i1| is rr (3) fas jes “ Vieo 7G. (ie) Leta =.=? + 47? pete Ee Sa- aep ie 1 [1m * 1-ise = (12-20) +H- 15-16) BL 31 9416 "35 Example 5. Find the values of x and y, if Gein ai fae oat a, dati Wiliave (tie | 2— By +i a4i a-i Et =Di | Bye By)i asi 3-5 bee (-2)0 (8-4 [2y +- By B+) _ +iKs =i) ~ s be + Ge - 2) (9-1) + (2y + (1 = By) B+ = 94D o Se + Ge — 2) + i(Bfe — 2) — x) + Gy -— (1 — By) + B(1 - By) + By) = 107 s (4x + By — 3) 4+ 2x — Ty — 9) = 104, ‘Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get 4x +8y-3=0 and 2e-Ty-3= 10. Solving these equations, we getx = 3,y =-1.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.COMPLEX NUMBERS 151 & fel Equating real and imaginary parts, we havea = a zt oot and b= area 523) +f 2c supe ey ei) lead (P+? 40? and 2 -(AV/(s3) b_ te a?+b?=21 and a c-1" ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule I. Quotient of complex numbers is calculate by multiplying and dividing the quotient by the conjugate of the denominator. Rule Il. Ifa +ib and c+ id are complex numbers where ¢ + id is non-zero, then VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Express the following in the form x 4 iy ;x,y€ R: | 243i _, 8+ fod 543i OE oF wri WT | 2. Express the following in the form. + iy W649i) « a+ 40 ) (9-6) i i U2 + Jain + (a — JN (ip (6+ 5) 6-20 ~6 +59 Go ee Jab cE SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 3. Show that 3% « 3-2 ia a rational number. 4. Show that a! 1 (2-BiX7 +81) . © a” Boat =0- Gi) Ter = 18 58k152 GOMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X1 5 3 10, nl. Express the following in the form +iy; xy 6 R: sat ap ea? @ arat © aa ‘Simplify: (iv) 12(c08 10° + i sin 150°) + 3{cos 60" + i sin 60") (2 +31X3+ 2) Bei Find the conjugates of the following complex numbers : , 4+90-0 _, ¥S+ 1m + 5-1 - Ura! LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Find the modulus of the following complex numbers : (4+ H2 +0 _, (+44 +5i) Find the multiplicative inverse of OS (Ger iy LS Mi -iWs w {+2124 Virals * Five ing Teil aa @) Ife is a complex number auch that | 2 | = 1, show that 21 is purely imaginary. What will be your conclusion if'z = 1? (i) Ife is a complex number such that al is purely imaginary, show that | 2 | = 1. Answers wo BB: wo Be Bi (ioy 4 248, aes oZ-5i aw 3-31 un TES | soe, diy f2 0% 1405 wo EB; aa: Gas (uy Me =, (ix) 04 4 1-$-Si aa-2 wa oi a a a2 10.1 (ii) JAI 7 85 (iii) 478 (iw) {78 IL zateo-COMPLEX NUMBERS 183. ete ish RNA ER Hints 3 Toke LCM. 4LHs«—)_-_1_. a-iea 4-1-4 4 yy? s&s @arit taro a-a 1-9 (iii) Take LCM, 12{cos 150° + isin 150°) _ 4(cos 150° + ‘(cou 60° +7 sin 60") cos GO in 160), cos 60° er cos 6” = Aileoa 150° cas 60° + sin 150° sin 60")+ i (sin 150° cus 60° — cot 150° sin 60°) cos? 60" + sin? 6O° _ Alone: (1508 — 60°) +i sin (150% — 60°)] Err 8. (i) Rationalise, (iii) Multiply and divide by (1+ 1, 10, (iii), (iv) Take L.C.M, ML. @) Letz == + iy with z*+y?= 1. eDaily + Doty | (e+ Dey ” &+D- =i elo ‘Also, 2+ Limplies 27 = Tai" 37 G) Let zaasiy. (st ey? D+ Qk iy ela lee" Ga Drip, ee Doiy P+ y*- D4 By zel” Gabe tdi eye ie ee” sioe Re (253) <0, wo haves? o92- 1=0 or yatoy? an 7.14. PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ‘We know that the conjugate ofa complex number is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part ée,, ifa + ib is a complex number then conjugate of a + ib = a+ ib =a ~ib. The following are the properties of conjugates of complex numbers. C-1, The conjugate of a complex number is the complex number itself. Proof. Let 2 =a + ib be a complex number. i =a+ib=d-ib =a+ib =z, C-2, The sum of a complex number and its conjugate is purely real. Proof, Let z =a + ib be a complex number. a E 2a-ib. 242 =(a+ib) +(@-ib) = 2a, whieh is purely real.154 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —Xt aera rec nemeesceseemen Aone CUR RN A (C-3. The difference of a complex number and its conjugate is purely imaginary. (C-4. The product of a complex number and its conjugate is a purely real number and equals the square of the modulus of the complex number i.e., if z is a complex number then zz = | z |*. C-5. A complex number is equal to its conjugate iff it is a purely real number. Proof. Let z=sa+ibacomplexnumber, 3. 2 =a-—ib. Necessity. Let z-3. atibwua-ib = b=-b = 2%=0 = 620. 2=a+ib=@+i0=<, which is purely real. Suton. Let z =a + ib be purely real. b=0 ie, rea+0iza o z Oi=aandwehave z=z. C-6. The conjugate of sum of two complex numbers is equal to sum of their conjugates. Proof. Letz, =a + ib and z, =¢ + id be any two complex numbers. 24+ ay = (a+ ib) +(e +id)=(a+e)+ bed) =(a4c)- Kb +e), Also Ey + % = (a+ib) +(e tid) =(a - 16) + (cid) =(a +) - ib +). 2, +2, =3, 4%, Remark: The above equality an also be extended to n complex nombers by using P.MLL i, it yy 2g vy Fy be any m complex numbers, then we have By teg tae, ® tit th me N C-7. The conjugate of difference of two complex numbers is equal to difference of their conjuga' C8. The au of product of two complex numbers is equal to product of their conjugates. Proof.Let 2, =a+iband 2, =c +id be any two complex numbers. (bc +ad) = (ae — bd) — i{be + ad). =(a-ibMc ~ id) = (ac — bd) + {— be — ad) = (ac — bd) — i(be + ad). Remark, The above equality ean saab estnded ton complex number by sing PM ie, if 2), 2,5 on) 2, be any n complex numbers, then we have Bygone = ByFy wees Bg MEN. Itz is any complex number, then by using P.MLL, we can prove that (a") = 2)", neN, C9. The conjugate of quotient of two complex numbers is equal to the quotient of their conjugates. Proof. Letz, =a +ib and 0 #2, =c +id be any two complex numbers,‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 155 _ (a+ ibhe “Feat wextd, benad actbd _; bead eed tad? ced? bMe-tid) (act bd) +i(- be +ad) idX e4d? Also ched? cad? ‘c+? Si) 21, Zz) 7" Remark. The proofs of C-8, C-4 and C-7 are left for readers aa simple exereises. Example 1. Ifz = 4 4 7i, then verify that : Wise (e+ 7 <2Rez (if)z- % =2iImz Gu)ez =| 2 |*. Sol. We havez =4 + Ti. a) ze4-Ti. 24+ Tiez. wi Zaz 4 =(447i)+(4-T)=8 2Rez = 24) = 8, 2+ =2Rez. (it) 2-2 =(4+7i)—(4-T) = 14i Also, i Imz = 2i(7) = 14i Me z-2=2iIms (iv) 23 =(4+ 1X4 Ti) = 16-281 + 281 — 49/7? = 16 + 49 = 65. Also [2 |? =((@? +0" = 16 +49 = 65 zE=[2 |? Example 2. Ifz,=6+ Tiandz, =1-3i, ie pet at: Waty sherk (i) 2-2, =3,-% (iii) Zp @y = Bye (iv) (2| se. Sol. We have 22640 and 221-9 @ 44 +2q= (6+ 7i)+ (1-81) =7 + 4i LHS, = +h = 744i = 7-4 RWS, = 214 22 = 647i + 1-33 = (6-71) + (14 38) = 7-43 By t2y =H, +B.156 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI i) (iii) (iv) 2y-2, 3(6 + Ti) (Bi) = 8 + 10 LHS, = 3 ~% = 5410) = 5-101 RAS. = 2,-% =6+7i- 1-3 = (6-7i)-(1+ 31) =5- 101 Hy, =H -%, 2425 = (6 + TEM ~ Bi) = 6 — 184 + Ti — 217 = 27 = LH LHS. = ie, = 37-1 =a7+ 1 RHS. = 7% =6+ Ti x 1- (6 = 7iX1 + 3i) = 6 + 18% — Ti 217? = 27 4 Li iif = Bh. 4 6eTi 647 149i 641847042" 154251 38. % " 1-a" 1-38 a@-@r ~~ i ~~3*2! LHS. =|~ RHS. . then show that Im (2) =0.‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 157 Taking conjugates, wo get 725 =(22 ) a+ = es id =ib = x- = g Multiplying (1) and (2), we get +ib a-ib G+ Mei) = ig enid a? i*5? aby = Botts Trae a tevin at Remark. The above question has already been solved without using the properties of conjugates of complex numbers. The reader is advised ta observe the difference between both approachea. a ee Example 8. 1f “5"*— =p + ig, show that p? + q?= "7p. (+i? Sol. We have p +ig= Go AD) Taking conjugates, we get p+iq = ( a2 [sing (27) = 2.2=2.7=()"] ow A2) “9 Multiplying (1) and (2), we get (p + ig\p - ig) = 2" Qe-i * Basi = (a? - i)? @i+1)? ~itg? = SS 24 qh a => pP = iq TF => pt+q? ap Remark, The above question can also be solved by first finding the values ofp and from (1) and then calculating p® + q?. But this method will involve much calculation work. Example 6. if 2 be non-zero complex number, show that (e!} = (@)7!. Sol. Let znxtiy. Since z # 0, we have x? + y?>0.58 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi and @yt= Ext x-iy x-iy xt ey x ay s @)-@". WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rulel. Ifa, 6 € R, then the conjugate of the complex number a + ib is a - ib i.e, a+ib =a-ib. Rule Il. if zis a complex number, then @Wizl=lzl (i)z 42 = 2 Re (e) (iif)2 — 2 = 2¢ Im) Gudzz =| 2 |? @)z= 2 iffim@)=0. Rule IIL ifz, and z, are complex numbers, then Fae 2H th (ii) 2-2, = 2, -% Gi) Zp (iv) 2/2, = %,/%,, provided zy #0. EXERCISE 7.5 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers : (4+ 5) WDleie Peter GTP Guy he 2 Mz =7- ¥2i, then verify that; @iaz (i)2+ 2 =2Rez Giz-2=2ilmz — tindee =] 2 |? 3. Show that the difference of's complex number and its conjugate is a purely imaginary number. 4. Show that the product of complex number and its conjugate is a purely real number and equals | the square of modulus of the complex number. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 3. Show that the conjugate of the difference of two complex numbers is equal to the differonce of their conjugates. 6 Ifz,=1~ Ti and.z, =5 + Bi, then verify that: @ y42g -A+kh @) -m =h-® iid) Zee (ivy a).5, va ( % 7. Ifz,=2+iandz, = 1~3%, find 2,2, and 22,. Verify that these are conjugates of each other.COMPLEX NUMBERS 159 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 8. [fxs iy = ta + ib, show thats? +y?= Gat +B?) ata bt aE , show that (x2 + y2)?@ = oe % a: 10. [fz =2+i + 4i?-6r*, then verify that @@y=e Gi) = GP, 11. Prove that the sum and product of two complex numbers are purely real if and only if these aro conjugate of each ather. Answers L 4-5 Gt wit (io) = 25 7 -14%,-1-7% Hints. a1. Let 2, #a+ib,2)e04 id. fa+ed+i6 +d) and 242, = Cac ~ be) + ilad + be) enib=c+id ie, aze and bed, it. ate) +ilb rd) =2e +0 =% and 1g = Mac ~ bd) + iad + be) = (c8 + dh + ied = de) = 08 + 2, Convervely, let 2, +2, and 2,2, be purcly real. +. 6+d=Oandad + be=0 = ~dandad + ((-die}=Oie, ase, ibse+ids2,and % sc-id eas ibez, 7.15. PROPERTIES OF MODULI* OF COMPLEX NUMBERS We know that the modulus of a complex number is obtained by taking the positive square root of the sum of squares of its real and imaginary parts ie, if'a + ib is a complex number then modulus of a +ib = |a+ib | = Ja? aoF- ‘The following are the properties of moduli of complex numbers. L The modulus of a complex number and its conjugate are equal. Proof. Letz =a + ib be a complex number. Esa~ib. Now |z{=|a+ib| =a? +b? and [2 [= [aio] = fa? +a = fot ae?. ~ fzl=l# |. 11. A complex number is zero if and only if its modulus is zero. Proof. Let z=a+ibbencomplex number. + |z| =a? +b', Let 220, = atib=O = an0,b=0. 6 2] =a? +6? = fotso? =f -0. *Moduli is the plural of the word modulus.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 161 VIL ff z, and 2, are complex numbers, then | 2,2, | = | z, || 23 |+ Proof, Let 2, =a +ib,z,=¢+id. 12,2) | = | (a +ibMe + id) | = | (ae—bd) +i (be + ad) | = Ylae bd)? + (be + ad)* = Ja%e? + 59d? — 2acbd + be? +a°d” + bead = late? + bd? bP ead?) = Ya? +b +a) = fata? . feta? = | zy fle] os Pete b=) 2 fled Remark. The above equality can also be extended ton complex numbers by using P.MLL ie, if 2p Zp, we 2, be any n complex numbers, then we have | 2yey ee By |, 118g fae | 2, pe NL a Ifz is any complex number, then by using P.M. we ean prove that | 2" | VIIL If z, and z, (# 0) are complex numbers, then lz |" ne, a, |_ lat tg | legal” Proof, Lets,=a+ib2,se+ide0. « ct+d#0. a | _|aribd|] | (o+t\e-id)| | (cba) + ilbe - adi | 2 | |e+id |” | te+idve—éd) | ad? | actbd ,,bo-ad| _ Sea? teal “Yl yore? +h'd? + 2acbd + bc? + a*d? — 2beadd ead 3 via? +b? ne? +2) 2 ya? +8? _ lel ef +d” fetsa? 12) _ lel lzel" IX. 2, and x, are complex numbers, then | 2, +2, [S| 2, | + | 2 [- Proof. We have| 2, +2, |2= (2, +2, +25 zy Za (42th) Ge [2 |2=2z) a), +2,F) + 29F) + 29%: = 2,8) +242) + Fy + Fizy) = fe, P+ | 2p Pe 2p + Zz) = | zy [2+ | zy [2 +2 Rozz S]ayl? 4] zy 1? #2 | 222 f= |e, [F4 ] ey +2 12, 1 | a | (| Rees |z |) =(1ay] +] 29)? ls = [2 14/2)? +212, | fz, lZisle) bay tay [7S (| a, 1 + L291 ‘Taking positive square roots, we get | 24+ 2) | S| 2 | + | zy |.162 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI ‘This inequality is called triangle inequality. The above inequality can also be extended ton complex numbers by using P.MLL i.e., if 24,2)... 2, be any n complex numbers, then we have and | ay tg tenet, PEL A, | + | ee | toe te Le, |p DEN. X. Ifz, and z, are complex numbers, then | z,—2, | 2112, | - | z,!L Proof. We havo | 2, =z, |? = (2, —2,) (1 ~ 22) = (2, = 2,2) - 7) 2,5, = 2,2) — 28, 2,0, = 2,7, 422% - (e,F + Fz) = 1a 124 | ay [G24 + Zag) | ay [+ | ay |? 2 Reza) = [ay 12+ Ley 2-2 | 2p |= [zy [2+] P-2 12, ) 1 =e, (P+ |e 1? 2 | 2,Mey, | = Cle, | — De, |- | 2,t? [2,-z, |? 212, | - [2,17 Taking positive square roots, we get | z,-z, | 2112, | = | yt. Example 1. if z = 2 + 5i, then verify that : @Wlz|=1F4 Gi)- || sRezs|z| (ii)-|z | Ltyte2yeataatey?e 1-2y = dy=0 => ¥=0 25+ 0i sx, is purely real. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rulel. Jf a, b« RB, then the modulus of the complex number a + ib is Ja* +57 de, |a+ib | = ya? +67. Rule IL. [fz is a complex number, then @lzl=|z] (ihe =0iff |2 | =0 (iii)- | 2 | SReG@hs|2| (iv)- | z | SIm@s}z] wret = [F sprovideds 0. Rule Ill. Ifz, and z, are complex numbers, then @la,tzy isle l+ tel GD] 2,-2212 112, 1~ bee] Gif) | 29% =| 2, IL 22 | Gv) | 2;/zq | = | 2, | zg | .providedz, #0 (w) f zy +2 [2+ | 2y—2y [2 = 20] 2, |? + | By | VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Find the modutus of the following complex numbers : @) 12 +35 (i) 6 = 124 (iii) = 35 (iv) cos 04 i sin 2 If=5- 71, then verify that: @lzt=| a |simes| 2 to) et-7=y. 3. Find the modulus of following complex numbers by using the property | 2,2, | = | z, || z, | and also without using this property : WU + aKa +30 (a) (7 + 27K - 33). | @-|z|sRezs|z|a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.COMPLEX NUMBERS 169 .. We retain first and fourth combination. a+ ib =4434,-4+3)i 2-4 +3) asib=tM +30. amarpio ds Find the square root of - ¢- 31. Sol. Let the equare root of - 4 Si bee + ib. (a+ibP = -4~ a5 (a? - b?) + (2ab) =- 4-37 ey aba 4 wf) and Qab=-3 AB) Now (a? + 62 = (a? ~ b+ dah? = (— 4 + (- 3) = 25 A at+ ba G: a? +5720) on) 1 ms ‘ai (+) = @=1l > a4 +B: 1 i Qo = ab= = Q = a= 52 -3 3 “a 2 . wet 3; Square rootaat= 4-31 =+( pe EXERCISE 7.7 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the values of @ a i) 2. Find the square roats of: 4 a eB SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Bedi | 2-31 Bod: * 544i 5, Find the square roots of a? = 1 + 2aJ-1. 8. Find the equare roots of =—= 4, Find the square roots of x? — y? —2ixy.170 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 6 Find the square roots of: @ 7-24 Ga+adi. Gis) 21 Gis) 1-i. 7. Ife= 3—4V7i, find the complex numbers 2", z# and square roots of z. 8 Ifz = — 2-2V3i, find the complex numbers 2%, =" and square reats of z. Answers a) 8V5 : », 3; L cy Pi it wei 3 4.26-%) B.sta+i) 6. (i) x (4-33) Gi) (VT + 21) (iii) 2(1+i) -{ 1_|f ‘| 3 47. 103 a . . © ane Taga * aaa ® 87-29 8, -8 + 8/5i, 64, =(1- 9a. Hints 3 Take LCM. A stay? = Diny 2 ot + (ip) - Bally) = iy), Sramremte freeman won ea i =103 + 247: (- ed 9- fine aavte —108- ai * (Caos saat” 7.17. CUBE-ROOTS OF UNITY 7 gs Ret rbe she cate so sf shi 22D > alo 180 =» = Dieter + Ded Either x-1=0 or xt+x+1=0 x-1s0 = xel +1 Bi artls0 = rs 3 2 2 + ps 21, Tie YBI = 1- Vi a 21-57 There isone real cube root 1” and two complex cube roots —1#8 of unity,‘COMPLEX NUMBERS 174 7.18. PROPERTIES OF CUBE-ROOTS OF UNITY (1) The complex cube roots of unity are square of each other. atthe if8 Proof. The complex cube roots of unity are and Now (TEtAS) | ina-2Jai -p-aVai_ -1- Ji ow (2th) JE ES. 4 4 2 (2) The sum of cube-roots of unity is zero. Proof. Sum of cube-raots of unity Kiso (get eee caw n 14S (3) The product of cube-roots of unity is one. Proof. Product of cube-roots of unity 1+i/8) (1-3) ev -va | 2 2 4 a (4) The complex cube-roots of unity are reciprocal of each other. a1 r1- mien (-»?- Proof. We have ——_—— eS =1 “1h .— and 2 1-3 2 2 7.19. THE GREEK LETTER OMEGA (0) The complex cube-root ait of unity is denoted by @ie., 0 = ase a = i; 1+iv3 ‘The other complex eube-root — =i i (4) [By property (1)} ~14iv5 aioe The cube-roots of unity are 1, a, o?, where w= ‘By property (2), the sum of cube-roots of unity is zero. s 1+o407=0. By property (3), the product of cube-roots of unity is one. * L.o.g=1 or a=. =1+ivd Ifm= >, then the cube roots of unity are 1, «, o? and satisfies @1+a+at=o Gi) oF = 1.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 173 Example 5. Show that (a + 60+ cu) + (a + bo + ca) = (2a -b-c)(2b-e-ai(2e-a-d). Sol, Using x3 + ° = (x + Xe + yo?)(r? + yao), we have (a + bw + ca? + (a + bw? + cw)? = [la + bea + cw?) + fa + ba? + con) f(a + Boo + coe + (a + bo? + conden} [la + boo + con? + (a + be? + ew)e0] = [2a + blw + aw) + e(w* + w)) [alo + 07) + b(w? + 0) + cla + a fata + a) + bo? + cw) + olaat + 0] = (2a + (1) +0 {— Li) faf— 1) + Bt 1) + of 2) [at— 1) + b(2) + ef- = (2a -b —c)(—a —b + 2c)(-a + 2b -c¢) = (2a-b-c)(2b-¢ -a)(2e-a-b). is GY” (aay x isda) *hieva} 77% ie (BPS (ee? Example 6. Show that ( -i+v3, i+V3 WB-i V3+i (<2 fei" sa we -43 V3-i° J94i VB+i 0 WB-i _(Baae2v5i "(3414251 "(a+ voi “gel Marrs "a ye . \ 200 (-=5%) +E (PP + fos) = Ot 4 200 = (ea 8 co + (co) 2 = oe Lae = 1 Example 7. If 1, w, ar be the cube roots of unity, prove that (1+ od + OT + WOT + a") ...... 2n factors = 1. Sol. (1 + c)(1 + w?)(1 + co*)(1 + 4) ..... 2n factors: = (1+ ai) + HCL + 41 + oF) = M1 + a1 +o) + 1 +o), = HL + a1 + wi)" = [(— @X- @))" = (oF = 1" = 1, Example 8. Prove thar =2548) (4) -(, ne Re S Sol. We have [24] = } (oP + (uP = ah + Case I. n is o multiple of 3. Let n= Sk, a ot to =o + ot = (ot + (othe 1s he 1412,174 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X1 RE Case Il. n is not a multiple of 3. n= 8k + Lor 3k + 2 for somo integer k. Letn = 3841, > at + = all + aH) = (ea eo + (oP, cot =To+1*. atsa+u=-1 Letn = 3k 42. = eat + ca co + cBOD) (eal co? + (WEP. ca! eV ot+ 1. a. osu%+a@e—1 Example 9. /f a, , yare the cube roots of a negative real number p, then find the value of 22+2B+2Y where x, y, 2 are any three real numbere, spt yy+20 Sol. Letg=-p. = q>0. 2. Cube root ofp = pl = (— gq)! = (— 18 gi = — gt (18 Cube roots of p are —g"*, - q¥? tn, — qua? t (= 1,0, 0%) Leta=-q", p=-q¥e and y=-q' at, xatyB+zy — x(-g9)+y(-9¥? w+ ag Bo) tye t ral Be yy tea” xg lt y-g! wh) ee-gi) at yal +e _ salt yoo +207 wo? (swt yo? +2) xb ye? te wot yo? ez wig EE WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS RuleT. Cube roots of unity (= 13) are 1, ais ii pr =oen Ly Rule I. jfo= SEs x21 IBF hon oF cee +. The values of 1!8 and I, wand w. Rule MT. @) f+ 0+0!« a Gi) oF =. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the values of : 4) 9 (ii) ot Gil) 98 iv) ot, 2% Find the values of : G1 +a + ot Gi) 1+ wy Gil) (ons at Gu) + at, 3. Find the multiplicative inverses of: wo (i 1+ 0 (480) 0 + oot Gv) or.COMPLEX NUMBERS 175, 4 10. i. 12 13. cco 16. 16. 1. 10. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS If 1, @, o* are the cube roots of unity, show that (Q. No, 5-9}: 1 + o- 0) = 64 (i) (+ bus cesta + bu? + cw) = a? +B? 4c? ab be —ca, G) (oa + GRb\ wa + 08) sa? —ab +b! — Gli) (@-wdXa—ab) = a? + ab +B G) = yKew = yo? = ye tay (di) (@ + daw? + buen + bu#) =a +b? OU-o+ w= C+ m-07F =-8 GE) (2 + Geos De?) = (2 + Deo + Gea") = 729, © (1-01 ~ aX 1-090 - of) = 8 GE) (2 ~ oX2 -a? 2 - 0K 2 - w) = 49. 0-04 a+ (140-07 = 32 Gi) (1-04 @Y + (1+ = cat)? = 128, Find the value of : 6 5 1" 1 of FS) (2) wo (5 8) ‘ 18) (iit) (— 14+ (8) +1 - ay ivy CHO, C1 slay a-a ava LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS If 1, «, uF are the cube roots of unity and x=0 + 6, y = aw + but, 2 = au? + bu, then show that : aye = 09 +B Giyxty+e20 (fii) x8 + y? 4 2? = Bab Gv) x9 +98 +24 2 3108 +B). If 1, , o are the cube roots of unity, show that : L-@- a1 -@ +07K1+ a -oF) = 8 Gi) tye aXs tye +20Meryotseo)este yea? aye Ifa. B are the complex cube roots ef unity, show that at + f+ a7 B42 0. Ifa, B are the roots of x2 + x +1=0, find the value of a + [i'n € N. Prove that () 14 af +o = 0, when = 2,4 (ii) 1+ a" +a =3, when n is a multiple of 3. Given z, +2, +2,=A,2, +2,0+2,0°=B, 2, +2, 0% +2, 0=C, find the value of 2,, 2,2, in terms ot, 2, Cand a. Find the eube roots of : we wn (iv) wt wo (iv) 1 wo Go) wat (ew) -64 wei Wezy2AtBeC, a Atal se, At Bis Gel (82, 2w, 207 (i) —8, Iu, — 3a, Hints tia) SENS | 1 FH) | op cant _ 28 | (oti* + tot a ae ea tag “a LF176 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —X1 13 Leto=za@ « Boor, 15. (i) Letn= 3k, 2 Leo + = 1+ oo + oe 1+ (lh + (oP, 16. Simplify A +B +C,A+ Bo? + Cmanda + Bu + Cot. 7.20. ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER Let.2 = x + fy be any non-zero complex number, Let r (> 0) and @ be real numbers such that x + iy =r (cos @ +/ sin 0). 2 By comparing real and imaginary parts, we get x=reos fl) and yersind AB} = ricos?@+r?sin?@ =x? +97 => (cos 0 + sin” 0) =x? + y? = es det +y? Ge r>a) 2) x 5 x 2» QQ) = cs¢=2= wld) and (2) sinQ= 2 = 45) Dividing (6) by (4), we get <> a axt+y? = 7 Fo ia tang = 2 ra @=tant > 6) 1 eal of 0 anttving equations (4) and (6) is called an argument ofz and we write arg (z)= ne equations (4) and (5) are satisfied by infinitely many values of @ and any two values of 6 differ from each other by a multiple of 2x. The equation (6) haa been deduced from equa- tions (4) and (5) so, an argument of z will obviously satisfy equation (6), But the converse may not be true. For example, 1 F let co =~ Fe and sind =~ (6) implics tan 6 = 1 (ere x=-1,y=-1) 1 z Now @ = ; satisfies the equation tan 6 = 1, but none of cos 6 = — Fpanee ‘As a result of equation (3), we may observe that if x+iy=r (coud +isin@),r>0 then ra fe +y? is the modulus of x + iy. The value @ of argument: is called the principal value of the argument if-1<@0,y<0 Gili) oe (o.3}itesoyo0 diyae (En) tx co,y>0, Note. Since e = cos @ + i sin @, the complex number (cos @ + i sin @} can also be written as re, WORKING RULE TO FIND THE ARGUMENT OF NON-ZERO COMPLEX NUMBER x + iy Step 1. Put x + iy =6 (cos 0 +i sin @, r >0. Step IL. Equate real and imaginary parts and get x =rcos@and y =r sin 0. Squaring and adding, we get r= x? +)? Stop II, Solve cos 0 = ~ and sin 0 = * and find the walue of 8, The values of 8 are called arguments of the complex number x + iy and written arg (x + iy). StepIV. The value of argument @ such that -x< 0x is called the principal argument of x + iy and written Arg (x + iy). Example 1. Express the following complex numbers in their polar form : (i) sin 30° + i cos 30° wa 4aJs + di. Sol. (i) sin 30° + i cos 30° = sin (90° = 60°) + i cos (90* = 60") = cos 60° + i sin 60° = 1. (coe $+ isin 2). This is the required polar form. Gin 48 oi ~0f B43] 0 [oon +403) 6 6 This is the required polar form. Example 2. Find the principal argument of the following complex numbers : G2 (ii)-2 Git) Bi (iv) — 2. Sol, (2) Letz=2, o 2=2+0i = 2(1 + OF = Aces 0 +i sin 0) Cx<00 and —x<@ sin = nol) rr 8 2 . . x x (3) and (4) implies 0 = 5. (-=0. Z reoe@=1, rsin@=0 7 (cos? @ + sin? @)=1+0=1 rol, #1 cs = 1 and sin® 1 cos 8 = — 1 The value of 6 satisfying above two equations and satisfying - <0sris 0. Modulus and principal argument of given complex number are 1 and 0 respectively. Alternative method. 1=14+ 0i = 1. (cos 0 +/sin 0) The modulus and principal argument of the given complex number are 1 and 0 respectively. Gao" +a asa ya a - a-8 PF a-) _ Ge 42 del O-1+a +i 6484) - 640+) -2 (1-1) -s80-i) 81-7) =~ ep BAAD 2 (= = alcoe nisin. .. The modulus and principal argument of the given complex numbers are 8 and x respectively. Example 4, Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex numbers : (9 § (cos 300° +i sin 30") (i) sin 50* + i cos 50° (iii) cos 70° + i cos 20°.‘COMPLEX NUMBERS 179 Sol. we (cos 300° +i sin 30°) = 5 yi 2) 5 1 2 § ( 0. 20/9 & (— x, n]) se 1+cos =r cos @ GD} and sin o@=r sin @...(2) = (cos? 6 + sin? 8) = (1+ cos cP + sin? a. or Fh=1+ coe? &+ 2 cos a+ sin? of = 2(1 + cos 0) = 4 cos? o/2 r= 2 coe o/2 ts r> O and cos o/2 > 0)190 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Ltoma 2cos* af 2 a * (DD => cos 6 = : = Scosal2 = C08 > ao 5 2ein — cos — sing o @ = — sing= S22 -—_2 2 gin S r eos = 2 2 The value of 6 satisfying above two equations is : * Modulus of (1 + cos a+ isin a) =3 cos ¢ and Arg (1 + cos a +i sin) = 5. gr o (cack = acct = -x i ve 4 s roos@=-5 and rsin= > va flats [ied 2) “\2 4°40 v2 tens 2s 1. 1 reve G=— 5 implies conO=— >> 9-2 =e nda timolies ei 1 141 and reinO= 5 implies sinO=>-= 75 = 75. 3x ony Cr<0sn) 1 lz|=r=g and Arg(e)= SE, Remark, Alternatively,‘COMPLEX NUMBERS: 181 SS SOSA SES ESE SSPE SESE SECT ES Example & fz, and 2, are complex numbers, then show that : | 2) +218 42,1 * | 22 | Gi) | 2-4, | 2 11 2, 1- Lag I Sol. If either z, orz, or both z;, z, are zoro then the results holds trivially. So, let us assume that z, and z, are both non-zero. Let z, =r,(cos 8, +isin8,) and 2,=7r,(cos0,+isin®,), 7,,r,>0. = lz, l=r, and [ay |=ry Wehave 2, +2, = r,(cos 6, +i sin 8,) +r,(cos 8, + isin 8,) =(r, 008 8, + rg 608 0) + ifr, sin 8, +r, sin 8.) 2 12, #2, | = Ylry con8, #75 000 8,) + (nin 8, +7 cin By)” = dn? +r + 2p (con, cos 8, + sin 9, sin 84) = dae tre Any con 0, 8) s fiber tinny (cos (@, -0,)< 1) erytry= | a+ lay] oe [a +a 1s] a, 14+] 2% 1. (ii) Wehave 2,2) =r, (co 0, + sin 0,)—r,loos 8, +i ain 0) = (Pr, 605 0, ~7, cos @,) + itr, sin 8, —r, sin 8,) “ | 2-29 | = Mr, cos @; — 7% cos @,)" +47, sin 8, — 7 sin 8)" = ir? +752 — 2ryry (cos 8 cos Oy + sin B, sin By) 2 fry? +7? + 27,7, cos (8; — 89) 2 fn? +7? - 277%, (eos (8,-6,)¢ 1) ein-rml=llal-tall Im-z bella 1-12.tb Hasnyle fe =r, (cos @, +i sin 8,) and z, =r, (cos 8, +i sin 8,), be non-zero complex numbers, then show that | eee er [alee tents [p42 | = ley Flee" |+ 2he; May [eos (0,05) __ Lzplsin 8, +124 [sin By one are (ey + 2) = HOR Iz, | 06 8, +e, [e085 09 Sol. We have 2,7, (cou 8, +isin0,) and zy #1, (cos 0, +i sin). ‘ 2, +, =r; (€08 0, + {sin 0,) + rp (c08 O, +f sin 0) = 2, +2, 247, 008 8, + rg 608 By) +ilr, sin @, + ry sin 6) nf) 2, #2, [= (7, c08 0, +74 008 04)" + (r, sin 6, + 7, sin 0,7? (Using | x +iy [224 +9) erf4 rt Bryry (cos 0, cos 8, + 8in 8, sin 8) ert rg + 2ryry cos (®,~0,) mle, Fz [42 [ay [| zy | e000, 0) [my tty d= fle, P+ fzg PP +212; Izy [eon (8, — 89) ood)182 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Let 2) +2_=7 (coe 0 +i sin 8), n reosG=r,cos6,+r, cos, and rsin@=r,sin8, +r,sinQ,. (Using (1) reine rysinO +m sin, Fysin O, +75 sin Oy Teos@ ~ 7 C08 Gy +r, C08 By tan @ = 7 co 8; +7, con Oy . . 2, /sin 8, +|2, [sin @ _ 7 os ang (s,+2,) = tan? [z; love 0, +12, [oon o,” Go ange, +2,) = 8) Example 10. Ifz, =r, (cos, +isin0,) andz, =r, (cost, +i sin®,) be complex numbers, then show that | 272g | = | 2, | | 2g | and arg (2,29) = arg (2) +.arg Gq). Sol. We have a, =7r,(cos8,+isin6,) and z,=7,{coa 8, +isinG,). = yf =F, (con 8, +2 sin 8,) x r, (cos 8, +i sin B,) =F ;rq {icon 6, cos 6, — sin ®, sin ,) +i (sin ®, cosB, + cos0, sin Q,)] = 1,7, (cos (0, + 0,) +2 sin (0, + 0,)) | #2, | =ryrg and arg (2,2,) = 8, +) [ts |= 1% 11 2s | and org (e,x,) = arg (z,) + arg (2). Remark. In the shove example, the relation arg (r,49)= arg (ey) ora (ey), implies that each value of L.HLS. is some velue of R.H.S. and each value of K.HLS. is some value of L.H.S. The above relation need not imply that the principal angument of 2,2, is equal to the eum of the principal angu- ments off, and 25. [exenose 7.9 | VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the modnlua and principal argument of following complex numbers : we te) 1a? (iii) TE iv) 818. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS. 2. Write the following complex numbers in their polar form : (@) [2(com 210° + ¢ sin 210*))[4(cos 120° + i sin 120°)] Gi) [8 (eos 225° + £ sin 225")] [6leos 45° + 7 sin 45°)] ie, ‘Tleos 135° + i win 135°) (0 Fie 907 + isin 907) * 3. Find the modulus and principel argument of the following complex numbers : W1+i Gi 1-5 (i) ~ J 47 Gv) = V8 =i 4. Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex numbers : w itt was lt (iii) {Ceos @ + é sin 6) (cos @ =i win 8)]-1 ty) — 2 cong tisin 5. For any complex number z, show that arg (Z) = 2x ~ arg (2)COMPLEX NUMBERS 183 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 6. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 2, whore z, 7. Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers : leita i) ton a =i (ii) L+sina-icosa (ip) L=since +i cos ct, & Ifz, =F, (cos 8, +i sin 0,) and z, =r, (cos @, +i sin ,) be non-zero complex numbers, then show that: ay t= lea Leg P2124 Il ey Leos @, 8) and arg (7, =2,) » tant L2zisin 8) ~Lep {ein 8p | 24 Joos 8y —| 22 | com By 9. Ifz, =r,{cos 8, + isin 6,) and 2, =F, (cos 8, + / ain @,) be non-zero complex numbers, then show -zandz = 142i 2] #2 [2 !#1l ona ore[21)« mec) arg (z,). va} leo! Answers L 4,0 Gi) 12, Xi) 7, nf (i) 3, - 2 (018 (sos 2E + inn 22) (ay 1 [cos 3S + isin 3) iia {coo % + iain 2 wo) *coa® + isin ® was %) i ( 4 5) 8) 2,04 @ J8,-4 ii) 2, Bt6 (iv) 2, - 58 1 Rez Gi) WE, =a Gi) 1,0 Gv) $2, Br/z 2Y6,, tan! (~ 1/2) 7. (see a, i) seeaa-F - E,o) 2,2 (eon ova (E68 5),4+ — Hints Li) 127 = — 12 = 12 (coe + j sin n). (ia =a nea (oea[-Z}e40in(- 5). (i) Given complex no. = & [eos 210° cos 120° —sin 210* sin 120*) + i (sin 210* cos 120° + cos 210° sin 120°)} = B [cog (240° + 120") + i ain (210° + 120°) 8 feos 830" i nin 340%] «8 (oon 22 + iain (cos 90° + isin 90") con 45° - isin 45° AAT aAGSE eo Ica 3 wisi Al # =i (coe E+ isin (tit) Given complex no. = ii) JB +i = 2 SH =2(cx( 3COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 184 Gz =r (cos 0+ i sin 6) implies 7 = r (cos @-i sin 8) = r (cos (28-6) +i sin (2e- 0). = seca (cosa +isina) 1 @1+ttna=1+i 22% or * Modulus = sec @, argument =a. Alternatively, 14 (tana =r (cos 04 isin 6)impliesreos@=1 and rsin@=tana Patetantansecta ond tand= #84 a tana. Modulus = sec a, argument = a. (i) + sin icon = 1+ con (E ~~ ~isin (5-2) Alternatively, 1+ sin a -i cos a=, (con 0+ i sin @) implies reos@=1+sing and rsin@=~cos a. Fad + sing + (omar =2+2sina=2(1+0m (2 J) =2(2=(-3)}COMPLEX NUMBERS 185 7.21. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS BY POINTS IN A PLANE, ARGAND DIAGRAM Let z= x + iy by a complex number, [t uniquely determines the ordered pair (x, y), Converscly the complex number x + iy is uniquely determined by an ordered pair of the type (x, y). For example, the complex number 2 ~ 5i determines unique ordered pair (2,- 5) € Rx R, and the ordered pair{—4, os Rx Radetermines the complex number =44(-6)i = Gi. Let XOX’ oo YOY" be a system of rectangular coordinate axes, Since there exists one-one correspondence between the ordered pairs in the set R x R and the points in a plane, there is a point, say, P in the plane XOX’, YOY" such that (x, y) are the coordinates of P in the plane. Thus, the complex number x+iy is uniquely represented by the point P, whose coordinates are (x, y). The point Pix, y) is called the image of the complex number x + iy. The complex number z + iy is called the affix of the point P(x, y), Therefore, there is one-one correspondence between the set of all complex numbers and the set of all points in a plane, ‘The plane representing complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers is called the complex plane or Gaussian plane or Argand plane. The set of points (ée., images) on the Argend plane corresponding to a set of complex numbers is called the Argand diagram of the set of complex numbers, under consideration, ‘Complex numbers of the form x + i.0 are represented by points (x, 0) on the X-axis, which is therefore called the axis of reals. Complex numbers of the form 0 + iy are repre- sented by point (0, y) on the Y-axis, which is therefore called the axis of imaginaries. In other words, the images of ‘purely real’ complex numbers are on the X-axis and the images of ‘purely imaginary’ complex numbers are on the Y-axis. In the above diagram, draw MP 1 OX Now op = {oM? + MP? = fz? +y?. owe The length OP is equal to the modulus of the complex number « + iy. Let us denote r. Let 4MOP=8@ -. OM=OPcos@ and MP=OPsin@. x=reos@andy=rsin@ v4 os zex+iy=rcos0+irsin® =r (cos O+1 sin 8) a G=arg(z), If-x<00. By Case L (cos n@ +i sin 18)" = cos ng +i sin ng = cos pA + isin pO (: a impliss p= = (cos 0 +i sin ay (: pez) cos n6 +i sin n@ is one of the values of [(cos 0 + é sin 0°)“ = cos nO +i gin nf is one of the values of (eos @ +i sin OF 4 cos n8 +i sin né is one of the values of (cos 4 + isin 0)", where ne Q-Z. Example 1. Show that (cos 60° + i sin 60°} = - 1. Bol. LHS. = (cos 60° + é sin 60°) = cos 9(60°) +i sin 3(60°) (Using De Moivre's Theorem) 180° + isin 180° =—1+i(0)=-1=RHS.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.214 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI ee ee eee RE NE Example 15. A man wants fo cut three lengths from a single piece of board of length Sem, The second length is to be 3 cm longer than the shortest and the third length is to be tiice as long as the shortest, What are the possible lengths for the shortest board if the third piece is to be at least & em longer than the second # ‘ol. Let the lengths of pieces of board be x em, y em,zem and.x 443591 = 4x < 88 = 2522 ) = REG+s+s = xB ‘The length of the shortest board lies between 8 cm and 22 em both inclusive. Example 16, A solution of 8% boric acid is to be diluted by adding a 2% borie avid solution to it. The resulting mixture is to be more than 4% but less than 6% boric acid. If we have 640 litres of the 8% solution, how many litres of the 2% solution will have to be added ? Sol. Let required quantity of 2% boric acid =x litres Quantity of mixture = (640 + x) litres By the given conditions, B% of 640 + 2% of x > 4% of (640 + x) and B% of 640 + 2% of x < 6% of (640 + x) a 2 4 m= (Sp) 40+ (Be e> Gelosoe = «120+ 2x >2560+dx = 2560> 2 = x < 1280 AB) & Q) = (5) 19+ (2) =< «(3) (640 +=) = 5120+ 2r< 384046 = 1ZB0320 Ad) @and(4) = 3200,5-22<0 Bde 90,96 1920 £-350,2049>5,3r44<-5 <3, B48, icity, BA een 6x-G22r+7,4e-9<2-11 7. Bes 0<—2419,s-S 15, | 15-7 | <7. Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers, both of which are larger than 10, such that their sum ia lesa than 40. Find all pairs of consecutive even natural numbers, both of which are smaller than 15, such that their sum is not lesa than 22. Find all pairs of consecutive add positive integers, both of which are smaller than 10, such that their sum is more than 11. Aaolution is kept between 77°F and 95°F. What is the range of temperature in degree Celsius if the conversion formula is given by a Fe 5C+a2 where C and F represent temperature in degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit respectively ? in an experiment, a solution of hydrochloric acid is to be kept between 30° and 35° Celsius. What is the range of temperature in degree Fahrenheit if conversion formula is given by 5 C= 5 F-32, where C and F represent temperature in degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit respectively ? 1 of a person is given by the formula IQs a x 100, where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age. If 80 s [@ s 140 for a group of 12-year children, find the range of their mental age. A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12% solution of acid. How many litres of 2 30% acid solution oust be added to it 0 that acid content in the resulting mixture will be more than 15% but less than 18%? How many litres of water will have to be added to 1125 litres of the 45% solution of acid ao that the resulting mixture will contain more than 25% but less than 30% acid content ? Answers (25, «3 ao a 4,-8.5) Cm, 28 6. (00, — 12} be=D a9 6) 10. [6, =) LL =, 5.6] 12.9 a9) 14.9 15. (11, 18), (18, 15), (15, 17), (17, 18) (10, 12), (12, 14) 17. (5, 7),(7, 99 18. Between 25°C and 35°C Between 86°F and 95°F 20. From 9.6 to 16.8 Botween 120 litres and 300 litres 22. Between 662.5 litren and 900 litres. Hints Weave 80s MA sy 1005 140, Let required quantity of water be x litres, (& 5) 128+ ($5) => (25 2) (4128 + and (00) 125+ (9) < (jeg) +9.216 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI | TI. LINEAR INEQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES 8.7, SOLUTION OF LINEAR INEQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES AND THE GRAPH OF ITS SOLUTION SET Let ax+by+e«0 2) be a linear inequation in variables andy, where a, 6, ¢ are arbitrary real numbers and « is the sign either or=. The corresponding linear equation is. ax + by +c = 0. (2) We know that the graph of (2) is a straight line in x-y plane. Therefore, to draw the graph of (2), it is sufficient to plot any two points on the x-y plane, ‘The required graph of (2) can be obtained by just joining these points indefinitely on both sides. The graph of (1) is a half-plane to be determined by the straight line determined by the linear equation (2). The straight line (2), divides the x-y plane in two parts, ie., half planes and exactly one of these would be the graph of the given inequation (1). To decide as to which of the half-planes is the graph of (1), any arbitrary point, say, Ph, k) (preferably origin if(2) does not pass through the origin, ie., ifc # 0) not onthe line (2) is taken on the plane. Naw two possibilities arises ; Case L. P satisfies (1) In case, the point P(h, &) satisfies the inequation (1), then the required graph of the given inequation is that half- lane which contains the point Pth, k). Case II. P does not satisfy (1) In case, the point P(h, &) does not satisfy the ineq ‘an (1), then the required graph of the given inequ.ation is that half-plane which does not contain the point Pth, 8). ‘The set of points on the half-plane represented by (1), is called the solution set of the given inequation. If the inequation (1) involve sign ¢ or = , then the points satisfying the line (2) are also included in the solution set of (1) and on the other hand, if (1) involve sign < or >, then the points satisfying the line (2) are not ineluded in the solution set of (1), (i) Closed half-plane. A half-plane in thex-y plane is called a closed half-plane if the points on the line separating the half-planes are also included in the half-plane. ‘The graph of a linear inequation involving sign < or 2 is always a closed half-plane. For example, the graph of 2x + y + 620 is a closed half-plane. (ii) Open half-plane. A half-plane in the x-y plane is called an open half-plane if the points on the line separating the half-planes are not included in the half-plane. ‘The graph ofa linear inequation involving signs < or > is always an open half-plane. For example, the graph of x + Sy - 2 <0 is an open half-plane.LINEAR INEQUATIONS 27 WORKING RULES FOR DRAWING THE GRAPH OF ALLINEAR INEQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES. Step I. Consider the linear equation corresponding to the given linear i Step I. Find any two points on this tine and join these to get a line. This line divides the whole x-y plane into two half planes. Step IIL. Takes any point (preferably origin) not lying on the line and check whether this satisfies the given linear inequation or not. Step 1V. If this point satisfies the given linear inequation, then the half-plane contuin- ing this point is the graph of the given inequation otherwise the half-plane not containing this point is the required haif plane. Example 1. Find which of the following points lies ‘1 the graph of the inequation 2e+y-82 0: (4,3) GL, 8 (HD, 4) (iv) (0, 7), Sol. Given inequation is 2x +y- 825 4) (2) (4, 3) lies in the graph of (1) if 24) +3-820 ie, 320, which istruc. (4, 3), lies in the graph of (1). (ii) (1, 3) lies in the graph of (1)if 201}+3-820 ie, -320, which is not true (1, 3) does not lie in the graph of (1). (iif) (2, 4) lies in the graph of (1) f22)+4-820 ie, 020, whichis true (2, 4) lies in the graph of (1). iv) (0, 7) lies in the graph of (1)if2(0)+7-820 ie, ~120, which isnot true. (0, 7) does not lie in the graph of (1). Example 2. Draw the graphs of : (x +2y 510 (i) Bx -y >5, Sol, (i) The given inequation is x + 2y s 10. ‘Tho corresponding linear equation is x + 2y = 10 wl) Now, we shall draw the line (2). When «= 0, line (2)implies 0 + 2y = 10 = y=5, ‘When »=0, line (2) implies x + 2(0) = 10 = x= 10. ‘The paints (0, 5) and (10, 0) are on the line (2). ‘The line joining (0, 5) and (10, 0) divide thex-y plane in two half-planes ‘The origin does not lie on (2) and it lies in the half- plane of (1), if 0 + 2(0) = 10, which is true. ‘The closed half-plane containing the origin is the graph of the given inequation.218 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xi (ii) The given inequation is 2x —y > 5. ‘The corresponding linear equation is 2x —y = 5. ‘On the line 2x ~y = 5, x=0 = A-y=5 = yon5 and ysO > 2-055 > x=52, +. (0, ~5) and (6/2, 0) are on the line (2). The origin does not lie on (2) and it lies in the half- plane (1), if 2(0)—0> 8, which is not true. 2. The open half-plane not containing the origin is the graph of the given inequaticn. In this case, the points lying on the line 2x -y = 6 do not constitute part of the graph of given inequation 2x —y > 5. Example 3. Draw the graphs of : @x+y <0 (ii) = —4y > 0. Sot, (i) The given inequation is z+yso. ef) The corresponding linear equation is x+y=0. wf) On theline x+y=0,r50 = 0+ y=0 3 y=0 and xa2 = 2+ys0 3 ya-2 {0, 0) and (2, - 2) are on the line (2). The point (2, 4)* is not on the line and it lies in the half-plane of (1) if2 + 45 0, which is not true. +. The closed half-plane not containing the point (2, 4) is the graph of the given inequation. Ui) The given inequation is x-4y>0, oD) ‘The corresponding linear equation is x= 4y =0. 2) On the line x— 4y = 0, x=0 > O-dyn0 = ysd and ved = d-dys0 = yol (0, 0) and (4, 1) are on the line (2). The point (4, 2) is not on the line and it lies in the half-plane of (1), if 4 — 4(2) > 0, which is not true. +. The open half-plane not containing (4, 2) is the graph of the given inequation. “There is nothing special with the point (2, 4), expect that it does not lie on the line x + y= 0, Any ather point not ying on the Tine: cun also serve our purpose.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.LINEAR INEQUATIONS 223 PASO RET TRF RUE ERIE RT SP RELA RMR E-? Example 3. Verify that the solution set of the following linear inequations is empty + x~2y 20, 2x-yS-2,220,y20. Sol. The given linear inequations are x -2y 20 A) 2 -y S-2 ol Dy x20 {3,20 Ad) The line corresponding to (1) isx - 2y =0 AB) On the line (6), x =0 and x=2 +. (0,0) and (2, 1) are on the line (5). (0, 1) is not on this ling and it Kes in the half-plane of (1)if 0 — 2(1)2 0, which is not true. The closed half-plane not containing (0, 1) is the graph of (1). ‘The line corresponding to (2) is 2e—y = — 2. kB) On theline(6),x=0 = O-y=-2 = y=2 and y=0 = 2&-05-2 = x=-1, 2) and (—1,0) are on the line (6). ® (0, 0) is not on this line and it lies in the half- vi plane of (2) if 2(0) - 0 < ~ 2, whieh is not true. The closed half-plane not containing 40, 0) is the graph of (2), BF (0.2) ‘The inequation x > 0 represent the closed half- plane on the right of y-axis. @,1) ‘The inequation y 2 0 represent the closed on ‘® half-plane above x-axis, @, ‘The graph of the given system is the inter- (, 0) section of half-planes of the inequations in the sys- tem. The intersection of half-planes is empty. The solution set of the given inequations is empty. Example 4. Graphically solve the system of linear inequations : x-ys2, etys4, £20, ¥e2O. Sol. The given system of linear inequa- vi tions is x-ys2 xtys4 xz0 y20 ‘The line carresponding to (1) is, x-y=2 AS) On the line (8), x20 > O-ys2 = y and ysO = r-O02 = xed (0, - 2) and (2, 0) are on the line (5). (0, 0) is not on this line and it lies in the half- plane of (1) if 0 ~ 0 <2, which is true.224 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X! 49° TRAN ANS RR A AN MNT SEY ‘The closed half-plane containing the origin is the graph of inequation (1), The line corresponding to (2) is, aty=4 (6) ‘On the line (6), x50 => O4+y=4 > yodand y=0 > x4+054 > xa4. (0, 4) and (4, 0) are on the line (6). (0, 0) is not on this line and it lies in the half- plane of (2) if 0 + 0s 4, which is true. The closed half-plane containing the origin is the graph of the constraint (2). ‘The inequation 2 0 represents the closed half-plane on the right of y-axis, ‘The inequation y 2 0 represents the closed half-plane above x-axis. ‘The graph of the given system is the intersection of half-planes of the inequations in the system. ‘The shaded region is the required graph of the the given system of inequations. Example 5. Graphically solve the system of linear inequations : xty2200, 5 2 21000, 5 + 5p SIS #20, 920, Sol. The linear inequations in the given system are x+y 2000 aD) et & 2 1000 AQ) Hts =A3) 220 4) and yz. (5) ‘The line corresponding to (1}is x + y = 2000, AB) ‘On the line (6),x=0 = O+y7=2000 = y= 2000 and y=0 = x+0=2000 > x= 2000, ++ (0, 2000) and (2000, 0)are on the line (6). (0, 0) is not on this line and it lies in the half- plane of (1) if 0 + 0 2 2000, which is not true, The closed half-plane not containing the origin is the graph of the constraint (1). ‘The line corresponding to (2) is it = = 1000 or x + Jy = 4000, AT) ‘On the line (7), x=0 = 0+3y=4000 “ y= 1000 3 and y=0 = x+3(0)=4000 = = 4000. +. (0, 4000/3) and (4000, 0) are on the line (7). (0, 0) is not on this line and it lies in the half-plane of (2), ‘ Oo XO) uf a4 2 1000, which is not true.LINEAR INEQUATIONS. 225 (ag et St HEAL RTD ‘The closed half-plane not containing the origin is the graph of the inequation (2). i ' a oe The line evrresponding to(3)is 55 + 45 #175 or x + By = 3500. ABD On the line (8), x20 = 0+2y=3500 = y= 1750 and yeO = x+0y=3800 = x=3500 (0, 1750) and (3500, 0) are on the line (8). (0, 0) is not on this tine and it lies in the oo a half-plane of (3), if 20 * 10 $175, which is true. The closed half-plane containing the origin is the graph of the inequation (3). The inequations x20 and y2 0 represents the closed haif-planes on the right of y-axis and above x-axis respectively, ‘The blackened region is the required graph of the given system of the inequations Example 6. Graphically solve the system of linear inequations Sx, +2, $66,000, x, +x, £45,000 x, £20,000, x,%40,000 x,20, x20. Sol. The linear inequations in the given system are x, + x, 5 66,000 x, +m, 45,000 x, 520,000 ..(3) x, 5 40,000 x20 Hy 20. AB) Let ox,, ox, represents the horizontal axis and vertical axis respectively. The line corresponding to (1) is Me x, + x, = 66,000 AT (0, 66,000) and (22,000, 0) are on (7). (0, 0) is not en (7) and it lies in the half-plane of (1), if 3(0) + 066,000, which. is true. The elosed half-plane contain- ing the origin is the graph of (1). ‘The line corresponding to (2) is x, +x, = 45,000, AB) (0, 45,000) and (45,000, 0) are on (8). (0, 0) is not on (8) and it lies in the half- plane of (2), if 0 + 05 45,000 which is true. The closed half-plane contain- ing the origin is the graph of (2) The inequation x, s 20,000 repre- sents the closed half-plane on the left of x, = 20,000, ‘The inequation x, ¢ 40,000 represents the closed half-plane below x, = 40,000 The inequations x, 20 and x,20 represents the closed half-planes on the right of xyaxis and above x,-axis respectively. The shaded region is the required graph of the given system of inequations.226 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS-—XI Vee Ms oth amon (ETE VT Example 7. Graphically solve the system of linear inequations : Ox-ty+12z0 9 Bx-y+220 Peedy-1220 x24, yB2 x yk. sol. The linear inequations in the given system are 3x - 4y + 1220 oD) 2emy+220 wl) 2x +dy-1220 AB) xs4 oul) ye? wl) x20 AB) yz0. wh) ‘The line corresponding to (1) is 3x — 4y + 12 = 0. wn) (0, 3) and (= 4, 0} are on (8). (0, 0b is not on (8) and it lies in the half-plane of (1), if (0) - 4(0) + 122 0, which is true. .. ‘The closed half-plane containing the origin is the graph of (1). ‘The line corresponding to (2) is 2x=y + 2=0, (DD (0, 2) and (= 1, 0) are on (9). 40, 0} is not on the line and it lies in the half-plane of (2), if 2(0)-0 + 22 0, which is true. The closed hrlf-plane containing the origin is the graph of (2). ‘The line corresponding to (3) is Qeedy-12=0 10) 40, 4) and (6, 0) are on (10). (0, 0) is not on this line and in the half. plane of (3), if 2(0) + 3(0)- 1220, which is net true, ‘The closed half-plane not con- g the origin is the graph of (3). ‘The inequation x 54 represents the closed half-plane on the left afx = 4. ‘The inequation y 2 2 respresents the closed half-plane above y = 2 The inequations x = 0 and y 20 represents the elosed half-planes on the right of y-axis and abovex-uxis respec- tively. ‘The shadod region is the required graph of the given system of imequations. Example 8. Find the linear inequations for which the shaded area in the figure given below is the solution set. Sol. The shaded area iz bounded by the lines : ys x+2y=8 wf) kaye 42) Or+ye2 (3) r=0 Aa) Line (1). The shaded area and the origin lies on the same side of x + 2y = 8, The corresponding inequation is x + 2y <8 because 0+ A= 0<8. Line (2). The shaded area and the origin lies on the same side of x—y = 1 ¥: @® © tal @ The corresponding inequation is x-y < 1, because 0-0=0¢1LINEAR INEQUATIONS 227 9. 12. 15, 17. 18, Line (3). The shaded area and the origin lies on the opposite sides of 2x + y = 2. xt ax41=0 = xt Or4+2=0 3i/9-8 321 ze = a iQUADRATIC EQUATIONS 243 oe re EN NSF TREE Example 2, Solve the equation : (x? - Sx + 7 - (x - 2)(z-3) = 1. Sol. We have (x? — Gx + 7)? — (x — 2Ylx - 3) _ => (x? - Bx)? + 49 + 14(c7 - 5x) - Ge? -5e + 6)=1 = (x? — Gx)? + 13(et — fx) + 42 = 0 AD) Lety=xt-5x 0. (1) y+ 18y +4220 > 4TH + 8)R0 n yer-6 Either -7 x?-62=-7 or x7-5x+7=0 St 25-28 5+iV3 20 2 52ivS 2 ‘The roots are 1B) B. ax. x+a Example 8. Solve the equation x? + ( a ) o8eh ee — 2 Sol.Wehave x? + (23;) =30?, zea. zta 7 ax 5 (x 2) 2.2, ogo! (Using A? + BE = (A- By + 2AB) xt xta 2 2 = (= ) +22 ) = ar xea xe x? a Lety=—— « (1 ~3a7=0 Yessy * = ya Boy —Pat da? +1207 -2atde > aa a 80 z 2 Bither yea or 2 x+a or x24 8ax+da%=0 ~Saty9a"- 1207 _a¢+ /Bai 2 2 a = its v5) The roots are $(1+ V6), 5(-84-V8i, ‘Type IL Equation of the form a(p*)? + b(p*) +c = 0.‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING a(p")’ + bip") +c = 0 Stepl. Put p* =y and get the quadratic equation ay? + by += 0. Step Il. Solve this equation and get two values of y. Step IIL. Find the values of x by putting y =p". Example 4. Solve the equations - (i) 5 — 4 195 (Gi) 229? — & — 2(3%* +4) 2 0. Sol. (2) We have SE 594 125 = 5, = (SP 5.594 125-5'=0 =e (St) = 5*(5% + 1) + 125 =0 = (55)? — 126.5" + 125 = 0 aA) Lety=5* 2 (1) = y?-126y+125=0 i e _ 1264 :26)° ~ 4(1K125) = 1,125 aD ‘Either yal or y= 125 = Biel = 56259 = x20 = F215 ast a rad The roots are 0, 3. (ii) We have 225+? — 6* ~ 2(32°*2) = 0, => 2% gto gx-2 3% g%20 = 4,2%-2".3*-18.3%=0 = 4.2% 2.37 18.9% Dividing by 3, weget | “5,-- “aj -- ay = ay" _2y a4-) -|=] -16=0 wl) * (3) -(3) 2 uaty=(2) . @ = ay? -y- 18 =0 1a Jl+4(4K18) 1417 * 8 “8 *. Bither yen or * = (3) 2-2 = This is impossible, because (2/3) is > non-negative for each value of x. The root is - 2. Type III. Equation of the form aX + 2 +00, where X is some function of x.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.252 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Let y= Sx?-7x+2 = () = dy=y?— => y7-%-10=0 a 9211 $ ee Either ye-l or y= 10, = 3x? 742 2-1 = fBe9- 7242 = 10 This is impossible because L.HLS. is non-negative. = «8x8 -7e+22100 = 3x?-7x-9850 7+ 971176 1s = 7 = i The roots are 7, ~ 14/3. 2 Tome a? 2x4 3 Qyx? 2249 = (a? - Q) = dyeayteg 2t/4412 ee (i) We have = Let y= /x?-2x4+9 aBax. 2 az? 249-27 =6-2 2 +9)-9 AD) = 2t4 2 pt-2y-3=0 =-1,3, Either yenl = yx? 2249 =-1 This is impossible, because LHS. is non-negative. The roots are 0, 2, y=8 ¥ri-x46=3 = x2-2r+9u9 xt 2r ‘Type VIIL Equation of the form fax? + bx+o + (dx? +ex+f skorgx +h. A-Bak Step DL. Simplify dt - BP ond tet it be pix. ~ BY = pfx) _BE Stop IV. Divide 2} by (1) and get ra Step V. the same values of x. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING Jax? + bx+e + /dx'+ex+f =k (or gx +h). Step I, Let the given equation be fax? +bx +e ~ fda? +ex+f =%. Step I. Put fox? +bxr+¢ =Aand fax? +ex+f = Band get the equation where pl) aie indi ibe ora linear polynomial or a constant. Solue (1) and (3) and get the value of A (or of B). Step VI. Find the value of x by putting A= fox +bx+e. The vatue of B will also give Other forms of the given equator are also solued by following the same method. wD + fB) pix) — ie,AtBe pa) me (8)QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 263 Example 12. Solve the equations : (i) fox? = +8 ~ fox? x =7 =1 Ui) fx? ar tb + fx? arte = b+ ve. Sol, (i) We have 5x" — Gx +8 — yox? —6x—7 =1 AD) Let A= 5x" -6x+8 and B= /6x*-6x-7 s OM = A-Bzl AB) Now, ADB? = (5x? - Gx + 8) (5x? — Gr = 7) = 15 se AB 15 a) Dividing (3) by (2), we get 4 8 ie , we get = = A+Bal5 44) a+) = PA=16 ie, A=8 » J5x?-Gx48=8 or Sxl 62+8=64 ie, Gx"~6r-56=0 _ 8238 =m St M 10 wo 5" + The roots are 4,~ 14/5. Remark. In the above example, (2)~ (4) implies 2B =-14 ie, B=7 5x" 62-7 = 7 Le, 5x4 ~ 6x ~56 = 0. Solving this equation, we shall get the same values of x as we got by using A = 8. (ii) We have fx" —ax+b +yx?—ax+e = vb ede sul Let A= Jx?-ax+b andB = \x*-ax+e a = AtBe vb +Je 2) Now 42 — Bs (2 ax +b)- (tar tes be ” AM-Bte bee (8) Dividing (8) by (2 os == oboe jividing (3) by (2), we get = Terve = A-a-B 28 A) +a = Mee ie, A=vb ye?-axeb V8 or t—or+b=b = xtz-a)=0 x=Qa The routs are 0, a. Type IX. Equation of the form254 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X/ WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING Fone ee =a si -, 2 £ _ atb_ctd Step I. Apply Componendoand Dividend propery (se, ea" io" sd) both sides of the given equation. Step I. Square both sides of this equation and simplify to get the values of x. Step ITI. Test all values of x so obtained and reject those values which do not satisfy the given equation. _dare+fanz Example 13. Soive the equation : Wrr-jeen "= Sol. We have site voce 2 Je + ve = = Applying componendo and dividendo, we get (fatx + Ja—z)+(Ja+x —Ja—z) (far + fa-x)—Wata—Ja—3) Watx+ ja—x) “4 Bets Ste favete—n= fanata+s) QJa-x a-z = ja+xJja—xlfa—x-Jarx] <0 Either fara =0 (1) or Ja-x =0 (2) or ya- - ore #0 AB) wm = a+x=0 ie, x2-a@ (2) = a-#=0 ie, ree (8) = ja-z=Je+z = a-xreatx = 2r=0 ie, 220. x = 0 does not satisfy the given equation. .. The roots are + a. ‘Type X. Equation of the form a(1 + x)** = b(1 —x)™* = e(1-x2)", WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING a(1 + x)”* + b(1 =x) = e(1 = x3)! StepI. Cube both sides of the equation by using the formula : (a+b mal +b+dab(a+b) or fa-b) =a9-b-dab(a-b). Step IL. Replace afi + x)*/9 + b(1 = x}°/ by cf = 22)! in this equation. Step IIL. Simplify the equation and get a quadratic equation in x. Step IV. Solve this quadratic equation to get the required values of x. Example 14. Solve the equation (1 + x)" + (1 = x)?! = 9(1-2)"3, Sol. We have (1+ 29 + (1-2) = 1 -2)18 A) Cubing, we get [+79 + 2) = 299 = (1x7 +(1—2)8 + 80 +P 9 (1 — 8 (1 +2)? + 1 — 29] = 271 - 2%) = (L4x24 2x) 4 (1 42? 24) +9(1—29P8 (1-22) = 27-272" [Using 1D)QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 255 ~ 2ox?- 2549-22) =0 = 29x? 2549-G27=0 ip 4 > MWat=16 = ste gaz xe2QJ5. » The roots are + 2/J5, EXERCISE 9.3 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Solve the following equations: 10, (@xt-at-9=0 Wale asa it) 4 5 4 BEB ee St) ag z+ ty PEA, [eet og sted ae 41) Ge = 1G + BXix + Blix + 2) = B80 ith Ge + Dh + 20a + Ble + 4) = 120 toa (s?+)-a{re2) or iii) x4 + B22 + 1 = ox + 1) (i) faee- fe-T =2 ii) fa? 16 ~ (2-4) = fx? Bed W302 + 16-2 fe Bed (iii) xr + 9) + 8/27 46x45 = 25 ) fet ear+aa 4 fe 4ane5 9 Orr 3 Gid ta = Sax} = 30(x4 - Bx) - 216 = 0 (iv) 2ae? + 11-30 GOP 4 7 = 50 Goda 46a Txt41 at-1 ai = 20 eo (Fa) (oy (6 + 28" + 15-26)" 8 = 10 (i) Gz - Die + Niae 4 3Mae- 1) 53 (io) (a* + ~ 6)(x* - Sea) = 24 (i) Axt = dz" = Te? = de d= 0 (iv) x8 — dot + x 4 x? dee 12 Gi) fri + (257 = foxes tio) fet 44x91 + fe? — 2-6 = fo? —6r 59 ti) 12 + BJ DGx +2) = 3x22 tay 822 fates EE Gi) fP —ax036 — J anv 8 (iti) fax? —Ix— 20 - fot 7-5 = 2-540) Vox? +7242 - fox? ies 18 = 2—4 és a+ {Mz x W241 x-funz B-1 (+ 2? 6 40 — 29 = 5 _gee- fia © Jeera kaa 7ha) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.‘QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 273 eo a rT TE ASE TNE SNE Example 2. For the quadratic equation (k— I)x* = kx — I, find k, so that : (i) one root is — 3 (ii) the sum of the roots is 2 (iii) the product of the roots is-3 (iv) the roots are equal (wv) the roots are numerically equal but opposite in sign. Sol. Wehave — (k- Dx? = hz 1. = (-Iet-Ax+1=0 AD (i) One reotis-3. .. ~—3 satisfies (1). oe (k= 1)(-37 -4(-3)4+1=0 > 9-9+3k+1=20 = 1%ksB = aed. (Gi) Sum of roots is 2. coeff, of x ws (: ‘Sum of roots = es) = = k=2k-2 = ha. ii)Product of roots is — 3. tant term ss +s Product of roots = S20stant term Qs = ( coeff. of x? } = =-3k+3 = kad =» ka B/S. (iv) Reots are equal, +. Disc. = 0 a (ky - 4k - 1) 3 0 => A-4h44=0 = (-2%=0 > k-2=0 = b=, (v) Roots are numerically equal but opposite in sign. Sum of roots = 0 = G) = -977 59 = bo x?-br mod Example 3, For what value of m (m #~- 1) will the equation = has roots az-e m+i equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. xt—br _m-1 arse met” => (m4 1x? -b(m + Le = atm - De —(m— Le = (m4 lik?-(6m+b+am-ak +(m—le=0 Since roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in signs, the sum of roots must be zero. Sol. We have _xmab+am—a) _ 4 «+ Sum af roots =~ eof = m1 coeff. of x = bm+b+am-a=0 = m==—, atb274 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—) i nhs Example 4. Find the value of k for which the roots a, fi of the equation 5x? + (2k + Dx +(k-2) = 0 satisfy the relation 20 + 5B = 1. Sol,Wehave 5x? +(2k+Ix+k-2=0. 2h+1 h-2 s o+pa- wand op FB sy Also, 20+ 5 = 1 (8) Qx2 = 204 2B =~ shee fd) 4h+2 4h+7 4h+7 @-@ = spais SPP BIT Lp. St _ 2h+1 2k+1_ 4h? ~Gh-3-4h-7 = Q)implies oa tt ped SBT _ mths =10k-10_Bk+2 ee Putting the values of o and B in (2), we get (-#22) (437)- ee 2 ~ Ch + 204+) = 90-2) = - BR 14-8 - 14 = 9h - 18 = 8874 31k-420 = (Bh-1ik +4) =0 ‘ ba 18-4. Example 5. [c.f are the roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢ = 0, find the relation between. @, band ¢ if a= 38+ 1. Sol. Wehave az?+bzr+c=0. ‘The roots of this equation are ct and B. * at pet AL) and ope = sul) Also, a= SB+k Putting the value of a in (1), we get (3B + n+pe-2, & atb at = Benen 2 ge 88b ansp+1as(-224),1.-waB te 22. 7 ‘ a-3b -228) £ Putting the value ofa and in (2, wo gt { rj ‘( “ta. /as = =(a-35Xa +b) = I6ac = -a?~ab + Sab + 3b? = 16ac = a? . Sb? Zab + 1éac = 0, Example 6. if the ratio of the roots of the equation Ix? +n += 0 is equal to p :g, show Pte, [a Folio thatQUADRATIC EQUATIONS 275 A RE A A TT Sol. We have +ne+n=0 AD) Let the roots be kp and kg. Sum of roots = kp + hq =— we) and product of roots = (kp hq) = : AB) an n @ = Kptqe-4 = pta=-h a @) = Peqg= > = pr= aa Now e+ Eee - Be --f a” Jp pa dns NT Eee + =O. Example 7. If the roots of the equation ax’ + bx +c = 0 be wand fi and those of the 2 a equation Ax! +By+ Cn Obea+hand p +h, show that 2— 29 3 —4AG qi wherea #0, Awd. Sol. a, fl are the roots of ax! + bx +¢=0. & € ” a+f=-2 and op==. a+, B +h are the roots of Ax? + Bx+C =0. (+h) G+ie- 2 and tasaxpen=S. We have a-Bea-f+th-h) =(a+A)-B+a) i (a-B)? = (Ca +A )-(B + A)? = (a+ BY? — 4a = ((o +h) + (6 +A)? = 4a + ANB +A) by (:) (-y (2) de Bac 20 a = Bia pee _ SSAC 2. The result holds, Example 8, Find the condition that one root of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 may be square of the other. Sol. Wehave art+bx+e=0. Let the roots of this equation be ot and a?, 2 a+as -2 wf) and @.a?= a nh) : : @ = e+ane- = or at+at+Sa,0?(a+a%)=- OF a aa) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.18, 14, 18. 18. 18. 21. Answers 3,1 tia) BEE, TSH Go) 147i, 1-88 wi) 7,1 (wii) —, — twit) 3.8,2° 4.1,-2 5+ 2 ela 7.20 (i) 28? = 900 Git) 887 = 1600 (iv) mbt = (n+ UFac (0) b? = dae 8, 211 +7 3, 15;-15,-3 16, -16 17, = 25,2 18. 0. Hints Let the roota be a and W/o, 4. Solve p+ q =~ 2 andpg= 4. a+ B= 175 = (a-BF + dof = 176, a+B a+B Era , 2-8 | 18-2a+B)- 208 otep (a+ pyop” 44a 448 1é+da+Prop Use (7, + rg = (ry — ry + Arye 11. 144 = (a — py = (a + BY — Af, LetBea+l. . L=(B-aF=(a+B- dap. BEEBE If common reats be a, B, then a+ B=~~, ap==, arpe-%, ape t ee £ at a waters BF = (a+ 8)- “pe bi mo (+ BF dof = (or + 8) + (B + 8) ~ der + BB 4 8). pig? ~8pqip? + g9) + Spatp +9) = [p+ q® + Spg(p + gil — Spq(p? + g*) = (p + gP — Spqlip + q)? - 2ngl. Sines o: is a root of 4x? + 2x — 1 0, we have da? + 2a-1=0. Now, da? = 3u= (4a) a= f= 2a 1) 9a =~ 208 ¢ a= Sa — Fda?) — 20 1 1 1 = ptte+-2ase-9-2as-5 a. 2 If be the other root, then. +B =~ a+ Fie pete 4 Pudod—da. Let roots of? + px + q = 0 be o, f and roots of x*+ [x +m = 0 be ka, AB. . atBa—p, aBeg; harkbe—l, (kaMhf)=m. : R(-p)=—l andk!@)=m 0 (y+ = pim=Py. (i) (+ my'pr= tng? = Com -f£- Bom! af, tm ere280 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X! 83% r+ Ledetl-dx) & Met-O- 1+ 150 a-1 1 n a+p=or Ber see (OF) -3 = Mi +1-2-287 « 2 -2a+ 1 op we ¥ ¥ Be TES RAE ena dor(n- Die ~ 100 hehe tig bhai “ Ande Abed? A tai he 9.11. SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS An expression in o, B is called a symmetric function of a, B if the function is not affected by interchanging « and f. For example, « + 8, 3 + get +B? are symmetric functions of and p, Itean be proved mathematically that any eymmetric function ino and f can be exprossed in terms of a+ B and oB. For example of? + a is a symmetric funciton in a, B and we can write : of? + o38 = of (B* + a) = a [Cc +B)? — 2a). Remark. In evaluating, the values of symmetric functions of, fi, the following identities would be found useful : Gi) a? + 8 = (a+ BP -2op Gi) a-B=s fla+ pe - 408 (iii) a? - Bea (a+ B)f(a +B)? 408 Uv) a + B= (a+ B)*— SaBla + f) (v) c?-p* = (a BF + Safta-f), wherea-B=s ya +p) — d0p ) ot + Be (a? + fF)? 2028? = [e+ f)— 2a)" 2c)? (vil) at — B= (a? - fa? + BP = Co BX + Bo? + B= ce + BF - 4a (a+ B) la + 2a), ‘Remark. The L.H.S. of identities (ii), (di), (v) and (vii) are not symmetric functions of « and B whereas the L.H.S. of identities (i), (iv) and (vi) are symmetric functions of « and B, Example 1, Express the following symmetric functions of wand Bin terms of a +Pand t (i of? + 0B wre (iii of +B (iv) op? + cB, >QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 281 Sol. (i) of? + 0° = afte +B). 1.1 B+o asp +5 ee (ii) a itty a? + BY = (a2 + B+ Daf) — 208 = (a+ B)* ~ Ba). (iv) of" + cf = ccf(f? + a2) = afta? + B*) = afta? + 8? + 2op — 2e8) = afi(fa + B)? - 2(08)). Example 2. Ifo, fi are the roots of the equation 4x* - 6x + 1 = 0, find the values of : weg Gia? +p Gil) of? + of (iv) od +P 2 ge fe) 7 + e (vi) oi! + ofp (vii) af + BY (viii) ofp + ot. Sol. The roots of 4x” - 6x +1=0 are wand B. i) tu) wa pte tas pr aap (8) -a(2 (iit) OB + cf = oB(8? + 07) = exter? + B*) = (oB)I(e + BY - 20] “GQ ali tiv) we PF = (a+ BP - Sofia + > 1y(3 9 9 7 AG) -F 3-4 esp w Pion a _ ep patie &) (0) a 4 8 I (vid oft +otf = Bip? +08) = aia + B= Softer + BY : ~ iG) G4 -4)-4- 2-3. (vii) ot + B= (OB? + (84)? = (0? + BY? — 2atB = [ar + BI? — 2a!” - aap)? 7 =[) Gy a2 ‘ (iti) cA a oP = cB + = COBH Cat f= G) (3) mise282 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI Example 3. [fa+B = J and of + ( = 2, then find the values of : (@ot+ fp Gi) of + BE Sol. Wehave a+B=1, 0? +6?=2. Now (a+ BY = a? +B + 2ap. = (=2+208 = op=-}. ® cf +B" = (a+ 6) - Sopa + B= ar-a(-Z)- 14328, (at) of + Bt = (a? + B2)? - 20°B? = [Cor + B)* - 2op]* — Aor)? 2 2 =|cy?-2f-2)[ _of-1) . -2(3)- whet [ow af 2 af 3] G+ut-alt)-4-3 55. Example 4. If @, B are the roots of the equation x? - 4x + 7 = 0, find the values of : i ft ay), . (at + pF aut ain Giv) ot + B4. Sol. The roots of x*- 4x +7 = 0 are a, B. : a+pa- ag and «p= tor. @ 2 + BF = (ce + BP - 208 = (4 - 207) = 2. tit) 1 i Brot ottpt 2 2 a * Bop (op)? (7 * 40" iy BBE _ tf Bada + | -seK Smit) 2% Boe of of 7 1 a _@t-20? oa 4 ie py = 20 ey 2 tv) ote a + oy wm ~ 3401" Example 5. If, B are the roots of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 such that a >, then find the values of : Oe (i) oP? - Sol. a, B are the roots of ax? + br +¢=0. a+Be-° ond aB=£. w of —B? = (a + Bap) AD) Now, ar a ES (ts as = a-p>0) and ae implies o¢ =p? -—4 see bybt ee docQUADRATIC EQUATIONS: 283 Gi 2 — 8? = (er — Bo? + of + 8%) z Now, a-B= jia-py = \(a+f)? —4af = 2) -4(£ @ 2 and a + of + = (a+ BP — a =[ 4) fb aae b®— tac bt-ae _ yb* dae win tee ame Pe teed: a a a Example 6. o, fh are the roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢ =0 such that 0, fare non- zero and & > fy then find the values of : . C)implies 0? -B? = nid ae @7- tO Sol. a, B are the roots of ax? + bx +c = 0. é e n a+B=-= and oB=<. id = @ 2-3 wee (a>B = a-B>0) c(i) era, ° 2 @-aXB+e) tae-P)ia+p) op? ta? vs a+)" — 408 (a +8) . (2) -4(<) (-4) . pf? = dae @ = a (3) VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 1. Find the value of af + 2B if a, § are the roots of the equation : 2x" = ax +5 = 0. 2 Find the value of 2 + i if G, Pare the roota of the equation ; 4x?-Sr+9=0, 3. Find the value of a? + B? if, fh are the roots of the equation : Sx*— 25-6 = 0. 4. Find the value of a" +B if'a, [i are the roots of the equation: 3x*-2y-6 = 0. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 5. Ifa, Bare the rents of the equation ax’ + be +¢ =O, then find the value of a + pi 8. Ifa, Bare the ronts of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, then find the valucs of : mo a by. OF Wate288 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 1 a 12, 138, i. Ifa, B are the roots of the equation px? + gx +r = 0, then find tha value of a3 + Ba. If and i are the roots of the equation x? — px + q = 0, then find the value of #22} -»(% +4} LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Ifa, fare the ronta of the equation px? + gx +r =O, find the value of at af? + Bt, If a, Bare the roots of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0, find the values of the following : 42 1 ‘iy 8 a O cave * apes UO Ta+b * pre (ii) (aa + bY + (0B + BY? Gv) (ac + BYS + (a + BY. Ifa and B are the roots of the equation x! - p(x + 1)-c = 0, show that (a + 1NB + 1) = 1-c. Hence show that ot+2041 B+ 2p+1 gytmeel Bod aedate | Brae Ita, 6 are the roots of the equation =* + = + 1.= 0, then find the values of = Gat + BE Gi) of + oB + (iii) o3 + Civ) ot + ft. Ifa, B are the roots of the equation Sz? ~ Gx + 4 = 0, then find the value of = (2 -£) +(Be2) soft) san 1s 3.409 bt — gable + 20%! BF 200 —— ae 2 lp - 2p? - 3g) wo q oe 2 (iit) ine AZ (=1 G0 iis) 2 (w-1 13.8. Hints (al + f= (as pP- sepia B). 5. ct + Bt = (a + BAP 20". o(Bajol lope) (Ee a 8?) _ (a? +87) (or? +8) wots pn( oe op at — 2B? + Bt = (a? + BP)? ~ SozBt. G@) We havean?sba¢e=OandaBt+oB+e=0. 1. an4b=~clnandap+b=—cfp a? +2041 @+ f+? aet at Use Ty onve ri -G-d "Gri -a+h+D @+D-@rD “a-p"(QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 285 9.12, FORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION WITH GIVEN ROOTS Let & and B be any two given numbers. We shall find the equation whose roots are aand B, The roots of the equation (x-aXx—Bi=0 AI are a and p Equation (1) can be written as 2?— ox — fx + of = 0 or at=(a+Pke+ah=0 or x?~Sx+P=0 where 5 and P are respectively the sum (= a + f) and product (= a) of the roots a and f. + The quadratic equation whose roots are o,$ is x*-Sx+P=0, where Sect pand P=af. Example 1. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the following : G24 3iand 1-71 a and -7——. Sol. (i) Given roots are 2+ 82 and 1-7, Let S= sum of roots «(2+ 3i) + (1-7 and P= product of roots = (2+ 3iX1— i) = 2-14i + 31-21? = 23-111, +. The required equation is x?-Sx+P=0 or x?-(8~4i)x + (23-111) #0. 1 (Gi) Given roots are jel 2 2 Let Se oum afrootan = al rear EE ee Ae hei \k-1) "Gee 0-D ETT k-1) (kat and P= produc ofrote= (F=4) (424) - L ‘The required equation is x?— Sx +P =0. os. ae ea +CD=0 or (hk? 1)x? + dln - (k?- 1) #0, Example 2. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are, B having given the following : . Lt . Wasps co 7-8 (i)50 +B =9, o-dBa td. Bol. (i) We have a +f =5, tag, N ac 5 low op fF BRS Let S=sum of roots=a4f=6 and P= product of roots = of = 2. <. ‘The equation whose roots are @, Bis x? -Sx +P =0 or #m+i=0 ie, 8xt~40x+5=0, (i) We have Sa+P=9, a-4B=11. ‘ aT 46 Solving, we get oe and Bp =— =e286 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 47 (46) 1 Let $= sum of roots =a + aeZ-(-S)-3 asi Dagralictnlaneh Efi St ‘The equation whose roots are a, [his x?—Sx+P=0 ie, 441x? - 21x - 2162 = 0. Example 8. If the roots of the equation 2x° - 5x 47 = Oare wand B, then find the equation whose roots are 26. + 3B and 3a. + 2B. Sol. The roots af 2x? - Sr +7 = area, B. 68 a as BaF Let 3 =(2a-+ 3) + (30+ 28) and + 38X30. + 2p). Sa (Qa+3a)+ (3B + 2p) = Hla + B)=5| and P 26a? + 4a8 + 908 + 6B? = 6(o? +B) + 1308 = 6((c + B)*- 2a) + 1308 57 5 7 = 161 +B +op=0(2) tyeg tga. ‘The equation whose roots are 2a +38 and 80+ 2 isa?-Sx+P=0 or #-Besar-o or 2x? - 25x + 820. Example 4. [f the sum of the roats of a quadratic equation is 3 and the sum of their cubes is 63, find the equation. Sol. Let the roots of the required equation be a and B. a a+B=3 and of+f'=63. Now (or + B= oe? + B+ Softer + B). oe (8 = 63 + 3af(3) = 27=63+S0 = Gof=-36 = offe—4. ‘The required equation is x?—(c + Bix + of = 0 = xt-9x-420, Example 5. If the roots of the equation (x -aj(x-b) -k = 0 be cand d, then show that the roots of the equation (x - etx di + k= 0 area and b. Sol. Given equation is (x - ax - 5) —k=0 v1 GQ) = stear-bxtab-k=0 = x?=(a+ bbe + (ab~h)=0. ‘The roots of this equation are ¢, d. . wl) and 1 sab—k ..3) . @ = a+b se+d and (3) = ab=ed+h. ‘The equation whose roots are a, 6 is (x —aXx-b)=0 or iala+ be tab=0 or x*=(c4+d)e + (ced +k) =0 or (x? -cd-dz+cd)+k=0 or (x-ehx-d+k=0.QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: 287 If ©, Bi be the roots of the equation ax” + bx +c = 0, ¢# 0, form the equation @ J7B and Pia (i) o and Giii)od and p° iv) of and BF, Sol The roots of ax? + bx +e =O are a, B. b a+p=-2 ond aB=<. (Let so fe «mare fF ve Je asp -bla 6 va 6 SBR go dela ee PRE : The equation whose roots are fa/P and yB/a isx*-Sx+P=0 or 2-(-b}s 0 or = Jacx?+ bx + Jac =0. Gi) Lat Seot+B* and Pac? xB. £ z s=(a+p-a0p=(-2) -a(2]~ Pope and pacest=(£) -£ : a The equation whose roots are a” and B? is x?-Sx+P=0 2 or les Seo or = at®- (b*-2ac)x +c? = 0. ai) Let S=o%+f? and Poo xp? by feb) be Bbe ob Babe 8 =(a-+ pP— goptas = (-2) ~5(2){-2)-- + Be -- Bases . ga and p=capr-(2] = 5. . The equation whose roots are o? and Bis x*-Sz+ P=0 y= or 3-(-2oi) 6S =0 or a®x™+ (b*- Sabo) x +c%=0, a (iv) Let S=of +B and P =o!x pt, Salo?) + (BP = (a? + BP? — 2028? = ((r + )* - 208)" - Hop)? + ° 2 2 2 2 (2 -28] -£) -( ss) i a lie o. a a, a a* a b4 440%" - 4b%ac- 20%? _ 5 + 20%? - dab%e = Evel toe Balch, tee te @ a and P= (op)'= (:) = .268 IPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI a ‘The equation whose roots are af and Bt is x? - Sx+P=0 + 420%? — dab? 4 or ve Hepat atte =o or atx? (b+ + gate? - dab" o) x +o = 0. a Example 7. If 0, Bare the roots of Sx? + 2x + 1 = 0, find the equation whose roots are lea 1-8 ita 1+B Sol. The roota of Sx?+ 2x + 1= 0 are aand B. 2 2 asBa-Z ond of= 5 isa | 1-8 ire iB Let Seat ep mt Pm ie “ies (L-oX1+P)+C-Pl+o) 14 fR-o-ah+1-f+a-of m= (+ ayl+ By l+a+p+op ia. Le (a+B)+ op u{- 3 8 eainolestm a aa -p- i+ ay podc® ,AcB 1-p-o+eB 6 “Tea “4p” Wepeasrap “7 magne ote ie 2 oe 2, 3 l-o Ito Example 8. If 0, fi are the roots (assumed non-zero) of 3x?-4x + 1 = 0, fornt the equation 10.9. SERIES UP), 77s ‘a sequence, then the expression T, +7, +7, +....,. is called the series correspanding to the given sequenee. ‘A series is called finite or infinite according as the corresponding sequence is finite or infinite. For example, 1+3+74 16+... is a series and correspond to the sequence 1, 3, 15, Example 1. Write the first three terms of the sequences whose nth term T,, is given by : @dn+t i) (ae 2)! yar (iii) 2n+T Sol.(i)Wohave TT, = 4n41, * T, = value of (4a + 1) whenn is 1 = 4(1) +1=5, T, = value of (4n + 1) when nis 2=4(2)+1=9 and T, = value of (4n + 1) when nis 3 = 4(3)+1=13, Gi) We have T.=@eD! ‘ T,=(14 D212 12-3, T= +Dla8lelx2xde6 and Tyne Diadlalnln3 edad, m aed (iy We bave 7, = 73 ale. 38 g41 5 a T= aSiex que dtl b ied, aapea 3 7) Te gaye gE and Ta i (iv) We have T, =ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 293 Example 2. Write the first five terms of the sequences whose general terms are given by: en n?-1 if nisadd @T, = @T,=4,2 Me Sen a Ol aisesen . 1! 1 Gi T= Le Dt 5 tt , Sol. (i) We have T, = ——. oan cot pt id 7 ceo ie Rega ae Bg te hase EOF peor, S+477 9S 345 Ty n= 1 ifnisodd Gi) Wehave T= |n?41 — — ifniseven. (Lis odd) (2 is even) (iti) We have Example 3. Write the firet six terms of the sequences given by : =a,0,,) 021 Ga, =0,= 1,0, = 20, , +80, gm>2 (ia,= 2 ag=— 1, O43 Sol. (i) We have a, =a, =1, a, = 20, , +30, 022 oA) Putting neSin(), weget 4, = 24,4 Sa, = 2(1)+ 31) =5. Putting n=din(1), weget a, = 2a, Sa, =2(5) + KI) = 13. Putting neBin(1), weget a, =2a,+ 3a, = %13)+3(5)= 41. Putting n=Gin(), weget a, = 2a, + Sa, = 2(41) + (13) = 121. ‘The first six terms of sequence are 1, 1, 5, 13, 41, 121.294 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI SURE SORE RA CIRENCESTER CT RESET STE nei 1) ine (ii) Wehave a= 3,0,==1, ayg= 2,0, Puttingn = Puttingn=Sin(1), weget a, Puttingn =4in(1), weget a, 1/1 vo (Jed=3 The first six terms of the sequence are 1/2, ~ 1, = 1/2, 1/2, - 1/4, ~ 1/8. Example 4. Find the &th term in the sequence whose first three terms are 3, 3, 6and each term after the second is the sum of the two ferns preceding it. Sol. Let T,, be the nth term of the sequence. We aregiven T,=3,7,=9,T,=6 andT,=T,,+T,.>2 A) S T= Ty +T, #34356 [By putting n = 3 in (1)] Ty Ty+T)=64909 Ty2 Tl +7, =946=15 19+9=24 T,27,+T,=24+15= 39 9 + 24 = 63. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS. Rule I. A sequence is.a succession of terms which are formed according to some definite rule, Rule Il. A sequence is either finite or infinite. Rule Ill. A progression is a sequence if its terms increases (respectively decreases) numerically. Rule IV. If Tp Ty Tn is a sequence, then T, +T, +Ty+ tothe sequence T,, Ty Ty .....- EXERCISE 1 ‘VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS is the series corresponding ans i. For the th ane 2, For the sequence {7,, where T, = 20?— n + 1, find first three terms. } $F, 3. Find the 7th term of the sequenceARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 295 4. Write the series corresponding to the sequences : si 11 1 1--)* eee i) (71, whore T,, = Mn Feger ge (ITA, ee. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 5. Write the first five terms of the sequence {7°,] where : @T,=14(1" Gi) T, = 1p! pt (oy 7, 2 Ms D 6 Find the first six terms of the sequence (7), if 7, =—5, 7, att 7. If 7), =n when n is odd and T, = 2n when n is even, then write down ten terms beginning from the fifth terns. &. Find the first six terms of the sequence [a,} where : @® ay=2,0,=4 tia,=2 Gy = 2aq_4 + Bay 2, ay = May y+ REZ ® Find Tyo for the sequence (T,,), where 7, 10. The Fibonacci sequence is defined bya, =1=a,.a,74,., +0, 9(a> 2), Find “241 , for ay 2, 8, 4, 6. Answers 617 rae L Bll ‘2.2, 7, 16 3.0 401-545 -7 (i soe eas... 5.40, 2,0,2,0 (ii) 5,—25, 125,~625, 3125 2 2 ‘ aa @ a’ (iil) pam oP abP ab cbt ab ab (iv) 1, 5, 14, 90, 55 6 83, — B/12, — 1/12, ~ V72, — 1/504 7. 25, 12, 49, 16, 81, 20, 121, 24, 169, 28 @ (2,4, 14, 40, 129, 864 (4) 2, 6, 14, 90, 62, 126 91 a5 8 WwW. LASSE 10,4, DEFINITION ON AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) A sequence is said to be an arithmetic progression (abbreviated as A.P.) if the difference of cach term, except the first one, from its preceding term is always sama. For example 2, 5, 8, 11,....... is an A.P. because 5-2=3,8-5=3,11-8= Thus, the sequence {T,| is an arithmetic progression, if there exists a number, say, d such that T,,,-T, = forn 2 1. ‘The constant number ‘d’ mentioned above is called the common difference of the corresponding A.P. The common difference of an A.P. is denoted by ‘a’. ‘The first term of an A.P. is generally denoted by ‘a’. Remark. An arithmetic progression is a particular type of a ‘progression’,296 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI SS Diustrations + () 1,3, 5, 7,9, ...... is an A.P. with common difference, 2 because 8-1=5-3=7-829-72 =, ii) 16, 18, 10, 7, 4, ..... is an A.P, with common difference, ~ 3 because 13-16 = 10-13=7- 1054-75 (ii) Lot (T,) be the sequence, where T, = 2n +5,n¢ N. Here Tye Ta = (An + V+ 8) ~(2n + 5) =2n 42+ 5-2n-5 = 2, * T 4, -T, = 2 for alln¢ N. 2 (T,Jisan AP, In this AP., T= 2(1)4+527 T= 2(2)45=9 Ty = 28)+5=11 «. The given A-P. is 7, 9, 11, ...... (iv) Let (7) be the sequence, where T, =~ 1+ 2n,n @ N. Here 7,,,-T, ry Me 0) [aay St] -# (isan AP, , 4qel Inthis AP, =-+k@=} 4nd Tn tvday nS 4 Ty=-1+5@) =3 i The given A.P. can also be expressed as 2, 8 a i 1 4 P., =4 and d=4, In this AP. ans : Thus, we see that ifan AP. is given, then we can find its ‘a’ and ‘a’. In fact, this also holds vice-versa. Let foranAP.,wehave a=4andd=~3. Let the AP, be (7) * Ther -T =~ 3.0EN * Ty 2-34T.2eN 2 Now T,=0=4 T,=-34T,5-34451 [Putting n = Lin (1) T,2-3+T,=-3+12-2 The AP. is 4, 1,-2,ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 297 2 a4¢(-901, Ty=T,+d=14(-3)=- ‘Thus, we see that an A.P. is characterised by its ‘a’ and ‘a’. ‘Remark. If in a sequence, the terms are alternatively positive and negative, then it cannot be an AP. 10.5. STANDARD AP. ‘The standard A.P. is defined asa, a+ d,a + 2a, ...... This is an A.P, with ‘o’as the first term and ‘d’ as the common difference. Remark. If we add the common difference to any term of A.P., we get the next following term and if we subtract it from any term, we get the preceding term. 10.6. THEOREM. If ‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of the A-P. {T,}, then prove that T,sa+(n-Id, neN. sa 1 Proof. We shall prove the result by using P.M.I. We have Tyeaea+(1-1)d. ~ The result (1) holds forn = 1. Let the result (1) be trueforn=k. ;, Tyea+tk-1)d 2) By definition of AP, Tq—T, =d : T,.,=T,+d20+(k-ld+deathkdsat(k+1-Vd. (Using (2)) ‘The result (1) holds for n = & + 1. ByP.MI,wehave T,=a¢(n-1)d forn=1, 2,3, su ‘Theorem*. In an A-P. of n terms, prove that the um of the kth term from the beginning and kth term from the end is independent of k and equals the sum of the first and last terms. Proof. Let « be the first term and d, the common difference of the A.P. <. kth term from the beginning = T, = a + (k- Dd. Let i (= @ + (n — 1)d) be the last term of the A.P. The AP. isa,a+dya+ 2d, .u,f—2d,l—d, 1, Ath term from the end in this A.P. =Tinthe AP. §f-d,l-2d,....042d,a+da = 1+(k=1X-d) = (a+(n—Dd)- Ck Ded =at(n-1-k+Dd =at(a—be. Required sum = (a + (# - Id) +(a+(n —&)d) = 204 (k-1l4n—k)d = 2a+(n~ Dd, which is independent of &. Also, sum of first and last terms =a +! =a +(a +(n~ I) d)= 2a +(a— Dd. The result holds. Example 1. Find the 20th and nth term of the sequence 4,9, 14, 19, sso. Sol. Given sequence is 4, 9, 14, 19, Here Ty~T,= 8-425, T,-T,= 14-95... +1} “The proof of this theorem may be skipped on the first reading.298 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —X1 T.-Ty=Ty-Ta= (Dis an AP. with a = 4 andd =5. New Ty =a +(20-1)d=44195)=99 (Using 7, =a +(n-1)d) and T=a+(n~l)d=4+(n-1) 560-1 =5. 2 2 Example 2. Show that the sequence where fog a, tog F108 Fe 2 3, Sol. Here Penicla pmmen ess 7,-T,= tog Sy log an tog 8 T,-T,=7,-T, 2. ‘The given sequence is an AP. Example 3. Write down the series whose rth term ie 2 7+, Is it an arithmetic series 7 Sol. We have Tie tred 7 ‘The series is an arithmetic series with ¢.d. = 1/3. Example 4. Which term of the series 37 + 32 + 27+ 22 +.. Sol. The series is 374324274 22+ Here T,-T,=Ty-Ty=T,-T;= ‘The given aeriea ia an arithmetic seriea with ow 87 and d « Let T,=-103. + a+(n-Id=- 103 = 37 +(n-1)(-5)=-103 = 37-5n+5=-103 > n=29. ~ 103 is the 29h term. Example 5. If log jo 2, log jo (2*— 1) and logy (2* + 3) are in. A.P. then find the value of x. ‘Sol. log yp 2, log yp (2* — D, Jog yp (2* +8) are in AP. => logyg (2% = 1) —logys 2 = log yg (2* + 3) —logyy (2*- 1) 2-1 243 ec +3 = 2 a1 2 ae. a Tog 10ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 299 ES ETE = +3 ~ wes whore y is 2° = yi-Qy4l=2y4+6 = y?-4y-5=0 = y=-1,5, ys-1 = 2° =-1 Thisis impossible, yes = 225 = x=log, 5. Example 6. Show that the sequence (n* + 4] is not an A.P, Sol. Let T,ent+4,ncN, * T,=(% 4425, T,= (2)? 4428, T, = (3) +4=13, Ty=(4)?+4= 20, c. ‘The sequence is 5, 8, 18, 20, Here T,-T,=B-5=3 T,-T, =13-8=5 2. The given sequence is not an A.P. because the differences T, - Ty, T, - Tp... aPC not equal. Example 7. For what value of n, the nth terra of the series : "34 10417 + "and “69 + 65 + 67 +...” are equal, Bol. Ist series. We have 3+ 10+ 17+ Here a, =Sandd,=10-3=17-10=7 o T, =a, +(n-1d,=34+(n-1) T= In -4, Und series. We have 63 + 65+ 67+ Here a, = 63 and d, = 65 - 63 = 67-65 =2 “ T, =a, +(n= I)d,= 63 +(n=1)2=2n+6l, Lat nth term af gven sees be equal in-4=2n+61 or 5n=65ie,n=13, Example 8. Determine the Ist term and the 40th term of the A.P. whose 7th term is 34 and 15th term is 74, Sol. Let a be the first term and d, the common difference of the A.P. We have T, =a +6d = 34 A) and Ty, =a + dd = 74 AQ) @-a) = Bd=40 + da5. Potting d=Sin(),wegeta+6(5)=94 or a= 24-304. Firstterm=a=4 and 40th term = Tages 40 et 38.0)5 108 Example 9. The 2nd, 3ist and last terms of an A.P. are 73 3 z and -6 i respectively. Find the first term and the number of terms. Sol, Let a be the first term and d, the common difference of the AP. We have T,=75 = tym 3 and haat term, 4 Now Tye avd and Ty, =a + 30d.900 ‘COMPRFHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xt a aeda st wf) 1 and a+30d= 3 v2) =i @-@ = ="; Puttingd =~ in(d),weegste + (— Let number of terms be n. 1 32-n+1 33-n oe =T,= =-Ud=B8 =Di-sl]= = laT,sa+(n-Dd =84+in if i) 7 : z Bian 18 ( t=. 2) & 4 2 2 33-n=-26 ie, n= 59. oases 10. If (p+ Dth term of an A.P. is twice the (q + Ith term, prove that the (3p + th term is twice the (p + q + Uth term. Bol. Let a be the first term and d, the common difference of the AP. We have Tor = 2T yay => at(ptl-Dd = Ble +(q+1-Ddl = atpd =2¢+ 29d = a=(p-29)d wn) Now Taye = 0+ (p+ 1- Dd = (p-2q)d+3pd = 22p—ghd (Using (1) and Toiger = 04 (p+ q+ I= Dd « (p-29)d+(p+a)d = 2p- gd Tron = Fg Eeawals 11. The fourth term of an A.P. is equal to three times the first term and the seventh term exceeds twice the third term by one, Find the first term and the common difference, Sol. Let a be the first term and d, the common difference of the A.P.. a T,sa+(n-Dd,neN By the given conditions, 7, = aT, AD and T,=27,+1 AZ) MD = a+Sd=9a or a3 AB) Q) = at6d=sA%a+2d)+1 or adeatt or ade Ban ot fat or d=2 by) = a=2@)-3, =F @=3. Example 12. If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, then show that (m + n}th term of the A.P. is zero.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 301 a A DA RE Sol. Let a be the first term and d, the common difference of the A. P. 4 T,=a+(m-Dd and T.=a+(n—ld By the given condition, mT, =A, => miatim=-Udl=enl(a+(@@=-Dd) => me-na+ mim -Id-nln-l)d=0 => (m-nlat(m?—m-n? +nd=0 = (m-nja+(m—nlm+a—Dd =0 = (m-nla+(m+n-Ud}=0 = a+(mtn-Dd=0 (ss men) ee Tyrom ™ Os Example 13. If pth, qth, rth terms ofan AP. be a, b, ¢ respectively, then prove that plb-e) +g (c-a) + rla-b) =O. Sill Tat A® be tk fist tar aoc, the common difference of the A.P, ‘We have T,=a, T.=b and Tize A+ip— Dae a, Atq- id=b and A+(r— LADS, = plb—e) + gle —a) + la -B) = pli + (= Dd) =(A + (r= Dad] + gIlA + = Dd) =A + (= De] + rll + = Day (A+ (q— 1] = pldiq~1-r+D)+q [dr -1- p+ D)+rldip- 1-940) = pd (q—7)+qd (r— p)+ rd (p—q)=d [(pq — pr) + (qr — gp) + (rp —rq)] =d(0)=0=RHS. Example 14. Prove that the product of the 2nd and 3rd terms of an A.P. exceeds the product of the Ist and 4th by twice the square of the difference between the Ist and 2nd. Gol. Let the AP. bea, a +d, a+ 2d, + da + 2d) — ala + 8d) = (a® + Sad + 2d) — (a? + 30d) 7,7, — = 2d", Also, 27, -T,)? = Aa-(a+d))* = 2a -a-d)* = 2-a)* = 2d? “ BY -NN = 27, -7%)* :. The result holds, Example 15. fa, 4p ay ......, @, be an A.P. of non-zero terms, prove that 1 L 1 n-1 ee Gag yds Gy-1%_ 1 1y Sol. Let ee commen fidtrea fe grow AP. d=a,-a,=a,~4,=......=4,-a, , £ 4,1, ~}[acesce 210y alg ‘"We have taken A instead ofa because a is given to be the pth term of the A.P.302 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI +(- By _MttaDd-a, on-1 daya, aay ne: 10.7. THEOREM Ifa, b,c are in A.P., then prove that (ask bekc+kareinAP. ( (iii) ka, kb, ke are in AP. Proof. a, 6, care in AP. a-k,b-k,c-karein AP. iv) afk, bfk, cfc are in AP. (k #0). a b-a-c-b AD Math b+kctkareinAP. if (6+8)-(a+k)=le+W-G4k) if b-anc-b,whichistrue. .. a+kjb+k,c+kareinAP. Wi)a-kb-ke-kareinAP. if (-h)-(@-B=le-H-0-h it b-a=c-b, which is true. a-k,b-k,c-Kare in A. (iii) ka, hb, ke are in AP. if kb-ha=ke-kb if Mb~a)=he-b) it b-a=c-b, whichistrue. », ka, kb, ke, are in AP. aya be ' ay b= Guy FG .E arein AP ey if b-ase-b, whichistrue, », a/k, bik, ofk are in AP. 10.8. THEOREM If each term of an A.P. ia: (i)inereased by the same number, {ii) decreased by the same number, (ii) multiplied by the same number, (iv) divided by the same non-zero number, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P. Proof. Let the given AP. be a,a +d, a+ 2d, ...... e(L) (i) Let each term of (1) be increased by &. The new sequence is a+k,(a+d)+h,(a+2d)+k,.. ie, a+k,(a+k) +d, (a+k) + 2d,.. This is an A.P. with common difference ‘a’ and first term ‘a + Gi) Let each term of (1) be decreased by k. ‘The new sequence is a -&,(a +d) —h,(a+2d)-h,...... ie, ak, (a-h) 4d, (a1) + 2d, ‘This is an A.P. with common difference ‘d’ and first term ‘a — hk’. (iii) Let each term of (1) be multiplied by &. The new sequence is ka, kia +d), k (a + 2d), ie, ka, ka + kd, ka + 2kd, This is an A.P., with common difference ‘kd" and first term ‘ha’.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 303 re 2 {iv) Let each term of (1) be divided by #(# 0). @ atd a+2d 2. Thenew sequenceis $222 23 de, This is an A.P. with common difference d/k and first term ‘a/R’. Example 16. ifa, 6, care in A P., show that : iad ptt) ares ia? 2 2, Of 5g avin ar, Gi) a7 G40),b%(e4a),c8c-+b) are in AP, (itty SO4O Weta) 0+) 0 nap Ui b+e—ayera-b,a+b—carein AP. be’ ea’ ab i i i Oe res Gee i) (+0)? a7, fe+a)? -b? (a+b)? -c* are in AP. wel A. , «p abc abc abe . Bol) 2c areinar. if FE, O% SF arin AP, (Multiplying each term by abc) if a, 8, care in AP., which is given to be trae. Alternative method td 2 erein AP. if ab ALLL 1 ig bralend ca be ab ca abe abe if b-a=c-b if a, }, care in A.P., which is given to be true. * eke Korein ap. Gi) a%(b+c),6%(c +), c%a+b) are in AP. if a" +a%e, bic + 6%, c2a +c%5 are in AP. if a*b+ate+ abe, b%e + ba + abc, cla + cb + abe are in AP. (Adding abe to each term) it a(ab + ac + be), bbe + ba + ae}, clea + cb +.ab) are in AP, if a, 6, care in A.P, which is given to be true. (Dividing each term by ab + be + ca) a7(b +0), b*(c + a),c*(a+b) are in AP. alb+c) ble+a) cath) ae are in AP. abtac be+ba +cb " “EO ee gg IAP, (iit)304 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X1 | abtacthe betbatea catch+ab if oe ge eis ape rE i 111 ‘ if Ze arein ap. (Dividing each term by ab + be + ca) it abe, abe | abe are in AP. (Multiplying each term by abc) Beco ab if a, b, care in A.P., which is given to be true. alb+o) bic+a) cath) ‘ Bre) Bere) ce tB) sein AP. (iv) b+e-ae+a—b,a+b-careinAP. if +e~a)-(at+b +e), (c+a-b)—(at+b +e), (0+b-c)-(a+b+c)arein AP. (Subtracting a + 5 + ¢ from each term) if ~2a,—2b, ~2e are in AP, if a, 4, carein AP. which is given ta be true. o b+c-a,c4a-b,a+b-careinAP. 1 1 1 ©) Wks Tera Taste Sem AP. 1 1 i i a Ve+da Jerse Ja+db Je+Je Girte-le-ve Sevto-ve-b ae -8 (We+Valerde) Va+doyve+Ja) * Yeade Jere b-asc-b if a,6,carein AP., which is given to be true. 1 1 1 inAP. (vi) (+c =a?,(c +a)" - 8%, (a +b) — e” are in AP. or e+aplbse-a),(c+atbict+a-b), (atb+e) (a+ b-clareinAP. b+c-a,e+a-b,a4+b-carcinAP. (Dividing each term bya +6 +e) (+c~a)~(a+b +e), (eva-B)-(a +b +e), (a+b-c)-(a+b+edarein A. P. = 2a,~ 2b, -2e are in AP. a,b, care in A.P., which is given to be true. ” (b+ 0)" -a°, (e+ 0)" -b’, (a + b)* =e? are in AP. Nate. The numbers 6 + ¢-a,¢ +a-5, a +5 ~c can also be proved to be in A.P. by equating the differences (¢ + a - 6) = (b +¢-ahand (a+ b-c)—(c+a~b). & RRAARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 305 a A Sk A A Example 17. The sum of the first three consecutive terms of an AP. is 9 and the sum of their squares is 35, Find T,. Bol Let the iret three consecutive terms ofthe AP. bea-da,a+d. Sum =(¢-d)+a+(a+d) fos9 ie, a8 ¢» The numbers are 3-d,3,3+d. Also, sum of squares = (3— d)” +(8)? +(34.4)* =35 (Given) * (9+d? 6d) +94(9 +d" + 6d) =35 Qd?= 85-2728 ie, d?a4 or dat2 ‘The numbers are 3~2=1,3,3+2=5, & The AP, is 1,3,5,..0, and T, -a+(1-Dd=1+(n—2= 2n-1. Casel.d=-2. .. The numbers are 3-(-2)=5,3,9+(-2)=1, The AP. is 5,3, 1... and T,sa+(a-Dd=5+@-D2)=-an47, An Important Note () If the sum of three numbers in A.P. is given, then the numbers should be taken as a-daatd, (Here C.D. = d) (ii) If the eum of four numbers in AP. is given, then the numbers should be taken as a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+3d. (Here C.D, = 2d) (iit) If the sum of five numbers in A.P. is given, then the numbers should be taken as a-2d,a-d,2,a+d, 242d. (Here C.D, = d) Since the sum of numbersis given, these choices of numbers shall directly give the value of‘a’, The value of ‘d’ is to be calculated by using other given condition, Tn case, the sum of numbers in A-P. is not given, then we should take numbers in the ordinary form as a, @ +d, a+ 24, .... Example 18. The digits of a positive integer, having three digits, are in A.P. and their sum is 16. The number obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the original number, Find the number. Sol. Let digit at hundred’s place =a-d, digitatten's place =a (Given) and digit at unit's place zatd Integer under consideration = 100(a-d)+ 10a + (a +d) Sum of digits =a(a-d)+a+(a+d)=15 (Given) o 3a= 15 ie, a=5 Original integer = 100(5 —d) + 10(5) + (5 +d). Number formed by reversing the digits = 100(5 +d) + 10(5) + (5 +). By the given condition, 100(5 +d} + 10(5) + (6 —-d) = [100(6 —d) + 10(5) + (6 + d)] - 594 = 555 + 99d = (555-99d]-594 = 198d=-594 ie, d=-3. Digit at hundred’s place =5~-(-3)=8, digit at ten’s place =5 and digit at unit’s place =5+(-3)=2, ©. Required number is 100(8) + 10(5) + 2 = 852.306 COMPAEHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI Example 19. Find four numbers in A.P. whose sum is 20 and the sum of whose squares is 120, and Sol, Let the numbers be a —3d,a—d,a+d,a+3d. « Sum =(a-%d)+(a-d) + (a+) + (a+ 3d) = 20 (Given) . 4a=20 ie, a=6 . Thenumbersare 5-Sd,5—d,5+d,5 + 3d. Also, sumofsquares = = (§ - Sd)" + (5—d)" +(6 4.4)? + (5+ 3d)? = 120 (Given) (25 + 9d? — 30d) + (25 +d? 10d) + (25 +d? + 10ed) + (25 + 9d? + 30d) = 120 => 20d? = 20 Palo d=#1, Case Ld = 1. The numbers are 5 — 3(1), 5 — (1), 5 + (1), 5 + 3(1) or 2, 4, 6, 8, Case I. d =- 1. The numbers are 5 - 3(- 1), 6-(-1), 5 +(- 1), 6 + 3(- 1) or 8, 6, 4, 2, Example 20. If Blog x = 21 logy = 28 log z = logk- log = Gog &)/18 3x21 7 aloes -3(85)- (erat) “72 aie o( (et) - (fees) = 3x28 log 2 J” "(Gog #)/28)"~ 21 log) _ (Gog h)/28) 7x18 _ 9 og, = = 7( We Tl Gogmria |= 287 2" Now thenumbers9, 7, 4, © arein A.P. withed. Given numbers are in AP. WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule L The sequence T',, Tyy Tyy Ty, om i8 Gn AP. if Ty -T, = Ty Ty = Ty—Ty = ve « Rule II. FortheAP.a,a+d,a+2d,.., we have T, =a + (n~ td Rule IIL, The number k is aterm inthe AP. a, a+ d,0+ 2d, won. if there exists n¢ N such that k= a +(n- Ddor equivatently *—" 476 N. Rule IV. Ifa, b, care in AP, then : Wark b+hetkaremAP, (ii)a-kb-k,c-karein AP. (iif) ha, kb, ke are in AP. (iv) alk, blk, cfk are in AP. (#0). Rule V. If the sum of n numbers in A.P, is given, then assume numbers to be : Wa-daatdfornad (i)a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+3d forn=4 (ii)a-2d,a-d, ¢,a+d,a+2d forn =5,AFITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 307 eS EXERCISE 10.2 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 16, 22, ...... is an AP. Find its 7th and 9th terms, 1,2 Show that 6,6—>,4=,4,. ow that 6,624 ‘Show that 4, . is. an A.P, Find its 10th and Ath terms. Find the 20th, 25th and nth terms of the A.P. given by 21, 16, 11, 6, ‘Show that log a, log ab, log ab”, ...... is an A.P. Find its 7th and nth terms. 163 AZ & arein AP, find the value ofk Each term of an A.P. ia doubled, Is the resulting sequence also an AP. ? If it is, write its first term, common difference and the nth term, SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Determine the number of torms in the sequence 17, 142, 12, . += 88. Which term of the A.P. 1, 6, 11, 16, ... Which term of the series 20 + 16 + 12+ Is 910 a term of the sequence 8, 8, 15, . ‘If the 9th term of an A.P. be zero, show that its 29th term is twice its 19th term. Ina certain A.P., the 24th term is twice the 10th term. Show that its 72nd term is twice the 34th term, ‘Determine the 25th term of the AP. whose Sth term is — 6 and commen difference is 6/4. ‘The 8rd term of an A.P. is 1 and the 6th term is - 11. Determine its 15th and rth terms. ‘Determine the 2nd and rth terms of an A.P. whose 6th term ia 12 and the 8th term is 22. ‘Dotermine x so that 2x + 1, x*4 x4 1 and 3x” ~ 3x + 3 are consecutive terms of an A.P. ‘If 5 times the 5th term of an A.P- is equal to the 10 times the 10th term, find the 15th term of the AP. Which term of the A.P, 8 - i, 7~4i, 6~2i, . Ifa, }, ¢ are in A.P., show that ; is (2) purely real (i) purely imaginary. f iy 2 @) 50, 5b, Ge are in AP. Wh Ste becetaatd arein AP, tin) BE= hesbacadand 242,248, S48 ain Ap, show that 2,1, 2 are also in AP. a & e a’b'e 1 1 1 Gi) If the numbers o, #%,¢# arein A.P., show that 55> +7 G+ qq p are also in AP. 8 2 Bc? Be je, (i) Ifthe numbers a, 6%, c# are in A.P., show that po, uaa oe are in AP,(COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI a. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Woy 2:logs (2 ~ 3), ogg (22+ 2" are in AP, then find the value of. a, are in AP., where a; > 0 for all j, show that 1, 1-1 Var + Joa” Jor + Jos Vora + Jan Jar + Jon * ‘The sides of a right angled triangle are in A.P., show that these are in the ratio 3: The pth term of an A.P. is ¢ and the qth term is p, show that its rth term is p +g =r. Ifpth, gth, rth terms of an A.P. be., 6, ¢ respectively, then show that a(q —r) + b(r—p) + e(p ~9) =0. If a.03,.05, Find the 8th and nth terms ofthe series 24 28-41, 421 + = (Can the 8th term be deduced from the nth term, If not, why ? In any A.P. show that Twin + Tn = 20m How many numbers of two digits are divisible by 7? For the AP., a1, 4,43, if 94-2 , find 2. 4, 0,0, = a Ifa, be are in AP., show that be — a7, ca — 6°, ab—c” are in AP. Ifthe roots of the equation (b ~ ¢)x” +(e - a)x + (a= b) = 0 are equal, then show thata, 6, ¢ are in AP. Find three numbers in A.P. whose sum is -3 and product is 8. °@) The sum of three numbers in A.P. ia 9 and the sum of their aquares is 59.Find the numbers. i) The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 15 and the sum of the squares of the two extremes is 58. Find the numbers. ‘Split 69 into 3 parts in A.P. such that the product of two smaller parts is 483. Four numbers are in A.P., their sum is 16 and sum of their squares is 84. Find the numbers, Divide 32 into four parts which are in A.P. such that the product of the extremes is to the product of means as 7: 15. ‘The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. whose common difference is 10°, Find the angles, Answers 52 2.0, 2 .-74,-99,26-5n 4. log ab®, log ab“? 18733 6. you 12 B61 30 10. No 13.14 ‘M4. = 47, 13=4r =-8,5r=-18 16.1,2 17.0 18.4,9 2 3 ae, 24272 2n' 2n+1 no 28.13 4S 32. —4,- 1, 2or 2,— ‘@- 1,3, 7, or 7, 3,-1 3,6, 7, or 7,5,3 21, 23, 25 35. 1,3, 5, 7or7,5,3,1 36, 2,6, 10, 14 or 14, 10, 6,2 76", 85°, 95°, 105".ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 309 10, 17, 18, fe 2 BE BR at. Hints Lot the AP. bea.a 4d, 42d, su. New sequence is 2a, 2a + 2d, 2a + 4d, ‘This is aloo an A.P. with fret term 2a, common difference 2d and nth term = 2a + (n ~ 1¥2d, 7, = 310 implies n = 62.4, which is not in N. BT, = 10Ty = Gla+dd)=10la+9d) = Ga+70d=0 = a=- dd Tye + ldd = — Idd + Md = 0. = T= 8-68 +(n—1X- 1421) =9—n + in WIfT,=0 = In-8=0. Jog, (2-3) ~ 20g? = logy (42 oat) logg(2" - 3) 2 17+ 27 20% fine fae where d ia the common difference of the A.P, fay + Oy ey (a+dP=ate(a-dP = a=dd Sides are 4d ~d, dd, 4d +d. a Ty cannot be deduced from 7, because ‘e.d is in terms of n, 1 Required numbers are 14, 21, 28 ne 98, = 2=8,-1 Hed. =d, then ey implies aed ie, a = 3d. be =a, ca = bY, ab =e? are in A.P. if (ea - 63) = (be - a) = (ab-c*) = (ca - B). Dise.=0 = (c=a)=4{b-cXa=b)=0 = a? + 4b? 4c! —dab —dbe + 2ac = 0 = G-2Bec=0. Let the partabe a-d,a,a+d whered>0. » (a—d)+a+(a +d) = 69 implies (23 -d)2a = 483. Let the angles be at, (a + 10)", (a + 207", (a + 30)". a + (a+ 10)" + (a+ 20} + (a+ 30} = (180 « 4-360). 10.9. SUM OF FIRST n TERMS OF AN A.P. The sum of first n terms of an AP. is denoted by S,. H(TJisan AP, thenwehave $,=7,+7,+T,+.4%,, nen. + In particular S,=T, S,=T,+T, S,=T,+T,+ Ty ete. For example, 1, 4, 7, 10, ..... isan A.P. and : S,=1 S,514+4=5 Syol+d+7=12 S,5 144474104 22ete, In the next theorem, we shall establish a general formula for computing S, for an AP. 10.10, THEOREM If‘a’ and ‘d’ be the first term and common difference of an A.P. then prove that the sum of first n terme of this AP. is given by 8, =F arm Dd}, neN.310 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—x1 ee ‘D Proof, By definition, $,=T,+T,+T,+ Let denotes the nth term Ee. “hb Inst torts in th expression ofS, U=T,=a(n- Dd (implies S,=a4(ard)+(a42d)+... +(L- 2d) +d) +t By reversing the order, we get S.al4+-d}+ U0 - 2d) +... + (a+ 2d)+lat+d)ia wf) Adding (3) and (4), we get 2S, =(ath+(ath+(atht..... (a4 D (ath elard sn(at+l) te (a +D is added n times.) n 4, 8,= 5 +d. (Form 1) Substituting the value of i, we get S,-Glatatn-Dd) or S,= F[2a+(-Ddl (Form 1) Remark 1.The above theorem can also be proved by using Principte of Mathematical Induction, Remark 2, Form | is used when the fast term is known and the Form II is used when common difference is known. Remark 3.Wehave 8, =T,andfern> 1, S,= (7,47 t....4Ty tT . S,2S,1+T te, T,28,-S, T,+8, and forn>1, T,=8,-8,.. Example 1. Evaluate : G)2444+64.. (iii) 45 +47 4494... 499 (iv) 6 + 19 +27 +... +181 Sol, (i) The series is 2444 64....... Here -T)=%-Te Given series is an arithmetic series with o = 2 and d =2, 50 terms Required sum = Sq = [a +(50— ddl (5, =St20-+(n—nal) = 25(2(2) + 49(2)] = 25(102) = 2550. ce 1 (iy The series is 242 42+ Here 1, -T,=T,- Given series is an arithmotie series with a = 2 and a=3 Required sum = Sys = ima +125- Dal aomOgicecn The series is 45+47+494....+99. Hore 7,-T,=T7,-T, Given series isan A.S. with a= 45andd =2. Letnumberoftermsben. - 7, =99 tiARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS ait LT A TE EEE LT TT = at(a-Id=99 = 454+(n-12=99 = n= 28 + Required sum = Sy = 38 (45 + 90)= 14144) = 2016. (s,-20+0) (iv) The series is 6 +18 4214.....#1B1, Here T,-T,=Ty—Ty 2-00-28 2. Given series is an A.S. witha = 5 and d= 8. Let 181 be thenthterm. . T,=181 ie, 5+ (n-1)8= 181, Solving, we get na 23. Required sum = os = 16 + 180» 2 (186) ~ 2130. (5. Zee+o} Example 2. Find the A.P. in whick the sum of any number of terms is always three times the square of the number of these terms. Sol. Let the A.P. bea, a +d, a+ 2d, By the given condition, 5, = 3n?. ‘We have T= Sy —Spaa T, = 8n?—3in—1)? wn? —Sin? —2n+=Gn—8 (Using S, = Sn®) T,=G)-3=3, T,=62)-3=9, 7, =69)-3=15,.... The AP, is 3, 9, 15, sees Example 3. Find the sum of all integers which are divisible by 7 and lying between 50 and 500. Sol. Integers lying between 50 and 500 and divisible by 7 are 56, 63, 70, ....., 497 Required sum = = 58 +63 +704... +497. This isan AS.with a=56andd=7 Let be the number ofterms. » 497=T,. = 56 +(n—1)7 = 497. Solving, we get n = 64. Required sum = Sq, = (56-497) = 321658) = 17606. (s =ie+n) Example 4. Find the sum of all 3-digit numbers which leave the remainder t when divided by 4. Sol. Smallest 3-digit number divisible by 4 = 100. Smallest 3-digit number which leaves remainder 1 when divided by 4 is 101 Greatest 9-digit number divisible by 4 = 996. Greatest 2-digit number which leaves remainder I when divided by 4 is 997. Required numbers are 101, 105, 109, ....... 997. ‘These are in AP. witha = 101 andd = 4. 2 U=a+(n— 1d implies 997 = 101 + (n - 1)4. Min ~1)= 997-101 = 896 or n-1=224ie,n=225, Required sum = Stax =" aon. e97)- 120es. Example 6. Find the sum of all natural numbers less than 1000 and which are neither divisible by 5 nor by 2.312 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Sol. Let 5 be the required sum. Sal4347 49+ 11+ 19417 +19 +21 +23 +27 4 29 +... +991 +999 + 997 +999 = (143+ 7+49)+ (11413 + 17+ 19) + (21+ 23 + 27+ 29)+..... + (991 +993 +997 +999) = 20+ 604100 +....... +3980 AD 20, 60, 100, ....0 ., 3980 is an A.P. with a = 20, d = 60-20 = 40. Let 3980 = 7, =20+(n-1)40. Solving, we get n= 100 @ = s= 22 (20+3900)= 200000. [: S~ Rasa Example 6. How many terms of the sequence ~ 12, - 9, ~ 6, ~ 3, ..... must be taken to make the sum 54? Sol. The given sequence is - 12, —9, ~ Here T,-Ty = -9-(- 12)= 1, -T, = -6-(-9)=3 1, -Ty = -3-(-6)=3 *. The given sequence is an AP. witha=~12 and d=3. Let 64 be the sum of the firstn terms. ~ S,=54 = Flat Dd) 54 = nlR-12)+(n- DB} = 108 => n(8n—27)= 108 = n?-Sn-36=0 = n=-3, 12 n= 12, because n = ~ 3 is impossible. Example 7. Determine the aum of the first 25 terms of an A-P. if ite second term ia Sand seventh term is 22. Sol. Let the AP. bea, a 4d,a 424, .. * T,=a+d=2 AD and T, SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 5. (¢) Find the sum of 10 terms of the sequence (x + 9)", x7 + 9?,(x- 91", Gi) Find the sum of 27 terms of the sequence 2—2 , S==2x Bz 3y xay'’ avy "x+y316 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS-—XI 6 10. iL 12, 18, Te 18. 18. 17. 18. 1. 21. (i) Find the sum of all odd numbers between 100 and 200. Gi) Find the sum of first 100 even natural numbers divisible by 5. ind the sum of all natural numbers between 200 and 400 and divisible by 7. Gv) Find the sum of all positive integers less than 500 and divisible by both 3 and 7. (i) Find the rth term of the A.P., the sum of whose first n terms is 2n + n?, Gi) Pind the sum of first n terms of the AP. whose £th term is given by 5k + 1. (iii) Find the sum of first n terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 5 ~ 6n,n © N, G) How many terms of the AP. 1, 4, 7, .... are needed to give sum 715? Gi) How many terms of the A.P. - 6, — 11/2, —5, ..... are naeded ta give sum - 257 @) How many terms of the AP. 18, 16, 14, ..... are needed to give sum 78 ? Explain the double answer. (ii) Lf the first term of an AP. is 22, the common difference is - 4 and the sum ton terma ia 64, find n, Explain the double answer. Solve the equation :1+6+ 114.422 148, IfS,, Sp, S, are the sums of a terms of three A.P.a, the first term af'e:, \ being unity and the respective common differences being 1, 2, 3, show that 5, + S, = 25, LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( Find the sum of first x terms ofan AP. whose 7th term is 30 and 13th term is 64. (ii) If the 5th and the 12th terms of an A.P. are 30 and 65 respectively, what is the sum of the first 20 terms ? It'S, denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P. show that Syy = 3(S29 ~ So). Find the common difference of an A-P. whose first. term is 100 and the sum of whose first six terms is five times the sum of the next aix terms. Show thatthe num of first = even natarsl numtrsis equal to (14+) times the sum of first » n, odd natural numbers. Ifthe 12th term of'an A.P. is — 13 and the sum of the first four terms is 24, what is the sum of the first 10 terms ? am (m+n) ‘The sum of first x terms of an AP. is zero, show that the sum of next m terms is~ i a being the first term. ‘The sum of n terms of two A.P. are in the ratio Sn +4: Gn +6, Find the ratio of their 18th terms, ‘The first, second and the last terma of a finite A.P. are a, b, c respectively. Show that the eum of all terms of the A.P. ig @*Xb+e— 2a) | 318 =a) Ifthe sums of the first p,q. r terms of an A.P. be a, be respectively, show that Sq-n+be-p+iip-@=0. Pp q ¢ If the sum of first p terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of firstq terms, show that the sum of first p+q terms in zero, i 1 If the pth term ofan A.P. is | and gth term is, show that the sum of pq torms ia 3 (pq D. 5, a 1f8, denotes the sum of n terms of an A-P. and if S, = 6,3, = 105, show that ease: 3.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 3I7 RG UE oe o 14, 10. 4 16. Ww. 18 Answers «1275 i) 1260 Gi) 4225, G) n (13 ~8n)/2 Gi) 1308 3.) 345 a 66% W102 4y7-7y) 97 (#3 6. (i) 7500 ii) 60500 ii) 8728 (iv) 8796 2.@6r-1 (ii) nfm + TH2 Gif) n(2 - Sn) B. fi) 22 i) 5, 20 ®. (6, 13 i) 4,8 ‘10. 36 12, (é) Qntn + 2) Gi} 1150 =-10 16,0 ‘18. 179 : 321. Hints Sq = 28q_4 + Sq_g = (Sq - Sa-1) - Bae — 5-2) = Te - Ter = 4 @ 7 =5,- 5, (i) The A.P. is (1) + 1, (2) + 1, (3) + 1... ie, 6,11, 16,... Wehavexai+in=1)5 and 148-3 (+a) S,=BS_-S) > 65,= 585, = 4[$co00-san]=s[22 Solve a+ tid=-18 and S120+3d)-24 Ifthe AP. bea, a +d, a+ 2d, ..... then 5 [2a + in — Bd) =0 implies d Required sum = Sy4.4 — Sp = Sain -O= Suen: Let aj,ch and dj.dy be the first terms and common differencea of the two A-P.s respectively. ERay+-Dd) gy 44 qe ee “ ‘ F teag + (n— Bd) on+6 New put BV wet iia, we88, meget steamer gerd webbed pel ima boa Sum =F (e+e. a= 2 2A+(p~ DDI implies £=A+(p~D2 ete, 2 PB 2 Sp 2S, implies 4 [2a-+(p— d= 2 [2a + (q- Nel = Qalpg)+(p-qkp+q- Dd =Oie, Iaripeg— Dd =O ete, S36 = a=6, 5,2105 = 2 ae) + 7 na =108 = d=3.318 GOMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATIGS—XI 10.11. ARITHMETIC MEANS Ifthree or more than three numbers are in A.P., then all the numbers lying between the first and the last numbers are called the arithmetic means (A.M.s) between them, Equivalently, if a, Ay Ags Ago are in AP, then Ay, Agy.....)4, are called the n arithmetic means between a and & For example, ()5, 10,15 areinAP. -. 10is the single A.M. between 6 and 15. (ii) 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30arein AP. . 10, 15,20, 25 are the four A.M.s between 5 and 80. 10,12. SINGLE A.M. BETWEEN ANY TWO GIVEN NUMBERS: ‘Let ¢, 6 be any two numbers. Let A be the single A.M. between a and 5. «By definition, a, A, b are in AP. z A-azb-A (each = common difference) ay 2heaeb or Ax a. Remark. The single A.M. between any two numbers is simply referred as the A.M, between the numbers. Thus, the A.M. between given two numbers is equal to half their sum. For example, the A.M. between 7 and 29 is 2 im. 36 as, 10.13, n AM.s BETWEEN ANY TWO GIVEN NUMBERS Leta, & be any two numbers. Let Ay, Agy...... A, be then AM.s between and 6. By definition, a, Ay,Ap) ...4,, 6 are in A.P. Letd be the common difference of this AP, Now b= Tp eatint id. ba Ajsatdnas loo +2d=a+2 ApeatRd=a (53) = nd = ce Acstcnanaa 4) ‘Then AMn betwenn'a’end bares On jaca O=* |, 3 een| 228), n+l nei nti 10.14. THEOREM The sum of n A.M.s between any two numbers is equal to n times the A.M. between them. Proof, Let Ay, A,)......, A,be then A.M.s between numbers a and 6.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 319 Sum of n A.M.a between a and b Ay + Ag Feet Ay = (G+ Ay + Ag tent Ay +b) = (a+b) = 22a (ath) Cr a Ay Ag ntl av - to+n [Bet J=0(224) .. Sum of n A.M.s between a and b =n (A.M. between a and b). Example 1. Insert three A.M.s between 11 and 14. Sol. Let A,, Ay, Ay be the three A.M.s between 11 and 14, 11, Ay, Ag, Agy 14 are in AP. Let d be the common difference of this A.P. Now = 14s Tyalltdd. . d=94 Ay 6 is an A.P. of'n +2 terms) n times the A.M. between a and b. 347 aT eusd-nes-42, a -ase-t Asled=Wsi=2, Aad td=5 Example 2. Prove that if the number of terms of an AP. is odd, then the middle term is the A.M. between the first and the last terms, ‘Sol. Let the AP. bea, a +d, a + 2d, ...... (2n + 1) terms. (Note that 2n + 1 is odd) Middleterm = 7,,,*=a+(n+1-ld=0+nd, A.M. between first and last terms T+Tr. “lp eab 4b" = a a-b)=b" Mab) ae atts pet (sr a#b = a-b#0) a ay fay ; steno (Sf e(ef = acento Example 5. There aren A.M.a between 7 and 85 such that (n -3)th mean : nth meon is ag 11:24. Find n. Bol. Let Ay, Ay, ..... A, be then A.MLs between 7 and 85. Tyas Ay 85i8 an AP. ofn +2 terms, Letd be the common difference of this AP. Now BaTge Tenet = d= we ona We are given {2=SHRAM. . 1 mthAM, "24° re T+(n-2-Dd 11 ° mu 7 WGeinnd a 7 Tn+7+78n—234 11 85n-227 11 ‘in+T+ Tin 36 Bin+7 34 M06n = 5525 => n=B. Example 6.}/the A.M. between pth and qth terms of an A.P. be equal to the A.M. between rth ond sth terme of the A.P., show that p+q = r+a. Sol. Let the A.P. bea, a +d, a + 2d, T,=a+(p-iM, T,-a+(q-Dd, T.-a+(r-Dd, T=a+(s-Dd. We are given that : A.M. between 7, and, = A.M. between T, and T, TT, +T, ~f+h => 20400 - 6448 = 935n +77 > ; ; = +t =T+7, => fa+(p— Dd) +lo+(¢- Dd) = [a+ - Dd) +[o+(s— = (Q@-leq-ld=a(-les-1d 3 ptq-2=res-2 = Ptq=r+s. <. Theresult holds.ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS: a2t 2 SE ER ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS Rule L. _Ifthree or more than three numbers are in A.P., then the numbers lying between the first and the last numbers are the A.M.'s between them. Rule IL. The AM, between a and bis 2*>, b- b-a b-a Rule Il. The n.A.M.s between a and bare a+ TET Sat (22), soap @ on(253). Rule IV. Sum of n A.M.s between any two numbers is equal to n times the A.M. between them. ©, then by componendo and dividendo rule, ace exe Rule V. ut EXERCISE 10.4 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the A.M. between 5 and 9. 2, Find the A.M, between (x — yj? and (x +97. 8. Find the sum of 500 A.M.s between 2 and 3. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4 Ifa, , care in AP,, show that (a ~c} = 4tb?- ae). & Ifzy, 2 arein AP. show that Wr + 2y - 2) (2y +z =2)(2 #x~y) = daz. 6. Find the ratio of the sum ofm A.M.s between any two numbers to the sum off A.M.s between the same numbers. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 7. Insert 3. A.M.s between 3 and 19. 8. Insert 5 A.M.s between 8 and 26. 10. Insert p A.M.s between 1 and p?. 11, Insert 8 A.M.s between 2 and 29. Also verify that the sum of these 8 A.M.s is equal to 8 times the AM, between 2 and 29. soni 12, Pind such that © +B" maybe the A.M. Between @ and b @ 18. 2 A.M.s are inserted between, 6 and 86 such that the ratio ofthe first and the last mean is as 2:11. Find 2. 14, Thore are A.M.s between 3 and 17. The ratio ofthe last moan to the first mean ia 3: 1. Find the value of n. Answers 7 ax? +y? 3. 1280 6min 7116 &. 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 9.6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 11. 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 120 13.8 14.6,322 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI TS Hint 4. Use b= 22° inthe RHS. 10.15. USE OF A.P. IN SOLVING PRACTICAL PROBLEMS In this section, we shall see how the formulae relating to A.P. can be made use of in solving practical problem: Example 1. Hari buys a scooter for Rs, 22,000. He pays Rs, 4,000 cash and agrees to pay the balance in annual instalments of Rs. 1,000 plus 10% interest on the unpaid amount, Find the total payment for the scooter. Sol. Cost of scooter = Ra, 22,000 Cash payment = Rs. 4,000 Balance = Ra, 18,000. ‘There will be 23 ral annual instalments each of Rs. 1,000 plus interest on unpaid amount. The first instal ment will be of Rs. 1,000 plus interest on unpaid amount ( = 18000) for one year. First instalment = 1000+ BDO eTEIO _ 2800 Second instalment = 1,000 + TEOOOA TIO — 2700 ‘Third instalment a 1,000 ¢ B00 tt = 2,500 The instalments 2,600, 2,700, 2,600, 100. 1B terms, form an A.P. with a= 2,900,d = .. Total amount paid for the scooter = Cash payment + Sum of instalments = 4,000 + S,, of the AP. = 4,000 + 2 [2(2,800) + 17(- 100)] = 4,000 + 35,100 = Rs. 380,100. Example 2.A manufacturer of radio sets produced 600 units in the third year and 700 units in the seventh year. Assuming the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, find fi) the production in the first year (ii) the total production in 7 years and (iii) the production in the 10th year. ‘Sol. Let production in the first year =a units. Let annual increase =dunits. . Production in first year, second year, third year, ...... area, a+d,a + 2d, ‘This is an A.P. with first term a and common difference d. Let T., be the nth term of this AP. . By the given condition T,=600, T,= 700. . a+2¢=600, a+6d=700 d=25, a= 600-2(25) = 550,ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 323 SSR a RE A RE EAS (i) Production in the first year 550 units. (a) Total production in 7 years == z [2{550) + 6(25)]= 4375 units. (iii) Production in the 10th year = Ti, = 650+ 9(25) = 775 units. Example 3. Two cars start together in the same direction from the same place. The first goes at uniform speed of 10 k.p.h. The second goes at a speed of & k.p.h. in the first hour and increases the speed by 1/2 km each sueceeding hours. After how many hours will the second car overtake the first if both cars goes non-stop ? ‘Sol. Let the second car overtake the first car after n hours. Ist car. Distance covered each hour = 10 km Distance covered in a hours = 10n km. Tind car. Increase in speed per hour = 3 km. Distances covered in first hour, second hour, third hour ..... are aac, This is an AP, witha =8 andd = U2 Distance covered inn hours = S, of 8,8 zo nnt+3l_n’+3in jy iesl oe ee [2@ +(- »(3]] ; y At the time of overtaking, both cars have travelled the same distance. 2 a ni +8ln ion = n2-9n=0 = 20,9. =O corresponds to the moment of their start. Hence the second car overtakes the first car after 9 hours. EXERCISE 10. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Aman starts repaying a loan with first instalment of Rs. 100. If he increases the instalment by Rs. 6 every month, what amount will be paid by him in the 30th instalment ? 2. A farmer buys a used tractor for Tes. 1,20,000. He pays Rs. 60,000 cash and agrees to pay the balance in annual instalments of Rs. 6,000 plus 12% interest on the unpaid amount. What will the tractor cost him ? 3. Aman saves Rs. 3,200 during the first year, Rs. 3,600 in the second year, Rs. 4,000 in the third year. Ifhe continues his savings in this sequence, in how many years will he save Rs. 2,00,000 ? 4, Agentleman buys every year Bank’s certificates of value excoeding the last year’s purchases by Rs. 25. After 25 years, he finds that the tetal value of the certificates purchased by him is Rs, 10,625. Find the value of the certificates bought by him : @) in the first year (i) in the 13th year. 5. ‘The interior angle of a polygon are in A.P. The smallest angle is 120° and the common difference 6°. Find the number of sides of the polygon.324 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X! ‘The ages of the students of a class form an A.P. whose common difference ia 4 months. If the youngest student is 8 years old and the sum of the ages of all the students of the clasa is 168 years, find the number of studeats in the class. Answers Rs. 245, 2. Rs. 1,66,800 &. 25 years 9 6.16. Hints Let the number of sides be n. 4 (acim + (aS) = 180m - 380. = m-2in4+144e0 = ne, 16 nolé = Last angle = 120+ (16 - 195 = 188, which is not possible. Let the number af students be n, n 4 Sba@em—n AI «168 4. Rs. 125, Ra 425.11 Geometric Progressions 11.1. DEFINITION OF A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.) A sequence ofnon-zero numbers is said to be a geometric progression (abbreviated as G.P.) if the ratio of each term, except the first one, by its preceding term is always same. For example, 3, 6, 12, 24, isaGP. because £ = Ht EZ, eee Thus, the sequence {7,] with T,, #0 is a geometric progression if there oxists a number, any, r such that “22 erforn2l. The constant number ‘r’ mentioned above is called the common ratio of the corresponding G.P. The common ratio of a G.P, is denoted by ‘7. The first term of a G-P., is generally denated by ‘a’. Remark 1. In case of a G.P., neither a =O nor r= 0. Remark 2. In a GP., no term can be equal to 0". Remark 3. A geometric progression is a particular type of a ‘progression’, Mustrations : i 7 a 2.4 8 16 ) 1,2, 4, 8, 16, ..... is a G.P. with common ratio 2, because T2747 87 11, ; el 3.1 18 (ii) 9, 3,1, a3" isa GP. with common ratio =, because G = 3 = T Here T,#0,forne N and IT isa GP. In this GP, T, = 23%) = 18 T, = 2(83) = 54 + The given GP. is 6, 18, 54, . (iv) Let (T,,] be the sequence, where T, = 128 (-3) ne N. 325326 GOMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—X0 Here T,40,forne N and 2 (lisa. Inthis GP, 3 7,= 120(-3) =-54 . The given G.P. can also be expressed as — 96, 72, ~ 54, .... In this GP, a =-96,r=-9/4, ‘Thus, we see that if G-P. is given, then we can find its ‘a’ and ‘’. In fact, this also holds vice-verea. Let for a G-P. we have, a = 4,r=— 18. Let the GP. be {7,). Ts BF neN, or Thay ~Bnen AD Now Ti=0=4 oo (Puttingn = Lin) The GP. is 4,-2, 1,...... Alternatively, 7, Tatyxrad(-3)=-2, Tetxreca(-3)=1 ‘The G.P_ is 4,-2, 1, ‘Thus, we see that a G.P. is characterised by its ‘a’ and ‘r’. 8G.P., the terms are alternatively positive and negative, then its common ratio is 11.2. STANDARD G.P. The standard G.P. is defined as a, ar, ar? , ...... This is a G.P. with ‘o’ as the first term and ‘ as the common ratio. Remark. If we multiply the common ratio with any term of a G-P., we get the next following term and if we divide any term by the common ratio, we get the preceding term.GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS: 327 NEE ee eee 11.4. THEOREM If‘a? and ‘r’ be respectively the first term and common ratio of the G.P. (T,], then prove that T, =or4,neN. a) Proof. We shall prove the result by using P.M. We have T,sa=ar't, —», Theresult(1)holdsfor n=1. Let the result (1) holds for n = k. nf) : 1, By definition of GP. eer a Ty =Tyr= arty = art art, using (2) The result (1) holds for a=k+1. + By P.M, we have T,=ar™! for n= 1, 2,3, Theorem*. In a G.P. of n terms, prove that the product of the kth term from the beginning and the kth term from the end is independent of k and equals the product of the first and last terms. Proof, Let a be the first term and r, the common ratio of the G.P. Ath term from the beginning = 7, = ar*-!, Let / (= ar") be the last term of the G.P. The G.P.isa,ar,ar%,... +. &th term from the end in this G.P. = T, in the G-P., i, ar? ara iy" ane 212 sort By gt ttt wget Required produet = (art !Yar"*) =a? = a%r*-1, which is independent of k. Also, product of first and last terms = af = a(ar*"!)=a?r*™) . The result holds. Example 1. Find the 9th and nth terms of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ...... Sol. Given sequence is 3, 6, 12, 24, ..... AD R66, & 2 Here Tj g7> net? % % peeps =2 2 WisaGP.witha=3andr=2, 1 Now Ty = art} = ard = 3(2) = 3(256) = 768 (T, = ar) and T, = art = 312)", “The proof of this thearem may be skipped on the first reading.328 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—xI RA TU IPP Example 2. Write down: the series whose rth term is 6.2", Is it a geometric series ? Sol. Wehave T,=6.2" Putting r= 1,2, 3)... Wweget Ty = 8.215 5.27 = (4) = 20 Ty = 6.21 = 6.2 = 5(8) = 40 = 5.21 = 5,24 = 5(16) = 80 The series is 20 +40 +80 + san hy B a2.. + The series is a geometric series with cr, = 2. Example 9, Which term of the series z. det 4 eis 286. Sol. The series is Here: «The given series ia a G. a win’ V4 andr= Let T,, = 256. earl 2 256 = fea 22560 = (2 t= 1024 = (-27-1 = 2 = Cayrt=(2 = n-l=10 0 = nel. 2. 256is the 11th term. Example 4. For what value of n, the nth terms of the series “5 + 10 + 20 +... "1280 + 640 + 320 +...” are equal. Sol. Ist series. We have 5+10+20+...... and 10 20 Here a,=6 and rep as 2 T, =a,r" separ Tind series. Wehave 1280 + 840 + 920 +. 640 320 1 Bet MexR 1880 end 5" 950" G40)" 2 copes)” ‘Let nth terms of given series be equal. roy => 524 = 1280(3) = 212256 x = 2? 2 256 = 2S => In-2e8 ie,n= 10/2 =5. =GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS: 329 a Example &. The 6th, 12th and 18th terms of a GP. are a, b and ¢ respectively. Show that 6? = ae. Sol. Let A be the first term and , the common ratio of the G.P. The G.P. is.A, AR, AR#, .. a=T,=AR, b=T,,=AR" and c=Ty,p=AR”. b= (ARM) = A°R™ and ac = (AR*) (ARM) = AtR™ Db? sac. icrwarwewnned GP. is 1. The sum of third and fifth terms is 90. Find the common ratio of the G.P. Sol. Let r be the common ratio of the G.P. Herea=1. We are given T, + T, = 90. = orttart=90 = rertego oad Mea s000 wy pin tte ee EM - 9,10 1? = 9 implies r =~ 3,9 12=~ 10s impossible, s» Common ratio =-3or3. Example 7. If the 4th, 10th and 16th terms of o G.P. are x, y, respectively, prove that x,y, 2are in G.P. Generalise, Sol, Let A be the first term and R, the common ratio of the G.P. The GP. is A, AR, AR? ...... x=eT,=AR', y=7\)=AR® and 2=T,,=AR". x AR’ _ pos. 2 ART _ puso Now = a =FP3= Re and yo aRr = =F = ie, x,y, Zare in GP. Generalisation. Let x= T, = ARP, yet, =ARM and z=T,=AR™, 1 r= 2 ART Lprtetcnre and 5 re, Z xy, careinGP.if2 =— ie, if per = RY orifg-p=r-p = xy or if p,g,rareinAP. + Ingeneral, if p,q, rare in AP, then T,, T, T, of any G.P. are also in G.P. Example 8. If the 5th term of a G.P.is 16 and the 10th term is 2 ind the G.P. Also find its 15th term, Sol. Let a be the fi frat tr and fhe eam ratio tin GE. i T,=ar\ne N. We have T.=16 and Tyy= ;330 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —X1 uy Ato, rycortanse(2)" ag. Example 9. i three distinct real numbers, b, care in G.P. and a+b +c =x, then show that xS- Lor x23, Sol. a, b, care in G.P. Let 6 = ar andc sar’, » a4b+e=be implies a +ar+ar? =arz => r+ (l-a)re1=0. Since r is real, we have, disc 20 > Q-x)-4,.1,120 = 2?-2r-a20 = (4NE-920 = G@-(-1e-3)20 = xS-1 or x25. Example 10. If p,q, rare in A.P. and x, y, are in G.P., prove that x. y , 2-4 = 1. Sol. p,q, rarein A.P, Letd be thec.d. * qeptd, and zap+2d. ‘Also, x,y,z 0reinG.P. Let Rbe the cr. yesR and 2=xR% Putting the values of, r, y, 2 in LHS. we get LHS. sxtty hgh de lh tdl— w+ a (ype + Ad) — pEgRRap —te + eGR)! (xR = at eMRM gl Od axded-d RU-Me OR 1x 1a l= RLS. Example 11. Find all the sequences which are simultaneously arithmetic and geometric progressions. Sol. Let Fy, Ts, Ty @ a sequence which is A.P. as well as G.P. Let T,=a+-ld ¥ neN The sequence is a, a +d, a + 2d, ..... This is also a GP. fui Tut y N. s is al Plon = ¥ aeN TT id = tad ao gt ndtala+nd) +d] (a+nd)—al atndGEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS: 331 = (@endPa(atnd®-d? = d=0 ie,d=0 The sequence is a, @ +0, + 2(0), sus ies, G, Oy Gy sree .. Only a constant sequence can be both A.P. and G.P. Example 12. Ifa, 6, c, din G.P,, show that the following are also in G.P. (ia? 87, BP, fa? ia? + B42, ab + be ted, B+ + Sol. ca, 2,0, d are in GP. Let be the common ratio ofthis @.P. -. b=ar,cxar’,d=ar, (a? - 63, b? -c%, c?-d? are in GP. . Bac? ct@_d? ap far? =tar? _ ar?}? ~(ar8)? Ae ae” Boe a? (ar? ™ far}? (or Mt —rt) art er?) if Se if =r, whichis true. ear) 7 aa} Seaver ane (Since a, b,c, d are in G.P, therefore, a # 0. We also assume thatr # 1.) » at—b4, b?—cf, ct d? are in GP, (ii) a +b? +04, ab + bc + 0d, 7 +o? +d? are in G.P. i abtbe+od 2 +c? +d? , a+b tc” abtbcred ae (aXar)+(arMar*)+(ar*Xar*) ——_(ar)* +(ar*)* +(ar*)? a? + (ar?) +(ar?)? * (aver) + (arkar®) + (ar*Xar*) 2, 2 24,4 if Tal ace aL if r=r,which is true, @(ertert) aa « a® +b? +e, ab + be + ed, b? +c? +d? are in GP. Example 1%. if the pth and qth terms of a GP. are q and p respectively, show that 2 (p + qith term is (qPip*)?-9. Sol. Let a be the first term and r, the common ratio of the G.P. Ti ar-tag and Thearmtap (2) Dividing (1) by (2, weget 2 E viding (1) by (2), we got “> =F = ried P saree la ge=l te Now 7, = ar'*t-!aar-1, a grt abe as _ “4 aye P. Pp ny332 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—Xi ne TS Example 14. Find four numbers forming a G.P. where the third term is greater than. the first by 9 and the second term is greater than the fourth by 18, Sal. Let the four numbers in G.P. be a, ar, ar?, and ar? , +. By the given conditions: or? =a4+9 wT} and ar=ar'+18 ..<2) a) = af? 1) <9 ) Q) = ar(1-r?) = 18 = ar(r? 1) = 18 (4) Dividing (4) by (3), we get —r=2 ie, r=-2 Putting r =~ 2 in (3), we get ((-2'-1}=8 ie, 3a=9 or a=3. . The numbers are 8, 3(~ 2), 3(- 2), a(— 2)" ie, 9,-6,12,-24 Example 15. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 13/12 and their product is - 1. Find the numbers. Sol. Let the numbers be ©, « andar. Product =f.q.ore—1 (Given) => @=-1 = @=(1P or a=-L «The numbers are rt ea and - 102-7, F ‘Aso, sum z (-t}+« pecn ad (Given) ; 2 = -(+17).8 => — 12 — 12r - 127 = 18r = 12? 426r412=0 > r=-9/4,-4/9 -1,- 3/4) 473, ~1, 344 or a4, - 1, 43. ‘An Important Note: (G) If the product of three numbers in G.P. is given, then the numbers should be taken as ear. (Here C.R. =r) Gi) If the product of four numbers in G.P. is given, then the numbers should be taken as Spt ar or? Here C.R. =r) (iii) If the product of five numbers in G.P. ie given, then the numbers should be taken as +o ar, ar’, (Here C.R. =r) re Since the product of numbers is given, these choices of number shall directly give the value ofa’, The value of is te be calculated by using other given condition. Incase, the product of the numbers in G.P. is nat given, then we should take numbers in the ordinary form as :a, ar, ar, ....(GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS: 333 Example 16, The product of three numbers in G.P. is 1000. If we add 6 to ite second number and 7 to its third number, the resulting three numbers form an.A.P. Find the numbers inGP, Gol. Let the numbers in G.P. be, and or. Product = © a .ar= 1000 (Given) = a®=1000 ie, a®=(10 or a=10 ” The numbers are ~°, 10 and 10r. New numbers are a 10 +6, 10r + 7. These are in AP. r 2 16-9 core 9-16 = 16-39 - or-9 = 16r = 10 = 10r?— 9r = GieaSr+2=0 = r=V/2,2. . The numbers in G.P. are 2° 10,10(1/2) ie, 20, 10,5. Cage IL. r= 2. The numbers in GP. are 22, 10,102) ie, 5, 10,20. Example 17. The sum of the first three terms of a G.P. is 7 and sum of their squares is 21, Determinate first five terms of the G.P. Sol. Let the GP. bea, ar, ar’, ..... By the given conditionsa+ar+ar’=7 (1) and (a)* + (ar)? + (ar? = 21 (2) Qa = al+r+rj=7 ABD (2) = aF(ler?+r4)e21 ..44) @erirty 21 3) and (4) implies 2 *7 +72) (S)and (4) implies TOT pare De (aor prior 3 Ge endirio 8 | leur 3 Qtrer?y? 7 erent? 7 deren? 7 = T+ TraB4 re 3? = Ol br +2n0 read, CaseLr=2.Inthisease, (2) = a(1+2+4)=7 = awl The GP. is 1, 12), (299, ......de,, 1,2, 4..... ‘The first five terms are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, Case IL ra 2. In this cose, (3) => e[tedet)er => aed ho F 1 i The GP. is 4,4 (3)(3) pees By hy By Ay anes The first five terms are 4, 2,1, 3 i334 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI Example 18. The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract I, 7, 21 from these numbers in this order, we obtain an AP. Find the numbers. Sol. Let the numbers in G.P. bea, ar, ar’. By the given conditions : «+ ar + ar? = 56 and @-1,ar-T, ar? — 2) arein AP. a= all +r+r3 = 86 @ = (er-7)-(@- 1) = (er? -21)-(er-7) = ar-a-6=ar?~ar~14-a~2ar+ar?=8 = atl ~2r +13) 28 Lay ways a(lt¢r+r®) 56 | lvretr? Dividing by, wewst Coy are w M Toarare™ = Lere2aTo lire G2 16r46=0 = 2-Gr4+2=0 5 r= 2,2. Case Lr= 2, a = a(isdet 3). 56 = Base te, a= 92 The numbers are 32, 32(1/2), 3212" ie, 82, 16,8. Casolr=2 (1) = a(l+2+4)=56 = Ta=56 ie, o=8 +. The numbers are 8, (2), (27 ic, 8, 16,32. Example 19. There are four numbers such that the first three of these form an A.P, and the last three form a G.P. The sum of the first and the third numbers is 2 and that of the second and fourth is 26, what are these numbers ? Sol. Let the numbers be a, 8, ¢, d. By the given conditions : ate=2 oD) bad = 26 (2) M = es2-a and Q) + = d= 26-2, ‘The numbers area, b, 2-a, 26-6. Also,a,6,2-careinAP, < b-a=(2-a)-6 ie, 2be2 or b=1. +. ‘The numbers become a, 1, 2—a, 26-1 = 25. Q-a_ 25 Also, last three numbers are in G.P. I goa = (Q-a=2 0 =? 40-2150 = a=-3,7 Case I. a =-3. In this case, the numbers are-3,1,2-(~3),25 ie, —8,1,5,25. Case IL. a = 7. In this case, the numbers are 7, 1,2—7,25 ie, 7) 1,-5,25. ‘WORKING RULES FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS: T, Rolel. The sequence 7, Tp Ty Ty 8a GPF Te P-B-R- T; Rule I, For the GP. a, a7, a7, wu, we have T, = ar"-!, Role Il, The number k is a term in the GP. a, ar, ar’, log ¢k/a) log r if there exists n @ N such that k = ar“! or equivalently +1eN,GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 335 Rule IV. Ifo, , care in G.P., then (i) ka, kb, ke are in G.P. Gi) afk, blk, clk are in G.P. (k #0). Rule V, If the product of n numbers in @.P. is given, then assume numbers to be : @ 5, qarforn=s i) © 9 ar, or forned rir Gi) Sa, ar, ar? for n= 5, r EXERCISE 11.1 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Find the common ratio of the following G.1 G) 0.01, 0.0001, 0.000001, .. ao, Gai a4 ed (iv) a"*, 0", a, 2% Show that each of the following is a G.P. Also find nth term in each caso : G) 128, 64, 22, . ii) 5/2, 5/4, 5/8, Git) 3 3,35, ..... Gv) ak, ok, ab’, 3. Each term of a G.P. ia doubled. Is the resulting sequence also a G.P.? 4. Ifa,d,care in GP. and &(# 0) R, then show that ; Wat+kb+kc+k may notbeinGP. (ii)a—k,b~k,c-% may not be in G.P. (lit) ka, Rb, he are in G.P. iv) ath, Bek, clk are in G.P. 5. Ifeach term of a G.P. is: () multiplied by the same non-zero number (ii) divided by the same non-zero number, then shaw that the resulting sequence is also a G.P SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS @. (i) Find the sequence whose ath term is 9*-!, What type of sequence is it ? What is the Sth term? a, a, (ii) Find the sequence whose nth term is 3"~ 1. Is it a G.P, ? What is its 6th term ? 7. Determine the number of torms in the sequence 5/2, 5, 10, ...... 640. G) Which term of the G.P. 2, 2/3, 4, Gi) Which term of the series 5+ 10+ Is 512 a term of the sequence 1/256, 1/64, 1/16, 10. Gj) The 5th, 8th and 11th terma of a G.P. are p, q and r respectively. Show that q* = pr. Gi) In any GP. prove that T, x T,,,= (7). iL G) The 3rd term of a G.P. is 24 and 6th term is 192. Find the 10th term. Gi) The Sth term ofa G:P. is 16 and 10th term is 1/2. Find the G-P. Also find the 15th term. 12. (i) The fourth term of a. G.P. is square of its second term and the first term is — 3. Determine the seventh term of the G.P, (ii) Find the G.P. for which the sum of the first two terms is —4 and the fifth term is 4 times the third term,COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —Xi cL 4 15 bin Py 2 whe te 8 Hs, Beary A AE ta stir Pt A porte pol aaclbe tha umcore At, Mp rein 1 1 Lt abow ; P, iy rer are in AP., that x, y, z are in G. @ Find the value of x it~ 2/1, x, - 792 are in GP. (ii) For whet value(s) of k, the numbers 1 +k, dea Bee areinG.P.? 1 an’ fan Tog, Ifo* = bY = ct and z, y,4 are in GP., show that log,a = log, b. If the mth, nth and pth terms of a G.P. are in G.P., show that m, n and p are in A.P. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Ifthe pth, gth and rth terms of a G.P. are, y and z respectively, show that : @arye ert at Gi (q—r log x + (Fp) log y + @- ghlogz = 0. Find tha value of for which x + 9,2 ~ 6 and 4 are the first three terms of'a G.P. and calculate the fourth term of the progression. Ifthepth, gth, rth andath terms ofan AP. are in G-P., show thatp~q,q—1, r-s are also in GP. Ifa, 8, ¢ are in G-P., show that : If a, 6, ¢aroinG.P., show that ——— are in AP. G) o?, 6, are in GP. «ay an are in GP, Bs (ili) BRA, co®, B® are in GP, (io) a +BY, ab + be, 62+ e# are in G.P. Ifa, 8, c,d are in GP, how that : Wa+b,b+e,¢+d are in GP. (G8) a? + BY, b? + c®, ct + d? are in GP. GD (a - e+ (b- 0)? + (b-dP a(a—d)? (iv) (a? + 6? + 08) (6? +c? +d?) = (ab + be + ed Ifa be the first term ofa G.P.,/ the nth term and P, the product of first n terms, show that P = (aly, Ifthe (m + n)th term of aG.P. iap and (m -n)th tarm isq, show thatmth and nth terms are Jpg mel en repel The pity gis and rth terme of a AF, an wull nafs GLP. sre b,c toepectivaty. Prove thal bee Ips, rare in G.P. and the equationa pa! + 7x += O nnd de! + 2ex +f =0 have a common rot, then show that £ EF sain Pig’r Ita, bearein AP,, 2 ¢,d aroin GP, and 4, 2 arein AP. ; prove that a, ¢, e are in G.P. 39 (@) The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is 7 and their product is 1. Find the three terms. (i) Obtain three consecutive terms a, b,c of a G.P. ifa + 5 +c = 93 and abe = $375, @) The lengtha of the sides of a triangle form s G.S. If the perimeter of the triangle is 37cm, and the shortest side ia of length 9 cm ; find the lengths of the other two sides. (ii) Find three numbers in G.P., whose sum is 19 and the sum of their squares is 133.GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 337 31. 32, L 3B il. 12, 31, 32, 12, 13, 16. 17. 19. @) The sum of three numbers in G.P. is 56. If we subtract 1, 7,21 from these numbers in this order, we obtain an A.P. Find these numbers. (Gi) The sum of three numbers which are consecutive terms of an A.P. is 21. If the second term is reduced by 1 while the third is increased by 1, three consecutive terms of a G.P. are formed. Find these numbers. (iii) The sum of three numbers in A.P- is 15. 1f 1, 4 and 19 are added to these numbers respectively, the resulting numbers are in G.P. Find the numbers, (@) In a set of four numbers, the first three are in G.P. and the last three are in A.P. with common difference 6. If the first number is the same as the fourth, find the four numbers. ‘The sum of four numbers in G-P. is 60 and the A.M. between the first and the last is 18. Find the numbers. Answers oor Gi) We (iu) a Ga ii) 30? tiv) ante! yea (id) 2, 8, 26, 80, 8. (@) Lath (#8) 10th (3072 (2187 15. (@) 21 ” 2,5 6,2 Gi)~ 12 20.2 =0, Ty = 0 FL oor Le (ii) 3, 16, 75, or 75, 15,3 30. (i) 12em, 16 em (ii) 4, 6 Bor 8, 6, 4 (8B, 16, 32 or 32, 16, 8 Gi) 3, 7, 11 or 12,7, 2 2,5, 8 ar 26, 5, — 16 (8,-4,2,8, Gi) 4, 8, 16, 32, or 92, 16, 8, 4 Hints @MLetaslb=2,ca4k=2 + a,b,c are inGP butat kad,b+h=4,c+h =6 arenot in GP. (i) If the G.P. bea, ar, ar?, then a = Band ar? = (ar? er # 22 amwn-oeen 1 1 =. are in A.P. iflog,, a, log,, 6, log, ¢ are in AP, ithe, & = log, ©. Tom,” log,m * log. m b&b Letats ectek elias = Olt logy & xy2inGP, = me => log, = log, 6. Gi) Let x = ARP ete.338 (COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —XI cet a OEE 21, 22, 24. 28, atig- Bd _atr— Td a+ (-Ded at(p-Dd a+iq—Dd ” att Dd fa+(q-Udl—lo+ir— ed) let Dal—fo sted) g— [a+ (p— Wid) — [a+ (g— Dd) ~ la +(q— Ddl—la+(r— Dal “*" pq qr" Let bear, exar? 23.Let bear, exer, d=ar, Ifthe G.P. bea, ar, ar’, then! sar! Let the AP, bea,a+d,a + 2d, This implies us and Paa.ar.ar.....artegtittt t-te gp 2 seth = ata? and q = ar"*1 implies pq = ar"-# = (art? = 7,3, seeker pm tpigyitia Now T,=ar"! sar = plipig)™I™ Let the A.P. and G.P.be A,A+D,A+2D,... and B, BR, BR%,..... @=A+(p- DD = BR b= A+lq~ DD = BRY and C=A+ir-11D=BR b-e=-7D,c-a=Dir-p)a-b= Dip-4) aM Bot = BRI BRIM BRIE, ‘We have q? = pr. Roots of pa? + Oger +r a Dare 22S vag — Apr Wag? -40r 4, at Ve — pr ge ~940 gy ? ap PB = © isa root ofds! + Bex + f= 0. Pp Dividing by pa?, we get 2-244 2 20 ix Poa @ ate 1 Wehave &= 2 cf edd, a o(235)[25). (di) Take numbers as a, ar,ar*, art and we 1+ r+ rt4 rte (1+ rl +r). 11.4, SUM OF FIRST n TERMS OF A G. ‘The sum of first n terms ofa G.P. is denoted by S,. IMT,Jis.aG.P,, then we have S, = 7, +7, +7, + For example, 2, 6, 18, 54, ..... is a G.P. and: 8,52 S, 524658, S,=24+6+18=26etc. In the next theorem, we shall establish a general formula for computing S,, for a G.P. +T ne N.GEOMETRIG PROGRESSIONS 339 Pa ERTS STE 11.5. THEOREM Ifa and r be respectively the first term and common ratio of a G.P., then prove that the sum of first n tarms of this G.P, is given by if r=1 if rel Proof. Let T, be the nth term of the given G.P. é T,=ar"neN, By definition, S,=7,+T)+ +7, +7, é Sy2Gtar te tar? ear AD CaseLr=1.Inthiscase, (I) = S,=atat...tata (n times) S S,=na, Case Il.r#1.Inthiscase, (1) = 1S,=ar+ar?+.....¢art4ar AD) a)-@) = S,-78, 2040+ O-ar > Q-nS,sa(l--) > 8 (eor#D Multiplying numerator and denominator by ‘- I', we get 5, = an. ‘This form of S, is useful when r > 1. » ifr1 =a r-i ‘These formulae are used when ‘last term’ is given. Remark. The abave theorem can also be proved by using P.M.I. Example 1. Evaluate: G) 142444... U terms (6 1-3 + b+ 1 terms © (iv) J2 - 24+ 272 +......+ 64/2. Here Given series is a G.S. with a = 1 and r = 2. 1@"-D _ 2048-1 Required aum = §,, «> : = 2047. (s, *:COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS—XI 204 Th ao (Gi) Tho series is 1-3 + 5+... Here Required sum = Sy, = _ 2 (ii) The series is a5 + is Here oy ‘ 2 Given series is a GS. witha = => andr=5 505) Oe “ a 695 _ 156248 gg06R ( es fe 1 Required sum eo = Sere (ee (iv) The series is V2 -2+2V2 +......4+64V2 . q -2 Re Here rE % 1; % TM _ nT 2. Given series is a G.8. with a = J9 andr = - V2. . V2 — 642 (- 12) Required sum ea sum a Fforret vi+128 2 - ¥2 + 1282 — 128 == = 127V2 - 126, Wei “¥e-1 2-1 a Example 2. Find the least value ofn for which the sum 1434+ 3° +......n terms is greater than 7000,GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 341 Sol. Let §,=14+3+3? 4... nterms. (Here a = Land r= 3) NowS, > 7000 if 227000 or ita > 14001. We have 3? = y" = 2187, 3% = 6561, 9° = 19683 wi Least value ofa such that 5, is greater than 700 Example 3, Determine the number of terms in the G.P. (TJ if T,=3,T,,=96 and ‘S,, = 189. y Sol. Let the G.P. bea, ar, ar’, _. We are given :T,=3, T,<96, S, = 189. a=3, arttage, SOM) _rgg 1-7 wea = Scere | 3-96 Ter ler ‘Cross-multiplying, we get 189 — 189r = 3 — 96r. Solving, we get r = 2. ar! = 96 implies 22""'=96 or 2% a32=28 = n-1=5 ie, a Example 4. How many terms of the G.P. V3, 3,3N3,......um up to 39+ 13V3 ? Sol. The given G.P. is V3, 3, 3V3, ...... Here a= Brae 8. Let 89 + 13,9 be the sum ofntermsofthe GP. . S,=39+413J3 = Age ar) 394 13V3 = V3 1- (W3)") = 89- 39/38 4 19f3-39 = V3 (8 1) =- 263 = 1-30-26 a BMT HBT $3 = n=6. Example 5. The second and fifth terms of a G.P. are ~ 1/2 and 1/16 respectively. Find the sum of the G.P. upto 8 terms. Sol. Let.c be the first term and r, the common ratio of the G.P. T,sarlsar and = Ty 2art! aart, 1 1 are 5 1) and art= =e of) + Wie Dividing (2) by (1), we get 22 = a je, Pease or pees ar =~ V2 Putting r= 3 in (1), eget o(-342 ‘COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —X¢ 8 -C3}) 356 a(t—r*) . ae anh 2 ot fore <1 Sy 3)” 3 "see" 3 "ie Le fore 2 2 Example 6. Find the sum of 50 terms of the sequence 7, 7.7, 7.77, 2777, wus: Sol. The given sequence is 7, 7.7, 7.77, 7.777, - Required sum = S,. STE TT 4 TTT + oon 60 terms = 7(L+ 11+ 1.11 +. 50 terms) =F eras+es9 Fem 50 terms) = 2 (10 = 1) + (10- 0.1) + (10 - 0.01) Tt ag Hlo+ 10 + 10 +...... 50 terms) —(1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + ...... 50 terms)) = 7 500 - (Sum of G.P. of 50 terms witha = 1,r=0.1)] 10-0.0%)] 7 12/ 1 J = j [0 1-01 |= 3 9 (1 os = a (4500 - 10 + 1049) = & {4490 + 104%), Example. Find the sum pe terms of the sequence x + y, x2 + xy + y%, x) + xy + xy? FF sore Sol. The given sequonce is x +y, 22 +ay +y2,22 1, where! =, = art, Rule III. The number & is the sum of the first n terms of the G.P. a, ar, ar, equation 2E=2) «pis true for some ne Ne VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1, Find the sum of indicated numbers of terms of each of the following G.P, : )2,4,8, 9 terms Gi) 2, = 3,9, ..... 8 terms,GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS a5 2, 10, . 12, 18. 14. 15, 18. Find the sum of following series Of +24 Bs Find the following sums ; WJ8 +3435 +... 12 terms +729 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Given a Q.P. with first term = 729, T, = 64 ; determine S,. G) How many terms of the sequence 3, 3%, 3,..... are needed ta give the sum 120 7 Gi) How many terms of the G.P. 3, 2/2, 3/4, ..... are nooded to give the sum 3069/5127 Evaluate the following : u 5 @ Mer a) Yet rat} del jet Ifarbe + Cis a geometric series, show that its sum is ba (@) The fourth and seventh terms of a G.P. are 1/27 and 1/729 respectively. Find the sum of 1 ‘terms of the G.P. Gi) The first term of a G-P. is 27 and its 8th term is /81. Find the sum of its 10 terms. ihe oh lim thet the ccnmn IE. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS The sum of first three terms of G.P. to the sum of first six terms is as 126: 162. Find the eomman ratio of the G.P. Determine the third term of a G.P. whose common ratio is 3 and the sum to first seven terms is 2186. Find the following sums (9 +994 999 + nm terms Gi) 5 + 55 + 555 +. mn terms. (it) 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 +... n terms tiv) 44+ 0.440464 0444 in terms. (i) Pind the sum of the first a terms of the sequence 7, 77, 777, 7777, (i#) Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the sequence 7, 7.7, 7.77, 7.177, Find the following sums : G) (a +b) + (a? + 2b) + (a9 + 3b) +... terms (i) a + br + ar + br? + art + br + sso Bn KerMS. Find the following sums : (axle ty) txts? ay +29 + + GO Le salt a tate Lee ta? ea +n terms 418) D+ ta) eh eet aa # oe Lem, wo me Lota, be theath term of a GP. of positive numbers: Let 2,2 -aand >, en-1 =P, auch that mal wel c #, Show that the common ratio of the G.P. is w/B.M46 ‘COMPREHENSIVE !*' THEMATICS—X! 17. 18, 10, If the sum of the first n terms of a G.P. be S, their product P and the sum of their reciprocals FR, then show that F? = (S/R). IfS,, S_. 3, be the sums of n, 2n, 3n terms of a G.P., show that $,(S,~5,) = (S,~5,). Answers @ 1022 (it) ~ 1640 2, () 63(/2 + 2) Pa (i) 364 (8 + YB) w 8. 4, 468, 2059 Bad a af, i109 8. (2) 265741 (ii) 3790 BW atl ge i ef1- 3 way (2 zs) 10.5 11. 18 pao on 5 get] on i) 2 fon-14+—- (5 (20 Sn 10) i) G0"? ~ an ~ 10) win) Z(m 14+s5 | . 4 i 10 i 49) 4A (on~ 19 18. 2/20" - y=] Gin gy (4490+ 10) a(l-a") _ bain sD Onna 2 ap iy Se om) zQ-x") 24 gn nay" oi? Hah mers) 2 wo)» i-a gaa a(l-a"z") va i fet- Isa | diate ante (ii) Use sum = @ Use sum = ae ri 8 GY 43 Y eo ee M4148 (@) Let the G.P. be a, ar, ar?, oe TL. iy red “a 729 3 atl-r¥) 3 1 15 5, 102 _ a=(3) Tei 7 7 Tagg) 3)(GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS 347 12, (iv) 4404+ 044+ 0.444 +... terms east (-3)+(-B)(- alt t0, 100. 1000. 4 T Sis b [o-- 9-35 a * aa 18, G) Regd. sum = 747747774... n terms = Z[a0- w+ (100 - »+(2900- D+....n terms] Gi) Rogd, um = 7+ 7.7 + 7.77 +... 2 7+1 [994990 +......49 terms) 16.) Regd. sum = G2 4 xt 484m torma 4 Gay 4 a2? 4 ey 4m terms) Regd, sum = = Ka) + Grote) + 2 ae) + am tormal » 60 terms. why Me eaten rma) mall eae eet sm teem] 16. Lat the G-P. be a, ar, ar?, Gort)? ar {1-74 mig 0g Hg He + ggg ae Har ward + sae Baa, #05405 + one tig tarts art + ee 17. Let the G.P. be a, ar, ar*, Seasar+.....nterman 1-r eet tet 1 aD! ar Toy 11.6. SUM TO INFINITY OF A G.P. We know that for the G.P. a, ar, ar?, na, ifrek ‘This sui 1s defined for any natural number n. Now we shall explore the possibility of finding the sum to infinity of a G.P. Consider the G.P. 1, 2, 4, 8,348 COMPREHENSIVE MATHEMATICS —xi For this G-P., a =landr=2. 1"=1) = =P 5, Sci i Asan increases, 2" ~ 1 increases very rapidly. S, keep on increasing as increases. In this ease, we do not expect to have a number which may be equal to the sum to infinity of the G.P In the next thoorem, we shall derive a formula to find the sum to infinity of a G. provided the commen ratio of the G.P. is within certain limits, 11.7. THEOREM If a and r be respectively the first term and common ratio of a G.P. such that | r | <1, then prove that the sum to infinity (S) of this G.P. is givon by a gets, r Proof. Let 5, denotes the sum of the first n terms of the given G.P. Ss shee! (|r| pepems ld) and) = AB) t walt arr,.....ica GP, with R=, Also| | =|r[2<0 = a? = 6(1-r*) = (23) (1 =r? = 6901 = r2) [Using (4)] - 23(1- r)=3(1l4r) (rely = 29-28-3498 <> 2r=20 or rao 0) 9 69 69 69/10)" om oe s(t is) a: *: RGR Bs Es 3) aglig) so Example 8. //S,, S, and S are the sums of n terms, 2n terms and to infinity respectively ofa GP, show that $(S;-5) =SS,-3,) Sol. Let a be the first term andr (| r | <1), the common ratio of the G-P. LuS. =8,(8,— ities a) 2S) 28 am EE oe SO RHS. =915,-8)= 78, [SS ed oe Tay rts SG “at oy rida) e- era LHLS. = R.H.S. Example 9.1/5, Sy Sy .- 8, denote the sums of infinite G.S. whose first terms are I, 2,3, sooon p respectively and whose common ratios are 1/2, 19, 14, vam Aifp + 1) respectively. Show that 8,48, 48,4048, LET, zx Sol For Sy: Ire 2 For S,:@=2,r=2 3 praeQresa) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.a) You have either reached a page 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