Connecting words and phrases

CONNECTING WORDS AND PHRASES

above all chiefly (e)specially finally first(ly)/second(ly) in the first place last(ly) mainly primarily principally to begin with then additionally/in addition again also another thing is that... apart from this aside from that as well as that besides for that matter furthermore indeed moreover what is more Alternatively apart from this conversely except for excepting instead so far as according to as far as...is concerned for example for instance namely such as as compared to by/in comparison with conversely equally however in contrast in reality in the same way likewise

Enumerating/stressing facts

Making an addition; reinforcing

Stating an alternative

Giving an example

Making a comparison or a contrast

Connecting words and phrases

Making a concession

Making something clear

Time references

Showing results /causes

Summarizing

Admittedly after all all the same anyhow anyway at all events at any rate at least at the same time despite this however I grant you in so far as nevertheless none the less I mean... in other words put another way to put it differently that is to say Afterwards at the same time concurrently in the meantime meanwhile subsequently Accordingly as a result because of this by this means consequently for this reason hence in the event in this way on account of this owing to this so therefore thus all in all all told and so forth and so on essentially in brief in conclusion in effect in short to all intents and purposes to conclude to sum up to summarize ultimately

Connecting words and phrases

Moving to a different topic

as far as...is concerned as for as regards as to that by the by by the way coincidentally funnily enough incidentally in passing to return to well.... with reference to

SOME NEGATIVE ADVERBS/ADVERBS PHRASES

barely hardly...when hardly ever least of all little never never again never before at no time by no means in/under no circumstances in no way on no account on no condition no sooner...than... neither...nor not a... not only...but... not until/till nowhere only after only at that moment only by only if only in some respects only later only on rare occasions only then only when only with rarely scarcely...when seldom

a-words
Algunas palabras comunes en ingls empiezan con a- y se acenta (stress) la segunda slaba PREPOSICIONES Against Amid (amidst) Among (amongst) Aboard About Above Across Along Around ADVERBIOS Aboard About Above Across Along Around Abroad Again Ago Alone Ahead Aloud Apart Aside ADJETIVOS Afraid (of/that clause) (frightened + noun) Alike (similar + noun) Alive Alone Ashamed (of/that clause) Asleep (sleeping + noun) Awake Aware (of/that clause) Generalmente van seguidos del verbo be u otro linking verb

PREPOSICIONES
1. PREPOSICIONES de una sola palabra **(=no pueden separarse de las palabras a las que se refieren) About Above Across After Against **Besides Between Beyond **But (=except) By Off On Onto Opposite Out Under Underneath **Unlike Until Up

Connecting words and phrases

Along Alongside Amid(st) Among(st) Around As At **Bar Before Behind Below Beneath Beside

**Despite Down **During **Except For From In Inside Into Like **Minus Near Of

Outside Over Past **Per **Plus Round **Since Than Through **Throughout Till To Towards

Upon **Via With Within Without **Worth

2. PREPOSICIONES de una sola palabra en -ing Barring Excluding Concerning Including Considering Regarding Excepting

3. PREPOSICIONES de dos o ms palabras According to Ahead of Along with Apart from As for As from As regards As a result of As to As well as Away from Because of But for By comparison with By means of Due to Except for For the sake of From among From under In addition to In between In case of In charge of In common with In comparison to/with In connexion with In favour of In front of In line with In place of In spite of Instead of In view of Near to Next to On account of On behalf of On the left/right of Out of Owing to Regardless of Together with Up to With the exception of With reference to With regard to

USOS DE DIVERSAS PREPOSICIONES 'to'+ noun 'at' + noun

He has gone to/been to

He is at. He has been at

1. Social/business activities: a concert, aconference, a dance, a dinner, a funeral, a meeting, a wedding 2. Public places/buildings: the airport, London airport, the station, Waterloo Station, the bus station, the bus stop; the/an art gallery, the Prado Museum, the/a museum, The British Museum, the zoo, London Zoo; the car park, the/a filling station, the/a garage; the shops, Harrods, the butcher's, the chemist's, the shoe shop, the supermarket, the bank, the library, the police station, the town hall; the consulate, the embassy; the/a hotel, the Grand Hotel, the/a restaurant; the dentist('s), the doctor('s), the hospital. 3. Zero article + noun : go home/be at home, church, college, school, university, UCLA University, Highfield School, Burgos University 4. Addresses: his sister's, 24 Port Avenue, Rose Cottage

Connecting words and phrases

5. Points inside a building or area : the booking office, Reception, the Customs; A lift/an elevator may be at the first/second floor, a person is on the first/second floor.

He has gone to/been to

'to'+ noun

'in' + noun

He is in. He has been in

1. Large areas, countries, states: Europe/Asia, Texas/Kent, the Andes, the Antarctic, The Sahara Desert, the Mediterranean, the Pacific 2. Towns/parts of towns (excepto cuando los consideramos como puntos en una ruta): Canterbury, Chelsea, Dallas, Manhattan, New York, Paris, The East End. 3. Outside areas (se prefiere go into con, por ej. Garden, street, etc.): the garden, the park, Hyde Park, the square, the street, Bond Street, the old town; The desert, the forest, the jungle, the mountains. 4. Rooms (go into o go to): the bathroom, his bedroom, the garage, the kitchen; Mr Smith's office, the waiting room; The bar, the cloakroom, the lounge, the Gents'.

'to'+ noun

'at' o 'in + noun

Usamos at cuando consideramos un lugar como, por ejemplo, un punto de encuentro. In cuando lo consideramos 'enclosing': the airport, the cinema, the theatre, the zoo; The car park, the garage, the office; The chemist's, th flower shop, the bank, the library, the post office, the hotel , the Grand (Hotel), the restaurant. At/in church (e.g. to pray) At/in the church (for some other reason) At school (as a pupil) At/in th school (as e.g. a teacher) In prison (as a prisoner) At/in the prison (as e.g. a visitor) In hospital (as a patient) At/in the hospital (as e.g. an outpatient)

PARTICULAR PREPOSITIONS, PARTICLES AND CONTRASTS

1. About, on and over
About y on se pueden usar significando 'concerning' o 'relating to' a subject (= acerca de ....) On se tiende a usarse en contextos ms formales y acadmicos que about: Have you seen this article on the Pacific? Have you read that book about animals? About (no on) se usa despus de verbos como know, read, tell, think y adjetivos tales como anxious, concerned, worried. About u on se usan despus de nombres tales como idea(s), opinion(s). Over se usa a menudo en el sentido de 'about', concretamente en noticias de la TV y radio despus de argue, argument, concern, dispute, con frecuencia donde se est implicado en algn tipo de enfrentamiento.

2. According to and by

According to puede significar 'as shown by' (='como se muestra por', 'de acuerdo con'): According to the forecast, it will snow tomorrow. y 'as stated by' (='como se afirma por'): According to my father, the sea is rising.

Connecting words and phrases

According to se usa para referirse a informacin proveniente de otras personas o fuentes (according to her, according to the timetable, etc.), pero no a informacin proveniente de uno mismo (NO *According to me*) ya que according no se puede usar con opinion y ,por lo tanto, se debe usar con in: In my opinion, it is true. By slo puede sustituir a according to cuando la referencia es bastante especfica, ej. a un reloj, a un horario (timetable), etc, pero nunca a las personas: It's now nine thirty by/according to my watch According to tambin puede significar 'depending on' (='dependiendo de'): I get to work at 8:30 or just after according to the traffic on the road.

3. Across and over

Ambas preposiciones pueden usarse para significar 'from one side to the other' (='de un lado al otro') si nos referimos a una linea (por ej a road, a river, a frontier, etc.). Al combinarse con verbos como run, walk, (run across/over, walk across/over)(verbos de movimiento) pueden expresar la misma idea que el verbo cross: Children are taught not to run across/over the road without looking (=not to cross). There is a policeman over/across the road. Sin embargo, over no puede usarse al referirnos a la superficie de una area amplia: They are laying a pipeline across Siberia Con verbos que pueden sugerir 'movimiento sin rumbo' (stroll, wander, etc.) se puede usar over para describir el movimiento dentro de un rea (no neceariamente de un lado a otro) sugeriendo 'aqu y all' : We wandered over the fields We skated over the frozen lake. Across debe usarse tambin cuando nos referimos a un movimiento por el agua: Patricia swam across the Channel. Across no puede usarse cuando queremos expresar 'go up and come down again' (='subir y bajar de nuevo') (de un lado de algo alto al otro): They escaped by climbing over the wall.

4. Across and through

Across puede referirse a una superficie cuando significa 'from one side to the other' (='de un lado al otro'): We skated across the frozen lake. Through, cuando significa 'from one side to the other' (='de un lado al otro') o 'from one end to the other' (=de un extremo al otro) puede sugerir ms esfuerzo que across. Through se refiere a Un hueco: Water flows through this pipe. Algo tridimensional que 'envuelve' (por ej, a country, a crowd, a forest, long grass, mud): It was hard to cut through the forest (atajar) Una `barrera' (por ej, the Customs, a door, a net, a roadblock, a window): Look through the window El uso de across y through depende del tipo de cosa de la que se est hablando. En Let's walk across/through the park ambos son intercambiables porque en la mente del hablante, across se refiere a una superficie y through a un rea tridimensional.

5. After and afterwards

Ambas pueden significar 'later' (='despus'), pero after puede ser preposicin (seguida de objeto) y conjuncin (seguida por una frase). En este caso, afterwards no puede sustituir a after: Come and see me after classes. Come and see me after you have finished. Afterwards slo puede usarse como adverbio (sin nombre o pronombre objeto):

Connecting words and phrases

We made the house tidy and they arrived soon afterwards. Tambin podemos usar after como adverbio en la oracin de arriba We made the house tidy and they arrived soon after. O podemos usar and then o and soon after that : We made the house tidy and then/and soon after that they arrived. After como adverbio es modificado con frecuencia por soon o shortly y ocurre en expresiones como happily ever after. No puede usarse en posicin inicial para referirse al segundo de dos acontecimientos distintos: We had to swim in the sea. Afterwards we lay on the beach.

6. (A)round and about

(A)round y about se intercambian cuando: se refieren a una falta de propsito o falta de posicin o movimiento concretos: We stood about/(a)round waiting se refieren a una actividad estpida: I wish yiu'd stop fooling around/about se usan para significar 'aproximadamente': The fax was received (at) around/about 10 se usan para significar 'en algn sitio cerca': I lost my wallet about/(a)round here About no puede reemplazar a around para referirse a: movimiento circular: Regino is having a cruise (a)round the world Distribucin: Would you hand these papers (a)round? 'Todas las partes': Let me show you (a)round the house 'En el rea/zona de': He lives somewhere (a)round Valladolid

7. At

Se usa para las horas del da, festividades, fines de semana y con el sustantivo night. Expresiones: at night at sunrise at the weekend at noon at sunset at first at midnight at this moment at last at dinner time at Christmas, Easter, New Year at weekends At normalmente va detrs de: Adjetivos asociados con habilidad: good/ bad / clever /better / worse at I am not good at figures Unos pocos nombres relacionados con la destreza: a dunce at, a genius at I am a dunce at chemistry Verbos usados para sugerir accin dirigida hacia un objetivo o destino (a menudo sugiriendo agresin) tales como aim, laugh, shout, stare, strike, talk, throw. At sugiere frecuentemente 'coger un objetivo'. Compara: Throw the ball to me (para que yo la coja) Regino is always throwing stones at birds (apuntndoles para herirles) She shouted to us across the valley (para comunicarse con nosotros) I got very dirty and she shouted at me (para reirme) Against (pero no at) se puede usar detrs de verbos como fight, throw donde no hay idea de coger un objetivo: He threw the ball against the wall We fought against the enemy Adjetivos que indican una reaccin a circunstancias, sucesos, etc: amazed, annoyed, astonished, surprised, confused, irritated, confused , etc. + at I am surprised at the calls I have had

Connecting words and phrases

At normalmente puede sustituirse por by (surprised by) detrs de palabras como surprised cuando se usan como participios en las pasivas. At tambin se usa referido al precio/velocidad: We have some balls at $3 each (este uso de at se representa a veces simbolicamente con @ en listas de precios, etc.) Regino is driving at 150 kilometers an hour!

8. Away
Away es un partcula adverbial y nunca va seguida de objeto. Normalmente se combina con el adverbio far (far away) y con la preposicin from (away from) y con verbos que expresan la idea de 'distancia': Regino sees storm clouds far away in the distance I live twenty-five miles away from here Fjate en los usos con verbos (ej. fire away (=empezar y no parar); put away (=poner algo en su sitio); work away (i.e. sin interrupcin)

9. Because and because of

Because (conjuncin) introduce una frase: Percy could not go because he was ill Because of (preposition) lleva un objeto: I could not go because of my illness On account of + objeto se puede usar en vez de because of (formal): Farms are going bankrupt on account of the crisis in agriculture

10.

Before se usa normalmente para referirse a tiempo: Make sure you are here before 6 Before se puede referir a espacio cuando se usa con verbos como come, go, lie, stand, y en frases hechas como appear before the magistrate, before (o in front of) your very eyes, come before the court (before = 'in the presence of'. In front of ( y su opuesto, behind) se refieren a posicin o lugar. Before no es posible en la mayora de contextos ordinarios para referirse a posicin: I will wait in front of your house (no *before) Before (como after) combina con, por ej., come/go y se puede intercambiar con in front of: You come before (after) me in the queue Why don't you go after me? Before e in front of son intercambiables al referirnos a grandes reas geogrficas: There, before/infront of us lay the desert O cuando se usan metafricamente para referirse a grandes espacios de tiempo: Your whole life lies before/in front of you

Before and in front of

11.

Behind, at the back (of), back

Behind se puede usar como preposicin: There is a big car behind that house o como adverbio: There is a car in front and one behind Behind se puede sustituir por at the back (of): There is a big car at the back of that house There is a big car at the back Back es un adverbio y se combian, a menudo, con verbos como keep, put, stand y stay. I wish you'd put things back in their places Keep this book. I don't want it back Back no debe confundirse con again en, por ej., Our friends invited us to dinner last week and we must invite them back (devolverles la invitacin)

Connecting words and phrases

We enjoyed having our friends to dinner and we are going to invite them again (en otra ocasin) Cuando la idea de 'back' esta inmersa en el verbo, el adverbio back no debe usarse: We has to go back early We had to return early (No *return back) Back tambin puede usarse con el sentido de ago: I saw her five years ago/back

12.

Beside es una preposicin que significa 'junto a' (next to): Come and sit beside us Besides es una preposicin y adverbio que significas 'adems' (in addition to / as well as): There were many people there besides us. This car is very fast. Besides, it has four-wheel drive Besides no debera confundirse con con except: All of us went besides Regino (= Regino fu y nosotros tambin) All of us went except Regino (= Regino no fu pero nosotros s)

Beside and besides

13.

Between se usa ms normalmente para mostrar una divisin o conexin entre dos personas, cosas u horas: Divide it equally between the two of you There is a good service between this town and the island We will be there between 6 and 6:30 Ocasionalmente puede usarse para referirse a ms de dos cosas, etc. Cuando se toman por separado y no hay muchas: Please don't smoke between courses (platos) Switzerland is between France, Germany, Austria and Italy. Between se usa frecuentemente en comparaciones y diferencias cuando hay dos cosas, etc.: What is the difference between Regino and Met? Tambin puede usarse para referirse a 'una actividad compartida' cuando hay dos o ms: The scouts collected money for the poor. Between (or Among) them they got 50.000 pesetas. Among (y el menos popular amongst) + un nombre en plural se refiere a una multitud de cosas que no pueden ser vistas por separado: Were you among the members present? Se usa a menudo para referirse a 3 o ms: Regino is among the world's best rugby players :-)

Between and among

14.

But (for) and except (for)

But for introduce una condicin: We would have been able to get there on time but for the heavy snow Except for significa 'con la excepcin de' (=with the esception of): Everyone has helped except for you But y except se usan sin for para significar 'con la excepcin de', especialmente despus de compuestos de every/any/no. Sin embargo, no podemos usar but ni except (sin for ) como preposiciones para empezar una oracin: Everyone but/except you has helped Except/But for you everyone has helped Slo podemos usar except (no except for) delante de una frase preposicional: Regino goes to bed before 11, except in the summer Usamos but (no except) en preguntas como Who but Regino would do a thing like that? But y except tambin son conjunciones.

Connecting words and phrases

15.

Estas palabras se pueden usar para significar 'no lejos de' (= not far from). By puede significar 'justo junto a' (=right next to) o 'junto a' (= beside) una persona, objeto o lugar y se puede intercambiar con beside y next to: I sat by the phone all morning Near generalmente sugiere 'un corto camino desde' (= a short way from) ms que 'justo junto a (=right next to): We live near Valladolid - just 10 kilometers south Near (no by) se asocia con not far from : We live near/not far from the mountains El opuesto de near es a long way from o (quite) far from : We live a long way from7(quite) far from the sea. Near (pero no by) puede ir modificado por very: The film is very near the end By puede ir modificado por right and close para enfatizar: The shop is right by/close by the church On puede significar 'justo junto a' (=right next to) o 'junto a' (=beside) cuando se refiere a una linea: Our house is right on the road/on the river On my right I have Regino and on my left I have Nacho On se encuentra con frecuencia en nombres de lugares etc., junto al mar o ros: Southend-on-sea; Stratford-(up)on-Avon (Shakespeare)

By, near and on

16.

Ambas se pueden intercambiar con verbos de movimiento (go, run, walk, etc.) para significar ms all de un punto en el espacio o tiempo (=beyond a point in space or time): He went right by/past me without speaking Several days went by/past before I had news

By and past

17.

By y with pueden usarse para significar por medio de (=by means of) pero no son generalmente intercambiables. By ocurre en frases hechas como by bus y en construcciones de pasiva My dog was hit by by a bus By (a menudo + -ing) se puede referir a mtodo You can lock this door by moving this catch to the left (as es cmo debes hacerlo) By puede referirse a tiempo, medida, o precio: I am paid by the hour/day/week You can only buy eggs singly, not by the pound Tambin lo usamos para referirnos a cualquier clase de medida en una escala He is shorter than I am by ten centimeters Interest rates have gone up by ten per cent Usamos by para significar por (=via) al referirnos a rutas: We drove to the coast by the main road With y without se refieren a cosas (especialmente herramientas/instrumentos) que usamos o necesitamos usar You might get it open with a bottle opener (es lo que necesitas usar) It will not open without a bottle opener With tambin puede referirse a modo, manera (=manner) Paul returned my greeting with a nod

By, with and without

18.

Down es el opuesto de up e indica direccin a un nivel inferior

Down, up, under and over

Connecting words and phrases

Lets climb up the hill, then climb down Aunque down es ms comunmente usado con verbos de movimiento, puede (como across, along y up) ser usado con verbos de posicin para indicar un lugar apartado del hablante. No hay sugerencia de a un nivel inferior (=at a lower level) en este uso We live down the street Under lleva la idea de estar cubierto (=being covered) Lets sit under this tree There are a lot of minerals under the sea Over puede significar cubriendo (=covering) Keep this blanket over you

19.

Due to and owing to

Algunas gramticas establecen una distincin entre estas dos preposiciones que sera que due es un adjetivo y debe, por lo tanto, estar asociado con un nombre + be. Puede sustituirse por caused by Our delay (nombre) was due to/caused by heavy traffic Owing to esta relacionado con un verbo. Puede sustituirse por because of The soccer game was cancelled (verbo) owing to/because of the strike En la prctica, esta distincin no se tiene en cuenta por parte de muchos hablantes educados que usan due to de la misma forma que owing to o because of He lost his job due to/owing to/because of a change in management

20.

For

Usos comunes Propsito + -ing recipient

The best man for the job I need this for opening it This the train for York I have news for you Razn, motivo He did it for the money Duracin Regino has been away for days Exchange I bought it for 1.000 ptas. Significado What is Spanish for cat? (= as) I did it for a joke (= instead of) I will do it for you (= in favour of) Are you in favour of this? Yes. I am all for it El opuesto es against: I am against the idea Intencin Lets go for a swim (Despus de go y come for no va seguido de - ing) Referencia de tiempo especfico (no periodo de tiempo) Ill order a taxi for 11 For y to: for no se usa delante de un infinitivo con to pero puede ir seguido de un gerund para indicar propsito o razn I used this tool to drill a hole This tool is used for drilling holes He was praised for being punctual

21.

From

From se usa a menudo para indicar origen. La referencia puede ser de Un lugar Regino is from Valladolid Una persona Who is that letter from? Un grupo We are from the government Una cita This line is from 'Macbeth' Distancia I am away from my city Abstracto He died from a stroke I acted from delf-interest

22.

Se usan como partculas. In y out se refieren a menudo a 'entrada' y 'salida', como en Way in y Way out, o simplemente in y out. El significado puede extenderse a la

In and out

Connecting words and phrases

referencia a correo entrante y saliente. Como en los sustantivos in-tray (=bandeja de entrada) y out-tray (=bandeja de salida)

23.

In spite of, etc

(Al)though (=aunque) es una conjuncin e introduce una frase. En comparacin, in spite of (3 palabras)(= a pesar de), despite (= a pesar de, pese a) y notwithstanding (= a pesar de que) en cambio no (introducen una frase) y son muy formales. Veamos la siguiente escala: The temperature has dropped, but it is still warm It is still warm,(al)though the temperature has dropped It is still warm in spite of the drop in temperature It is still warm, despite the drop in temperature It is still warm, notwithstanding the drop in temperature Notwithstanding puede usarse al final de una oracin para expresar incluso mayor formalidad: It is still warm the drop in temperature notwithstanding In spite of, despite y notwithstanding van a menudo seguidos de the fact that In spite of the fact that he has failed so often he has entered for the exam again In spite of/despite pueden ir seguidos de -ing: In spite of losing a fortune, he is still rich For all (= a pesar de) expresa la misma idea pero menos formalmente: For all her money, Regino is not happy Compara con with all (= teniendo en cuenta/con todo/a/os/as = having into account ) With all this rain, there will be a good crop

24.

Instead es un adverbio; instead of es una preposicin compuesta. Cuando se usa instead como adverbio, generalmente se coloca al final de la frase: If you don't want a holiday in Villasana, why don't you go to Pucela instead? Usamos instead of + sustantivo, pronombre o -ing: We eat fish instead of meat Why can't Regino drive you into town instead of me? Instead of writing, I prefer reading

Instead and instead of

25.

Like and as

Like como preposicin va seguida de sustantivo, pronombre o -ing. There's no sport like rugby (=para compararlo) There's no one like her (=para compararle) Why don't you try something like doing a bit of work for a change? (= tal como) There were lots of people we knew at the party, like the Rodriguez and the Gutierrez (=tales como/por ejemplo) Like algunas veces puede sustituirse por such as (no por as): Like puede expresar la idea de 'parecido' It was like a dream (=parecido a/similar to) El opuesto es unlike: The holiday was unlike any other Like puede sugerir 'a la manera de': He acts like a king (= de la misma manera que) As (= en calidad de) puede usarse como preposicin y no debera confundirse con like (=parecido). Puede referirse a personas y cosas. Comprese: He works as a slave (lo es) /He works like a slave (trabaja mucho) I work as a teacher As a lawyer, I would recommend it Who has used this knife as a pencil? As (=dado que/ya que) puede ser conjuncin introduciendo una frase: As the last bus had left, we returned on foot Usada como conjuncin, as puede expresar similitud (= como):

Connecting words and phrases

She is musical as her mother was/as was her mother Like (= como/como si) se usa a menudo como conjuncin especialmente en ingls americano coloquial que esta influyendo al ingls britnico en este sentido. Este uso no ha conseguido aceptacin en el ingls britnico. Like I told you, it is an offer I cannot refuse ( As I told you...) She is spending money like there was no tomorrow (= ...as if...) Like y unlike pueden comportarse como adjetivos cuando los usamos despus de very, more o most: He is more like his mother than his father. I don't agree. They are very unlike .

26.

Of, out of, from, with

Todas estas preposiciones se pueden combinar con made para indicar los materiales o ingredientes de lo que algo est creado. Made of y made out of se usan cuando realmente podemos reconocer el/los material/es: made of wood, iron, etc. You rarely find toys made (out) of solid wood Made from se usa cuando el ingrediente/s no son inmediatamente obvios Beer is made from hops Bronze is made from copper and tin Made with para sugerir 'contener' , se usa frecuentemente para identificar uno o ms de los ingredientes usados: This sauce is made with fresh cream Estas preposiciones pueden seguir a los participios pasados de otros verbos como, por ej., built/constructed of/out of/from/with y ocurren en expresiones tales como paved with tiles, loaded with hay, etc

27.

Of/off no son intercambiables pero su ortografa tan parecida puede hacer que nos confundamos. Of nunca ocurre como partcula y off es , a la vez, preposicin y partcula. Of Se emplea para usos posesivos y tambin para: Origen Mrs Ray of Worthing Direccin north/east/south/west of Instituciones The University of Valladolid Edad A man of 33 Off SeparacinIt is just off the motorway / Take the top off (of this jar) Salida We set off at noon Desaparicin Has your headache worn off?

Of and off

28.

On and in

On e in se usan frecuentemente con referencia al cuerpo. On se refiere a posicin en una superficie: There is a black mark on your nose The X-ray shows a spot on the lung In se usa en relacin a un espacio o rea para sugerir 'metido': I have a speck of dust in my eye Tambin para referirse a: Dolores I have a pain in my stomach/back/ear Heridas profundas I have a cut in my foot Heridas superficiales pueden usarse con on: I have a scratch on my arm

29.

On and off

On y off se usan generalmente como preposiciones o partculas para referirse al suministro de energa, especialmente electricidad y agua : Turn the light/tap/faucet on/off Tambin se usan en relacin con sentimientos:

Connecting words and phrases

Amaya turns her affections on and off Ambas preposiciones se encuentran frecuentemente en interruptores, aparatos, etc. ON/OFF

30.

Opposite (to)

Opposite puede ser un adverbio: Where is the bank? - It is opposite O puede usarse como preposicin, con o sin to (aunque to es frecuentemente innecesario). There is a bank opposite (to) my office Opposite puede usarse como adjetivo predicativo: The house opposite is very expensive y como adjetivo atributivo: We both have opposite points of view

31.

Out of, outside, out

Out of es el opuesto de into cuando describimos movimiento: We ran out of the burning house Compara: We got into the house in a hurry Out of es el opuesto de in cuando no se implica movimiento: Regino is out of the office (=no est/he is not in) Regino is in his office (=no es t fuera/he is not out) Out se usa a veces informalmente como preposicin: Don't throw your bus ticket out the window (out of the window) Outside puede susutituir a veces a out of para describir movimiento: We ran outside the burning house Pero, sin informacin adicional, , esto puede ser interpretado tambin como que nosotros ya estbamos fuera de all cuando empezamos a correr. Inside e into permanecen en la misma relacin: We ran inside the burning house tambin puede ser interpretado como que ya estbamos dentro cuando empezamos a correr. Sin movimiento, outside no puede sustituir a out of: He is outside his office significa 'l est justo fuera de la oficina, en una habitacin, etc. contgua' He is out of his office significa 'l no est aqu, est en algn otro sitio'. Outside e inside se pueden usar como adverbios; into y out of slo pueden usarse como preposiciones: He is inside/outside We rushed inside/outside Siempre es ms seguro usar into y out of como preposiciones mejor que outside e inside significando 'de un lugar a otro'. In/into pueden usarse como adverbios: He is in/out

32.

Over, above, on top of

Over puede tener el sentido de 'cubriendo' (y a veces 'tocando') y su opuesto es under (cubierto por/covered by). Above subraya la idea de 'a un nivel ms alto' (i.e. 'sin tocar') Keep the blankets over you I can't sleep with a light on above my head On top of generalmente sugiere 'tocando': Don't put anything on top of the TV, please Above y over pueden usarse frecuentemente intercambiados con verbos de movimiento: I'd like to fly above/over the Pacific

Connecting words and phrases

Over y above se pueden usar intercambiados en el sentido de 'verticalmente a un nivel ms alto' The helicopter was over/above the bridge My bedroom is over/above the kitchen Sin embargo, no son intercambiables cuando todo a lo que nos referimos est 'a un nivel ms alto' (no 'verticalmente a un nivel ms alto'). Si, por ejemplo nos estamos refiriendo a dos gatos en un arbol deberamos decir que A is above B, no over B. En trminos generales, over y under indican relacin vertical, mientras que above y below se refieren simplemente a niveles. Over y above tienen diferentes usos metafricos o figurados. Over significa 'a cargo de': We don't want anuone like that over us Above puede significar 'un rango ms alto': Major is above the rank of captain Over ( y menos comnmente above) pueden significar 'ms que': He isn't over (above/more than) 24 Above (no over) se usa para medir en una escala: His work is on average Ambos over y above se combinan con see (see over=pasa a la pgina siguiente / see above=mira ms arriba de la misma pgina/hace referencia a la pgina anterior) Over puede combinarse con turn, en turn over (una pgina) y su opuesto es turn back.

33.

To

Cuando to va con el infinitivo, no es una preposicin: I want to go / She began to sing, etc. Sin embargo,despus de verbos tales como object, look forward, be/get used o adjetivos tales como accustomed, to es una preposicin. Significa que puede ir seguida de un sustantivo o un gerundio: I am accustomed to hard work I am accustomed to working hard

34.

To en I go from A to B cubre todo el movimiento, empezando en A y llegando a B. Towards indica direccin general y no cubre todo el movimiento. Puede expresar: Direccin/movimiento Walk slowly towards me 'en direccin de' My house looks toward the river 'cerca' I feel tired towards the end of the day 'en relacin a' My attitude towards... 'por el propsito de' Pay towards a pension Toward es ms comn en ingls EEUU que towards.

Towards

35.

Under, underneath, beneath, below

Under significa 'cubierto por' (y, a veces, 'tocando') y 'en un lugar ms bajo que' (no 'tocando') There is nothing new under the sun Tambin puede usarse con verbos de movimiento: We walked under the bridge Under puede significar 'menos que' I think he is under 19 Below tambin es posible en ciertos contextos: Mrs Smith can't be below 40 Underneath significa 'completamente cubierto por' (tocando y no tocando): Put a mat underneath that hot dish Beneath es menos comn y ms literario pero puede sustituir a under y underneath: Our possessions lie beneath the rubble (escombros)

Connecting words and phrases

Below es el opuesto de above. Se puede intercambiar con under y underneath cuando significa 'a un nivel ms bajo': We swam just below the surface We camped below/under/underneath the summit (cumbre) Pero no es generalmente intercambiable al referirse a lugar o posicin: The stone hit me just below the knee Under puede usarse para significar 'mandado por': Our foreman/boss has ten people under him Below puese usarse figurativamente para referirse a rango: What's the rank below Captain

36.

With y without puede usarse para significar 'acompaado de' o 'no acompaado de': I went to the zoo with Regino What was your life like without any brothers? I can't manage without you With puede sustituir a 'teniendo' en, por ej., He stood with his hands in his pockets With his background, he should go far Without puede sugerir 'y no hacer algo': We must get inside without waking Regino With puede sugerir 'tomando en consideracin': With the cost of living so high, we are cutting down on luxuries With so many accidents on the road, the use of seat-belts was made ompulsory With (pero no without) Sigue a adjetivos comunes para expresar sentimientos: angry, annoyed, furious , etc. (with someone, pero at something) Y ten en cuenta: blue with cold, green with envy, etc. With tambin sigue a verbos como cope, fight, quarrel, etc.

With and without

37.

With, without, in, of

With y without puede usarse para significar 'llevando' o 'no llevando': Who's the woman with the green umbrella? I am without any money o puede significar 'acompaado/no acompaado por': The camera comes with/without a case With y without pueden usarse para significar 'teniendo' o 'no teniendo' caractersticas fsicas: He is a man with a big nose and black hair Se puede extender esto a caractersticas externas como estilos de peinado o maquillaje: The woman with red lipstick In puede usarse para significar 'llevando puesto': Who is the man in the blue jeans? y para referirse al tono de voz: He spoke in a low/loud voice/in a whisper Of puede usarse para describir: Cualidades personales He is a man of courage Edad He is man of about 34 Riqueza He is a man of means

38.

With regard to, etc.

Un nmero de preposiciones pueden usarse cuando queremos hacer referencias formales o llamar la atencin ,por ej., as far as ...is concerned, as for, as regards, as to, regarding, with reference to, with regard to As regards your recent application for a job, we haven't made up our minds yet.

Connecting words and phrases

We haven't had a reply from our neighbours regarding their proposal to build a garage I am writing to you with reference to your inquiry of November 27 th Sin embargo, pueden ocurrir usos informales: I didn't ask too many questions as to his whereabouts (paradero) As for his interest in this business, I have no comment to make As far as I am concerned, you can do as you please

ALGUNAS FRASES PREPOSICIONALES

AT + Meals (lunch, etc.) place points of time all events all times any rate best/worst fault first first sight hand BY + bus, etc... time weight accident air all means any/no means birth chance cheque/credit card FOR + period of time the better/the best a change ever once FROM + A to Z bad to worse the first good to bad the heart now on then on IN + place time action addition all any case, any event brief business case of cash the circumstances comfort comparison ...km per hour last least leisure length a loss the moment most once pains day/night degrees design far force hand heart land/sea/air luck marriage sale a walk, etc. peace/war play/work present a profit sea sight table the time times means of mistake name post right(s) stages surprise virtue of the way way of

control danger debt demand depth detail doubt the end fact full general half/halves a hurryink/pencil

a minute no time order pain personal practice public return short tears time turn view of

Connecting words and phrases

conclusion OFF + duty one's head the point the record the road school/work ON + day/date account of approval average behalf of business condition the contrary credit demand display duty OUT OF + breath character control danger date debt doors fashion favour focus hand hearing PAST + belief care control hope TO + advantage a great extent hand the point UNDER + age control cover one's feet the impression (no) obligation UP TO + date mischief much/ (not) up to much no good one's ears to (you) WITH +

love

fire foot guard hand holiday the hour the job a journey loan no account offer one's own humour love luck order the ordinary pain place pocket practice reach season sight

purpose the radio/tv sale strike the (tele)phone time a visit the way a farm a plane/bus/train/boat

step stock style touch tune turn use work

orders pressure repair the rules suspicion the weather

Connecting words and phrases

regard to respect to the exception of WITHIN + one's income the law range reach WITHOUT + bothering ceremony delay a doubt exception fail prejudice

Nombre + preposicin
Necesidad de = a need for La causa de= the reason for Una solucin a = a solution to La llave del piso = the key to the flat Un cheque de 10 dolares = a cheque for ten dollars Un billete de 5 dlares = a five dollar bill/note

Adjetivo + preposicin
Estar enfadado/furioso por algo = Arrepentirse de/sentir algo = Estar emocionado/preocupado por= Estar trastornado por/triste a causa de= Darse bien/saber hacer= Darse mal/no saber hacer= Ser negado para algo= Estar impresionado/sorprendido por= Ser responsable de= Ser diferente de= Estar interesado por= Tener miedo a= Estar cansado de= Estar harto/aburrido de Estar celoso/tener envidia de= A favor de= En contra de= Ser independiente de= Ser dependiente de= Ser aficionado a= Estar casado con= Ser amable con= Tratar mal= Ser educado con= Ser maleducado/grosero con Estara costumbrado a= Estar enfadado/furioso con alguien Estar contento/encantado con Estar harto de Estar aburrido con= Ser generoso/amable/sensato de mi...=

TO BE: angry/furious about sth sorry about sth excited/worried about upset/sad about good at sth bad at sth hopeless at sth socked/surprised at/by sth responsible for different from interested in afraid of tired of bored of jealous of in favour of against independent of dependent on keen on married to nice/kind to cruel to polite to rude to used to angry/furious with sb pleased/delighted with fed up with bored with generous/kind/sensible of sb to do sth

Connecting words and phrases

Alegrarse/entristecerse...de hacer algo happy/sad ... to do sth

Verbos + preposiciones
+ about
pensar en = to think about soar con = to dream about quejarse de/reclamar = to complain about

+ after
cuidar = to look after

+ at
reirse/mofarse de = to laugh at mirar = to look at sonreir = to smile at gritarle a alguien = to shout at sb tirar a (agresivo) = to throw at llegar a = arrive at + lugar (ir a casa = to go/arrive/get home)

+ for
esperar = to wait for solicitar algo = to apply for sth pedir a alguien una cosa = to ask sb for sth preguntar a alguien una cosa = to ask sb for sth rogar = to beg for esperar a = to hope for sth anhelar = to long for desear algo = to wish for sth buscar = to search/look for (registrar) = to search pagar = to pay for sentir pena por alguien = to feel sorry for sb disculparse por = to apologize for apreciar = care for echar a alguien la culpa de = to blame sb for

+ from
padecer de = to suffer from impedir a alguien hacer = to prevent sb... from ...ing

+ in
conseguir = succeed in creer en = believe in vestir = dress in llegar a = arrive in + ciudad/pas

+ into
chocar con algo = to crash/run/drive/bump into sth encontrarse por casualidad = to run/bump into sb dividir/cortar en = to divide/cut into

+ of
soar con (conscientemente;el futuro) = to dream of consistir en = consist of

Connecting words and phrases

pensar en = think of recordar/traer a la memoria = to remind sb of sb/sth ocuparse de/cuidar = to take care of

+ off
vivir de (algo/alguien) = to live off

+ on
insistir en = to insist on depender de = depend/rely on vivir de (e.g. poco dinero) = to live on (e.g. little money) concentrarse en = concentrate on subir a (tren , etc) = to get on (train, etc.) entenderse con alguien = to get on with sb

+ to
atender a algo/alguien = to attend to sb oponerse a algo = to object to sth oponerse a alguien = to oppose sbescuchar = to listen to escribir a = to write to hablar con = to speak/talk to anticipar/desear algo con ganas = look forward to llamar a alguien a voces = to shout (sth) to sb tirar algo a alguien = to throw sth to sb

+ with
tratar con = to deal with tirar adelante con algo = to go ahead with sth

sin preposicin
esperar algo = to expect sth casarse con alguien = to marry sb/ to get married to salir de = to leave carecer de = to lack ir a casa = to arrive/get/go home