Unit 8 Notes

Air is made of:

________ % nitrogen
________ % oxygen
________ % water vapor
________ % other gases (argon, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.)
Air is a solution, meaning it has the same composition everywhere in the world.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
The Kinetic Theory has five parts:
1. All matter is made of ________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________
KE = _________________________ m = __________________
V = __________________
Properties of Gases
1. Expansion- ______________________________________________________________
2. Fluidity- _________________________________________________________________
3. Shape- __________________________________________________________________
4. Volume- ________________________________________________________________
5. Density- _________________________________________________________________
6. Compressibility- __________________________________________________________
7. Diffusion- _______________________________________________________________
8. Effusion- ________________________________________________________________
Real vs. Ideal
Real gases are found in the world around us. Because they are affected by forces from
other objects, real gases do not follow all of the parts of the kinetic theory. Ideal gases do
follow all parts of the kinetic theory. Since the deviation from ideal behavior is so small for a
real gas, we will assume that all gases in this unit are exhibiting ideal behavior.
Describing Gases
To fully describe a gas, you must describe four main conditions of the gas.
1. Volume (V)- _____________________________________________________________

2. Pressure (P)- _____________________________________________________________

3. Temperature (T)- _________________________________________________________
4. Concentration (n)- ________________________________________________________
Pressure
Pressure- ______________________________________________________________________
The equation for pressure is:
If you ____________________ the force, you increase the pressure.
If you ____________________ the area, you increase the pressure.
Atmospheric pressure- ___________________________________________________________
Atmospheric pressured is measured using a barometer.
Units of atmospheric pressure:
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg
760 torr (torricellis)
30.00 in
101.325 kPa (kilopascals)
The barometer was invented by Evangelista Torricelli. He poured mercury into a glass tube and
inverted it into a dish, creating a vacuum whose length could be measured. The atmosphere
was allowed to act on the tube and put pressure on the mercury. When the atmospheric
pressure increased, the length of the vacuum increased and the volume of mercury decreased.
The dish was eventually changed to a U-shaped tube filled with mercury. Today scientists use
digital barometers which can measure atmospheric changes several times each second.
When atmospheric pressure decreases, it is a signal of ____________ weather coming.
When atmospheric pressure increases, it is a signal of ____________ weather.
Relationships between conditions
1. Temperature and volume: ___________________________________________
Ex. __________________________________________________
2. Temperature and pressure: __________________________________________
Ex. __________________________________________________
3. Pressure and volume: ______________________________________________
Ex. __________________________________________________
4. Concentration and pressure: _________________________________________
Ex. __________________________________________________
5. Concentration and volume: __________________________________________
Ex. _________________________________________________
Gas Laws

Boyles Law
Relates ______________ and _________________
States: _______________________________________________________
Equation: _______________________
Example: A gas has a beginning pressure of 0.97 atm and a volume of 0.750 L. If the
ending pressure is 1.45 atm, what is the ending volume?

Charles Law
Relates _______________ and _________________
States: ______________________________________________________
Equation: ______________________
Example: A gas has a beginning temperature of 310 K and a volume of 0.425 L. If the
ending temperature is 150 K, what is the ending volume?

Gay-Lussacs Law
Relates ______________ and _________________
States: _______________________________________________________
Equation: _______________________
Example: A gas has a beginning pressure of 0.85 atm and a temperature of 293 K. If the
ending pressure is 2.5 atm, what is the ending temperature?

Combined Gas Law

Relates ______________ and _________________
States: _______________________________________________________
Equation: _______________________
Example: A gas has a beginning pressure of 1.10 atm, a temperature of 298 K, and a
volume of 0.560 L. If the ending pressure is 0.55 atm and the temperature is 325 K, what is the
ending volume?

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

States: _______________________________________________________
Equation: _______________________
Example: A system of gases has a total pressure of 760 mm. The pressures of three of
the gases in the system are: O2 = 177.24 mm, N2 = 301.5 mm, and H2 = 26.314 mm. Find the
pressure of the remaining gas.

Collecting a gas over water

When a gas is produced in the lab, it can be trapped and collected.
Diagram:

In this case, the water changes to water vapor but only a little. The total pressure of the
system equals the pressure of the gas being collected plus the pressure of the water vapor.
Example: Oxygen was collected by water displacement. The barometric pressure was
726.0 mm during the experiment. Since the process occurred at 30.0C, the water vapor
pressure was 31.8 mm. What was the partial pressure of the oxygen that was collected?

Law of Combining Volumes

The volumes of gases in an equation are related through
___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Example: hydrogen + chlorine hydrogen chloride
1L
1L
1L
Avogadros Principle
Relates ______________ and _________________
States: _______________________________________________________

Equation: _______________________
Example: A gas has a beginning volume of 5.13 L and 2.57 moles. If the ending volume is
3.36 L, what is the ending number of moles?

Ideal Gas Law

Combines all of the other gas laws
Equation: ____________________________________
R = ideal gas law constant = 0.0821 Latm/molK
Example: A gas has a pressure of 1.25 atm, a temperature of 300 K, and contains 2.00
mol. What is the volume of the gas?

Grahams Law of Diffusion and Effusion

Diffusion- _______________________________________________________________
Effusion- ________________________________________________________________
Diffusion depends on the _______________________ of the particles. The speed
depends on the _____________________ of the particles. The size depends on the
_________________________ of the particles.
Equation: _____________________________
Example: A gas with a molar mass of 2.02 g diffuses with a speed of 6.5 m/s. If a second
gas diffuses with a speed of 1.7 m/s, what is the molar mass of the second gas?