Unit 7 Notes Stoichiometry - _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Using stoichiometry we can predict how much of a product will be produced from

a reaction and how much of a reactant you will have to use in a reaction. You can also tell if one reactant will be used up before another and which reactant it would be. You can find out how much product you were supposed to make and compare your answer to see how good you ran your experiment. All of these calculations are based on a concept called the mole ratio. Mole ratio - ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The numbers of the moles come from the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. For example, Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Mole ratios:

You can use these mole ratios to predict how much product will be made in a reaction. For example, if you have 2 moles of zinc, how many moles of hydrogen gas will you make? Use the mole ratio you have found in the equation to form a proportion. Moles Zn from equation = moles Zn in problem Moles H2 from equation moles H2 in problem

_____ mol Zn = _____ mol H2

_____ mol Zn _____ mol H2

Now solve the proportion. 1x = 2(1) x = ______

Your answer is _________ mol H2. You have 0.350 moles of hydrochloric acid. How many moles of zinc chloride will you produce? _____ mol HCl = _____ mol HCl _____ mol ZnCl2 _____ mol ZnCl2 Solve the proportion. 2x = 0.350(1) x = ______

Your answer is ______ mol ZnCl2. You can also calculate the number of grams that need to be measured out in the lab by adding one more step to the problem: # of moles in answer x molar mass of compound = # of grams needed Ex. Molar mass of ZnCl2 1 Zn ________ + 2 Cl 2(________) = _______ g _________ moles ZnCl2 x __________ = _________ g ZnCl2 needed Types of Reactants In many reactions, there are two reactants. These reactants are given special names: Limiting reactant -________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Excess reactant - ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Ex. When making chocolate chip cookies, the chocolate chips are normally the limiting reactant because most people only have enough to make one batch of cookies. Ingredients like flour and sugar are excess reactants because most people have more of these ingredients than they need to make one batch of cookies. Therefore, the chocolate chips will be used up completely and there will still be flour and sugar leftover.

In chemistry, limiting reactants work exactly the same way. You can pick either reactant to work with; the answer will be the same. Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2 In this reaction, you need to use 2 moles of HCl for every 1 mole of Zn you use. If you have 3 moles of each reactant, which one is the limiting reactant? Moles 1st reactant from equation = Moles 2nd reactant from equation _____ mol HCl = _____ mol HCl _____ mol Zn _____ mol Zn moles 1st reactant in problem moles 2nd reactant in problem 2x = 3(1) x = _____ mol Zn

You need 1.5 mol Zn. You have 3 mol. Since you have more than you need, Zn is the excess reactant and ______

OR choose the other reactant _____mol Zn = _____mol HCl _____mol Zn _____mol HCl

is the limiting reactant. x = 3(2) x = _____ mol HCl

You need 6 mol HCl. You have 3 mol. Since you need more than you have, _____ is the limiting reactant.

Ex. 3Zn + 2AlCl3 2Al + 3ZnCl2 If you have 6 moles of Zn and 5 moles of AlCl3, which one is your limiting reactant? _____mol Zn = _____mol AlCl3 _____mol Zn _____mol AlCl3 3x = 6(2) x = _____ mol AlCl3 You need 4 mol AlCl3. You have 5 mol. Since you have more than you need, AlCl3 is your excess reactant and ___ OR choose the other reactant _____mol AlCl3 = _____mol AlCl3 _____mol Zn _____mol Zn is the limiting reactant. 2x = 5(3) x = _____ mol Zn

You need 7.5 mol Zn. You have 6 mol. Since you need more than you have, the _____ is the limiting reactant.

Percent Yield Percent yield - __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Percent yield is a measure to show how well you performed your experiment. You want to make as much product as you possibly can without making any mistakes. If you do everything correctly, you should make 100% of the product you are supposed to. When you make mistakes, it causes you to make less product. Percent yield is most often calculated in the lab and involves stoichiometry conversions to find the answer. % Yield = ________________ x 100

To find the theoretical yield, you must solve a stoichiometry problem to find the number of grams needed in the lab. The actual yield is what you actually measured in the lab.