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The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an enhancementof the GSM system that makes the use of packet-switcheddata servicespossible to the mobile users. GPRS is an overlay on top of the GSM or IS-136 physical layer and network entities. It extends data capabilities of GSM and provides connection to external packet datanetworks through the GSM infrastructure with short accesstime. GPRS is well suited fr non-real time Internet usagesuch as the reffieval of email, faxer and asymmetric web browsing, where the user downloads much more data than it uploads on the Internet. From a high level, GPRS can be thought of as an overl4v network onto a second-generation GSM network. This data overlay network provides packet data transport at rates from 9.6 kbps to 17l kbps. Additionally, multiple users can sharethe same air-interface resources. GPRS attempts to reuse the existing GSM network elements as much as possible, but in order to effectively build a packet-basedmobile cellular network, some new network elements, interfaces, and protocols that handle packet traffic arc required. Therefore, GPRS requires modifications to numerous network elements. GpRS is a new non-voice value added service to the mobile users. It supplementsCircuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. When all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel are dedicated to GPRS, an individual user is able to achieveas much as 17L 2 kbps (8 x 21.4 kbps of raw uncoded data throughput). The GPRS provides short connection set-up times, virtual connections,and practical data rates up to 115 kbps fu each mobile data user. In the core network, beside the transportation of user data, a separatesignaling network, basedon the Signalling System #7 (SS7) is used to support the user mobility and to accessthe various databases of the GSM network. GPRS uses exactly the same physical radio channels as GSM, and only new logical GPRS radio channels are defined. Allocation of these channels is flexible: from one to eight time slots can be allocated per TDMA frame. Allocation to circuit-switched services and packet-switched GPRS services is done dynamically according to a capacity on demand principle. GPRS mobile users are automatically instructed to use dedicatedGPRS radio charurelsand particular time slots for always on accessto the network. This meansthat the capacity allocation for GPRS is based on the actual need for packet transfers.

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-clifferent sub-networks from each other. Implementation of GPRS requires routers are used to separate new routers and Internet gateways at the base station with rto change in RF hardware, along with new software that redefines the base station air interface standardfor GPRS time slots canffi In the core network, the existing MSCs are based upon circuit-switched technology, and they Tb network. the GSM to components handle packet traffic. Thus, GPRS architecture contains new network Supput GPRS the Gateway (SGSN) and main new network componentsare the Serving GPRS Support Node Node (GGSN). Also, a new network component located on the connection to the Inter-PLMN backbor as m network is the Border Gateway (BG) needed to provide network security. A separateIP network acts top of on traffic generate data interface between GSM and packet datanetworks. GPRS mobile data users addiIn the BSSthioughout GSM speechtraffic and thus radio transmission and network capacityis needed (BSCI tion, some of the GSM network components are upgraded by new software (BTSs, HLR) or hardware architecture. network to meet the requiremerlts set by GPRS technology. Figure 13.2 shows GPRS mobile The serving CfnS support node provides packet routing to and from the SGSN service area for all Do Public and network data users in that service area. The GGSN acts as a gateway between the GPRS Th roaming. GPRS to facilitate Networks such as Ip and X.IS.GGSNs also connect to other GPRS networks networks packet data GGSN functions as a router and hides the GPRS specific features from the external belonging to e In other words, mobile data users aryear as normal hosts (identified by unique IP addresses) sub-network (GPRS sub network) that is servedby a router (GGSN) thl In addition to adding multiple GPRS nodes and a GPRS backbone,there are certain technical changes interfacc new air a need to be carried out to a GSM network to implement a GPRS service. These include

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The GGSN tracks the mobile user in associationq-i& SGSN. GGSNs are used as interfaces to externa GGSN also performsauthentication and IP networks such as the public Internet, GpRS serchargingfunctionsrefated to data transvices of other cellular serviceproviders, or enterprire fer. lt storesthe cunent SGSN address intranets. GGSNs maintain routing informatioa ft.r and userprofilein its location:register; : is necessary to tunnel the Protocol Data Units (pDU* to the SGSNsthat serviceparticular MSs. Other functions include network and subscriberscreening and addrem mapping. One or more GGSNs may be availablein GPRS network to support multiple SGSNs. Backbone Networks Backbone networks are IFbasednetworks which are used for Intra-pl,Nfi\- @d ln essence, in the GPRS backbonethere Inter-PLMN communications within or benrem is an lP/X.25-over-GTP (GPRS tunnelGPRS networks. There are two types of backbw ing protocol) -over-UDP/TCp-over-lp networks in the GPRS system. The Intra-pl\f\ transportarch,itecture. Etherne!ISDN, or backbone network allows the SGSNs and GGS\s ad ATM-based protocoJsmay be used in the physical one serviceprovider to communicate with eachoriro layerin the lPbackbone. via G, interface, and the Inter-pLMN backbonerowork allows the SGSNs and GGSNs of different service prouid.rr to communicate with one another ria e interface. The Intra-PLMN backbone network uses a private IP network to ensurethe performance and s.,c.F rity of the GPRS system.The Inter-PLMN backbone network is an IP network basedon the public Interner q a private IP network using leasedlines, selectedby roaming agreementsbetween service providers. lP Network All the interconnected GPRS backbone networks comprise one private Ip network in *trch the addressallocation is properly coordinated.A private IP network usesprivate p aAOresses that cannorh accessedfrom external nehvorks. Connections are establisheddirectly using the standardprotocol (X.15 ,m IP) addressesof the external networks. The GPRS mobile user can ur. on. to eight time slots over the uurinterface depending on the class of the mobile user and the type of GSM traffic at the same time. The GpR$ traffic channelsare dynamically allocated to GPRS mobile users for transfer of data packets. The resource allocation in the GPRS network is dynamic and dependenton the rirorrrr. availabiliq- *,'nil user demand.Packetscan also be sent on idle time betweenvoice calls, which results in more efficient urt5flrtion of the air-interface traffic channels. In the GPRS network, uplink and downlink time slots are resenad separately. This enablesto have multislot mobile users with various uplink and downlink capabilities. 13.2.3 GPRSSignalling In GPRS, the radio resourcesare reseryedonly for the duration of the actual data transfer. GpRS can $*rr.ffi many more users in a bursty manner with the same resourcesas provided by HSCSD system. This *ffi volume-basedcharging which is more suitable for bursty data applications.GPRS usesa completely redetd air interface in order to handle packet-dataaccesswhile retaining the original modulation formais spe.'ry in the 2G TDMA standards.Four new channel-codingschemesare introduced which are optimised foi pefu data transfer. The connection establishmenttime in GPRS is much shorter than in the circuit-switched ,$n which enablesinstantaneous accessto the Internet. The possibility to use severaltime slots simultaneo's-fo h a mobile data user enablesconsiderablyhigher bit rates. A Media Access Control (MAC) utilises the resourcesof the physical radio interface and provides r Mvice to the GPRS Logical Link Control (LLC) protocol between the MS and the serving GSN(SGg\; r :if, is a modification of a High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)-based Radio Link protocol (RLp) with rurru frame size.The two most important featuresoffered by LLC are the support ofpoint-to-multipoint addrcmry and the control of data frame retransmission.

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Packettransmissionto anactive MS is initiated b1' packet paging to notifu the MS of an incoming daa *om:dnei cell Ai r,a, :mobile,stAtion,,m6Ves, packet. The data transmissionproceedsimmediatell to another cell, mobility managment after packet paging through the channel indicated functionsare used to track its location by the paging message.The purpose of the packet paging message is to simpliff the processofreceiving SG s:.c Ufii{b ':wiffi.,.ts[6':o1hir.,to,.4dat+:tfie' packets. The MS hasto listen to only the packetpaging messages, insteadof all the data packetsin the do'*nlink channels,reducing battery use significantly. When an MS has a packet to be transmitted, accessto the uplink channel is needed.The uplink channel is sharedby a number of MSs, and its use is allocatedby a BSS. The MS requests use of the channelin a packe random access message. The transmissionof the packetrandom access message follows slottedALOHA proto grant messagein repr_'L cedures.The BSS allocatesan unused channel to the MS and sends apacket-access the packet random accessmessage. The allocation of the channelhaving one or multiple time slots is included grant message.The data is transmitted on the reserved channels. in the packet-access Mobile managementdeals with hand-offinitiation. The mobile user selectsthe cell based on the inforrnation available in BCCH. There is, however, an option available for mobile assistedhand-offprocedure also Power control and security mechanismsare implemented in the similar way as done in GSM. The ciphering algorithm is used for MS-SGSN encryption. Mobility managementwithin GPRS builds on the mechanisrn-i as used in existing GSM networks; as an MS moves from one area to another, its location can be tracked within each mobile network. The SGSNs cofilmunicate with each other and update the user location. The MS profiles are preserved in the Visitor Location Registers(WRs) that are accessible by the SGSNsvia the local GSM MSC. A logical link is establishedand maintained betweenthe MS and the SGSN in eachmobile network. At the end of transmission or when a MS moves out of the area of a specific SGSN, the logical link is releasedand the resourcesassociatedwith it can be reallocated. 13.2.6 GPRSApplications and Services

A wide range of corporate and consumerapplications are enabled r,,lanWeb,, browsi*g,.,,forn:ut non-voice or data mobile servicessuch as SMS. Typical GPRS by guage is called Wireless applications include all normal GSM servicesbut in a more effi(WAP) Applications Protocol cient and faster way. It also supports all those services available that allows standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed over the Internet like e-rnail, and web browsing format language. foimit specificallydeslgned for small, It also supports a completely new set of user services such as portable hand heldcellphones. enhancedshort messages, wireless imaging with instant pictures. video services,document and information sharing. The benefits available to service providers include efficient use of scarceradio spectrum resources,fast and flexible implementationwith GSM coverage,low investmentcost,GPRS evolution to incorporatehigher bandwidtr and new technology, and IP mainstream bearer characteristics.The benefits o&red to mobile data users include wide area coverage,fast accesstime, and no need for frequent log on/log ofl higher speed,high-level secwi4: availability of many different types of mobile phone devicesfacilitating a broad range of new applications. 13.2.7 Challenges and lssues in GPRS GPRS is an important new enabling mobile data service that offers a major improvement in spectrum efficiency; capability and functionality compared with other mobile data services. However, there are some limitations with GPRS network, which can be summarized as follows:

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