Fax Machine (John Derel M.

Tuazon)

Fax Machines are a relic of an era that existed before the Internet, yet fax capabilities are still a required component in many businesses. Online fax services bridge the divide between the Internet and fax machines, providing inbound and outbound fax capabilities without the need for an actual fax machine. The online services are also always on and don't run out of paper or toner. Since they're online, they are available wherever you may be. Facsimile or Fax Machine is today's fastest-growing area of office automation and business communication. To the nontechnical observer, the fax machine seems to send a photocopy to another fax machine over the telephone lines: you dial a number, place the pages you want to send in the machine, press "start," and off they go, at about a minute a page. It makes a copy of a document and then uses the phone line to send it to a receiving machine in a different location. Originally designed strictly for business documents, but today it can be used for personal use and even emailing. Sending a fax eliminates the time and cost of using conventional mail services, allowing business, or personal information and agreements to be handled instantly. Facsimile transmission is accomplished by radio, telephone, or undersea cable. The essential parts of a fax system are a transmitting device that translates the graphic material into electrical impulses according to a set pattern,

and a synchronized receiving device that retranslates these impulses and prints a facsimile copy. In a typical system the fax scanner consists of a rotating cylinder, a source projecting a narrow beam of light, and a photoelectric cell. The copy to be transmitted is wrapped around the cylinder and is scanned by the light beam, which moves along the cylinder as it revolves. The output of the photoelectric cell is amplified and transmitted to the receiving end, where a similar cylinder, covered with specially impregnated paper, revolves in synchronism with the transmitting cylinder. A light of varying intensity moves along the rotation cylinder and darkens the paper by chemically reproducing the pattern of the original. Long before photocopying machines, the facsimile machine was invented in 1842 by Alexander Bain, a Scottish clockmaker, who used clock mechanisms to transfer an image from one sheet of electrically conductive paper to another. Alexander Bain received a British patent for improvements in producing and regulating electric currents and improvements in timepieces and in electric printing and signal telegraphs, in laymen's terms a fax machine. Alexander Bain's fax machine transmitter scanned a flat metal surface using a stylus mounted on a pendulum. The stylus picked up images from the metal surface. An amateur clock maker, Alexander Bain combined parts from clock mechanisms together with telegraph machines to invent his fax machine. Several years earlier, Samuel Morse had invented the first successful telegraph machine and the fax machine closely evolved from the technology of

the telegraph. The earlier telegraph machine sent Morse code (dots & dashes) over telegraph a wire that was decoded into a text message at a remote location. The use of the fax machine to transmit images via telephone lines did not become common in American businesses until the late 1980s, but the technology dates back to the nineteenth century. In 1843 in England, Alexander Bain (18181903) devised an apparatus comprised of two pens connected to two pendulums, which in turn were joined to a wire that was able to reproduce writing on an electrically conductive surface. For many years, facsimile machines remained cumbersome, expensive and difficult to operate, but in 1966 Xerox introduced the Magnafax Telecopier, a smaller, 46-pound facsimile machine that was easier to use and could be connected to any telephone line. Using this machine, a letter-sized document took about six minutes to transmit. The process was slow, but it represented a major technological step. In the late 1970s, Japanese companies entered the market, and soon a new generation of faster, smaller and more efficient fax machines became available. Only today has "fax" become a household word. The current facsimile revolution has come about because of digital technology (the same technology that lets us play video games), which has increased the speed, compactness, and reliability of the machines, as well as brought down prices. And, like Sholes's typewriter, this technology has found its real market in the business world, where efficiency and fast communication have been necessary since the days of the

railroads. Fax machines make it possible to send anything that can be printed on a page to anywhere in the world in not much more time than it would take to hand the page to someone across the top of your desk. Fax Machine or Facsimile, intelecommunications, the transmission and reproduction of documents by wire or radio wave. Common fax machines are designed to scan printed textual and graphic material and then transmit the information through the telephone network to similar machines, where facsimiles are reproduced close to the form of the original documents. Fax machines, because of their low cost and their reliability, speed, and simplicity of operation, revolutionized business and personal and they correspondence. also present an They virtually to

replaced telegraphic services,

alternative

government-run postal services and private couriers. Most office and home fax machines conform to the Group 3 standard, which was adopted in 1980 in order to ensure the compatibility of digital machines operating through public telephone systems worldwide. As a standard letter-size sheet is fed through a machine, it is scanned repeatedly across its width by a charge-coupled device (CCD), a solid-state scanner that has

1,728 photosensors in a single row. Each photosensor in turn generates a low or high variation in voltage, depending on whether the scanned spot is black or white. Since there normally are 4 scan lines per mm (100 scan lines per inch), the scanning of a single sheet can generate almost two million variations in voltage. The high/low variations are converted to a stream of binary digits, or bits, and the bit stream is subjected to a source encoder, which reduces or

compresses the number of bits required to represent long runs of white or black spots. The encoded bit stream can then be modulated onto an analog carrier wave by a voice-band modem and transmitted through the telephone network. With source encoding, the number of bits required to represent a typewritten sheet can be reduced from two million to less than 400,000. As a result, at standard fax modem speeds (up to 56,000 bits per second, though usually less) a single page can be transmitted in as little as 15 seconds. Communication between a transmitting and a receiving fax machine

opens with the dialing of the telephone number of the receiving machine. This begins a process known as the handshake, in which the two machines exchange signals that establish compatible features such as modem speed, source code, and printing resolution. The page information is then transmitted, followed by a signal that indicates no more pages are to be sent. The called machine signals receipt of the message, and the calling machine signals to disconnect the line. At the receiving machine, the signal is demodulated, decoded, and stored for timed release to the printer. In older fax machines the document was reproduced on special thermally sensitive paper, using a print head that had a row of fine wires corresponding to the photosensors in the scanning strip. In modern machines it is reproduced on plain paper by a xerographic process, in which a minutely focused beam of light from a semiconductor laser or a lightemitting diode, modulated by the incoming data stream, is swept across a rotating, electrostatically charged drum. The drum picks up toner powder in

charged spots corresponding to black spots on the original document and transfers the toner to the paper. Group 3 fax or facsimile transmissions can be conducted through all telecommunications media, whether they are copper wire, optical fibre, microwave radio, or cellular radio. In addition, personal computers (PCs) with the proper hardware and software can send files directly to fax machines without printing and scanning. Conversely, documents from a remote fax machine may be received by a computer for storage in its memory and eventual reproduction on a desktop printer. Internet fax servers have been developed that can send or receive facsimile documents and transmit them by e-mail between PCs.

My One Year Experience in Laguna University (John Derel M. Tuazon)

One year in Laguna University was really too fast to pass. The first time I went in the Laguna University, I already knew that it will be a long journey. I enrolled Bachelor of Science in Information Technology at Laguna University on June 6, 2013. And without any persons knew in the class, I made a lot of friends. Not just only inside our class and campus but even outside it. The first day of school was really excited; I talked on my classmates about ourselves and knew each other. I made friends and especially crush which made my everyday inspired. But one week of school was too boring because we dont have teachers that will teach us and a classroom that we can stay to wait for our professors. Then the second week was the orientation day, we still dont have a classroom but our professors were really hardworking persons for teaching us. That was a very rush day, we met some of our professors and some are not.