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=
=
(3)
( )
2 1
2 1 2 1
4
3 (2 1)
n
U n n
V
V A aB
n t
= +
(4)
( ) ( )
2 1
1 1
2 2cos 2 1 2 3 cos 2 1
3 6
n
A n n t t
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
(5)
( )
20
2 1
0
cos 2 1
42
n i
i
i
B Coeff n t
=
| |
=
|
\ .
(6)
where
3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,...
3 3, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1,...
3, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2
Coeff
=
`
+ + + + + +
)
(7)
In (4), a is the reinjection transformer turns ratio.
Fig. 1. 84-pulse StatCom structure
1716
3
Fig. 2 Mixing seven-level, six-pulse signals, and transformers ratios to attain
YU
V and
U
V
A
.
Fig. 3a) 84-pulse line-to-neutral output voltage and b) harmonic content
Fig. 4 84-pulse line-to-neutral harmonic content in decibels
The 84-pulse signal value (V
U
) depends on the injection
transformer turns ratio a, which is determined so as to
minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD), which is
defined by [9, 17]:
1
2
2
2
Un
U
n
VU
V
THD
V
=
=
(8)
The minimization of THD yields the parameter a. In this paper
such estimation has been made through MATLAB for a value
n = 7200, with increments of a = 0.0001. With these
parameters, the minimum THD becomes 2.358%
with 0.5609 a = , value employed in previous figures.
According to the IEEE Std. 519, the distortion limits indicate
that the allowed THD voltage is 10% in dedicated systems,
5% in general systems, and 3% for special applications as
hospitals and airports [17]. Table 1 presents the voltages
minimum THD generated by several multi-pulse
configurations. Through our proposition, the resultant THD
allows its use even in applications with stringent quality
requirements; it exhibits less dependence to variations in the
1717
4
transformers turn ratio a, which can have a variation
until 12.5% to reach a maximum THD lower than 3%. This
means that it does not need a strict reinjection transformer turn
ratio in order to get the THD for stringent conditions.
Table 1 Minimum THD reached through VSC multi-pulses-based
Number of
pulses
THD
(%)
12 15.22
24 7.38
48 3.8
60 3.159
84 2.358
Fig. 5 illustrates the THD dependence respect to variations in
the reinjection transformers turn ratio a.
Fig. 5 THD dependence respect to the reinjection transformer turns ratio a
III. OPEN LOOP STATCOM STRUCTURE
The connection of the improved VSC to the system requires
aspects to be considered. This section deals with such details
within an open loop context.
3.1 Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL)
The Synchronizing Circuit is responsible for determining the
system frequency and the phase-angle of the controlled AC
bus fundamental positive sequence voltage [18]. The Phase-
Locked-Loop (PLL) utilizes the Stationary Reference Frame
in order to reduce the computational cost, and helps to
improve the systems dynamic performance [19]. The digital
PLL is an algorithm able to detect the phase of the
fundamental voltage, through the synchronization of the
output signal to the frequency and phase of the input one,
without requiring a zero crossing subroutine at the input
voltage, or to generate an internal reference signal for the
input current [20]. The proposed strategy employs a
( )
1
tan
o
|