KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

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UNIT 2: ACID, BASE AND SALT

INTRODUCTION OF UNIT 2
Certain compounds release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. These substances are called acids. The traditional naming of acids is different from the name (or nomenclature) for other compounds. For example, HNO3 in a water solution is nown as nitric acid, not hydrogen nitrate. Compounds that release hydroxide ions in a!ueous solution are called bases. They can neutrali"e acids. #any foods are acidic. For example, vinegar contains acetic acid. $emons and other citrus fruits as well as many fruit%flavoured drin s contain citric acid. &f a food tastes sour, it contains at least one acidic substance. The chemicals that we use to remove grease and wax usually are bases or al alis.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The ob'ectives of this unit are to( ). &ntroduce students the definition of acids and bases *. $et the students well% nown about various types of acids and bases 3. $et the students well% nown about various types of salts

LEARNING OUTCOMES
+fter completing this unit, the students should be able to( ). *. 3. .. /. ,efine the acid and base. Calculate the p- value of a sample. $ist down the names of strong and wea acids. $ist down the names of strong and wea bases. 0rite the chemical e!uations for the reactions that involve acids, bases and salt.

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2.1

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE

&n )11., 2vante +rrhenius ()1/3 4 )3*5), a 2wedish chemist, proposed definitions of acids and bases as the following( a) Acids were generally recogni"ed as substances that, in a!ueous solution, would (i) Taste sour when diluted enough to be tasted. (ii) Cause litmus to change from blue to red. (iii) 6eact with active metals such as magnesium, "inc and iron to produce hydrogen gas. (iv) 6eact with compounds called bases to form water and salts. b) Bas s were generally recogni"ed as substances that, in a!ueous solution, would (i) Taste bitter. (ii) Cause litmus to change from red to blue. (iii) Feel slippery or soapy on the s in. (iv) 6eact with acids to form water and salts. -e lin ed acid behaviour with the presence of H7 ions and base behavior with the presence of OH% ion in a!ueous solution. &f an a!ueous solution contains more H7 than OH%, the solution is acidic. $i ewise, if the solution contains more OH% than H7, the solution is !asic "a#$a#i%. Acids are substance that are able to ioni"ed to form a hydrogen ion and thereby increase the concentration of H7 (a!) ions in a!ueous solutions. 8ecause a hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, - is simply a proton. Thus acids are often called proton donors. Compounds such as HCl, HNO3 and HC*H3O* are three common acids. Bas s are substances that accept (react with) H7 ions. -ydroxide ions, OH%, are basic because they readily react with H7 ions to form water.
H + (aq) + OH (aq ) H 2 O(l )

Thus, any substance that increases the concentration of OH% (a!) when added to water is a base. &onic hydroxide compounds such as NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)* are among the most common bases. 0hen dissolved in water, they dissociate into their separate ions, introducing OH% ions into the solution.

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2.2

&H SCALE

2.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

+cidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. #ixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutrali"e their extreme effects. + substance that is neither acidic nor basic is ' ()*a#. T+ &H sca# , as(* s +-. acidic -* !asic a s(!s)a'c is. The p- scale ranges from 9 to ).. + p- of 5 is neutral. + p- less than 5 is acidic. + p- greater than 5 is basic. The p- scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole p- value below 5 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. For example, p- . is ten times more acidic than p- / and )99 times ()9 times )9) more acidic than p- :. The same holds true for p- values above 5, each of which is ten times more al aline (another way to say basic) than the next lower whole value. For example, p- )9 is ten times more al aline than p- 3 and )99 times ()9 times )9) more al aline than p- 1. ;ure water is neutral. 8ut when chemicals are mixed with water, the mixture can become either acidic or basic. <xamples of acidic substances are vinegar and lemon 'uice. $ye, mil of magnesia, and ammonia are examples of basic (al aline) substances.

2.2.2 IONI/ATION OF 0ATER

0ater molecules exist in e!uilibrium with hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
H 2 O(l ) H + (aq ) + OH ( aq )

The water e!uilibrium constant is written as(

K w = [ H + ][OH ]

<xperimentally, it has been found that the concentration of H7 = OH% = )9%5

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KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

_______________________________________________________________________ _ 7 7 14 Therefore( K w = [10 ][10 ] = [10 ] (To multiply exponential numbers % simply add the exponents.) The values for Kw, H7 and OH% concentration all indicate that the e!uilibrium favors the reactant (water molecules). &n other words, only very small amounts of H7 and OH% ions are present.

2.2.1 EFFECT OF ACIDS AND BASES ON 0ATER E2UILIBRIUM

&f an acid (H7) is added to the water, the e!uilibrium shifts to the left and the OH% ion concentration decreases. 0ater <!uilibrium(
H 2 O(l ) H + (aq ) + OH ( aq )

&f base (OH%) is added to water, the e!uilibrium shifts to left and the H7 concentration decreases. 0ater <!uilibrium ;rinciple( The multiplication product (addition of exponents) of H7 and OH% ion concentration must always be e!ual to )9 %).. 8>T- H7 and OH% ions are +$0+?2 ;6<2<@T in any solution. + solution is acidic if the H7 are in excess. + solution is basic, if the OH% ions are in excess.

2.2.3 DEFINITION OF &H, &OH AND &K.

The concentrations of hydrogen ions and indirectly hydroxide ions are given by a p- number. &H is d 4i' d as )+ ' 5a)i6 #-5a*i)+, -4 )+ +7d*-5 ' i-' c-'c ')*a)i-'. The e!uation is( similarly, and <xample *.) &f an acid has an H7 concentration of 9.999) #, find the p-. 2olution p- = % log AH7B p>- = % log AOH%B p Cw = % log AKwB

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KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

_______________________________________________________________________ _ First convert the number to exponential notation, find the log, then solve the pe!uation. -7 = 9.999)# = )9%.D log of )9%. = %.D p- = % log A H+B = % log ()9%.) = % (%.) = 7. The purpose of the negative sign in the log definition is to give a positive pvalue. <xample *.* &f the base has an OH% concentration of 9.99) #, find the p-. 2olution First find the p>-, (similar to finding the p-,) then subtract the p>- from ).. >-% = 9.99)# = )9%3D p>- = %log AOH%B = %log ()9%3) = 73 = p>p- = ). % p>p- = ). % 3 = )) (6emember from p- ;rinciple( the sum of p- and p>must always e!ual pCw ().)).

<xample *.3 (i) + sample of orange 'uice contains hydroxonium ions (- 3>7) /.) )9 0hat is the p- value for the orange 'uiceE
43

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(ii)

+ detergent branded F<GC<$H show the p- value 5.19. 0hat is the concentration of hydroxonium ions (-3>7) that contains in the detergentE The concentration of hydroxonium ions in a blood sample is ../ )9%1 #. 0hat is the concentration of its hydroxide ionE

(iii)

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KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

_______________________________________________________________________ _ (i) p- = % log A-3>7B = % log (/.) )9%3) = *.*3 (ii) A-3>7B = )9%p- = )9%5.19 = )./1 )9%1 # (iii) A-7 BA >-%B = ).9 )9%). A >-%B =
).9 )9 %). ).9 )9 %). = = *.** )9%5 # A- + B ../ )9 %1

The p- scale, (9 % ).), is the full set of p- numbers which indicate the concentration of -7 and >-% ions in water. The diagram on Figure *.) gives some relationships which summari"es much of the previous discussion.

Figure *.) E8a,&# s -4 &H Sca# R adi'5s + p- scale reading of # ss )+a' 9 indicates an acidic medium. + p- scale reading of ,-* )+a' 9 indicates a !asic medium. + p- scale reading :(a# )- 9 indicates a ' ()*a# medium or solution (pure distilled water).

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KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

_______________________________________________________________________ _ + p- scale reading of 2 indicates a s)*-'5 acid. + p- scale reading of 11 indicates a s)*-'5 !as . + p- scale reading of ; indicates a . a$ acid. + p- scale reading of < indicates a . a$ !as . Li),(s I'dica)-* Acids turn blue litmus paper * d. Bas s turn red litmus paper !#( . E8a,&# s -4 Li),(s =a& * C-#-* C+a'5 s S(#4(*ic acid is obviously acidic in nature. &t turns blue litmus paper * d. S-di(, +7d*-8id is a !as . &t turns red litmus paper !#( .

2.1

STRONG AND 0EAK ACIDS

S)*-'5 acids a* )+-s )+a) i-'i> c-,&# ) #7, -* ' a*#7 c-,&# ) #7 i' .a) *. &n dilute solutions, strong acids such as hydrochloric acid donate their acidic protons to water to ma e hydronium ions ( H7).
HCl H + + Cl

Table *.) shows some examples of strong acids and their chemical formulas.
Table *.) 2trong acids and their chemical formulas.

Acid Na, -ydrochloric acid -ydrobromic acid -ydroiodic acid

F-*,(#a HCl HBr HI

Acid Na, 2ulfuric acid @itric acid ;erchloric acid

F-*,(#a H2SO4 HNO3 HClO4

0 a$ acids a* )+-s )+a) i-'i> -'#7 s#i5+)#7 i' di#() s-#()i-'. +cetic acid, CH3COOH, is a typical wea acid. The e!uilibrium e!uation for the ioni"ation of this acid is written as below(
CH 3COOH ( aq ) + H 2O (l ) CH 3COO ( aq ) + H 3O + ( aq)

The longer arrow pointed toward the reactants indicates that most of the acetic acid molecules remain un%ioni"ed.

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KOLEJ KEMAHIRAN TINGGI MARA SRI GADING

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Commercial vinegar solutions are about /I acetic acid by mass. +nother common wea acid is carbonic acid, - *C>3, which is formed when C> * dissolves in water.
CO2 ( g ) + H 2O ( l ) H 2 CO3 ( aq )

>ur blood and all carbonated beverages contains carbonic acid.

2.3

STRONG AND 0EAK BASES

2trong bases ioni"e completely, or nearly completely in water. The most familiar strong base, sodium hydroxide, @a>- (also called lye) is completely ionic. &t exists as sodium ions and hydroxide ions. &n solution, the hydroxide ions enter into the characteristic reactionsof basic or alkaline solutions.
NaOH Na + + OH

Common products containing sodium hydroxide include drain cleaners and oven cleaners. The al ali destroys tissue rapidly, causing severe chemical burns. Table *.* shows some examples of strong bases and their chemical formulas.
Table *.* 2trong bases and their chemical formulas.

Bas Na, Calcium hydroxide 2trontium hydroxide 8arium hydroxide

F-*,(#a Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2

#agnesium hydroxide, #g(>-)*, is a wea base. &t is so nearly insoluble in water that it can be safely ta en internally as an antacid called mil of magnesia. Transition metal hydroxides are all wea bases. They have low water solubilities. +mmonia, @-3, is another wea base. &t is a gas at room temperature. &t dissolves readily in water. +mmonia reacts with water to a slight extent, producing a limited number of ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
NH 3 (aq) + H 2O NH 4 + (aq) + OH (aq)

+mmonia is classified as a wea base because in an a!ueous ammonia solution only about )I of the ammonia becomes ioni"ed. The solution formed by dissolving ammonia in water is sometimes called ammonium hydroxide, but *%1 DCC 1052

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_______________________________________________________________________ _ a!ueous ammonia, @-3(a!), is the correct name because most of the ammonia remains in the un%ioni"ed form. Jlass cleaners and numerous other familiar household cleaners contain ammonia and it can be readily detected by its characteristic odor.

2.?

NEUTRALI/ATION REACTIONS AND SALTS

T+ * ac)i-' -4 a' acid "i) c-')ai's H@ i-'s% .i)+ a !as "i) c-')ai's OHA i-'s% )- &*-d(c .a) * a'd a sa#) is called ' ()*a#i>a)i-'. +cid 7 8ase 0ater 7 2alt <xamples( (a) (b) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O + NaCl(aq) H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq) 3H2O + K3PO4(aq)

$eaving out the spectator ions gives the same net ionic e!uation for each reaction( H+(aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l) 8ecause hydrogen ions, H7, exist in solution as hydronium ions, H3O7, we can also write the net ionic e!uation in the following way. H3O+(aq) + OH (aq) 2 H2O(l)

2.;

ACID A BASE REACTIONS 0ITH GAS FORMATION

+cids react with active metals such as magnesium and "in to produce hydrogen gas and a salt made up of the cation from the metal and the anion from the acid. +cid 7 +ctive metal -ydrogen gas 7 2alt <xamples( (a) (b) H2SO4(aq) + Mg(aq) H2(g) + MgSO4(aq) HCl(aq) + Zn(aq) H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

Carbon dioxide gas and water are produced when acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates. Carbonic acid, - *C>3, is not the reaction product because it is unstable and decomposes to give carbon dioxide gas and water.

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_______________________________________________________________________ _ +cid 7 Carbonate Carbon dioxide gas 7 2alt 7 0ater <xamples( H2O(l) 0e can also write the following e!uation for the reaction of any acid with calcium carbonates. 2 H3O+(aq) + CaCO3(aq) Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) $imestone and marble are two common building materials. They are mainly consist of calcium carbonate. #arble is also used in statues, monuments, and sculptures. The calcium carbonate in these materials are often attac ed by acids present in the atmosphere and in rain. +mphoteric metals such as aluminium and "inc, are those that react directly with acids to produce hydrogen gas and react directly with strong bases and water to produce hydrogen gas. 2Al(s) + 2 NaOH(s) + 6 H2O 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq) + 3 H2(g) (a) H2SO4(aq) + CaCO3(aq) CO2(g) + CaSO4(aq) + H2O(l) (b) 2 HCl(aq) + ZnCO3(aq) CO2(g) + ZnCl2(aq) +

2.9

OBIDATION A REDUCTION REACTIONS

Fine copper wire becomes oxidi"ed and glows as it is heated in a flame, but it also glows when it is heated and thrust into a bottle of chlorine gas, producing a greenish solid. The e!uation for this reaction given by Cu(s) + Cl2(g) CuCl2(s) ,uring the reaction of the metal with oxygen and also with chlorine, the neutral metal atom loses electrons as it is -8idi> d by the nonmetal to become a positively charged metal ion. M Mn+ + n e M represents the metal and n represents the ion charge as well as the number of electrons lost.

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_______________________________________________________________________ _ >xidation is accompanied by a reduction, a gain of electrons, by another chemical called the -8idi>i'5 a5 '). 0henever one substance is oxidi"ed, another is * d(c d. + n e
n

2o, the overall reaction is called as -8ida)i-' A * d(c)i-' or * d-8. +ny substance li e oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine that causes the metal to lose electrons can be an -8idi>i'5 a5 '). The substance that loses electrons is the * d(ci'5 a5 '), where at the same time, it get oxidi"ed. +nother example for the -8ida)i-' A * d(c)i-' reaction given by

2 Al(s) + 3 I2(s) 2 AlI3(s)

SUMMARC OF UNIT 2
&n this unit we have studied that( ). *. 3. .. we can measure the strength of acids and bases by using the p- scale. in neutrali"ation reaction, acid reacts with base to produce salt and water. acid reacts with active metals to produce hydrogen gas. in redox, whenever one substance is oxidi"ed, another is reduced.

REFERENCES
). *. 3. .. 6aymond Chang, Chemistry. 3th <d. 6alph +. 8urns, Fundamental of Chemistry. 3rd <d. 8rown, $e#ay and 8ursten, Chemistry( The Central 2cience, 1 th <d. @ivaldo K. Tro, &ntroductory Chemistry. *nd <d.

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