SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.

info

SolarGIS Database version 1.8 satellite-derived solar radiation and meteorological data
OVERVIEW
GeoModel Solar operates high-resolution meteorological database - SolarGIS. The database consists of the following primary parameters: Solar radiation: Global horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) Meteo: Air Temperature at 2 metres (TEMP), Relative Humidity (RH), Wind Speed (WS) and Wind Direction (WD) at 10 metres. Rainfall data are in preparation.

Meteorological data is available globally. Solar radiation data is available for more regionss of Europe, Africa, Asia, West Australia, and North and South America. Complete coverage of solar radiation data is expected by mid-2013.

SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation primary parameters are derived by advanced and scientifically validated models, which use satellite data from the Meteosat ( EUMETSAT, DE) and GOES ( NOAA, USA) mission, and outputs from the MACC and GFS atmospheric models ( ECMWF, UK and NOAA NCEP, USA). An independent Expert Survey (International Energy Agency, SHC Task 36 Data cross-comparison1) has identified the SolarGIS as the best database in the market, in terms of accuracy, reliability and data representativeness. Solar database - input data
Cloud Index and Snow Index calculated from Meteosat and GOES satellites ( EUMETSAT, NOAA) Water Vapour derived from GFS database ( NOAA NCEP) Atmospheric Optical Depth calculated from MACC database ( ECMWF) Snow Depth from GFS and CSFR ( NOAA) Elevation and horizon profile calculated from Digital Elevation Model SRTM-3 ( SRTM team)

Calculation method Solar radiation is calculated by numerical models, which are parameterized by a set of inputs characterizing the cloud transmittance, state of the atmosphere and terrain conditions. The methodology is described in several papers [1, 2, 3]. In the SolarGIS approach, the clear-sky irradiance is calculated by the simplified SOLIS model, developed by Ineichen [4]. This model allows fast calculation of clear-sky irradiance from the set of input parameters. Sun position is a deterministic parameter, and is described by the numerical models with satisfactory accuracy. Stochastic variability of clear-sky atmospheric conditions is determined by changing concentrations of atmospheric constituents, namely aerosols, water vapour and ozone. The calculation accuracy of the clear-sky irradiance, especially DNI, is sensitive to the information about aerosols. The key factor determining short-term variability of all-sky irradiance is clouds. Attenuation effect of clouds is expressed by the means of a parameter called cloud index, which is calculated from the routine observations of meteorological geostationary satellites. Spatial resolution of satellite data used in SolarGIS
1 see http://solargis.info/doc/index.php?select=74#20110225

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

is about 4 x 5 km at mid latitudes (3 km at sub-satellite point) and the time step is 15 and 30 minutes. To retrieve all-sky irradiance in each time step, the clear-sky global horizontal irradiance is coupled with cloud index. Effect of clouds in SolarGIS is calculated from the Meteosat and GOES satellite data in the form of cloud index (cloud transmittance). The SolarGIS algorithms are based on the Heliosat-2 calculation scheme and the Perez approach [5], which has been updated and supplemented by multispectral data processing. The cloud index is derived by relating irradiance recorded by the satellite in several spectral channels and surface albedo to the cloud optical properties. A number of improvements have been introduced to better cope with specific situations such as snow, ice, or high albedo areas (arid zones and deserts), and also with complex terrain. The improved snow detection algorithms are based on work of Romanov and Tarpley [6], and Duerr and Zelenka [7]. In the SolarGIS approach, the new generation aerosol data set representing Atmospheric Optical Depth (AOD) is used. This data set has been developed and are operationally calculated by MACC project ( ECMWF) [8]. Important feature of this AOD data set is that it captures daily variability of aerosols and allows simulating more precisely the events with extreme atmospheric load of aerosol particles. Thus it reduces uncertainty of instantaneous estimates of GHI and especially DNI and allows for improved distribution of irradiance values. It is to be noted that coverage of high frequency (daily) aerosol data is limited to the period from 2003 onwards; the remaining years (1994 to 2002) are represented only by monthly long-term averages. Adaptation of MACC daily Atmospheric Optical Depth data in SolarGIS has been described in publications by Cebecauer and Suri [3, 9]. AOD data are routinely calculated at a spatial resolution of about 125 km. Water vapour is also highly variable in space and time, but it has lower impact on the values of solar radiation, compared to aerosols. The daily GFS and CFSR values ( NOAA NCEP) are used in SolarGIS, thus representing the daily variability from 1994 to the present. Ozone absorbs solar radiation at wavelengths shorter than 0.3 m, thus having negligible influence on the broadband solar radiation. Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) is calculated from Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) using modified Dirindex model [10]. Diffuse irradiance for tilted surfaces is calculated by Perez model [11]. Terrain enhancement procedure is based on the disaggregation algorithms of Ruiz Arias et al. [12]. SolarGIS solar radiation model offers a number of unique innovations, which together with implementation of new atmospheric datasets position SolarGIS solar resource database as unique on the market. The key innovations include: Algorithms for maintaining high stable positional and radiometric accuracy of input satellite data, along the all time coverage (from year 1994 onwards); Use of multispectral channels and multidimensional statistical treatment of ground albedo, which increase accuracy in arid and coastal zones, and in regions with snow cover and ice; Use of daily values of aerosol and water vapour data, which offers data with higher accuracy (lower bias) and better statistical distribution of irradiances (improved histogram and reduced RMSD). New algorithms have been implemented for enhanced spatial resolution by high-resolution Digital Terrain Model of up to 100 metres; New computer architecture and data storage models make it possible to deliver a number of solar resource and meteo parameters in real-time online, and all high-value data products within 1-2 working days.

The uncertainties in the data and numerical models are described in publication [13].

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

Output Parameters Primary parameters: Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) 15-minute (30-minute) time series Secondary (derived) parameters: Global in-plane irradiance for fixed and sun-tracking surfaces Diffuse irradiance 15-min (30-min) time series or aggregated values (hourly, daily, monthly averages) Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Long-term monthly averages

Primary co-ordinate system WGS84 is used for geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude), ellipsoid and datum. SRTM-3 DEM is used for altitude correction of atmospheric parameters. Data can be recalculated to any other co-ordinate system.

Spatial resolution Calculation scheme is applied in Meteosat and GOES data resolution (approximately 3 km at sub-satellite point). Model outputs are resampled to 2 arc-minutes regular grid in WGS84 geographical coordinate system. The spatial resolution of the time series data products is enhanced by terrain SRTM-3 (3 arcseconds, i.e. about 90 metres at the equator). Data can be recalculated to any other spatial resolution.

Temporal resolution Nominal time of the data products: 15-min (30-min) instantaneous, and 60 min average values. In the 60minute average, the time step refers to the end of hour. Data is also available as aggregated daily and monthly statistics, including long-term averages and Typical Meteorological Years (TMYs).

Temporal coverage From 1994 (from 1999 in Asia, Americas, and West Australia) up to the present time, i.e. 19+ (14+) years of continuous data coverage. In the SolarGIS database, the input atmospheric parameters (aerosols and water vapour) represent daily data.

Time reference Where relevant, data are provided in UTC (upon request True Solar Time can be used).

Data gaps More than 99% coverage of satellite data for Meteosat regions. More gaps occur in the GOES East data for Southern hemisphere. Data for very low sun angles are derived by extrapolation of clear-sky index. The supplied data have all the gaps filled using the intelligent algorithms. Flagging: 0:sun below horizon 1: model value 2: interpolated <=1hour 3: extrapolated <=1hour

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

4: interpolated/extrapolated >1hour 5: long term monthly median

Data coverage Solar data is available in a homogeneous spatial and temporal coverage as can be seen on the map below. The data coverage is being expanded in steps, and it is expected to reach global coverage by mid-2013. Part of the database can be accessible also online via applications: http://solargis.info/imaps/ and http://solargis.info/pvplanner/

Data available: Quality

Online

On Request

Quality is compared with high-quality ground measurements from worldwide meteo stations. The quality standards, as defined by the International Energy Agency SHC Task 36 consortium, are used. The relative mean bias (rMB) in Europe, for Global Horizontal Irradiance GHI is 1.1%, and root mean square difference (rRMSD) is 18.5%, 9.6% and 4.8% for hourly, daily and monthly data, respectively. Mean bias of GHI in the Alps is between -8% and +4% and hourly rRMSD is around 30%, and the data show significant improvements in mountains, coastal zones, and arid areas. The mean bias of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) in Europe is -3.1 W/m2 (-0.9%), standard deviation of biases 6.4% and Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) is 123, 75, and 32 W/m2 (35.7%, 21.9% and 9.3%), for hourly, daily and monthly data, respectively. In Spain, the DNI model was validated against data from 14 ground stations. The mean bias of DNI is 2 2 16.4 W/m (4.2%), standard deviation of biases 3.9%, and hourly RMSD is 110 W/m (32.2%). For sites in desert (Tamanrasset and SedeBoqer) the quality validation shows higher deviation: mean bias is -26 and 2 2 71 W/m (-4.2 and -11.7%), respectively, and RMSD is 144 and 174 W/m (23.3 and 28.4%) respectively. Quality assessment of DNI on 6 sites in South Africa shows very low bias - within the range of 2.5%, and hourly RMSE - in the range of 16% to 22%.

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

More validation please find below.

Quality flags or measures of uncertainty Gap filling flag is part of data delivery. Quantitative estimate of the uncertainty of values are available on the demand.

METEOROLOGICAL DATA
The SolarGIS database also includes air temperature at 2 metres data, which are calculated from NOAA NCEP data sources, and validated by ground measurements. Air temperature is available for the period from January 1994 to the present time. The data are disaggregated by SolarGIS method to reflect variability induced by high-resolution terrain. Spatial resolution of the final output database is 1 km. As an optional supplement, wind speed and wind direction at 10 metres, and relative humidity can be included as ancillary parameters to the standard data parameters. Important note: Meteo parameters derived from the numerical weather model outputs (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction) have lower spatial and temporal resolution; they may not represent the site specific-conditions, as the solar resource data. Especially wind and relative humidity data have higher uncertainty, and they provide only information with regional validity, which can be used only as ancillary information for solar energy projects. Meteorological parameters have global coverage.

DATA FORMATS AND DELIVERY OPTIONS

Time series typically in ASCII CSV, SAM, PVSYST and other data formats. Smaller averaged data could be delivered also in xls. Metadata and file structure is described in the file header. Spatial data could be delivered in ESRI ASCII GRID format, GeoTIFF, Google Earth KML/KMZ data formats or NetCDF.

Data transfer options: Email, ftp, http-download, web services

HOW SOLARGIS SOLAR DATA COMPARE WITH OTHER DATABASES

The recent IEA Task 36 data inter-comparison activity, lead by Pierre Ineichen from University of Geneva, has independently confirmed that SolarGIS is the best performing solar radiation database presently available on the market. More information at: http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/pub/ineichen_valid-sat-2011-report.pdf http://www.unige.ch/cuepe/pub/ineichen_valid-sat-2011-annexe.pdf An example from the report is given below - the yellow points represent the measured data and the blue points represent satellite-derived data. It can be seen that some satellite models are not capable to represent all the measured values, for example higher irradiance values, and therefore they are not able to provide coherent information needed for system design, financing and monitoring.

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

SolarGIS

Quality assurance procedures applied Internal check and approval of data is applied in several steps: - Site identification (coordinates and altitude). User is requested to confirm the site location by visual check of coordinates using SolarGIS iMaps application - On the request, surrounding terrain shading effect analysis is integrated in data calculation - Cross comparison with other data is performed. Visual check of daily profiles to identify outliers

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

COPYRIGHT AND TERMS OF USE

SolarGIS 2013 GeoModel Solar s.r.o. License to the use of SolarGIS data will be granted, however no redistribution of purchased SolarGIS data is permitted without prior written permission from GeoModel Solar. SolarGIS is the registered trademark of GeoModel Solar.

Terms of use - read more in the Data License Agreement: http://solargis.info/doc/_docs/SolarGIS_Data_License_Agreement.pdf

DOCUMENTATION
[1] Cebecauer T., ri M., Perez R., High performance MSG satellite model for operational solar energy applications. ASES National Solar Conference, Phoenix, USA, 2010. [2] ri M., Cebecauer T., Perez P., Quality procedures of SolarGIS for provision site-specific solar resource information. Conference SolarPACES 2010, September 2010, Perpignan, France. [3] Cebecauer T., ri M., Accuracy improvements of satellite-derived solar resource based on GEMS re-analysis aerosols. Conference SolarPACES 2010, September 2010, Perpignan, France. [4] Ineichen P., A broadband simplied version of the Solis clear sky model. Solar Energy, 82, 8, 758-762, 2008. [5] Perez R., Ineichen P., Moore K., Kmiecik M., Chain C., George R., Vignola F., A New Operational Satellite-toIrradiance Model. Solar Energy 73, 307-317, 2002. [6] Romanov P., Tarpley D., Enhanced algorithm for estimating snow depth from geostationary satellites, Remote Sensing of Environment, 108, 97-110, 2007. [7] Drr B., Zelenka A, Deriving surface global irradiance over the Alpine region from METEOSAT Second Generati on data by supplementing the HELIOSAT method, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30, 22, 5821-5841, 2009. [8] Morcrette J., Boucher O., Jones L., Salmond D., Bechtold P., Beljaars A., Benedetti A., Bonet A., Kaiser J.W., Razinger M., Schulz M., Serrar S., Simmons A.J., Sofiev M., Suttie M., Tompkins A., Uncht A., GEMS-AER team. Aerosol analysis and forecast in the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System. Part I: Forward modelling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 2009. [9] Cebecauer T., MACC aerosols in solar radiation modelling for energy applications. Presentation. MACC Conference on Monitoring and Forecasting Atmospheric Composition, May 2011, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2011. [10] Perez R., Ineichen P., Maxwell E., Seals R. and Zelenka A., Dynamic global-to-direct irradiance conversion models. ASHRAE Transactions-Research Series, pp. 354-369, 1992. [11] Perez, R., Seals R., Ineichen P., Stewart R., Menicucci D.. A new simplified version of the Perez diffuse irradiance model for tilted surfaces. Solar Energy, 39, 221-232, 1987. [12] Ruiz-Arias J. A., Cebecauer T., Tovar-Pescador J., ri M., 2010. Spatial disaggregation of satellite-derived irradiance using a high-resolution digital elevation model. Solar Energy, 84, 1644-1657. [13] Cebecauer T., ri M., Guyemard C. A., 2011. Uncertai nty Sources in Satellite-Derived Direct Normal Irradiance: How Can Prediction Accuracy Be Improved Globally?. Proceedings of the SolarPACES Conference, September 2011, Granada, Spain.

See more at: http://geomodelsolar.eu/publications

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

Validation sites for DNI

rRMSD hourly [%] 48.8 45.3 34.4 44.6 32.3 38.0 36.8 32.7 58.7 39.3 48.9 35.0 23.8 47.0 50.2 37.8 34.1 28.1 33.3 25.2 19.9 30.6 27.8 23.8 25.6 33.7 32.4 30.2 28.6 23.7 26.0 50.2 21.2 20.1 16.8 18.3 18.0 19.8 rRMSD daily [%] 30.6 23.6 20.9 27.3 22.8 23.1 16.7 21.6 27.0 22.2 30.4 20.7 33.4 27.0 19.0 18.8 16.3 20.6 15.7 18.1 18.2 16.1 21.7 24.6 21.8 17.4 rRMSD monthly [%] 17.6 5.5 12.6 16.7 14.1 9.3 6.7 11.1 10.2 8.4 6.9 10.6 12.3 8.5 5.0 4.9 7.7 8.8 5.4 6.7 7.2 6.0 11.6 12.9 7.2 2.6

Site

Country

Latit. [deg]

Longit. [deg] 26.466 -5.317 28.816 15.833 10.000 11.700 7.831 6.943 9.845 6.132 8.787 4.923 5.059 -8.419 -5.873 -2.039 -2.467 -4.767 0.595 -3.724 2.744 -6.339 -7.012 -2.357 -1.169 -4.851 -4.480 -16.499 -15.576 34.782 46.410 116.962 5.514 18.865 24.000 18.805 19.565 21.072

Elev. [m] 70 88 205 236 14 472 275 490 1610 420 370 170 99 58 336 252 1082 735 192 664 4 405 175 498 62 91 60 2371 50 480 757 32 1378 120 1331 789 823 864

MBD [W/m 2] -29 -1 -23 -27 -31 -15 -9 -10 21 0 -14 -12 -8 8 4 3 18 -1 -19 6 8 28 4 33 43 -15 4

rMBD [%] -11.8 -0.6 -7.6 -11.5 -9.3 -4.3 -3.3 -2.5 7.2 0.2 -4.5 -4.1 -1.1 -2.8 3.1 1.5 0.9 4.3 -0.2 -4.1 1.6 1.8 6.3 -2.4 0.9 8.8 11.0 -2.2 0.9 -4.8 -5.1 1.3 1.4 -6.4 -1.0 -3.7 -7.8 -6.1

Tartu Toravere Camborne Kishinev Hradec Kralove Hamburg Weihenstepha n Freiburg Payerne Davos Geneve Locarno-Monti Vaulx un Velin Carpentras A Coruna Oviedo San Sebastian Soria Valladolid Lleida Madrid Palma Caceres Badajoz PSA Tabernas Murcia Cordoba Malaga Izana San Bartolome Sede Boqer Solar Village Xianghe Tamanrasset Sonbesie De Aar Aggeneys Paulputs Upington

Estonia UK Moldova Czech Republic Germany Germany Germany Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland France France Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Israel Saudi Arabia China Algeria South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa

58.265 50.217 47.001 50.183 53.633 48.400 47.979 46.814 46.813 46.200 46.173 45.779 44.083 43.367 43.354 43.308 41.767 41.650 41.626 40.453 39.567 39.472 38.886 37.093 38.003 37.844 36.719 28.309 27.758 30.855 24.910 39.754 22.783 -33.928 -30.667 -29.295 -28.880 -28.468

3 -34 -6 -25 -54 -41

37.1 12.1 9.9 11.5 12.4 12.5

11.4 7.8 2.4 5.2 9.3 8.2

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SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

Durban Petrolina Brasilia Florianopolis So Martinho da Serra Broome Learmonth Geraldton KalgoorieBoulder Cocos (Keeling) Islands

South Africa Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Australia Australia Australia Australia Cocos islands

-29.900 -9.068 -15.601 -27.533 -29.443 122.235 114.097 114.698 121.453 96.834

30.980 -40.319 -47.713 -48.517 -53.823 -17.947 -22.241 -28.795 -30.785 -12.189

151 387 1023 11 489 7 5 33 365 3

-22

-5.8 1.7 8.2 -6.1 -3.8 -0.1 -5.2 -0.7 0.8 -4.5

32.2 22.8 38.3 36.8 25.0 24.9 19.2 24.5 24.9 35.9

20.3 8.7 21.4 21.1 12.9 11.6 9.8 12 10.7 18.7

8.0 2.3 9.9 7.2 5.2 4.5 5.6 3 3 7.2

MBD: Mean Bias Deviation rMBD: relative Mean Bias Deviation rRMSD: relative Root Mean Square Deviation

Validation sites for DNI

2012 GeoModel Solar

SolarGIS version 1.8: Specifications of solar radiation and meteo database http://solargis.info

Validation sites for GHI

Site Bergen Tartu Toravere Zoseni Liepaja Rucava Wroclaw Lerwick Loughborough Camborne Kishinev Hradec Kralove Luka Doksany Kocelovice Schleswig Hamburg Potsdam Weihenstepha n Freiburg Weissfluhjoch SLF Versuchsf. Mannlichen Jungfraujoch Wien Bratislava Hurbanovo Ganovce Payerne Davos Eggishorn Cimetta Geneve Locarno-Monti Gornergrat Zagreb Ispra Gospic Nantes Vaulx un Velin Carpentras

Country Norway Estonia Latvia Latvia Poland UK UK UK Moldova Czech R. Czech R. Czech R. Czech R. Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Austria Slovakia Slovakia Slovakia Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Croatia Italy Croatia France France France

Lat. [deg] 60.384 58.265 57.133 56.483 51.126 60.133 52.770 50.217 47.001 50.183 49.650 50.783 49.466 54.518 53.633 52.367 48.400 47.979 46.833 46.828 46.613 46.549 48.249 48.170 47.873 49.033 46.814 46.813 46.427 46.201 46.200 46.173 45.984 45.819 45.812 44.549 47.254 45.779 44.083

Longit. [deg] 5.332 26.466 25.917 21.017 17.014 -1.183 -1.230 -5.317 28.816 15.833 16.950 14.283 13.833 9.570 10.000 13.083 11.700 7.831 9.805 9.809 7.941 7.985 16.356 17.072 18.190 20.317 6.943 9.845 8.093 8.790 6.132 8.787 7.785 16.013 8.627 15.361 -1.554 4.923 5.059

Elev. [m] 45 70 188 4 111 84 70 88 205 236 510 185 519 12 14 107 472 275 2690 2540 2230 3580 203 195 113 706 490 1610 2895 1670 420 370 3110 119 220 565 30 170 99

MBD [W/m2] 14 -4 -14 -6 7.6 3 -4 -4 3 3.6 0.1 1.4 -5.5 -11 3 -7 -6 12 -9 -7 -5 -5 6.7 7.5 -1 -4.2 -1 -12 5 18 11 -1 -25 5 13 3 -4 15

rMBD [%] 8.2 -1.8 -5.1 -2.2 3.2 1.5 -1.7 -1.6 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.5 -2.0 -4.5 1.6 -2.7 -2.3 3.9 -2.8 -2.4 -1.7 -1.3 2.5 3.0 -0.2 -1.6 -0.2 -3.7 1.6 6.1 3.9 -0.3 -6.6 1.7 4.6 1.2 -1.4 5.5 1.1

rRMSD [%] 32.2 23.3 23.4 17.8 19.5 28.5 24.4 19.9 16.7 22.2 22.1 18.5 18.9 22.0 20.8 18.2 20.4 19.4 31.5 32.2 30.1 32.7 20.6 19.2 20.9 26.3 14.8 27.5 42.1 27.3 19.3 17.7 31.1 19.2 15.4 24.7 18.3 17.4 13.2

rRMSD [%] 17.0 10.8 13.3 8.7 9.0 14.1 11.8 8.4 7.5 10.0 10.8 9.0 8.9 12.5 9.5 8.2 10.1 8.3 18.0 18.0 15.9 20.8 9.3 9.7 10.8 12.5 7.8 14.0 27.0 14.6 8.9 7.9 19.3 8.1 7.7 11.1 9.4 8.8

rRMSD [%] 11.0 3.7 9.4 3.3 4.1 3.3 4.2 2.9 1.9 3.2 5.0 4.5 4.8 7.6 3.3 4.0 3.7 4.4 8.9 9.0 6.4 11.5 3.1 4.2 4.8 3.2 1.8 5.4 15.3 8.0 4.0 2.1 11.2 3.2 4.8 3.2 2.7 5.8

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A Coruna Oviedo San Sebastian Soria Valladolid Lleida Barcelona Madrid Palma Valencia Caceres Badajoz PSA Tabernas Penteli Murcia Cordoba Mugla Malaga Izana San Bartolome Thessaloniki Athens Crete Amman Sede Boqer Solar Village Ishigakijima Pantnagar Kanpur Silpakorn Xianghe Tamanrasset Sonbesie De Aar Durban Agoufu Bamba Banizoumbou Djougou M Bour Ilorin Petrolina Brasilia Florianopolis So Martinho da Serra Broome Learmonth

Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Spain Greece Greece Greece Jordan Israel Saudi Arabia Japan India India Thailand China Algeria South Africa South Africa South Africa Mali Mali Niger Benin Senegal Nigeria Brazil Brazil Brazil Brazil Australia Australia

43.367 43.354 43.308 41.767 41.650 41.626 41.386 40.453 39.567 39.489 39.472 38.886 37.093 38.050 38.003 37.844 37.214 36.719 28.309 27.758 40.632 37.972 35.300 32.025 30.855 24.910 24.337 29.046 26.513 13.819 39.754 22.783 -33.928 -30.667 -29.900 15.345 17.099 13.531 9.692 14.394 8.533 -9.068 -15.601 -27.533 -29.443 122.235 114.097

-8.419 -5.873 -2.039 -2.467 -4.767 0.595 2.117 -3.724 2.744 -0.471 -6.339 -7.012 -2.357 23.860 -1.169 -4.851 28.368 -4.480 -16.499 -15.576 22.959 23.718 25.100 35.879 34.782 46.410 124.163 79.521 80.232 100.041 116.962 5.514 18.865 24.000 30.980 -1.479 -1.402 2.661 1.662 -16.959 4.567 -40.319 -47.713 -48.517 -53.823 -17.947 -22.241

58 336 252 1082 735 192 125 664 4 57 405 175 498 430 62 91 662 60 2371 50 60 107 122 1041 480 757 11 241 123 72 32 1378 120 1331 151 290 272 211 438 5 350 387 1023 11 489 7 5

-5 19 5 -2 11 -6 12 5 -1 26 10 6 -13 3 12 22 10 -22 0 2 14 8 -10 6 -2 10 -11 -5 -18 12 -9.9 8.2 4.5

-1.7 7.1 1.6 -0.7 3.0 -1.5 3.4 1.3 -0.3 7.1 2.5 1.5 0.8 -3.0 0.8 2.6 5.7 2.6 -4.1 0.0 0.4 3.9 2.2 -1.9 1.0 -0.3 2.7 -2.5 -1.2 -4.5 3.6 -0.9 -2.3 1.8 1.2 -1 -2.2 -1.8 2.7 1.9 7.9 2.4 5 -1.0 -1.5

18.0 24.2 19.4 18.2 14.0 13.2 14.8 13.3 13.7 18.4 13.7 11.8 13.5 16.6 12.2 11.7 20.1 14.6 16.7 13.7 13.5 16.1 13.4 9.6 10.6 9.6 34.2 17.6 15.5 22.3 23.4 8.6 14.8 11.5 15.5 10.9 12 12.3 16.8 11.2 23.4 13.5 23.9 21.6 21.6 14.7 10.9

9.2 13.6 8.3 7.2 6.8 7.4 6.7 6.3 5.7 12.5 6.7 5.3 7.5 5.7 6.4 10.6 7.2 10.4 5.9 5.7 8.4 6.8 3.8 6.2 5.5 18.8 11.6 8.0 9.3 15.9 9.0 6.9 7.5 6.1 7.7 7.5 9.6 6.4 14 6.4 10.9 9.3 9.3 6.5 5.1

3.5 7.5 3.2 1.5 3.6 3.9 4.0 1.9 1.5 8.2 3.1 2.4 3.2 1.7 4.0 5.7 3.1 4.6 1.1 1.7 4.3 2.6 1.9 2.1 2.0 11.3 3.5 2.2 5.4 4.6 7.1 2.5 3.6 2.9 5.1 4.8 5.4 3.3 10.7 2.9 6.3 2.6 2.6 1.8 3.1

3 -16

0.5 -2.9

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Geraldton KalgoorlieBoul. Cocos Islands

Australia Australia Cocos islands

114.698 121.453 96.834

-28.795 -30.785 -12.189

33 365 3

-10 -4 -13

-1.9 -1.0 -2.8

13.6 14.4 17.0

5.7 5.3 7.4

2.4 1.2 3.8

MBD: Mean Bias Deviation rMBD: relative Mean Bias Deviation rRMSD: relative Root Mean Square Deviation

Validation sites for GHI

CONTACT GeoModel Solar s.r.o., Pionierska 15, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovakia Company ID: 45 354 766, VAT Number: SK2022962766 Registration: Companies Register, District Court Bratislava I, Section Sro, File 62765/B http://solargis.info, contact@solargis.info, tel: +421 2 492 12 491, fax: +421 2 492 12 423

Last update: 18 March 2013

2012 GeoModel Solar

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