i

Math 150 Homework 2 Solutions

Section 2.1 2. Note the question is simply asking for slope between two points. (a) m = (2948 2530)/(42 36) 69.7, (b) m = (2948 2661)/(42 38) = 71.75, (c) m = (2948 2806)/(42 40) = 71, (d) m = (3080 2948)/(44 42) = 66. We cannot denitively determine the instantaneous heart rate at 42 minutes, but can guess that it is somewhere between 66 and 71, perhaps about 69 bpm. 6. Let f (t) = 10t 1.86t2 . (a) f (1) = 8.14, f (2) = 12.56, f (1.5) = 10.815, f (1.1) = 8.7494, f (1.01) = 8.202614, f (1.001) = 8.14627814. (i) v = (12.56 8.14)/(2 1) = 4.42, (ii) v = (10.815 8.14)/(1.5 1) = 5.35,

(iii) v = (8.7494 8.14)/(1.1 1) = 6.094, (iv) v = (8.202614 8.14)/(1.01 1) = 6.2614, (v) v = (8.14627814 8.14)/(1.001 1) = 6.27814. (b) A good guess at the instantaneous velocity would be 6.28 m/s. Section 2.2 4. (a) limx2 f (x) = 3, (b) limx2+ f (x) = 1, (c) limx2 f (x) DNE because the left and right hand limits are different, (d) f (2) = 3, (e) limx4 f (x) = 4, (f) f (4) is undened. 5. (a) limx1 f (x) = 2, (b) limx3 f (x) = 1, (c) limx3+ f (x) = 4, (d) limx3 f (x) DNE because the left and right hand limits are different, (e) f (3) = 3. 7. (a) limt0 g (t) = 1, (b) limt0+ g (t) = 2, (c) limt0 g (t) DNE since the left and right hand limits are unequal, (d) limt2 g (t) = 2, (e) limt2+ g (t) = 0, (f) limt2 g (t) DNE because the left and right hand limits are different, (g) g (2) = 1, (h) limt4 g (t) = 3. 8. (a) limx2 f (x) = , (b) limx5 f (x) = +, (c) limx3 f (x) = , (d) limx3+ f (x) = +, (e) the vertical asymptotes are x = 3, x = 2, and x = 5. 16.
t t

29. lim +
x3

1 x+2 = = x+3 +0

ii 30. lim x+2 1 = = + x3 x + 3 0 1 2x = = + 31. lim 2 x1 (x 1) +0

x 5

32. lim
x 3

33. lim+ ln(x2 9) = (based on the shape of the log graph) 34. lim cot x = lim
x x

ex e5 = = (x 5)3 0

1 cos x = = sin x +0

With regards to the physics, this implies that the mass grows without bound as velocity approaches the speed of light. Section 2.3 11. limx5 x
2 6x+5

46. Note that if v is smaller than c, then v/c < 1, and so, v 2 /c2 < 1. Hence, 1 v 2 /c2 is positive. Then, m0 m0 lim = = + . 2 2 v c +0 1 v /c

x 5
2

1)(x5) = limx5 (xx = limx5 (x 1) = 5 1 = 4 5 x x+1

x(x4) x 4x = limx4 (x = limx4 12. limx4 x2 3x4 4)(x+1)

2

4 5 x x+1

x(x4) x x 4x = limx1 (x+1)( = limx1 x+1 . Now, limx1 14. limx1 x2 3x4 x4) x 1 x while lim + = = . Hence, lim DNE. x1 x + 1 x1 x + 1 +0

1 0

15. limt3

t2 9 2t2 +7t+3

= limt3

(t3)(t+3) (2t+1)(t+3)

= limt3

t3 2t+1

6 5

6 5

) 17. limh0 (5+h h 10 + 0 = 10

2 25

+h = limh0 2510hh 9+h3 h

2 25

= limh0

h(10+h) h

= limh0(10 + h) =

h3 = limh0 21. limh0 9+ h 1 =1 limh0 9+ 6 h+3

9+h+3 9+h+3

9+h9 h = limh0 h( = limh0 h(9+ = 9+h+3) h+3)

23. limx4

1 +1 4 x

4+x

= limx4

1 +1 4 x

4+x

4x 4x

+4 1 = limx4 4xx = limx4 41 = 16 (4+x) x

38. Let f (x) = 2x and h(x) = x4 x2 + 2. Then, limx1 f (x) = 2 = limx1 h(x). Since f (x) g (x) h(x) for all x, we conclude by the Squeeze Theorem that limx1 g (x) = 2. and h(x) = x4 . Then, limx0 f (x) = 0 = limx0 h(x). Thus, by the Squeeze Theorem, 2 = 0. limx0 x4 cos x
2 2 39. Since 1 cos x 1 for all x, we have x4 x4 cos x x4 for all x. Let f (x) = x4

iii 50. (a) i. limx1 g (x) = limx1 x = 1; ii. note that limx1+ g (x) = limx1+ (2 x2 ) = 2 12 = 1, and so, since the limit is the same from both sides of 1, limx1 g (x) = 1; iii. g (1) = 3; iv. limx2 g (x) = limx2 (2 x2 ) = 2 22 = 2; v. limx2+ g (x) = limx2+ (x 3) = 2 3 = 1; vi. limx2 g (x) DNE since the limits are unequal on the left and right sides. (b)
t t

Section 2.4 2. We are given the x-values corresponding to the extreme y -values dened by . This yields two possible -values, 1 = 3 2.6 = 0.4 and 2 = 3.8 3 = 0.8. We choose as the smaller value, so = 0.4. 3. The value of 0.4 results in the two extreme y -values of 1.6 and 2.4, as pictured. First we nd the corresponding x-values using the function f (x) = x. We have x = 1.6 x = 2.56 and x = 2.4 x = 5.76. This results in two possible values, 1 = 4 2.56 = 1.44 and 2 = 5.76 4 = 1.76. We use the smaller distance, letting = 1.44. 16. We have a = 4, f (x) = 2x 5, and L = 3. Let > 0. Then,
|f (x) L| = |2x 5 3| = |2x 8| = 2|x 4| < when |x 4| < 2 . So, choose = 2 .

17. We have a = 3, f (x) = 1 4x, and L = 13. Let > 0. Then, |f (x) L| = |1 4x 13| = | 12 4x| = | 4(x + 3)| = 4|x + 3| < . when
. So, choose = 4 . | x + 3| < 4

29. We have a = 2, f (x) = x 4x + 5, and L = 1. Let > 0. Then, |f (x) L| = |x2 4x + 5 1| = |x2 4x + 4| = |x 2|2 < when |x a| = |x 2| < . So, choose = .
2

iv 30. We have a = 2, f (x) = x2 + 2x 7 and L = 1. Let > 0. Then, |f (x) L| = |x2 + 2x 7 1| = |x2 + 2x 8| = |x + 4| |x 2| Since x approaches 2, we can assume 1 < x < 3, restricting to at most 1. Hence, 5 < x + 4 < 7. It follows that 5 < |x + 4| < 7. So, |f (x) L| = |x + 4| |x 2| < 7|x 2| < when |x 2| < /7. Thus, choose = min{/7, 1}. 31. We have a = 2, f (x) = x2 1, and L = 3. Let > 0. Then, |f (x) L| = |x2 1 3| = |x2 4| = |x 2| |x + 2| Since x approaches 2, we can assume 3 < x < 1, restricting to at most 1. Hence, 5 < x 2 < 3. It follows that 3 < |x 2| < 5. So, |f (x) L| = |x 2| |x + 2| < 5|x + 2| < when |x a| = |x + 2| < /5. Thus, choose = min{/5, 1}. Section 2.5 7.

18. At a = 2, we have the point f (2) = 1. We use the top function for the limit, giving 1 1 = and limx2+ f (x) = +0 = . Hence, there is a vertical limx2 f (x) = 0 asymptote at x = 2, implying an innite discontinuity at x = 2.

19. At a = 0, we have the point f (0) = 02 = 0. For limx0 f (x), we use the top function to obtain limx0 f (x) = e0 = 1. Similarly, limx0+ f (x) = 02 = 0. Hence, we have a jump discontinuity at x = 0.

21. At a = 0, we have the point f (0) = 0. For limx0 f (x), we use the top piece of the function and get limx0 f (x) = cos 0 = 1. For limx0+ f (x), we use the lower piece, giving limx0+ f (x) = 1 0 = 1. We conclude that limx0 f (x) = 1, and so there is a removable discontinuity at x = 0.
t

40. First we note that both y = sin x and y = cos x are continuous functions on (, ). It follows that the only potential problem might occur where the two pieces are connected, = 22 and limx(/4)+ f (x) = cos = 22 . So, x = /4. We have limx(/4) f (x) = sin 4 4 = 22 . Thus, f is continuous at limx(/4) f (x) = 22 and furthermore, f (/4) = cos 4 x = /4 and therefore continuous on (, ).

vi 45. The two pieces of the function are both polynomials, and are therefore continuous everywhere. So, the only possible discontinuity is where the pieces meet at x = 2. So, we must have cx2 + 2x = x3 cx at x = 2. This gives 4c + 4 = 8 2c 6c = 4 c = 2/3. 51. Let f (x) = x4 + x 3. Note that f (1) = 1 and f (2) = 15. The function f is continuous since it is a polynomial, hence we may apply the IVT. So, on the interval (1,2), the function must take on all y -values between 1 and 15, which includes 0. So, there must be a root on this interval. 52. Rewrite the equation as x + 3 x 1 = 0 and let f (x) = x + 3 x 1. So, a solution to the original equation is also a root of the function. Note that f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 1. Thus, by the IVT, there must be a root in the interval (0, 1). 65. If there is a number exactly one more than its cube, it would satisfy the equation x = x3 + 1. This is equivalent to x3 x + 1 = 0. Thus, the question becomes whether the continuous function f (x) = x3 x + 1 has a root. We note that f (2) = 5 and f (1) = 1.

Therefore, by the IVT, f has a root on the interval (-2,-1), which, by construction, is a number that is one more than its cube. Section 2.6 3. (a) limx f (x) = 2, (b) limx f (x) = 2, (c) limx1 f (x) = , (d) limx3 f (x) = , (e) x = 1, x = 3, y = 2, y = 2. 4. (a) limx g (x) = 2, (b) limx g (x) = 1, (c) limx0 g (x) = , (d) limx2 g (x) = , (e) limx2+ g (x) = , (f) y = 1, y = 2, x = 0, x = 2. 6.

x 2 = 15. limx 3 2x+1

2

3 2

1x 16. limx x3 =0 x+1 +6x 2 18. limx 42x = x3 4x+5

3 2

4 2

=2

vii 19. limx

t+t2 2tt2
2

= limt
1 1

t2 +t1/2 t2 +2t

= 1

x 22. limx x 4 +1 =

=1 =3

23. limx limx

9x6 x x3 +1
2

9 1

3x +x 29. limx xx 3 x+2 = since both numerator and denominator will be positive; x4 3x2 +x x3 x+2
6

= since the numerator will be positive and the denominator negative.

x = since the numerator and denominator are both positive. 32. limx 1+ x4 +1

38. limx0+ tan1 (ln x) = tan1 () = 2 41. Provided no factors cancel out, vertical asymptotes will arise from a 0 denominator. Since this does not occur, there is a vertical asymptote when x 2 = 0 x = 2. Horizontal asymptotes are given by limx (2x + 1)/(x 2) = 2/1 = 2 since deg (numerator ) = 1 = deg (denominator ). Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 2. 42. Note that the numerator does not factor over the real numbers, so we will have no cancellation. Then, vertical asymptotes occur when 2x2 3x 2 = 0 (2x + 1)(x 2) = 0 x = 1/2 or x = 2. Horizontal asymptotes are given by limx (x2 + 1)/(2x2 3x 2) = 1/2 since deg (numerator ) = 2 = deg (denominator ). Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 1/2.

Section 2.7 5. For the equation of a line, we need slope and a point. The point (2, 4) is given. The slope 4(2 + h) 3(2 + h)2 (4) f (2 + h) f (2) = lim = will be m = f (2) = h 0 h h 8 + 4h 12 12h 3h2 + 4 8h 3h2 h(8 3h) lim = lim = lim = h 0 h 0 h 0 h h h lim (8 3h) = 8 3(0) = 8. Using the point-slope form, the equation of the tangent h 0 line will be y + 4 = 8(x 2) y = 8x + 12. 7. The point (1,1) is given. The slope will be 1+h1 1+h1 1+h+1 f (1 + h) f (1) = lim = lim = m = f (1) = lim h 0 h 0 h 0 h h h 1+h+1 1+h1 1 1 lim = lim = . Using the point-slope form, the equation of the h0 h( 1 + h + 1) h 0 2 1+h+1 1 1 (x 1) y = 1 x+ 2 . tangent line will be y 1 = 2 2 18. Since g (5) = 3, we have the point (5,-3) and since g (5) = 4, we have the slope m = 4. Using point-slope form, the equation of the tangent line is y + 3 = 4(x 5) y = 4x 23.

viii 27. f (a) = lim f (a + h) f (a) 3(a + h)2 4(a + h) + 1 (3a2 4a + 1) = lim = h 0 h 0 h h 3a2 + 6ah + 3h2 4a 4h + 1 3a2 + 4a 1 6ah + 3h2 4h lim = lim = h 0 h 0 h h h(6a + 3h 4) = lim (6a + 3h 4) = 6a 4 lim h 0 h 0 h 2(a + h)3 + (a + h) (2a3 + a) f (a + h) f (a) = lim = h 0 h 0 h h 2a3 + 6a2 h + 6ah2 + 2h3 + a + h 2a3 a 6a2 h + 6ah2 + 2h3 + h lim = lim = h 0 h 0 h h lim (6a2 + 6ah + 2h2 + 1) = 6a2 + 1
2(a+h)+1 2a+1

28. f (a) = lim

h 0

a+3 f (a + h) f (a) = lim a+h+3 h 0 h 0 h h 2a+1 2a+2h+1 a+3 (a + h + 3)(a + 3) = lim a+h+3 h 0 h (a + h + 3)(a + 3) (2a + 2h + 1)(a + 3) (2a + 1)(a + h + 3) = lim h 0 h(a + h + 3)(a + 3) 2 2a + 6a + 2ah + 6h + a + 3 2a2 2ah 6a a h 3 = lim h 0 h(a + h + 3)(a + 3) 5 5 5h = lim = = lim h0 (a + h + 3)(a + 3) h0 h(a + h + 3)(a + 3) (a + 0 + 3)(a + 3) 5 = (a + 3)2 29. f (a) = lim Section 2.8 f (t + h) f (t) 5(t + h) 9(t + h)2 (5t 9t2 ) = lim h 0 h 0 h h 2 2 2 5h 18th 9h2 5t + 5h 9t 18th 9h 5t + 9t = lim = lim h 0 h 0 h h h(5 18t 9h) = lim = lim (5 18t 9h) = 5 18t. The domain of f and f is all reals. h 0 h 0 h 25. f (x) = lim

23. f (t) = lim

[(x + h)2 2(x + h)3 ] (x2 2x3 ) = h 0 h x2 + 2xh + h2 2x3 6x2 h 6xh2 2h3 x2 + 2x3 lim = h 0 h 2xh + h2 6x2 h 6xh2 2h3 = lim (2x + h 6x2 6xh 2h2 ) = 2x 6x2 . The lim h 0 h 0 h domain of f and f is all reals.

ix t t+h t t+h t+ t+h = lim = 26. lim = lim h 0 h 0 h t h t + h h 0 h t t + h t+ t+h t (t + h) 1 lim = lim = h 0 h t t + h( t + t + h) h0 t t + h( t + t + h) 1 1 = . The domain of f and f is (0, ). t t( t + t) 2t t 9 (x + h) 9 x = 27. g (x) = lim h 0 h 9xh 9x 9xh+ 9x 9xh9+x lim = lim = h 0 h 9 x h + 9 x h0 h( 9 x h + 9 x) 1 1 1 = = . The domain of f is lim h 0 9x+ 9x 2 9x 9xh+ 9x (, 9], while the domain of f is (, 9).
1 t+h

1 t