Differential equation based impedance measurement for series-compensated lines

E. Rosolowski Member, IEEE rose@pwr.wroc.pl Wroclaw University of Technology Wroclaw, Poland

J. Izykowski Member, IEEE izykowsk@elektryk.ie.pwr.wroc.pl Wroclaw University of Technology Wroclaw, Poland

B. Kasztenny Senior Member, IEEE

bogdan.kasztenny@ieee.org

Wroclaw University of Technology Wroclaw, Poland

M.M. Saha Senior Member, IEEE murari.saha@seapr.mail.abb.com ABB Automation Products AB Dept. TTD SE-72159 Vlisterk, Sweden

Abstract - Differential equation based digital algorithms for measurement of a fault loop impedance are studied in relation to their application for protective relaying of single and parallel series-compensated lines. Adaptation of the impedance measurement algorithms to the specific nature of transients in the relaying signals for the series-compensated lines is presented. Correct measure of the distance to a fault is provided by incorporating the representation of the seriescapacitor equipped with Metal-Oxide Varistor into the fault loop models. The algorithms were investigated for a variety of fault conditions using ATP-EMTP.

AA BA Fig. 1. Parallel lines series-compensated network

Keywords: transmission line, parallel lines, series compensation, digital relaying, fault loop impedance, differential equation
I. INTRODUCTION

Enhancement of series-compensated line protection calls for development of the fault loop impedance measurement algorithms suitable for the specific conditions imposed by Series Capacitors (SCs) equipped with MetalOxide Varistors (MOVs). Both, the dynamic and the steady state features of the measurement as important for that are deeply investigated in this paper. The single line and the parallel lines (Fig. I ) arrangements with the SCs installed in the middle are considered.
11. FAULT LOOP MODELS

Fig. 2. Fault loop model for phase-to-ground faults behind SCs&MOVs The differential equation technique is utilized for deriving the algorithms and it is proposed to apply in the protection the two conditional fault loop impedances, calculated for the fault locations as in front of the SCs&MOVs and behind them, respectively. For faults behind the SCs&MOVs the impedance is firstly calculated analogously as for the uncompensated lines. Then, the compensation for the hndamental frequency equivalent(s) of the SC&MOV is performed. The way of such the compensation is presented in the paper and sample simulations results are contained.
1 1 1 . CONCLUSIONS

Two different fault locations with respect to the SCs&MOVs position that cause considerably different phenomena are depicted in Fig. 1. Generally, the faults in fropt of SCs&MOVs ( F I ) can be considered as not differing much from the faults on uncompensated lines and in consequence the fault loop impedance measurement can be performed with variety of the algorithms developed for traditional uncompensated lines. The substantial difference appears for faults behind SCs&MOVs (F2). Both, the relaying voltages and currents are contaminated by the oscillations resulting from nonlinear operation of the MOVs. Measurement under such the faults ( F 2 ) requires modifications of the impedance measuring algorithms in both the dynamic and steady state aspects. Such the adaptation was presented in [I] where the linear R-L-C model of a fault loop was applied. This paper continues those research efforts but focuses on the cases which are more general, namely with the nonlinear operation of MOVs. For this purpose the fundamental frequency equivalent(s) of the SC&MOV circuit(s) is introduced into the fault loop model (Fig. 2).

Differential equation based impedance measurement algorithms suitable for series-compensated lines were developed and investigated. The algorithms utilize two different fault loop models for the fault occurring in front of SCs&MOVs or behind them, respectively. For faults behind SCs&MOVs the compensation utilizing the fimdamental frequency equivalenting is applied. Locations of the conditional fault loop impedances were studied for variety of fault conditions.
IV. REFERENCES

[l] J. Izykowski, E. Rosolowski, M.M. Saha, L. Eriksson,

"Study of transient simulation of series compensated network for investigation of digital protective relays", Proceedings o f the Power Tech Conference, pp. 479-484, June 18-22, 1995, Stockholm

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