Admirable Secrets M.woods

The Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks ________________
A Practical Materia Medica of Western Herbal Medicine by Matthew Wood

Herbalist
________________ __________________
Sunnyfield Herb Farm 6001 Sunnyfield Road East Minnetrista, Mn. 55364 c 1993 Matthew Wood
The Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks Matthew Wood - Page 1
Introduction
The Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks is a reference book for the practicing herbalist or serious student of botanical medicine. The need for a such a book has been constantly before my mind since beginning practice as an herbalist over ten years ago. A textbook with comprehensive detail pretaining to practical and clinical usage was lacking. There were many good books in herbal literature which contained part of the information I was looking for, but no one source brought it all together. A Modern Herbal by Maude Grieve (1934) gives an account of virtually every botanical drug used in herbalism or homeopathy, but the therapeutic information was limited. The great nineteenth century productions of the physiomedicalist and eclectic movements provided most of the practical therapeutic information I needed, and I often consulted them during study and practice. However, the information was spread out through half a dozen weighty tomes. These books were better suited to study than practice. By comparison, it was rather easy to access clinical applications from other schools: William Boericke's Pocket Manual of Homoeopathic Materia Medica (1927) for homeopathy; Dan Bensky's Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica (1987) for traditional Chinese herbalism; and the Flower Essence Repertory, Revised and Expanded Edition (1992) by Patricia Kaminski and Richard Katz. One day I happened to come across Dr. William John Fyfe's recension of the principal works of Dr. John Scudder, entitled Specific Diagnosis and Specific Medication (1909). Scudder was one of the leading lights of the eclectic school of medicine and Fyfe had been set with the task of re-editing his works. He produced a good practical manual. The materia medica section gave directions for using herbal medicines on very precise grounds. It was a reference book suited to therapeutic use. It also became apparent that here was a source from which William Boericke obtained much of the information on the herbal medicines found in his book. Fyfe's Specific Diagnosis and Specific Medication was the practical materia medica I had been looking for. It would have been possible to xerox the materia medica section, but it was 800 pages long. Besides, there was much that it didn't include. At this point Fyfe provided the inspiration. I figured that by using his compilation as a core, I could build-up a materia medica fairly easily. This is what I have done. I used Fyfe's account as the core around which I compiled a portrait of each herbal medicine. Often, the original contribution by Fyfe has been obscured as better or more original information came along, but it provided the scaffolding into which to put the additional material. Guiding Themes Every herbal has it's own slant. My work is based upon the spiritual view of the herb, in which it is seen as having an essence, core or personality pattern, which unites the diverse phenomena of chemistry, appearance and use into a whole. This essence shines forth from the spiritual level, through the psychological and physical. Herbs exist and make a medicinal impact on all three levels---spirit, soul and body. If we understand the essence we understand the diverse properties and uses which, so often, seem scattered, unrelated and difficult to conceptualize. Wherever possible, I have attempted to pull together the disparate elements of a remedy into a picture revolving around the core essence.
Fred Siciliano, O.M.D., of Santa Paula, Ca., suggested that we could speak of a "law of the essence," as one way of organizing herbal knowledge. The idea that each herb has a distinct, cohesive personality or essence, should be the cornerstone of our thinking. This law not only unites the diverse attributes of an herb into a whole, but unites the different doctrines of various schools which use plants as a source of medicine. If we look into the "law of similars," the basis for homeopathy, we see that it is dependent on the recognition that each medicinal substance has a core identity pattern. This is certainly the direction in which homeopathy has been moving, from Dr. James T. Kent (1849-1916) onwards. The law of the essence also includes the doctrine of specific medication introduced by Dr. Scudder. Kent was one of his students. Their work bears considerable resemblance. Dr. Edward Bach (1880-1936) was a homeopath in the generation following Kent. He was much influenced by the idea of the essence of the plant, and it helped inspire the Bach flower essences. Another school which looks to the essence in the plant as the source of its medicinal properties is aromatherapy. Schools of herbalism which have depended on the sense of taste to determine medicinal values (such as Thomsonianism and traditional Chinese medicine) may also be connected with the law of the essence, because tastes are distinctive and unique, and point to a unique medicinal property. Even the folk-doctors, who practiced by empiricism, without a guiding theory, may be tied into the law of essence. When a plant is used as a specific, a core essence has been dimly tapped. Readers of my previous book, The Magical Staff, will see how the different traditions of herbalism, homeopathy and the flower essences are historically interrelated. They dovetail and compliment one another, although they have, for so long, been the source of partisanship and contention. Most homeopaths tend to look upon herbal remedies as allopathic. This is true in the strict sense of the word, allopathy meaning the "[cure] is unrelated to the disease," in other words, there is no one guiding philosophy, as there is in homeopathy. But it is not true in a practical sense. Herbalists are guided by experience and use "what works." Although they are sometimes guilty of suppressing symptoms---mostly when they copy modern medicine practices---herbs are really only effective when they are homeopathic. They produce profound and long-lasting cures, just like a well-prescribed homeopathic remedy. The well seasoned herbalist gains an intuitive understanding of the organism and the remedies and matches them according to the inner mind of nature. Because the herbs are suited to the needs of the organism they are sort of unconsciously homeopathic. Although the herbalists have not the law of similars, yet they work in agreement with it. At least, that is my opinion of most of the good herbalists I meet. They may not agree. It is to by hoped that homeopaths will not be too dogmatic in their view of herbal medicine. Many of them can be heard complaining about the allopathic nature of herbs, yet they know nothing of the subject; their fear of herbs is a mere superstition based on an absence of knowledge. If the law of similars really is a universal law, as they say, then it will be found occuring spontaneously in nature. Herbs are gentle agents and seldom can be used to suppress symptoms. They
are usually used to support bodily processes, not to suppress or palliate. When they are used even more precisely---as in the system of "specific medication" developed by Dr. John Scudder---they are definately homeopathic in their action. I have heard herbalists say that Scudder was "influenced by homeopathy," because he drew symptoms together into symptom-pictures. Actually, the reverse is true. It was Kent, his student, who first began to do this for homeopathy. Hahnemann fragmented the "essence" of the medicinal substance into hundreds or thousands of symptoms, which he seldom brought together into any sense of a whole. He taught the matching of symptom to symptom, not essence to essence. Wherever relevant, I have made reference to the homeopathic history or use of an herbal remedy. I have also tended to fill in the details on the use of the agent by reference to homeopathic provings and clinical cases. Anyone with any intelligence, whether from the herbal or the homeopathic column, will quickly see that the two schools use the plant in the same fashion. Generally, however, I have curtailed the great detail found in the symptomology of homeopathic literature. I have simplified it down to the bare essentials, knowing that the reader can refer to the homeopathic literature for more information. Advocates of the flower essence method sometimes suppose that theirs is the only school which works with plants from the point of view of the essence. Dr. Bach certainly gave the doctrine of the essence tremendous renewel and strength, but it is not the property of the Bach method. The doctrine of the essence is not limited to flower essence work, but is inherent in herbalism and homeopathy because all medicinal agents have a core essence and this substratum exists no matter how a remedy is prepared or used. The Bach method of using flowers soaked in water in the sunshine does not produce the essence of the plant, but simply extracts it. All parts of the plant, as long as they are not pharmaceutically separated, will reflect the essence. Different attributes are sometimes brought out by the leaf, flower, stem, bark, root, etc., but they are not intrinsically unrelated. The essence unites the plant into a whole. It also unites the contending schools of herbalism, homeopathy and flower essence therapy into a loose-knit confederation. The doctrine of the essence is the direction in which herbalism is moving. Recently, Dorothy Hall, an Australian herbalist, published an excellent book on the herb as manifesting a personality pattern, entitled (in America) Creating Your Herbal Profile (1992). This work is valuable, not only because of the author's attempt to bring the disparate properties of an herb under the unifying tendency of an essential personality pattern, but also because of her lengthy clinical experience. When it has not been possible to protray the essential character of a remedy I have fallen back upon the next closest level. As Scudder pointed out, the knowledge of actual, specific properties in a medicinal substance is based upon direct experience and provides a concrete basis for the practice of medicine. When the essence of the herb could not be brought out I have relied upon experiential accounts by practitioners. I have also given clinical accounts, wherever possible. All of this tends to make the student and practitioner more confident in the usefulness of herbal materia medica and more capable of effective work. Homeopathy, aromatherapy, the flower essences and herbalism are all tending, at the present time, towards the doctrine of the essence. There are,
however, some differences, between herbalism and the other schools. This is particularly evident in the way in which each school chooses the articles of its materia medica. Homeopathy puts the emphasis on toxic agents which produce symptoms and has less knowledge of non-toxic herbal agents. Flower essence people seem to dwell more upon the more beautiful flowers or plants with unusual expressions. Aromatherapy puts the emphasis on the more scented plants. Each school has its guiding theme for selecting materia medica. Herbalism chooses plants by a completely different method. Herbs are used to treat individuals, but they are proven effective and prepetuated by the culture as a whole. This means that the herbal materia medica is essentially a production of the folk-mind, rather than the conscious, rational mind. While this is a point of irritation to modern science, it is part of the charm and medicinal strength of herbalism. Medicinal plants are a part of our heritage. Indeed, they are a part of us. One of my patients was out in the field when the herbs said to her, "we are your Ancestors, because we have built up the bodies you and your ancestors live in." This is the doctrine of the American Indians. Medicine plants are our Grandfathers and Grandmothers. The Indians also teach that each major kind of plant (food, medicine, hallucinogen, poison) has a different configuration of energy. The medicine plants have a particular light in their aura, so to speak, which separates them from the other plants. They are medicinal by nature. For the Indians the word "medicine" designates a power connected with the Great Spirit, with one's own accumulation of medicine power and with the Ancestors. This is the fullness which is inherent in a true medicine plant. Herbal remedies have been proved by the folk-culture and have entered into the folk-mind. They are engrafted into the blood of the people and resonate with individuals through their connection to the collective unconscious, or the Underworld. Herbal wisdom is inherent in the genetic make-up of people. This is why herbalists so often find that people have been gathering or thinking about the exact herb they need, before they come to the herbalist for advice. Herbalists are led by their affinities to different herbs. People resonate with different herbs. One can easily pick out the herbs which are associated with different cultures and folk-spirits, and which are constantly brought before the mind of the practitioner and patient. Cleavers, Burdock, Nettles, Dandelion, Yellow Dock and a few other simple agents which are common around farms and houses wherever Europeans have settled. These herbs almost naturally pop up into the mind of herbalists of European descent. The great medicine plants of the Eastern Woodland Indicans have contributed much to the development of American herbalism, and have even been taken up by cultures around the world. Many people born on the American continent, even without Indian blood, feel a great affinity for herbs such as Black Cohosh, Blue Cohosh, Boneset, etc. These plants were taken up from Indian and pioneer use by nineteenth century doctors and became a part of the blood of the American people. Indian practitioners often use plants from both of these groups. Others, who feel the warmth of the Mediterranean in their blood prefer the aromatic culinary and medicinal herbs of southern Europe: Lavender, Thyme, Sage,
Rosemary, Dill, Fennel, Fenugreek, Rue, etc. The selection of herbs in The Admirable Secrets follows tradition. I have attempted to include most of the medicinal herbs commonly used in Western herbalism. Most of these herbs come from southern and northern Europe and eastern North America. Indeed, the majority of them can be grown on my farm, on Sunnyfield Road, in Minnesota. Medicine plants must be understood on the spiritual, psychological and physical levels alike, to be well understood. It is not complete knowledge to understand only the physical properties or the spiritual essence. Life unites all three levels, and only in this way is herbal knowledge complete. Each herb has a spiritual identity, a personality pattern which stands before the throne of God, so to speak, as its eternal light. This spiritual personality teaches us about how a creature stands before the Creator in the integrity of its being. Plants can teach us spiritual lessons. The also acts as a psychological medicine, because this spiritual lesson manifests in us as a complex of feelings and thoughts. The spiritual lesson also manifests in physical properties---chemicals, shapes, colors and smells. The herb acts as a physical medicine on this level, but in such a way that it directs the patient back to the spiritual lesson behind the physical ailment. The medicine plant ultimately is curative to the spirit, soul and body. Cure is not complete until the disease has been ferreted out of all three levels. Format The Admirable Secrets has been written as a practical book for therapeutic use. It draws on many sources. There are, however, basic organizational themes. The following points are discussed in regard to most of our medicinal plants: (1) botanical, cultural and historical context; (2) physical properties; (3) essence, character, nature, quality or genius of a remedy; (4) specific symptoms or indications; (5) preparation, toxicity and dosage; (6) traditional formulae; and (7) comparisons. Some of the shorter accounts omit or telescope together these headings, while some of the longer ones add headings. Strict adherance to an analytical scheme is not the idea, but a flexible format which develops knowledge of each plant into a useful and learnable picture. Botanical, Cultural and Historical Context. The healing properties of a medicinal plant are very often related to its place in the botanical kingdom. For instance, members of the Ranunculucaeae or Buttercup family (Pulsatilla, Hydrastis, Cimicifuga, Ranunculus, Staphysagria, etc.) often are involved in the economy of fluids; members of the Umbelliferae (Parsley) family are often aromatics which dry and warm the stomach and the lungs; members of the Labiateae (Mint) family are often involved with the nervous system. The historical and cultural context of an herb are also very important. The medicinal use of a plant often dates to a epoch. During that time certain concepts were in emphasis which were of little or no importance during another era. Certain herbs fit the mind-set of the time and the understanding of the properties of these herbs was developed in that milieu. It is often difficult---sometimes even impossible---to understand the peculiar usage of an herb without knowledge of this historical background. An understanding of the botanical and historical context within which the
remedy fits establishes the necessary foundation for a study of the medicinal properties of the plant. An underlying intention in my writing is to trace back the uses of herbal medicines to the original authors or cultural groups or periods who had the insights into each remedies. This is not always possible, but it provides the historical context within which knowledge of an herb developed, and this usually provides better insight into the herb itself. I generally find that the person who originally understand the virtue of an herb in a particular affection understood it best, and his or her words capture that perception. It is also more respectful to acknowledge the source of one's understanding. I have sometimes, in my previous writings, mentioned the concept of "the Ancestors," or the cultural-historical-spiritual antecedents who have gone before us. These may be famous scientists, folk-doctors, Indian tribes, witches, mid-wives, astrologers, professional physicians belonging to heretic schools (often), self-taught geniuses and even conventional doctors. When we acknowledge those who have gone before, we open ourselves up to their healing insight and knowledge, we allow their participation, and we heal the living as well as the dead, allowing the greated human community to participate in a manner which eclipses the artificial barriers of time and space. Perhaps this seems strange, but I can testify that the ancients and the ancestors, the scorned and murdered Indian tribes, the heretical schools of medicine, are made happy when we acknowledge them and ask them, so to speak, to participate in the healing and growth of their grandchildren. I write for the herbs themselves, and for the Ancestors. Much as I support the healing of the living, I do my work so that the Ancestors can live today, as they have a right to, in their descendents. The current socio-scientific mind-set, which denies the existence and validity of Ancestors is illegitimate, spiritually and morally. I was once given a gift, which I would like to relate here. I once went with my friend, David Milgram, D.C., up to visit Grandfather David Mongovi, at Hotevilla, on the Hopi Reservation. Grandfather David was about 99 then; he died two years later. He sat in silence a lot of the time, tapping his foot to the hidden beat of the drum in his kiva, where he spent most of his waking hours. The silence was punctuated. "I had a dream last night," he said softly. David Milgram was an old friend who often brought Grandfather David presents and medicines. "Yes, Grandfather, could you tell us that dream?" he asked. "I was out walking in the dessert"---Grandfather chuckled, he had not been able to walk in the great outdoors for twenty years---"and I saw the herbs; they were crying." He laughed again; at the idea of herbs crying. "Why are you crying?" he asked. "Nobody uses us anymore, they use the whiteman's medicine." That's why I write, so that the herbs and the old people have a place in this current world. Several different herbal traditions are represented in Admirable Secrets. Western herbalism sets particular importance on the herbal medicines of southern and northern Europe, eastern North America, and to a lesser extent, western North America. It is based primarily on the herbs of temperate Europe and North America, with some imports and exotics. Within the general rubric of "Western herbalism" we have several sub-divisions: (1) Mediterranean or southern European; (2) northern European; (3) eastern woodland North American; and (4) southwestern
and western North America. Each of these represents a botanical and historical context which developed separately. At the present time, they are somewhat merged together and somewhat separate. The herbalism of the Southwest and West has not yet completely merged with the general tradition of Western herbalism, and is not strongly represented by this book. Let us take a short look at each of these units. Properties. In order to understand the medicinal properties of a plant one needs some kind of analytical method. As stated above, I believe that each plant has a core essence, configuration, or personality pattern. The various physical properties found in a plant, which can be artificially taken out of it, fall together to form this pattern, just as the separate attributes of a person are brought together into an integrated personality. The core essence of the plant works upon the core essence of the patient, disease or part affected. This is the ancient concept of the "law of similars" or "like treats like," in its pre-homeopathic form. The medicinal virtues of the plant emanate from this core. They are specific and particular. Certain symptoms, conditions, personality patterns, organs and diseases call them forth. All the information describing an herb is organized to bring out this central theme. of "specific medicine" introduced by Dr. John M. Scudder, the leading light of nineteenth century eclecticism, as a basic organizational theme. This teaches us that each plant has specific medicinal properties. These specific attributes emanate from a core essence, configuration or personality pattern, so to speak. The best way to understand an herb is to know this core essence. The plant then treats by the law of similars: like essence to like essence. The core personality of a plant can usually be detected in its physical properties. The color, shape, smell, taste, and habitat of a plant tell us what its virtues are, because form follows function. This principle was anciently known as the "doctrine of signatures." The idea was that each plant had a distinct mark, sign or signature, placed upon it by God, which showed what it was good for. I have no problem with that, and indeed, I have a hard time respecting the modern, materialist thinker who is so jaded by illusory, external thoughts and phenomena, as not to be able to comprehend this level of organization in the natural world. Only one herbal has been written in modern times which is founded upon this idea. The Compleat Herbal (1978) by pharmacist Ben Charles Harris organizes an entire herbal materia medica on the basis of signatures. As the author charitably remarks, even if one does not believe in the doctrine, the signature is still a good way to remember the properties of a plant. Many of the great herbalists did not use the doctrine of signatures, but still catalogued medicines according to the taste and sensory action they produced. The taste reveals a great deal about the physical properties of a plant. Although the word taste refers specifically to the sensation of flavor produced upon the tongue, placing a plant in the mouth produces more than just a flavor. There is also an impression upon the nerves. One instinctively feels whether the plant is hot, warm, cool or cold. Cayenne Pepper is a hot herb, Echinacea is cold. But there is more to the impression upon the nerves than this. A plant like Echinacea or Prickly Ash gives a tingling sensation. These plants were identified by Samuel Thomson and his followers as "diffusives" because they "diffuse" through the nerves. The nerves of
the mouth get many other impressions from contact with a plant. There can be a light airyness, a deep heaviness, pleasure or nausea, constriction or astringency, etc. All these reactions reflect the medicinal virtues, the core essence of a plant. Although the word "taste" refers specifically to the flavor, I have used it more broadly to include flavor, temperature and impression. These three basic aspects real a great deal about the properties of a plant. Let's look at each one separately. Flavor. The tongue is capable of detecting five specific flavors: sweet, bitter, pungent (or acrid), sour and salty. Each of these qualities indicates certain medicinal properties. The correspondences have been extensively worked out in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Certain doctrines regarding flavors have also been worked out in Western herbalism. The following general tendencies may be connected to the five flavors: (1) The sweet flavor is nutritive in its positive expression, but the over-consumption of sugar dulls the sense of taste, causes food addictions, and lessens the assimilative/nutritive ability. Examples: Raspberry Leaf (sweet and sour), American Ginseng (sweet and bitter), and Anise Seed (sweet and pungent). (2) The bitter flavor causes irritation and inflammation of tissues. In its positive expression its provokes the digestive juices (hence the logic of "bitters" in Western herbalism) and fights inflammation (hence the logic of bitter remedies in Chinese medicine). Examples: Goldenseal (bitter), Yarrow (bitter and pungent). (3) The pungent flavor, also called acridity, acts strongly on the respiratory tract, skin, and tissues generally to promote respiration, perspiration and a sort of "breathing" or "diaphoresis" of fluids and substances through the tissues generally. Hence, pungent agents open the lungs, improve oxygenation, remove mucus from the lungs and gasses from the digestive tract, open the skin, promoting diaphoresis, and remove stagnation in the circulation of qi, fluids and blood. Most of the pungent herbs are full of volatile oils which are strong scented and act strongly through the nose and into the respiratory tract. Examples: Osha Root (pungent and warm), Cayenne Pepper (pungent and hot). (4) The sour flavor is contractive, puckering and astringent. Therefore, sour agents adjust tensions on the tissues, tightening limped tissues and relaxing tight ones. It also acts in an opposite manner, freeing up and dispersing energy and substances. Most sour agents contain Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Orange Peel (sour and bitter), Rose Hips (sour and sweet). (5) The salty flavor usually indicates an action on the kidneys, which depend on a sodium pump to suck the blood into the kidneys. The salts of the body are highlighted in the urine. Plants which are bland usually associate with the kidneys as well, since blandness may be interpreted as a lack of salt. Examples: Lovage (salty and pungent), Shepherd's Purse (salty and sour), Plantain (bland), Poria Coccos (bland). Temperature. As the word is now used, temperature only refers to hot and cold, but for the ancient Greeks it had more the meaning of a mixture of qualities, of which one predominated. These qualities were defined by Aristotle as hot, cold, dry and damp. They were further subdivided into four degrees, the fourth being the most extreme. I have retained the ancient
definition of temperature, but without the degrees. Most contemporary herbalists simply differentiate warm from hot and cool from cold. The temperature was used as the basis for defining the medicinal action of remedies. For instance, Angelica and Calamus, which are warm and dry, are used for cold, damp conditions (phlegm, gas and arthritis). A plant which was hot was used for a cold condition, etc. Galen made the law of contraries (hot to cold) the basis of medicinal action. This seems to be true much of the time, when we are referring to the temperature. Hot often does remove cold. However, when we move to the level of the essence, it is always like to like. The law of similars is true on the more interior plane. Very often, the plant works on the external level by contraries and on the interior level by similars. For instance, Lycopodium, a singularly dry plant, was used in old time pharmacy as a drying agent to keep pills separate in a bottle, but in homeopathy it is used for a dry, withered constitution. Hot Pepper, or Capsicum, is very heating when applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane. It is placed in the socks to warm cold feet. However, on a deeper level, it is good for stagnation in the blood supply, with listless circulation and an exhausted heart. These conditions we would generally associate with an exhausted fire. Indeed, the Capsicum patient is usually chilly. Generally, the temperature should not be taken as the firm basis for prescription, but as a general indication of the direction of action of a remedy. A preponderance of hot or cold, usually means that the plant has an affinity for hot or cold conditions (or both), but not that it can only be used for one or the other. Impression. The early American herbalist, Samuel Thomson, did not pay much attention to either the flavor or the temperature, but to the effect the herb made upon the nervous system. He did not really know what the nervous system was, but this is essentially what he was taking about in the simple vocabulary of folk-medicine. His followers, the physio-medicalists, saw this, and latter defined his basic idea in terms of the nervous system. They divided remedies into two basic categories: diffusive and permanent. Plants which make a powerful impression upon the nervous system are jolting, stimulating, tingling. This impression quickly disseminates or diffuses along the nerves, producing a prompt over-all bodily reaction. Examples of the diffusives used by Thomson are Lobelia, Prickly Ash, Cayenne Pepper and Bayberry bark. Echinacea, not known to Thomson, should also be added to this category---and was by Dr. R. Swinburn Clymer, a late Thomsonian. Many plants do not make an impression upon the nervous system, but act slowly through the mucosa. They are taken up and used to nourish, stimulate or sedate the organic tissues directly, without reference to the nervous system. They tend to have a slow, persistant action and are therefore labeled as "premanent" in impression. Dr. William Cook's Physio-Medical Dispensatory (1868) will often be quoted to help define the impression. Along with the taste, The Admirable Secrets uses another analytical method
which reveals the internal essence of a plant, the doctrine of signatures. Signatures. This doctrine teaches us that there is something about the plant, its appearance, color, shape, habitat, taste or smell, which proves to be a sign or "signature" indicating the type of patient, disease or organ it will treat. The doctrine of correspondence. The law of similars. The law of the essence. Only one modern herbal has been written based upon the doctrine of signatures. This is The Compleat Herbal by Ben Charles Harris. This is an interesting and informative book. As the author points out, even if one does not accept that the herbs are marked with signs as to their uses, the doctrine is still valid as a memory device. Moving along chronologically, more or less, we advance to another important method for determining plant properties. Homeopathic proving, or Pathogenesis. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, adhered to the "law of similars," but in a reinterpreted form. Instead of the idea of graphic similarities between plants and people (signatures), he demonstrated that the same symptoms produced by a poisonous plant or agent would also be cured by the same. This not only supplied a therapeutic law, but a method for testing medicines. If a poison was given in a small amount it would generate symptoms which would serve as a guide for its curative use. Hahnemann called this a drug proving or pathogenesis (generation of disease). This method became the basis for the system of medicine which Hahnemann called homeopathy (from Greek words meaning the cure is "like the disease"). The homeopathic method of proving works for many plants which have been used in herbalism. It has often proven traditional indications to be true. However, it works better for poisons (or atleast has been used with these plants). Since many of the old herbal remedies are not particularly toxic, they have not be studied in homeopathy and perhaps would not generate symptoms in a pathogenesis. Although there are differences between homeopathy and herbalism, knowledge from each school will enrich the other, if intelligently considered. They are not polar opposites, but more like two ends of a continuum. The modern method of analysis is based on a knowledge of the material substances found in the herb. Pharmacology. This meaning of this word is "knowledge of drugs." The definition is restricted to chemical knowledge, and does not include the doctrine of signatures and taste. Pharmacology has changed according to the evolution of chemistry. Organic chemistry emerged from mineral chemistry in the 1820s and '30s. During most of the nineteenth century the analytical methods available to the organic chemist where much more limited than today. A veritable quantum leap in biochemistry occurred in the 1930s which completely changed the face of pharmacy and medicine. The insights provided by each period are almost intrinsically different. Again, the need to appreciate the historical context is brought to our attention.
During the earlier period biochemists were only capable of isolating and describing relatively large chemical entities. Thus, they describe resins, volatile oils, mucilage, alkaloids, "bitter principals," and so forth. Many of these are quite relavant to the properties of the herb and serve as a good basis for knowledge. The subsequent tendency of organic chemistry has been towards the isolation of individual organic molecules from natural substances. These are often seen as "active ingredients." They often have properties which are quite different from the plant when taken as a whole. An understanding of organic molecules tends towards a reductionist view of the plant, away from the sense of a personality, pattern or totality. This tends to obscure the basis of herbal knowledge, if we consider it to be founded on "the law of the essence." The use of modern pharmacology as a basis for understanding herbal properties is often obscurant and deceptive. This approach works best when this information is compared with traditional uses. The Essence, Character or Genius of the Plant. After the discussion of traditional uses and physical properties, we are sometimes able to sum up a basic portrait of the core essence of the plant or atleast some of its guiding themes. Each herb has a core configuration, personality or pattern which gives the disparate parts a cohesive whole. Specific Indications. Whenever I read herbal literature I keep an eye out for specific indications for a remedy. These give us very exact grounds for prescribing a medicine. Specific indications or symptoms have been discovered through three principal methods. Empiricism, or experience, has often resulted in the accumulation of exact knowledge about the uses of a plant, even when there is no insight into its properties through philosophical doctrine, taste, signature or pharmacology. Dr. John M. Scudder, the great eclectic, combed the literature and the experience of fellow practitioners, collecting specific indications for remedies. He moved away from the ancient humoral model, which saw medicines are correcting an imbalance between the humors or qualities, towards a doctrine of specific action and organ-affinity. Following his example, the eclectics became the school of "specific medication," using their remedies on the basis of exact symptoms. Scudder's approach focused on central symptoms, found in the complexion, pulse, tongue or questioning, not on a myriad of separate, unrelated symptoms. The second method of determining specific indications for a remedy comes to us from homeopathy. Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, felt that the disease was apparent only through symptoms, not through examination of internal processes. Apparently, he was against both objective and subjective methods of determining internal processes in the organism. In order to establish what symptoms a medicine would treat, Hahnemann ennacted his famous method of "proving" remedies. A medicinal substance was given to a healthy person until symptoms were produced. These were recorded and the remedy was then used (usually in a dilute form) to cure the same symptoms when they appeared in a sick person. In this way, homeopathy accumulated a vast record of specific symptoms.
Over the course of time, the more important symptoms were isolated by Hahnemann and his followers. These were variously called keynote, leading or characteristic symptoms. When one of these symptoms appeared in a patient, the doctor often knew which remedy would cure the case. The advantage of the homeopathic method is that it isolated a vast number of symptoms for each remedy, making for a very exact record. The disadvantage appears when these symptoms have not been adequately sorted through, and the main lines of a remedy are not apparent. Also, the homeopaths did not use pulse and tongue diagnosis, as the eclectics did. These techniques move the doctor closer to the core issues in the organism, because the pulse and tongue reflect the organism as a whole. The myriads of symptoms generated in a homeopathic proving, can move one away from the core or essence of the patient. In recent times, another method has been used to determine precission in the use of botanical agents. This is the idea of psychic attunement to a plant. This is the principal means of determining plant virtues used by Dr. Edward Bach and the Flower Essence school. Both the empiricism of Scudder and the provings of Hahnemann rely upon the subjective skills of the physician or prover, but this method moves much further into the realm of subjectivity. Scientific thinkers may not trust the method, but Flower Essence practitioners often find concensus with other practitioners and trust these subjective impressions. However, this method does not tend to isolate specific indications and physical symptoms, so much as spiritual or psychological motifs in the plant which correspond to similar elements in the patient. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. A discussion of the principal methods of preparation, or at any rate, a method which the reader can use, problems with toxicity and dosage. Herbalists tend to have a very different view of toxicity than authorities in the field of public health. The physio-medicalists noticed that it was possible for a plant to produce very powerful, negative symptoms upon the economy of the body, without necessarily poisoning cells. They differentiated between healing and poisonous plants based on the ability of the medicine to kill cells and tissues. Thus, they did not consider Lobelia a poison, but merely a very active plant which produced an intense action upon the organism. Herbalists have a great deal of experience with plants which produce intense reactions and tend to except such plants as part and parcel of herbal practice. They need to be diluted, but they are not innately harmful. Governmental agencies such as a FDA and DEA have kept a certain number of plants illegal because they have poisonous or narcotic properties. Some rather innocuous plants, such as St. John's Wort and Sassafras, have been banned from use. The guidelines of government agencies do not always give an accurate view of the toxicity of a given plant. On the other hand, traditional herbalism cannot always be trusted either. Modern science has isolated a few poisons which were not evident to herbal practitioners or patients, due to their insidious nature. The discovery of the pyrolidizine alkaloids has shown that such simple remedies as Comfrey and Coltsfoot, once thought to be harmless, can sometimes kill and injure.
Formulae. There are a number of traditional formulae which have been used for centuries, and a number of modern combinations, which deserve mention. I am not an expert on formulation, since I tend to use single remedies, so Admirable Secrets mentions only the best known and most natural combinations. This is a subject which deserves separate treatment. Comparison. Medicinal and botanical relatives. Literary Sources The material used in this book was gathered from a wide array of literature, stretching from antiquity to the present. The traditional authorities of the classical period are Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, and Plinius. Those of the middle ages are Aemilius Macer, Hildegard von Bingen and Ibn Sinna or Avicenna. Authors of the Renaissance were many, but those used here are principally of German, Lowlands and English origin. The principal continental authors include Rembert Dodoens, Mattioli and Ryff. The principal English authors are John Gerard (1597, 1633), Nicholas Culpeper (1654) and William Salmon (1710). Sometimes I have had to rely on secondary sources for the older material, and the coverage is not comprehensive. The most extensive survey of traditional authors is given by Ludwig Kroeber, Das nezeitliche Kraterbuch (1947). Next I turned to the classic works of botanical, physio-medical and eclectic authorities of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The most important of these are: William Cook, The Physio-Medical Dispensatory (1867); John M. Scudder, Specific Medication (1870); Finley Ellingwood, American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy (1919); John Uri Lloyd and Harvey Felter, Dispensatory (1898); R. Swinburne Clymer, Nature's Healing Agents (1973). The last book has been consistently kept in print for many years. The others were brought back into print by Eclectic Publications in the 1980s. They are all very important books, and I have often quoted directly from them in order to bring out the value of each authority. Cook, for example, is strong on an understanding of the physical properties (taste and impression), Scudder on specific qualities of the remedy, and Ellingwood is an excellent empiricist. These authors are supplemented by reference to the writers who established or represent the historical milieu within which they wrote: Manaseh Cutler, Samuel Thomson, Jacob Bigelow, Isaac Smith, Peter Smith, C. F. Rafinesque, and Horton Howard. An important survey of the history of many important plants used in American Indian and North American herbalism is provided by Charlotte Erichsen-Borwn, Medicinal and Other Uses of North American Plants (1980). I have also included some of the esoteric and astrological herbalists as representative of an alternative of viewpoint. This would include Culpeper, Dr. O. Phelps Brown (1867), Mrs. Antonette Mattison (1898), and Dr. Albert Sidney Raleigh (1932). Finally, we turn to contemporary sources. Many twentieth century herb books are written by people who have never used herbs. I call these "journalistic herbals." They do not project an aura of competance, in fact they cause one to feel a lack of confidence in herbal prescription. Only a practitioner can write a good herbal. I have especially avoided texts which show too much "resonance" with
other books, as I consider these to be derivative. I have used modern books as they appeared to have value and insight into herbal medicines. The modern herbalists include Richard Hool (1927); Maude Grieve, A Modern Herbal (1937); Dr. John Christopher, The School of Natural Healing (1978); David Hoffman, The New Holistic Herbal (1991). Herbals which incorporate nonWestern medicinal knowledge. Michael Tierra; Vasant Lad and David Frawley; Hakim Chishti, The Traditional Healer ; Dan Bensky, Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica (1987); Subhuti Dharmananda. One of our contemporary sources presents serious advantages and disadvantages. This is Peter Holms. Homeopathy. Boericke. Clarke. Timothy Field Allen. Hale. Empirical medicine. Rademacher, Burnett, Bach. A work of this caliber could not be undertaken by a single practitioner, but requires the input of many. On the other hand, this was really my own project, undertaken over many years, building upon the historical and philosophical research contained in The Magical Staff, and extensive personal experience with herbs in my own practice. My approach, therefore, was to assemble a working book and send copies out to the leading herbal practitioners for a long trial run, collect their comments and corrections, incorporate them into the work and only then offer it for publication. Again and again, I have seen that different herbalists will see different parts of an herb. When we get together we compare and put the pieces together. I must thank all the herbalists who have contributed to this work. The title of this book, like so much of the contents, was borrowed from an earlier author. The Admirable Secrets of Physick & Chyrurgery (1696), a manuscript by Dr. Thomas Palmer, of Middleborough, Ma., seemed too good to be lost in the mists of time, so I recast it to suit the needs of the present book. Matthew Wood April 30, 1993 Sunnyfield Herb Farm Minnetrista, Minnesota
Acer negundo. Box Elder. This is the weediest representative of the Maple or Aceraceae family. It is native throughout North America. Dr. O. S. Laws, of Los Angeles, introduced it to the medical profession in 1898 as a specific for hemorrhoids. "The victim who has been writhing with an engorged rectum 'will arise up and call you blessed,'" he relates. It is doubtful whether this remedy is used at all today. Preparation and dosage. The bark of the root of a yearling plant is macerated in twice its weight of alcohol. Tincture, 10-20 drops. Comparison. For hemorrhoids: Achillea (bleeding), Aesculus, Bidens tripartita (bleeding), Collinsonia, Hamamelis. Achillea millefolium. Yarrow. This is a member of the Composite family found in sandy, gravelly soil and waste places throughout the northern temperate zone. The same species is native to Europe, Asia and North America. Yarrow is as popular as it is widespread, having found a niche in the popular imagination and herbal pharmacopeia of almost every nation. It has many magical and ceremonial associations, as well as medicinal uses. Yarrow has been made use of principally as an anti-hemorrhagic, a febrifuge and a bitter tonic for the digestive tract. The use as a woundwort goes back to antiquity. Achilles lamented that if he only had his herb (Achillea), he would have survived his wound. The Roman centurions knew it under the name Herba militaris, and carried it into battle as a medicine for cuts and wounds. Homeopathy has little experience with "Millefolium." It received a modest proving which justified the traditional uses, but further knowledge of its properties did not develop, and it has been but slightly utilized. Homeopaths noted that the remedy was suited to hemorrhage where the blood was bright red, compared to Hamamelis and Capsella, which have a passive, dark flow. In order to gain a deeper insight into the usefulness of Yarrow we need to refer to traditional herbal literature, the physical properties, the doctrine of signatures and clinical experience. Properties. One of the most distinctive things about Yarrow is that the leaf looks like many little leaves (hence the name millefolium, meaning "thousandleaves"). Actually, the leaf has been cut back through evolutionary processes, so that only the ribs and veins remain, the "canopy" having been removed. This exposure of the ribs and veins corresponds to the medicinal uses of the plant, because Yarrow is the remedy for cuts to the bones and arteries, and febrile conditions that cut deeply and infect the blood. The sharp, penetrating smell and taste provide additional evidence of the same pattern. A good sniff of the plant provokes bleeding from the nose, giving rise to the name, "Nosebleed." This makes Yarrow homeopathic to hemorrhage, because it causes what it cures. Maude Grieve comments, "It seems to act either way." The flower (or inflorescence) of Achillea is usually bone-white, but in some varieties it is pink. I take this as a signature showing the dual affinity to bone and blood. Yarrow is classified as a bitter, pungent, cold and dry remedy. Gerarde says that it is "meanly cold." As a bitter, pungent, cold and penetrating herb it is suited to sudden invasion of "wind heat," to use the Chinese phrase, resulting in closure of the sweat pores and congestion in the lungs. Achillea contains volatile oils which
act on the mucous membranes of the lungs and stomach. It is used as a bitter tonic for the stomach, and for hemorrhage from the stomach, intestines and urethra. Yarrow is considered nearly a specific for hemorrhoids with bright red bleeding. It "restrains violent bleedings," says Culpeper, "and is excellent for the piles." Cuts to the bone, assaults the blood. I first gained my understanding of the deeper properties of Yarrow from herbalist Victor Rangel, of Present Moment Herbs, in Minneapolis. He said it is the remedy for "cuts to the bone." After thinking about this for some time, Victor cut his finger to the bone. He tried Goldenseal to staunch the bleeding, but it didn't help. Then he tried Yarrow. This quickly stopped the bleeding, closed the wound, and healed it without complication. Victor went on to say that Yarrow is the remedy for "cuts to the third level of the blood." I asked him what he meant, but he had no idea---he seemed to be acting the part of an unconscious trance medium. In traditional Chinese medicine, heat-induced fever is said to penetrate the "four levels" from superficial to deep. Blood is the fourth and deepest level. I think it is in this sense that Yarrow penetrates to the blood. The symptoms of heat entering the blood level are high fever, skin that is hot to the touch, skin eruptions of a purple or black color, nosebleed, coughing of blood, blood in the stool, disturbed mind or even delirium, a deep red tongue body and a fine, rapid pulse. These symptoms go somewhat beyond what we see in the typical fever of Achillea, but there are some points in common. I mentioned this idea of the "third level of the blood" to herbalist Halsey Brandt, of Montana. Without bating an eyelash he gave another explanation. If the capillaries are counted as the first level of the blood and the arterioles as the second, we get to the arteries, as the third and most profound level of the vasculature. Achillea has an affinity for cuts which are deep, serious and difficult to staunch. A woman in her early thirties smashed her foot into a sharp piece of metal sticking out from the door of her van, causing "blood to spray all over the place." The wound, between two toes, was stitched shut, but it failed to close it up and blood continued to ooze from the cut. After two and a half weeks she ran into me, and I suggested Yarrow. The pulse was full and slightly rapid, she felt a little feverish, and had a bladder infection, so it seemed as if the wound was causing a systemic inflammation. Yarrow herbal tincture, a few drops externally and internally, and the wound started to "close up from the inside." She added Plantain, because the wound was infected, and it improved even more rapidly. The bladder infection, which was a chronic problem for her, was not improved. The twelve year-old son of one of my students fell off a swing and was hit on the upper lip as it swung back at him. There was a cut on the inside of the lip and a bruise on the outside, where blood filled up into a little sac, turned black and tightened the skin. "I remembered that Yarrow was for internal bleeding and had just picked some, so I figured that was as good a remedy as any." She brewed a tea and applied it with the leaves on the bulging hematoma. The swelling went down visibly as she watched; her son could hardly believe it. They continued to apply it whenever the swelling arose, but the boy refused to drink any of it, because of the taste. "Cuts to the bone" can also occurr through radiation-poisoning. X-rays lay
the bones bare. This aspect of Yarrow's genius has been brought to the fore by Richard Katz and Patricia Kaminski of the Flower Essence Society, in Necvada City, Ca. Somewhat related is the idea that Achillea heals burns. This comes to us from the American Indians, though it may also have been known in other cultures. The Indians also used Yarrow to revive people from coma. This makes a great deal of sense, since the smell of the plant makes such a strong impression on the nose and senses. Heat in the Blood. Achillea has a long history of use in folk-medicine as a fever-remedy but individualizing symptoms are lacking in the literature. After more than a dozen case histories, I can offer a picture of the characteristic patient, though I am afraid we are still somewhat poor in peculiar or keynote symptoms. When Yarrow is required, there is a suffused, reddish complexion, as of someone suffering trial by heat, the pulse is usually full and rapid, and the tongue red (usually dry on the inside, wet on the sides, showing that the fluids are being burned off). There may be perspiration or dryness of the skin. Richard Hool, FNAMH, a Lancashire herbalist, wrote that the acute fever symptoms calling for Yarrow include a hot, dry and constricted skin, becoming soft, moist and flexible upon use of the remedy; arterial excitement, causing the patient to become restless, wakeful, even delirious, the remedy causing them to become calm and rational, inclined to sleep. Hool liked to use Angelica and Yarrow, one part each, in fever. An interpretation of these symptoms will help the reader to understand the peculiar genius of Achillea. The fullness in the pulse gives the impression that the blood mass has been infected. The full, rapid pulse is seen in traditional Chinese medicine is an indication of heat invading the exterior or interior levels of the body, and calls for pungent, bitter, cold herbs to expel heat. Yarrow is just such an herb. According to Chinese medicine, heat entering the blood causes it to become "reckless," resulting in hemorrhage. Yarrow is for hemorrhage with resulting fever, or fever which results in hemorrhage. Here are a few case histories illustrating the application of Achillea in febrile conditions. The patient was a thirty-two year old woman, seven months pregnant, feeling overheated and restless the last three months of pregnancy. Sullen---was getting out of an abusive relationship. Pulse full and rapid, tongue red, dry in the middle, face red. Achillea millefolium 1x cured in three days. The patient was a thirty-one year old man who had been relapsing into febrile conditions for most of the winter. Face slightly red, pulse full, tongue red. A few cups of Yarrow tea removed the condition promptly. Patient was a quadriplegic who often suffered from bladder infections. Recently he started to have a large amount of blood in his urine. His family and attendants were worried that he was about to die. The complexion was flushed, sweaty and hot, with an expression of torment. Pulse full, tense, and slightly rapid. I was intimidated by the concerns of his family, so I hesitated and gave two remedies instead of one. My intuition favored Yarrow for the heat and hemorrhage, but I also gave Agrimony for the torture and as an astringent hemostatic. The patient took a few drops of the tincture of each, every few hours. The next day he passed a clot of blood, the bleeding stopped, the heat and sweating went away, and the expression became comfortable. I am fairly certain that
the primary remedy here was Yarrow, though it is impossible to be sure. In one case, the patient had a dream during treatment of a fever with Yarrow, that reveals alot about its action. The patient was a thirty-nine year old woman, robust, active, sanguine in temperament, red-faced when in health. She caught the prevalent flu in the first months of 1992. Pulse was rapid and hard, muscles painful and achy, fever over a 100 F. The symptoms matched Berberis vulgaris, which I gave in a 6x homeopathic potency. Within a minute she was more relaxed so I took the pulse again. Now it was rapid and full. I could predict what was going to happen. "You need Berberis vulgaris right now to remove the harshness of the initial attack of influenza (hard, rapid pulse), but the fever will descend into the blood, causing more heat (full, rapid pulse). Then it will burn up the blood, resulting in anemia. You'll need Berberis vulgaris, followed by Yarrow (for infection of the blood and heat), followed by Ferrum phosphate (for anemia caused by fever). With these remedies everything will go quickly." Sure enough, she needed Berberis for the next twelve hours, then Yarrow. After she took Achillea millefolium on the afternoon of the next day, she feel into a sleep. She dreamed that she was trying to turn off a camping cook stove that was burning out of control. She struggled and finally succeeded. She woke up sweaty and the fever was relieved. A few more doses of Yarrow, then she moved on to the Ferrum phos. She was back to work on the third day. Yarrow is widely used by American Indians, even at the present time, as a medicine for cancer. This fits the profile for Yarrow. Many cancer patients show symptoms of infected blood mass. Heat in the blood may be the source of the cancer, or a result of the process. Achillea may prove palliative in some cases. The following case history is noteworthy, because it shows the relationship of Yarrow to cancer, penetrating injuries and heat in the blood. The patient was a thirty-seven year old man who had a patch of skin cancer about the size of a half dollar on the side of the head behind the right eye. The area was red, burning and stinging. In a few spots it was excoriated and raw. The patient had been burned by a fleck of hot metal while working with an acetylene torch; the cancer had set in at the site of the burn. The tongue was red, lips red, forehead quite warm. It looked like there was a lot of internal heat in the system, and the pulse was fine and rapid, showing that the heat was starting to "burn out" the blood and the pulse was getting thinner. Surgery was scheduled for two weeks. As a dressing, I had him put on Thuja tincture, covered by "Sting-Stop" salve (Echinacea, Urtica and Ledum). Internally, he had 5 drops of Achillea tincture, 3 times a day. The logic here was: (a) Thuja for skin cancer (a traditional homeopathic usage), (b) Echinacea for cleansing and local lymphatic drainage, heat in the blood and some anti-carcinogenic properties, (c) Urtica because it started as a burn and still gave the sensation of a burn, and (d) Achillea for the penetrating injury, damage to the blood, and internal heat. The patient returned in four days to show me the unexpectedly dramatic results. The pain was gone, the redness was reduced by fifty percent and the raw spots were scabbed over. The lips were no longer dark red, the tongue was lighter, and he no longer looked hot. The skin completely cleared in a week, but the cancer "boiled up" from below, causing new eruptions, and he eventually had the surgery. Nevertheless, the cancer had been confined to a much smaller area. Although we
cannot be certain that Yarrow was the main remedy to reduce the heat, I have never seen any of the other remedies produce this kind of tremendous drop in temperature, whereas I have seen Yarrow do it. Stomach and Intestines. The strong impact of Yarrow upon the mucous membranes is demonstrated by the ease with which a sniff of the plant sets up nosebleed. The mucosa are cut through to get to the bones and the blood, but in moderate doses Yarrow is stimulating to the mucosa. As a bitter, pungent cold herb, Yarrow is used in cold infusion to stimulate the appetite and digestion. Richard Hool writes, "No remedy with which I am acquainted is more to be depended upon in chronic affections of the mucous surfaces of the internal organs. Its value in this respect is peculiarly apparent in chronic dysentery, diarrhea, and other diseases of the bowels. When false membranous formations have occurred in the small intestines, produced by the gradual exudation of plastic lymph, Yarrow may be relied upon for their removed." Mucous Membranes of the Lungs. Dr. E. B. Nash was one of the few homeopaths who wrote about the properties of Yarrow from personal experience. His introduction to the plant came from folk-medicine, not homeopathy so here again we have to rely upon traditional sources. "When a young man I was troubled for a long time with frequent attacks of profuse epistaxis," he writes. "Dr. T. L. Brown prescribed for me several times, but without success. I became weak from loss of blood. Finally my old grandmother told me to chew yarrow root, and showed me the plant growing in my father's yard. I did so and was quickly cured." Later he put this knowledge to work in his own practice. "While on my vacation at Blue Mountain Lake, in the Adirondacks, I met a man there in the last stage of consumption. He had his medicine from his doctor in New York with him. He was spitting daily large quantities of blood, with severe cough, and his Secale was not able to control it in the least." (Secale or ergot was used a vaso-constrictor in late nineteenth century allopathy). The man implored: "Doctor, can you do anything to stop this bleeding?" Nash didn't want a terminal case like this on his hands and he was on vacation anyway, so he gave some simple advice while blowing off his acquaintence. "I stooped down. . . pulled up a little root of yarrow growing at our feet, handed it to him and told him to chew it. He looked surprised, but did so, like the taste of it and kept on chewing. It stopped his bleeding and soothed his cough so much that he dug up a basket of yarrow and took it home with him. That controlled the bleeding. He went to Florida for the winter, but died the next spring." Tuberculosis, with its hemorrhage, perspiration and fever would be well suited to palliation by Yarrow. It is also useful in other less serious conditions where there is heat in the lungs resulting in bleeding. Stirrs the blood, removes stagnation. Because of its sharp, cutting, stimulating, pungent qualities, Yarrow can be used to stir up the blood and remove stagnation. Here it is operating the opposite way from its action to settle the blood, prevent bleeding, and remove heat and excitation. Both of these uses are in keeping with the essence of the plant. In both American Indian and traditional Chinese medicine, we have the concept of stagnant blood, or adhesions of blood, remaining after injuries or due to poor circulation, becoming an encumberance on the system and a source of disease.
Stagnant blood is usually detected by blue, blue-yellow, blue-red, blue-purple or blue-black discoloration of the skin. When it is systemic it is seen in the complexion of the face and at the wrists, where the blood vessels come to the surface. The tongue is darkened with blue, purple or black, and the pulse is "choppy" (irregular in time and point of impact; wobbling). There will be sharp, fixed pains where there is an adhesion of blood, whether or not it is visible from the surface. Sometimes there are no local pains, only a general stagnation represented by the discoloration. In traditional Chinese medicine many gynecological problems are traced to retention of blood in the female tract. The idea is that blood, which needs to be thrown off at every period, is retained, causing adhesions of stagnant blood which produce sharp, immobile pains and hard, immobile lumps. Cancer can result from blows and stagnation of blood, according to American Indian, traditional Chinese and even homeopathic medicine (cf. Sassafras). Yarrow is indicated in patients with bluish-reddish skin discoloration, especially of the legs, varicose veins, menstrual problems. It is particularly well suited to heavy-set women in middle age. The life fire is burning low and their system is not as capable of moving blood and fluids as it once was. The blood stagnates, they become exhausted, their is a slow metabolism. Austrian herbalist Maria Treben recommends Yarrow as a general female remedy. She says that a cup of Yarrow tea, taken once and a while, will save a woman from much distress. It is good for irregular menstration in young girls, the restlessness of menopause, inflammation of the ovaries, prolapse of the uterus, uterine fibroids, vaginal discharge and many other conditions. Even women past the time of life can benefit from the herb. Treben recommends a cup of the tea, or in some cases a sitz bath with Yarrow placed in the water. When there are large masses of blood to be removed, as with uterine fibroids (sometimes a form of stagnant blood) or extensive varicosities, the sitz bath is most helpful. Two to three baths a week is plenty. This will not only stir up and remove blood, but it will help to get the fire of life burning again so that the metabolism is not so slow. Remember the case history of the woman who dreamed of trying to turn down the flame on a cook stove which was burning out of control. She was young, active and sanguine: the fire burned too high. In these other cases it is burning too low. One of the students in my herbal classes liked Yarrow a great deal. She had a lot of blood stagnation in the legs, evidenced by thick red-blue arteries. This was coupled with a great deal of extra weight in the hips and legs. She'd taken Yarrow tea internally on the advice of another herbalist, and this had accomplished a lot, emotionally and physically. However, looking at the blue-red discoloration in the legs, I could not help but think that she needed a stronger dose so I suggested the sitz bath. She liked it so much that she took two baths a day and drank three cups. After two and a half days she started to have blood in her urine. I told her to lay off Yarrow for a while and resume it on a more conservative basis. In the meantime, she lost 10 pounds, her legs became less discolored, and both her personality and her physique appeared to be in greater harmony. She continued on a more gentle regime for several months. I know of no better way to start the treatment of chronic varicosities than with Yarrow baths. Wounded Warrior, Wounded Healer. The traditional associations of Yarrow
with warriors and wounds direct us to its psychological profile. Persons requiring Achillea are strong and courageous. They are the sort who run around putting fires out, but they may get "cut to the bone." Most of the patients I have seen Achillea help had a somewhat noble, warriorly carriage. Here a case history which particularly illustrates the mental symptoms. A thirty-seven year-old woman came for help dealing with emotional problems. She was a tough person, but the reverses of late had been too hard to take. Her boyfriend suddenly developed symptoms of insanity and had to be hospitalized. Her employers stole ideas she had been working on for six years and terminated her job. The mental symptoms ranged through anger, frustration, and exhaustion. "Do you feel cut to the bone," I inquired? "Yeah, that would pretty well describe it," she replied. "You really hit something there." (A bone, I guess). The pulse was full and rapid, tongue red and dry in the center, red, moist and scalloped along the sides. There was some dryness and biting in the eyes. Achillea millefolium , 3 drops per dose, as needed. The remedy slowed the pulse immediately, produced mental calm, and cleared the inflammation from the tongue in less than 72 hours. I received confirmation about the Yarrow personality from herbalist Barbara Park, of Olympia, Washington, who independently come to the same conclusion. "I consider it a remedy for the wounded warrior," she says. "It's good for professionals---doctors, lawyers, therapists---who tend to plunge in and get hurt. It is a remedy for the wounded healer." The delicate leaves suggest an element of vulnerability in contrast to warriorly carriage. Every Achilles had his tendon, the place his mother could not protect. Delicate frailty is, therefore, another indication for Achillea. This has been brought to our attention by Richard Katz and Patricia Kaminsky of the Flower Essence Society, who use it to help people protect themselves psychically. I believe that Yarrow protects people against accident-proneness. I told a friend of mine who is a carpenter about this and she is convinced that it is true. "I keep it in my tool box because it seems to clear my mind, so that I don't make mistakes. I have to put a new sprig in every once and a while, or it looses its virtue." A student in one of my classes was greatly attracted to Yarrow. After the class we talked. She had dreamed she was going to die, was running through red lights, narrowly avoiding accidents, and was looking foreward to death. The pulse was full and rapid, tongue red and dry in the middle, some stagnant blood indicated by blue arteries in the legs. She certainly needed Yarrow for some kind of negative influence driving her towards accidents. Yarrow tincture changed her state of mind and made her aware of the source of the nefarious influence. Preparation and dosage. The upper stalks with flowers and leaves are generally used, but also the root. Make and infusion by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of Yarrow. Tincture, dose 1-20 drops. Formulae. A traditional remedy for fever and flu is 1 part Peppermint, 1 part Elder flower and 1 part Yarrow. This is appropriate for hot, dry conditions. I would think that Sweet Leaf (Monarda fistulosa) would replace Peppermint to the betterment of this formula. Richard Hool liked to use 1 part Angelica and 1 part Yarrow in fever. Comparison. The general characteristics of Achillea point to it's classification as a "sanguine" remedy. This quality will be further discussed under Sanguinaria. It has a general affinity to
the remedies for heat in the blood (Baptisia, Echinacea, Hyssopus); Anchusa tinctoria (cuts to the bone and blood); Capsella bursa-pastoris (congealed blood, fibroids). Acorus calamus. Calamus, Sweet Flag, Bitter Root. Calamus grows in marshes throughout Europe, Asia and North America. It has been highly valued as a medicinal agent everywhere it is native. All cultures place an exceptional value on Calamus and use it in a similar fashion. The common names are Sweet Flag, or Bitter Root. Gerard explains: "The root is sweet in smell, and bitter in taste." Properties. The pungent, bitter taste, warm temperature and aromatic smell indicates that this is a plant which will promote the appetite and digestion, bring on perspiration in fever, and remove chill by warming. It is used in alternating chill/fever, where the body has been chilled and there is need for perspiration and warmth. Also in conditions affecting the digestive tract, where there is tension, flatus, poor digestion, ulceration of the mucous membranes, diarrhea and bloody stool. It is also useful for rheumatism, which it removes by warming. Specific Indications. From various traditions, east and west, we can draw the following symptoms. Improves cerebral function and clears the mind. Deafness, dizzyness, dull sensorium, vivid dreams, coma, epilepsy, poor memory and difficult thinking. Removes nasal congestion, polypi, frontal headache; pain in the joints, and revives from shock and coma. It also acts upon the digestive tract, transforming dampness, expelling gas, detoxifying and promoting appetite. In this connection it is used to alleviate stomach-ache, pain in the sides, edema, constipation, dysentary, and intestinal bleeding. It also removes dampness from the joints and stimulates the circulation of nerve force. Hence, it is used in rheumatoid arthritis, pain in the back and joints. The following are symptoms I have observed in half a dozen cases. The complexion is usually pasty, pale and yellow, and in more severe cases, dark around the eyes. The mind is usually disorganized and the patient has a want of ability to grasp the thought they need to express their idea. There is general lack of secretions, causing dry skin, eyes, mouth and tongue. Due to poor secretions in the stomach and intestines there is poor digestion and assimulation, with gas and bloating. Pulse weak and low. Alternating chill and fever. The trachea is particularly affected. Dryness, a tickling cough emanating from the trachea, worse from exposure to smoke. Hoarseness, dryness and rawness in the throat. Congestion of the nose and sinuses, producing frontal pressure and headache, dullness of the mind and eyes. Congestion of the chest, dyspnoea. Pain in the intercostal region and stomach, with gas, indigestion, gastritis, hypochlorhydria, duodenitis, enteritis. Irritated, uneasy feeling in the left abdominal region (aggravated by wheat products). Blood in the stool (this symptoms was both produced and cured). Calamus has value in simple, acute conditions, such as sore throats, fevers and flu, where there is hoarseness or soreness in the throat, congestion with dullness of the sensorium, and alternating chill/fever. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Authorities as diverse as Rafinesque and Treben state that the properties of the root will be ruined on boiling, and that it
should only be prepared by infusion, or even by submersion in cold water. Treban suggests that the root be soaked in cold water over-night. Some varieties of Calamus growing in Europe were shown to be carcinogenic. The remedy appears to be safe in small amounts, but since Calamus is raw and irritating, and it would be well if it was diluted somewhat. I made my own attenuation to the 3c. Actaea alba. White Cohosh. This dainty woodland plant is a member of the Ranunculaceae family native to the eastern forests of North America, from Canada south to Georgia. It is closely related, medicinally and botanically, to Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Chosh), Actaea rubra (Red Cohosh) and Actaea spicata (Herb Christopher of Europe). The name Cohosh indicates that it was an Indian remedy for female complaints. White refers to the color of the berries. Red Cohosh looks similar, but had red berries. White and Red Cohosh grow somewhat to the north of the range of Black Cohosh, and were sometimes used by Indian and white practitioners who could not obtain the more famous plant. The Ojibwes, who were considered the most sophisticated herb doctors and sorcerors by their Indian neighbors, used White Cohosh as a female medicine and the Red Cohosh as a male remedy. White authors considered them to have similar properties. John Monroe, a practitioner of "physick" in northern Vermont, was one of the first white doctors to render an account of the medicinal properties of White Cohosh. He studied with an Indian medicine man for several years, and may have learned about the plant in this way. "Although no writer has described the virtues of this plant, the Author has found it serviceable in many disorders," he comments in The American Botanist, and Family Physician (1824). "It strengthens the system in general, and is good in fluor albus, menstrual obstructions, and other female disorders. Taken in decoction, it prevents taking cold, when exposed; and, indeed, every lady, of whatever grade, should not hesitate to drop a courtesy as she passes by this genteel herb." A survey of nineteenth and early twentieth century authors yields a smattering of additional facts. Charles Millspaugh (1892) writes that Actaea alba will "often be found useful in many forms of reflex uterine headache, some types of chronic fleeting rheumatism, congestion in the female especially and reflex uterine gastralgia." R. Swinburne Clymer states that it is "a nervine and dependable emmenagogue in the hand of a capable physician." It is "indicated in the treatment of nervous, asthenic women. Its strongest affect is upon the pelvic plexus in the treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and ovarian cramps or spasms, relieving pelvic congestion and irritation." G. P. Wood and E. H. Ruddock (1925) report, "the root is a specific in controlling after pains and for this purpose there is probably no remedy known that surpasses it. It is also useful in neuralgia of the womb and painful menstruation." Specifc Indications. Nervous, hyperactive women with tension focused in the pelvic and uterine centers. Menstrual problems; stoppage of menstruation from cold; excessive menstruation; ovarian cramps and spasms; pelvic congestion and irritation; leucorrhea; after pains of labour.
Preparation and dosage. Tincture of the root, 2-5 drops, as frequently as needed (Clymer). Formula. Monroe gave equal parts of White Cohosh, Lady's Slipper and Solomon's Seal as a "safe and excellent medicine in time of pregnancy." He did not give indications, but this seems to be a remedy that would nourish the nervous system and sinews, settle nervousness and irritation, and tonify the uterine muscles and ligaments. Adiantum pedantum. Maidenhair Fern. A perenial fern found in shady woods in eastern North America. The leaflets have a sort of airy appearance, which suggests a respiratory function. Its use in this area goes back to both American Indian and European sources. Maidenhair Fern has also been used as a hair wash. Cook writes, "This plant is a good demulcent, and a very mild astringent. A strong decoction is soothing in bronchial and pulmonic irritations, and useful in irritable coughs. It exerts a similar influence on the mucous membrane of the bladder and uterus, and is of service in cystic catarrh and scalding urine. It is agreeable to the stomach, and may be used in considerable quantities. Half an ounce to a pint of water forms an infusion of which the whole quantity may be used in twelve hours, or less, according to circumstances. It is generally employed as an adjunct to other medicines" (Cook). Adiantum capillus-veneris, Southern Maidenhair Fern, has similar uses. Aesculus glabra. Ohio Buckeye. This is a medium sized tree native to the Ohio River Valley and the tributaries which fed it. It is a member of the Sapinadaceae family, closely related to the Horse Chestnut, which it resembles in medicinal properties. Both are remedies for hemorrhoids and circulatory congestion. Dr. Edwin Hale wrote, "Among the country people in Ohio, it is a common practice to wear one of the nuts of the Buckeye suspended around the neck, and resting against the pit of the stomach, for the cure and prevention of piles. The testimony as to its efficacy when so worn, is strongly in its favor." It may also be carried in the pocket (Hale, 1867, 18). Rudolf Steiner explained that some cases of asthma are caused when the mind exercizes too controlling an influence upon the emotions. This results in a tension that contricts the bronchial apparatus. Aesculus glabra is suited to just such patients, according to my experience. They have a very sharp, fixed mind that controls their emotions and which may result in asthma. In one case, a thirty-two year-old woman had been suffering from asthma for a decade. She had a very sharp, aggressive mind. The pulse was like that for Aesculus hippocastanum (feels like too little space between the beats). I gave a tincture of the flowers of Aesculus glabra which I made myself with excellent results. The asthma was substantially improved from the start, the mind relaxed. She still takes the remedy from time to time, a year latter, but no longer needs an inhalor or medical drugs for the asthma. Ohio Buckeye has also been used for hemorrhoids and venous engorgement. Scudder writes, "The buckeye has been used in the treatment of hemorrhoids with much success, and I am satisfied that in some forms of the disease it is the most certain remedy we possess. I have also given it in a few cases of diseased uterus with
good results---cases in which the entire organ was enlarged, the cervix tumid, with too frequent recurrence of the menstrual flow." Ohio Buckeye produces a dull, heavy, stupefying feeling in the head. This has led to its being classified as a narcotic. These symptoms represent the opposite polarity to the sharpness of mind mentioned above. Temple Hoyne (1880) collected a case history from a homeopath who used the remedy as a similar for such a condition. "Patient had heaviness and fullness in the head, without pain, with vertigo and faintness toward evening. Bell[adonna] failed, but Aesc. glab. cured. Dr. Fleming." Specific Indications. Mind like a steel trap; aggressive, unable to relax or sleep. Dullness, heaviness, stupefaction and dizziness in the head. Difficult, asthmatic breathing; sensation of constriction in the chest, of tightness in the region of the heart. Feeling of constriction about the rectum; hemorrhoids. Heavy sleep. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Like Aesculus hip., the nut of Ohio Buckeye is somewhat toxic. It is not generally found in herbal commerce. I made a flower essence which is non-toxic. Dose, 1-3 drops, 1-3 times a day, as needed. Aesculus hippocastanum. Horse Chestnut. This small tree is native to Asia and was introduced into Europe as an ornamental in 1576. At a later date it was brought to North America. It is less winter-hardy than Aesculus glabra and grows to the south of that tree. They have similar properties. A. hippocastanum was used in herbal medicine even less than A. glabra. "It is at present seldom used, and never in this country," writes Hale. However, A. hippocastanum was one of a number of botanical remedies which received a superficial proving in the late nineteenth century at the hands of the low potency wing of American homeopathy. This was enough to find it a modest niche in the homeopathic pharmacopeia. Another road to knowledge about this plant was forged by Dr. Edward Bach. He used Aesculus hippocastanum under the name White Chestnut, as one of his flower essences. From Bach we gain insight into the mental characteristics of the remedy. These turn out to be analogous to the physical symptoms derived from homeopathic literature. Properties. The dark brown nut of the Horse Chestnut is surrounded by a shell covered with short, pointed thorns. Plants with a thorny nut or seed-pod often have a strong influence on the mind, causing and curing mental tension, excessive thinking, obsession, mental imbalance, and even insanity. The thorny spheroid represents the brain or heart. (According the traditional Chinese medicine, the heart "stores the mind.") The thorns on Horse Chestnut are less intense than those found on Thornapple or Wild Cucumber. They correspond, therefore, to a less disturbed condition of the mind. This agrees with Dr. Bach's picture of Horse Chestnut. The patient suffers from mental tension, is tormented by his own thoughts, which circle round the mind, so that rest is impossible. This also corresponds with what I have found to be the characteristic Aesculus pulse. The beats are tensed up and "too close together," so that there is no rest between them. Congestion of the Portal Circulation. The most characteristic physical symptom of Aesculus is hemorrhoids. Aesculus may be used as a local remedy for
hemorrhoidal engorgements, or as a constitutional remedy for patients who have hemorrhoids along with other symptoms. The typical hemorrhoids of Aesculus are engorged and painful---it feels like sticks jabbing into the rectum according to homeopathic literature. There may not be much bleeding. Dr. J. Compton Burnett wrote a little treatise on hemorrhoids and varicosities. What he says about the internal pathology associated with hemorrhoidal conditions helps us to understand the internal organ-affinities of Aesculus. "Heart affections; imperfect aeration of the blood; liver affections; congestion in the portal system of veins; enlarged spleen; abdominal tumours; great accumulation of fat in the omentum, or of faeces in the intestines; in fact, anything that disturbs the reflex of blood to the right heart, vena cava interior, vena portae, tends to hypostatic hyperaemia of the haemorrhoidal veins." This perfectly describes the structures to which Aesculus has an affinity, even though Burnett had no acquaintence with this valuable remedy at the time this was written. We might simplify the matter even further. If hemorrhoids are present, one of two tendencies in the vasculature is sure to be present as well. The rectal veins are swollen and engorged, either because the veins are too weak and prolapse, or because the arteries are too tensed up and narrowed, backing up the blood into the veins. In the Aesculus patient the second condition obtains. Mental and circulatory tension block the return of blood, causing a pooling of blood in the rectal and intestinal veins. Blood backs up the portal vein and into the liver, producing the hepatic symptoms which are sometimes associated with this remedy. Congestion of the Liver. Dr. J. H. Clarke writes, "It produces many symptoms of disordered [congested] liver: Malaise, dullness of head and mind; fullness at root of nose. Follicular pharyngitis with dryness; burning; roughness; contraction in throat, as in follicular pharyngitis. There is soreness and fulness in liver region; the abdomen is sore to touch. There is jaundice with bileless stools. Throbbing in abdomen, especially hypogastrium." Hoyne writes, "Aesculus is one of our valuable remedies for congestion of the liver. When accompanied with piles the symptoms indicating it are aching, pinching pains in the right hypochondrium, aggravated by walking or riding. This pain often extends up between the shoulders or under the scapula." The following case history, collected by Hoyne, shows symptoms of mild portal congestion (constipation) conjoined with severe hepatic congestion (jaundice, pain in the right side, spitting of bile). A sixty-three year old woman, melancholy since the death of her two children, twelve years previous, was subject to gastralgia, with vomiting, loss of appetite and obstinate constipation. "Severe attack, accompanied with jaundice, extreme prostration; nausea, caused by motion; vomits immediately that which is taken; refuses to take anything; still brings up, after severe retching, bitter yellow fluid; epigastrium very painful; cramps, radiating to right hypochondrium and kidneys; contusive pain in right shoulder; marked icterus of conjunctiva and skin; constipation; urine deep yellow, leaving a solid grayish sediment." Dr. Turrel gave the usual polychrests, Bryonia, Pulsatilla, Carbo veg., Nux vomica, and Ipecac. with "but slight relief." More than two weeks passed in this unpleasant state when he finally gave Aesculus hip. 12. She was cured in two weeks.
Dr. Turrel treated another case of jaundice with Aesculus, which Hoyne collected. "Joseph S., three years old; delicate, antero-superior fontanelle is still open; head very large; marked tendency to hydrocephalus; dentition was slow, and accompanied by cerebral symptoms; has strumous engorements round the neck, and though very intelligent for his age, cannot yet speak." This patient clearly had a developmental problem which calls for Calcium carbonate, though the doctor does not mention giving this. Supervened over this chronic constitutional condition was an acute disease: fever, restlessness, agitation, sleeplessness, jaundice, diarrhea, great thirst and vomiting. Turrel gave Arsenicum 30, evidently because of the thirst and digestive symptoms. "Two days afterward more quiet; less thirst; constipated; icterus persists, urine canty and dark; refuses all food, but drinks frequently." Then he gave Aesculus hip. 24, one dose every four hours. "In two days all jaundice had passed off, the urine was clear, appetite good, no fever, and sound sleep." Congestion of the throat. "Dr. A. C. Clifton treated eleven cases of follicular pharyngitis, all of which were cured with Aesculus hip. The first cases, he thought, were common sore throats, and he gave Aconite, Belladoona and Mercurius; but, as other cases came in, he suspected an epidemic. All these cases presented bery similar symptoms, as follows: General malaise for a week or ten days, then dryness and soreness of the throat and desire to swallow and to hawk or clear up something; swallowing saliva was difficult, and, in some cases, caused pain up to the ears; in about three-fourths of the cases, there was hoarseness; in four, there was a tickling cough, aggravated by pressing on the larynx. As concomitants in nearly all the cases, there was heaviness in the forehead or occiput, poor appetite, tongue slightly coated, feeble digestion, weight and fullness in the hepatic region, and constipation; in five cases, there were hemorrhoids. In most of the cases, the throat was of a dusky red, in some bright red; there was general ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane; uvula swollen and elongated; in some, the tonsils were slightly swollen; in all, there was more or less of a papular appearance to be seen on the sort palate and uvula, whilst in the posterior wall of the pharynx the mucous membrane appeared studded with small elevations, from the size of a gain of sago to that of a horsebean, and the whole covered by a thin layer of mucus. Aesculus, third decimal, was given, one drop every four or six hours." In twenty-four hours, three cases were convalent; all were cured. Congestion of the uterus. Congestion in the portal circulation can lead to uterine congestion, engorgement and malposition. "Pain extending from ovary around to the back, above the hip, kept patient in a prone position, supporting womb with a diaper towel around waist, kept down by perineal straps. Aes. hip. cured." Dr. J. C. Morgan (Hoyne). "Mrs. C., aged twenty-two, was thrown from a carriage eight months previous. There was paresis of the right leg; muscles sore and contracted; cannot walk; great emaciation; pulse 110, irregular and weak; face flushed and eyes sparkling; bowels obstinately costive; occasional nausea and vomiting; skin hot and dry; weakness and pain in the back; cephalalgia and constant throbbing behind the pubes. Examination showed retroversion, tenderness, heat and swelling of cervix." Here is a case where congestion of the spine and uterus was caused by trauma. It is surprizing that the doctor did not use a well-known anti-traumatic. "The patient
was directed to lie on face and left side constantly, to use cold vaginal injections three times daily, and to take Aes. 6, every two hours till the throbbing ceased, afterward twice daily. Cured in two months. Throbbing in abdomen and pelvis is the key-note of this remedy in piles or other forms of congestion. Dr. C. M. Hart." Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Aesculus is used externally as a salve for hemorrhoids, often in combination with other agents, such as Hamamelis and Collinsonia. For internal use the lower homeopathic potencies or the Bach flower essence are sufficient. Agnus castus. Chaste Tree. Chaste Tree is an elegant native to the shores of the Mediterranean. Its use in sexual conditions, indicated by the name, were known from an early period. Celebrants of the festival of Ceres, the earth mother, slept on the leaves to strengthen their chastity. The berries were used for medicinal purposes by Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen. Dioscorides says that it is useful in engorgements of the spleen, dropsy, metritis, indurations of the testicles and fissures of the anus. It increases the milk in nursing mothers, hastens the appearance of the menses, and cures the bites of insects and venomous beasts. The relationship to swollen and indurated glands, and sexual organs and functions, has been amply verified in subsequent centuries. The anaphrodiasic properties made it popular with religious aspirants during the middle ages. It acts on both men and women. Proven by Dr. Roth. Pharmacology. Traditional Chinese medicine. Sexual system. Chaste Tree acts as a nutritive tonic and medicine upon the sexual glands and functions, and upon the analogous mental and emotional area of life. Temple Hoyne collected a few additional cases. Gonorrheal discharge with no erections or sexual desire, cured by Agnus after the failure of Sepia, Sulphur, Mercurius and Cannabis, reported by Dr. Croserio. Gonorrhea in a gentleman who had frequent attacks of inflammation, subdued by Gelsemium, but a purulent discharge remained, which stained the linen yellow. Hoyne cured this in three or four days with Agn. 3. He comments, "Agnus is indicated in 'old sinners' [with gonorrhea] (after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided), who have no sexual desire or erections, especially if the discharge is yellow and purulent, staining the linen." He also recorded the following very interesting case history from Dr. W. H. Holcombe, a Swedenborgian minister who became a homeopathic physician in the late 1850s. "A woman of loose virtue, who had borne but one child, now ten years old, applied to me for something to renew her almost extinguished venereal appetite. She suffered with an incorrigible womb disease, which had been treated by a dozen doctors without result. I had her under my own charge for six months, and effected positively nothing. The whole uterus was engorged and thickened, extensive ulceration occupied the os, and even reached into the interior of the womb. The menses, esceedingly profuse (probably free hemorrhages), generally occurred twice a month. The menses were exceedingly painful, and she was terribly tormented with ovarian neuralgia. She had abdandoned all treatment in despair. Although very thin and haggard, and swas still beautiful, and ostensibly a kept
mistress, she had more lovers than one. She came to me for something to renew her sexual vitality. Coitus had been somewhat painful for years, but now it was absolutely abhorrent. She seemed utterly fagged and worn out in that respect. She had lost interest in everything, could hardly ever be persuaded to dress herself and go out for a little air. She was indifferent to persons and things, and described herself as feeling stupefied, benumber and dead to all excitements. Taking the physical and moral symptoms into consideration I prescribed Agn. cas., 1st dec[imal] dil[ution], ten drops, three times a day. In a month she reported herself better. Another month passed with only one dose a day, and the menses had come only once and without pain--and not preceded or followed, as uasual, by ovarian neuralgia. The medicine was discontinued. The next montly period was retarded ten days and the flow was perfecly natural. She had become so much larger about the hips, breast and abdomen that she fancied she was pregnant. I saw her lately and was astonished at the change. She is fifteen pounds heavier than she was when she began the treatment. She rarely has any pain, and feels as well, she affirms, as she did before her marriage, which occurred elven years ago." Strains and sprains. Like its cousin Verbena, Agnus castus has been used for traumatic injuries due to over-lifting, strains and sprains. Preparation and dosage. Agrimonia eupatoria. Agrimony. This woodland wildflower, which can be cultivated in gardens, is a member of the Rose family. This particular species is native to Europe, but there are others growing in North America and Asia. They seem to have essentially the same properties. Like many members of the Rose family it is an astringent. Dioscorides mentions the use of Agrimonia in ancient Greece to control bleeding. It was especially directed towards ulcerative and hemorrhagic conditions of the bowels and lower extremities. Agrimony was popular during the golden era of Renaissance herbalism. Gerarde, both knowledgable and poetic, writes, "The decoction of the leaves of Egrimony is good for them that have naughty livers, and for such as pisse bloud upon the diseases of the kidnies. The seed being drunke in wine. . . doth help the bloudy flixe." Culpeper renders a more comprehensive account. Agrimony taken internally "openeth and cleanseth the liver," benefits the bowels and stops the "bloody flux," helps "them that have foul, troubled, or bloody water," causing "them to make water clear and speedily," and removes intermittent fever. Externally, it "draweth forth thorns," heals old sores and ulcers, and helps "strengthen members that be out of joint." This represents well the uses of the remedy, but a sense of the inner genius of the plant is lacking, so that it would be hard to prescribe the remedy on this basis alone. Despite this honorable pedigree, by the early nineteenth century, Agrimonia had dropped into relative obscurity in England and America. It was still, however, widely used in Germany. It was probably through German immigrants that Agrimony entered back into use in the United States. Peter Smith, one of the early "Indian doctors" of the Ohio Valley, states that he learned about it from a German physician, Dr. George Foulkes. Perhaps through the influence of Smith, Agrimonia entered into the pharmacopeia of the eclectic physicians, who were centered in the
Ohio Valley. Dr. John Scudder, the great light of eclecticism, established the first reliable characteristic symptoms upon which it could be prescribed ("pointing pains in the kidneys"). By the early twentieth century its properties were well known to the members of this school. Agrimonia is virtually unknown in homeopathy. A short account is rendered by Boericke (1927). He recommends it for bronchial discharge and kidney pain. Agrimonia has never received a homeopathic proving. I have noted, however, several symptoms which were generated by the remedy during its use, so that we now have a few pathogenetic indications. A great boost in our knowledge of Agrimony came through the work of Dr. Edward Bach, of flower essence fame. It was one of his thirty-eight remedies. He developed a psychological profile for the remedy. It turns out that there is a perfect correspondence between the physical symptoms found in eclectic literature, the mental indications in the work of Bach, and the morphological signatures of the plant. Agrimonia provides another excellent illustration of the doctrince of correspondence, showing how the psychological and physical properties converge to paint the same picture. Drawing on these different sources, enriched by my own extensive clinical experience of Agrimonia, I have been able to develop a portrait of the plant which is well individualized, comprehensive, reliable and useful. The remedy can be confidently prescribed by herbalists and homeopaths alike. The "caught in a bind remedy." The Agrimonia plant has a very tense appearance. I like to say it looks like a cartoon picture of a cat sticking it's paw into an electric socket, with the hair standing on end. The entire plant bristles with tension. After several years using this metaphor I actually had a case which incarnated the picture. The patient was a twelve year old female cat who had been diagnosed by biopsy, two years previously, with cancer of the liver. Through tender loving care and the ministrations of a holistic vet (Dr. Will Winter, of Minneapolis), she had survived in relative comfort. In May 1990 I was called by her owner. In the last several weeks she had started to look sick, withdrew from the companionship of other cats and people, moved with obvious discomfort, and eventually refused to eat. When I arrived I could not help but notice that she looked like the cartoon cat bristling with tension. It seemed likely that the liver was cirrhosing: one could not feel much hope for the poor animal. Still, one could not resist the opportunity to apply Agrimony. The Bach flower remedy (stock tincture) was given, a few drops, three times a day. Immediate improvement, and return to her ordinary self in five days. Six months later she needed a few doses of Lycopodium 30x for symptoms of kidney failure, so the problem with the liver had evidently receeded. The characteristic mental state of the Agrimonia patient revolves around mental tension, frustration, anger, and inner torment. The patient is feels "caught in a bind," as if he is in the wrong place at the wrong time, unable to do the right thing, go with the flow, or be a good person. Often the problem revolves around the work situation. The patient is in the wrong job for his interests and talents, or working for a frustrating employer or superviser. This mental tension builds to such proportions that the patient feels tortured. Instead of manifesting this tension
outwardly, what is so highly typical of the Agrimonia patient is the effort to hide his true feelings behind a facade. He pretends to be cheerful, good natured, humorous--but it is all a facade. Dr. Bach pointed out the mental symptom which I find most characteristic: the patient is more cheerful than seems appropriate. I like to say he is "torturedly cheerful." No peace, restless, always doing things, busy, trying to prove he can do it right, be good, etc. There is desire to live on the dangerous side of things, for drugs and alcohol to suppress his anguish. An alcoholic family background is not uncommon.1 Here is a case history which illustrates the mental state very well. The patient was a thirty-eight year-old woman, seven months and a week into her second pregnancy. She came down with a respiratory infection, accompanied by mental restlessness and insomnia. Pale and anemic. Hasn't been able to sleep for four nights. Close to tears. "I'd kill for sleep." "My job is to sleep, I can't make it happen." Craved drugs to put her to sleep last two nights. "I'd let somebody shoot me, knock me over the head," if I could sleep. (All of this was highly atypical of this patient). Suffering from anxiety, "in terms of calendar." Only a few weeks left to see people, get things done, before the delivery, then it will be too late. In addition, suffering from respiratory symptoms. One nostril plugged, other one drips, changes back and forth. Paroxysmal sneezing. Frontal, not post-nasal drip. Eyelids red, eyes watering, feels close to tears. No appetite. A slight, hollow cough. Breathing restricted, holds each exhalation back. The last symptom is highly characteristic, as is the "caught in a bind mentality." Agrimonia eupatoria , 5 drops, three times a day. Mental relaxation immediate, slept well that night, respiratory symptoms improved more slowly, but relieved in three days. The mental symptoms may be considered pathogenetic, because I had a case where Agrimonia produced similar mental tension. The patient was an eight year old boy. I gave him Agrimonia eupatoria 12x for mental tension, but it caused him to manifest new and atypical behavior problems. He became boisterous, uncooperative, "acting out" alot at school. He sometimes talked in an artificially loud voice. (I thought this was particularly similar to Dr. Bach's idea of the artificial facade). Symptoms disappeared when the remedy was discontinued. Agrimonia and the liver. Whenever we have a mental state where there is anger, frustration and fighting against the flow or a lack of confidence in the natural progression of events, the liver will usually be involved. These mental conditions correspond with the old idea of the "choleric" or liver personality, in Greek and Chinese medicine. There are also correlations with physical changes in the liver and its related structures in the organism. The liver receives toxic blood from the digestive tract through the portal vein. This would easily kill the liver cells, if it were not for the live-giving supply of arterial blood coming through the hepatic artery. This must perfectly balance the portal blood supply at all times. If it does not, liver cells will either be killed off by the influx of too much venous blood, or an excess of arterial blood will not allow complete detoxification to occur. The health of the cells of the liver is influenced by
1Most of these indications can be found in The Collected Writings of Dr. Edward Bach,
or are elaborations of his followers.
the fine line of tension maintained between the hepatic artery and the venous blood supply. The liver controls the tension of the hepatic artery (and the arterial system as a whole) through the release of bile salts into the blood. This causes mild irritation of the linings of the arteries, which result in contraction. Thus, the liver is able to maintain its own environment by maintaining the tension on the arteries and the inflow of arterial blood. The element of hepatic functioning corresponds with the sphere of influence of the remedy Agrimonia. It is called for in cases where the mind and circulation is tense, resulting in the appearance of sharp, shooting pains in different parts of the body. In severe cases, there is damage to the liver cells, resulting in cirrhosis. Agrimonia is an old remedy for cirrhosis, as well as alcohol and drug abuse. It was Scudder (1870) who set the use of Agrimonia on a path to certain use as an agent with specific, individualized indications. He noted the "pointing pains" in the lumbar region as a characteristic symptom. His concept of its role in renal affections will be taken up shortly. Scudder also gives interesting indications for the location of the pain in the liver. "Sometimes the pain will seem to involve the lower portion of the liver." (Perhaps this occurs because the lower part of the liver is more strongly bathed by the toxic-ladden blood from the portal vein). Although Agrimonia has a direct influence on the parenchyma of the liver, the patient often suffers from problems in other areas of the body because the tension in the arterial system is generalized throughout the organism. Consequently, pain in the liver area is not the most common or typical symptom seen in the Agrimonia patient. Arterial tension. Agrimonia is also a remedy for a general constriction in the circulation, resulting in cold hands and feet and pangs in the heart and chest area. The following three cases, remarkably similar in some details, all occured within two weeks, and taught me much about this remedy. (1) Woman, aged 30, outwardly jovial but very tense within, resulting in a clown-like personality. Hair dyed yellow. Hands and feet always cold, sometimes numb. Dizzy when bending over or standing up, sees stars. Acts hyper, but feels hypo. Hair does not grow, weak, breaks, so she has to dye it. Eyes and skin itch. Ringing in the ears. Eating causes bloating. Anemia and eating disorders in the past. Hands feel ice cold. Pulse changes in intensity, "comes and goes," from moment to moment. Tongue, fine red points towards the tip. Feet cold, so cold I couldn't sleep. "Dysfunctional family," alcoholic, sexual abuse by father, physical abuse by brother. Drinks alcohol to excess "about once a month." Constantly flustered, hard time breathing, tension in breathing. Worries a lot. Heart hurts, "pangs when I need to catch my breath." Holds her breath once and a while. Agrimonia eupatoria 12x, immediately restored warmth to the hands. "This is the first time in my life that my hands and feet have ever been warm." Patient ripped me off, refused to pay and I lost track of her, but the warmth was still evident a week after the first dose. I doubt if her mental state got any better, since she related to people in an abusive fashion. I did, however, prosper from this case, for the following two cases had so much in common that it was easier to spot the remedy. (2) Woman, aged 37, complained of "terrible circulation" and worried about her heart. Gets cold easily, hands and feet cold. Constipation. Used to do a lot of street drugs. Nails breaking off, hair breaks, she
has it dyed. "I always have to do something with my hair," she commented. Pulse wiry, low, hard, cord-like. Tongue, darkish in the middle. Sun produces prickly sensation on skin of face. Pain in left ovarian region, scanty periods. Urine difficult to hold in, runs, drips. Constipation, gaseous. Cold in wrists, elbows and ankles. Agrimonia eupatoria 12x, resorted heat to the hands, feet and joints, removed the constipation, contained the urine, and promoted a general sense of well-being. (3) Woman, aged 32, suffering from poisoning from incomplete combustion due to the gas heater in her house. Nausea, headache, feels like crying, feels anxious, suspicious, of insidious influences, a little scared, angry. Throbbing pain in the liver, right side of body sore. Sore throat. "Yuck feeling." Mouth tastes very bad, breath feels "yuck." Tongue feels swollen, pasty, looks atonic. Flu-like feeling, body ache. Hands limp and clammy. Eye looks lustreless. Hair is "strange," ends dry and thinning out, doesn't have good life, "disconnected from the rest of me," wants to "do somthing to it." Wants to to beld and rocked, cry, scream to somebody. Nausea "up and down." Agrimonia eupatoria 30x, visibly relaxed by the first dose, complete cure within 6 hours. The peculiar relationship to hair pointed out in these three case histories bore fruit for me in a latter case. The patient was a twenty-nine year old man, diagnosed with alopecia. There were spots on his scalp and beard denuded of hair. No other strong physical symptoms, and the only marked indications of any kind were mental tension due to job stress. I gave Agrimonia 12x, thinking at least to help the stress. Almost immediately the hair started to grow back. His hair stylist was amazed and he was quite pleased. He also received the benefit I had expected in the area of tension. About two weeks after receiving the remedy he said, "I realize that my supervizor has poor abilities in handling employees, and that the problems I am having are due to her, not myself." Constricted circulation of the kidneys. Constriction in the circulation can become centered on the kidneys. In his early writings, Scudder says that "pain, simulating colic, pointing in the lumbar regions, or uterine pain associated with lumbar uneasiness" is the "strongest indication for agrimonia." In his last writings Scudder was even more positive about the relationship of Agrimonia to the kidneys. "Given a pain in the region of the kidneys, and I always think of agrimonia as the remedy." He has seen "wonderful results" from it in longstanding cases where all other remedies failed. "I have found other uses for it, but this has been so prominent that I always associate the medicine and the position of the pain." Nephralgia is one of the severest kinds of pain; notice Scudder's choice of words. "It is a torture that might be borne for an hour or a day; but continued night and day for a fortnight or a month, the sufferer may well pray for relief or death." The urinary problems with which this pain is associated are diverse. "I have seen cases where the urinary deposit felt like pounded glass; cases with muco-pus in large amount; cases where the triple phosphate would make the lower third of the urine turbid as if with albumin; cases where not more than an ounce or two of turbid, dark-colored urine would be passed in the day; and still cases where the normal amount of clear urine of specific gravity 1020 would be passed." Ellingwood (1919) gives more descriptive detail of the kidney pains. "Deep soreness or tenderness over the kidneys. Tenderness that seems to be due to
irritability in the structure of the kidney. Sharp cutting, deep-seated pain, with general distress in the lumbar region. Pain extending from the lumbar region through to the umbilicus. Inflammation of the kidneys, or bladder, with foulsmelling urine, containing a sediment when passed, accompanied with discoloration, and dirty appearance of the skin. Renal congestion, general irritation of the urinary organs." Agrimonia is an old remedy for relief of pain from the passage of gall- and kidney-stones. This symptom may be considered pathogenetic. In 1990 I gave Agrimony flower essence to a man on the mental/emotional indications. The next day he passed a kidney stone. I have several case histories which demonstrate the usefulness of Agrimonia in kidney and gall stone colic. In 1989 I saw a woman who was complaining of an extremely sharp pain in the right hypochondrium. She had passed a kidney stone two years previously, assisted by Agrimonia. The complexion was the strained, grey-yellow look which is highly indicative of Agrimonia. The tongue was purple-red, an indication of "constricted liver qi" in Chinese medicine. The pulse was tense. She did not seek a medical diagnosis. Agrimony flower essence eased the pain, and it disappeared in less than twenty-four hours. Tension harassing respiration. The constriction characteristic of Agrimony can affect the lungs as well. One can often hear the evidence calling for Agrimonia--the patient holds the breath, letting it out as if it were under pressure---like steam from a teapot. This symptom need not be associated with respiratory complaints: the patients often hold the breath due to pain somewhere else in the body. Both Scudder and Bach used Agrimonia in bronchial problems, including asthma. Dr. Bach gives a case history. "A lady of about forty had suffered from asthma from childhood, and had spent about four months each winter in bed. She had had an enormous number of injections of adrenalin and had been given every type of asthma treatment without effect. She was, like many case of asthma, whooping cough, and other chest complaints, tortured by her disease. She was first seen in December, 1930, and by the end of January 1931, Agrimony had completely removed the disease. There was a slight return in the winter of 1931 which was easily controlled, the patient not having to go to bed. Since then there has been no trace whatever of the disease." Here is an excellent case history from my own notes. The patient was a fortyone year-old man who was suffering from "allergy induced asthma and respiratory problems." He used a ventilator constantly. He had a harassing, gagging, tormenting cough, much fluid in the lungs, mucus expectoration, sneezing, nasal congestion, dripping and irritation, watery eyes, and gasping for breath from time to time. He appeared to be tortured, but commented, "this is nothing." Symptoms were chronic, but worse in the winter and crom changing weather, cats, animals, pollen, dust and mouuld, smoke, but not tobacco. The tongue was red along the sides with a thin, dry, yellow coating all over the middle, torn off or ulcerated in one spot. Pulse slippery and wiry. I gave him Agrimonia striata , three drops as needed, to relieve the torment. Four months latter he reported that he was so much better that he seldom used either the Agrimonia or the ventilator. Here's a case history where the condition was probably due to liver damage from hepatitis. The patient was a pleasant, cheerful, seventy-one year-old woman.
She had chronic sinusitis. This cleared up promptly under Kali bich. and Kali mur., but she still had mucus in the bronchial tract. The tongue had a long dry, reddish patch down the middle, surrounded by a yellowish coating, sides were clear. The shape of the red patch reminded me of the eliptoid ulceration typical of Agrimonia, except that it was not ulcerated and it was much larger. The tongue had been in a similar condition when I gave the Kali salts, but more swollen. Pulse was wiry, even electrical in sensation. I was immediately drawn to the liver as the source of the problem. The patient had hepatitis twenty-five years previously. Current symptoms: clearing of the throat, "comes again and again," accumulation of mucus in the lungs, epigastric pain, gums sore and tender, pain in the kidney region. Agrimonia , 3 drops per dose, 1 to 3 times a day, as necessary. Two hours after the first dose she experienced pain and soreness "under the breasts. . . in the lungs and liver." Chills and sweating the next day. The second day she woke with fever, pain in both hypochondria, sore and achy all over, couldn't lie on her right side. Had to lay on the left for relief." Reduced her to one dose per day. The aggravation subsided after five days. Afterwards she had only occassional problems with bronchial or sinus infection. Constriction in the digestive sphere. Our fun little tension can also extend to the abdominal viscera. This can result in ulceration, enteritis, colitis and bleeding from the bowels. The mucous membranes are affected up to the mouth. Ellingwood gives the indication, "Ulcerative stomatitis, with foul smelling breath." I consider a highly characteristic symptom to be moderate-sized, oval shaped ulcerations on the tongue. Ulceration of tongue can occur in conjunction with disturbances in any sphere of the organism, and need not be associated with the digestive tract. Agrimonia has an ancient reputation, both in Western and Chinese medicine, as a remedy for ulceration and bleeding from the intestines and "lower extremities." The following case illustrates the relationship of this remedy to ulcerations on "the lower extremities." The patient was a nurse in her mid-thirties. Some months previously she had taken a prescription drug for cystitis. She had an allergic reaction, her heart stopped and she was rushed to the hospital. Since this time she had been experiencing swelling and burning of the right labia of the vagina. I treated her with Apis internally and Urtica urens externally, but the condition continued to deteriorate. Finally, ulcers started to appear. They were cultured and showed the presence of rare, difficult-to-treat strains of staph. She decided to take antibiotics, but this only accelerated the condition. By now she was on demerol for the pain. The ulcers were excoriating away the tissue in small patches, so as to amount almost to a fissuring process. Nothing the doctors did helped her, and in desperation she came back to me. When she arrived she was breathing from tension caused by the pain, letting her breath out almost like a current of steam from a tea-pot. This, as well as the ulceration on a "lower extremity," pointed out Agrimonia. I gave the Bach flower essence and had her put on a compress of the bulk herb. The pain subsided within twenty-four hours, she took only one more dose of demerol, and the ulceration was gone in seventy-two hours. The remedy also affected her mental state. The morning after taking the remedy she woke up knowing she had to terminate her job---which she promptly
did. She felt like it wasn't the right thing for her. I had another patient in whom Agrimonia caused the reappearance of ulcerations on the "lower extremities," so the symptom may be considered pathogenetic. The patient was a 33 year old woman who had been given "hundreds" of cortisone injections for chronic nephritis for over the past ten years. One dose of Apis 30x completely cured the nephritis. However, the damage done by the cortisone apparently had not healed. Two years later she had tension caused by her work situation. I gave Agrimony flower essence and she experienced a tremendous detoxification and release of tension. The next day she woke-up feeling like she had a hang-over "from a really big binge." Her eyes were dull and glazed over. She continued to take the flower essence. The second day she began to feel itching on the buttocks which rapidly developed into deeply etched, burning ulcerations, situated exactly where she had the cortisone shots years before. Atleast a dozen of these appeared and disappeared over the next five days. Afterwards she was mentally and physically much better. Dr. Bach supplies us with a case history which further demonstrates the use of Agrimony in skin affections. "A boy of ten years had had periodic attacks of urticaria on the back, neck and chest for two years. He was a cheerful lad who made light of his trouble, although the discomfort and irritation during an attack kept him awake at night and impaired his general health. His temperament indicated the remedy Agrimony, which was given as a medicine and lotion, and within a few days the condition had clearly up." A slight relapse, two months later was quickly cured by the same remedy. He had no recurrence for five years. Constriction interfering with menstruation. According to Chinese medicine, the liver "holds in the blood," and has an influence over the release and timing of the menses. We can see why this would be the case, from the above discussion of arterial tension and hepatic functioning. Not surprizingly, Agrimonia has an influence in this sphere as well. The eclectics developed the use of Agrimonia extensively in women's complaints. Ellingwood writes that it is "useful in a form of dysuria which affects women and girls, especially those who are suffering from some form of dysmenorrhea; or those in which there is difficulty in having a normal menstrual function established, this function being accompanied with much pain and general distressing symptoms. With this there is often an irritable condition of the bladder. At the same time there may be hysterical symptoms, which result from uterine or ovarian congestion, which on its part, may be increased by the urinary irritation." Here is a case history illustrating the menstrual application, as well as several other characteristic symptoms of Agrimonia. The patient was a 40 year old woman. She had a slightly yellow, pinched complexion which often indicates hepatic tension, a wiry pulse and two or three longitudinal ulcers on the tongue. She was under great pressure, having just broken up her marriage of fifteen years and two children. Her father was an alcoholic. For several months she had been suffering from prolonged periods with profuse bleeding, the blood turning black and coagulated. From loss of blood she developed anemia. Her doctor recommended a DNC. "Don't fool around," she said. "This is a serious problem." (More pressure, I thought). I presumed there were ulcerations in the uterus, and speculated to myself
that the suggested therapy would cause further trouble. We didn't need to find out, because the Agrimony flower essence cured all symptoms. The menses were normal in three months. She also took an iron supplement. Extremities. In Chinese medicine "wind," or constriction, is considered to be a major causative agent in rheumatism, because it tightens the joints and results in deposites of material and inflammatory complications. Thus, we should not be surprized that Agrimonia also shows up as a rheumatic remedy. Dr. Bach gives a case history associated with this condition. "A man of thirty-five had had severe rheumatism for five weeks. When first seen almost every joint in the body was affected with swelling and tenderness, he was in great pain, rolling about in his torture, anxious as to what was going to happen. The patient was very ill and looked as though he would not be able to stand much more. Agrimony was given hourly for twenty hours when there was marked improvement, pain and swelling had all gone except for one shoulder joint, the patient was calmer and less worried. Agrimony was continued for another six hours when the patient slept for four hours. On waking all pain had gone." Intermittent fever. In traditional Chinese medicine, intermittent fever (chills alternating with heat) is associated with "constricted liver qi." When the liver is not able to "spread the qi" in a harmonious fashion, when there is tension in the arterial circulation, chills will sometimes alternate with fever. The older Western physicians also associated intermittent fever with the liver, since it is sometimes accompanied by biliousness. They credited Agrimonia as a remedy in this condition. Culpeper says, "A draught of the decoction, taken warm before the fit, first relieves, and in time removes, the tertian or quartan ague." In three cases I have seen Agrimonia produced fever, chilliness and perspiration as an aggravation, so these symptoms may be considered pathogenetic. I do not have enough experience, however, to know when to use the remedy in febrile states. Our knowledge grows, piece by piece. Conditions of laxity. Agrimonia is traditionally used in Western herbalism as an astringent to "bind and tonify" the mucous membranes of the intestines and urinary tract. The uses I have discussed so far are pretty much the opposite of this, in that they require a release from tension and binding. There are certain conditions where a lack of tension in some local tissues will be connected with tension elsewhere in the system, or in the past. Herbalist David Hoffman states that Agrimony is useful in the diarrhea of children suffering from anxiety about their toilet training. This is clearly the correct way to use the remedy. An interesting case history illustrating this side of the remedy is provided by Peter Smith in The Indian Doctor's Dispensatory, Being Father Smith's Advice Respecting Diseases and Their Cure (1812). "An old man of my acquaintance, after a spell of the gravel, which nearly took his life, was for several months unable to retain his urine, but it dript from him continually. He was at last advised by Dr. George Foulk, a German, to drink agrimony: this being the only medicine he used." He was "a well man in a few days." Vulnerary properties. Any plant which has an association with pain-relief is likely to be a vulnerary, or wound-wort. Agrimonia has been classified in this category for centuries. It has been used both for cuts with bleeding, and jointThe Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks Matthew Wood - Page 38
injuries. Remember Culpeper's statement that it strengthens the joints. I have several times used Agrimonia to cure severe pain associated with spinal injuries. The indication was the tormented look and the inability for any other remedy (particularly Xanthoxylum) to effect a cure. Preparation and dosage. Agrimonia eupatoria is somewhat difficult to obtain in herbal commerce in America. Herbal tinctures were formerly made by several herb companies, but lapsed from their inventories. When it is possible to get Agrimony, it is often not the official European species, but American varieties. The lower homeopathic potencies of Agrimonia eupatoria are available from several homeopathic pharmacies. The Bach remedies include a flower essence made from Agrimonia eupatoria, but I have not found it as reliable as the herbal tincture. I ended up having to make my own tincture (Agrimonia striata) since I could not get the herbal tincture with regularity. This worked fine. I have also used the tincture produced by Teeter Creek herbs (A. agertoides). Alchemilla vulgaris. Lady's Mantle. Lady's Mantle is a member of the Rose family. It is native to Europe, but easily cultivated abroad. The leaves are "waterproof." Dew and rain bead up on them like little pearls. This, with the folded aspect, suggests a mantle. Since it was a female medicine, it was called Frauenmantel in Germany. It was originally associated with the goddess Freya, and afterwards with Mary. In France it was more commonly called Pied de leonis (Lyon's Foot). Scholars named it Alchemilla, because alchemists collected dew from its leaves. Lady's Mantle made its mark in German folk-medicine. It entered the professional pharmacopeia during the Renaissance, when German authors incorporated remedies indigenous to their homeland into the medical literature. After this, it began to appear in English herbals. Gerard (1633) devotes a four lines to its medicinal properties, but Culpeper (1654) gives a more extensive account. "Venus claims the herb as her own," he writes. "It is one of the most singular wound-herbs, and therefore highly prized and praised by the Germans." William Salmon provides detail about its uses and preparations in his Botanologia, The English Herbal: or, History of Plants (London, 1710). A good contemporary source is Health through God's Pharmacy, by the late Austrian herbalist Maria Treban. The traditional and modern uses are not very different. As a remedy, Lady's Mantle shows many analogies to its cousin Raspberry. Both figure as gentle tonics to the female system. Both are nutritive tonics with mild astringency, so that they build and tone. Both have been used to prepare women for safe and speedy confinement. However, Lady's Mantle has gained a greater reputation as a woundwort and tissue cleanser. In this regard it was considered an analog of Sanicle, and was sometimes called "Greater Sanicle" or Sanicula maioris. Properties. The leaves are warm and dry and slightly astringent. As we have seen, they are water repellent. Lady's Mantle has the ability to dry up and expell water from the tissues, hence its use in healing wounds, and in bleeding, diarrhea, excessive menstrual bleeding, leucorrhea and vaginitis. Salmon explains that Lady's Mantle is classified as hot and dry in the second
degree (making it a "warm" remedy of intermediate temperature). The juice "is not so hot as that of Sanicle, and Therefore more fit for those Wounds which are accompanied with Inflammation." Because it is warm, it drys up "humidities" in wounds, making it a remedy for running ulcers and fistulas. He classified it as cleansing, astringent, drying and strengthening to the tissues. Cleanses and cures wounds. Salmon gives an extensive summary of the use of Lady's Mantle as a woundwort. "In simple green Wounds or Cuts, it has such an exquisite Faculty of Speedy Healing, that it cures it at the first Intention, Consolidating the Lips thereof, without. . . suffering any Corruption to remain behind." If a wound becomes infected, "it is one of the best of vulneraries, for it digests [corrupted material] if need be, absterges or cleanses, incarnates [new tissue], drys and heals, almost to a Miracle." It is useful for hollow wounds, ulcers, fistulas and sores. "It is an excellent thing also against Bruises, Cuts or Punctures of the Nerves and Tendons; for it suddenly eases the Pain, and alleviates the Inflammation, and thereby induces the Cure." It also staunches bleeding, making it "effectual against all sorts of Bleedings both inward and outward," so that it "stops the Over-flowing of the Terms in Women, and cures the Bloody-flux, as also all other Fluxes of the Bowels." And it cures "Bruises by Falls or otherwise, whether inwards or outwards." Perserved in oil and applied externally, Lady's Mantle "is a famous thing against a cold Gout, and all Pains or Aches proceeding from a cold Cause in any Part of the Body." "Outwardly applied to the Gout, Sciatica, or other like Pains of the Joints, proceeding from Blows, Over-straining, or the like, it gives Ease, and speedily cures them, adding also Strength to the Part." Female sexual system. One can see how the application of Lady's Mantle in wound-healing would naturally have evolved towards the treatment of female complaints. Its ability to cleanse, remove corruption, infection, inflammation, and excess "humidities" in "hollow wounds" would suggest its use in similar conditions in the vagina. Salmon says, "It is a peculiar thing to stop the Whites in Women, being esteemed more powerful for this Purpose than most other things." For this purpose it is injected into the vagina and taken internally. Lady's Mantle is used for excess menstruation, vaginitis and yeast infection. Since it also has a mild musclestrengthening property, it acts upon the uterus. For this reason it is used in the last three months of pregnancy, as a partus preparator. It is also used for the first few months after delivery, to "slim the figure." Says Salmon, "Inwardly also taken, and outwardly applied to Womens Breasts, which are great and over-much flag, it causes them to grow lesser and hard." It was used to increase fertility. Salmon describes the modus operandi in terms of humoral medicine. "Taken by such Women as are Barren, or have a Slipperiness of the Womb, it is said to cause them to Conceive, and to retain the Birth after Conception, for that it drys up the too great Humidity, and stops the Flux of Humors to the Matrix, and so strengthens the Womb." For this purpose the distilled essence is taken internally for 20-30 days or the woman takes a bath in a decoction of the leaves. Maria Treben recommends Lady's Mantle and Yarrow to help establish healthy menstruation at puberty.
Stomach and Intestines. Salmon recommends tinctures made from wine and vinegar for internal use in complaints involving the stomach and intestines. "Inwardly taken, [the alcoholic tincture] warms and comforts the Bowels, strengthens the inward Parts, expels Wind, and is an excellent Traumatick, is drying and astringent, and therefore good against all Fluxes of the Bowels, Over-flowing of the Terms, and other Weaknesses of the Generative Parts." The tincture made from vinegar has the same virtues, but "it opens the more, and removes Obstructions of Stomach, Liver, Spleen, and other Bowels. . . whereby it effectually stops Vomiting, strengthens the Stomach, and causes a good Appetite and a strong Digestion, but it stops not Fluxes of the Bowels so well as some of the former Preparations." Taken continually all day, so that the amount equals atleast four or five tablespoonfuls, "It is a most excellent thing against a virulent Gonorrhea in Men." (Evidently it dries up the discharge). The oil of Lady's Mantle, taken internally, eases colic, expells wind and opens obstructions of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, expelling gravel, stones and sand, "cleansing them from any Tartarous Mucilage lodged therein." Nourishes the body and strengthens the muscles. Lady's Mantle was used in Europe, somewhat like Raspberry Leaf in America, as a partus preparator, to tone the muscles of the uterus. Maria Treban expanded upon this traditional use. She learned from folk healers in Burgenland, Austria, that Lady's Mantle strengthens the heart muscle. As a result, she applied it to enhance the muscular tone in general. She used it for muscular atrophy, weakness of the muscles, serious and incurable muscular disorders, multiple sclerosis, poor nutrition of the muscles, prolapse of the uterus and hernia. She combined Lady's Mantle with Shepherd's Purse for treatment of prolapse and hernia. Preparation and dosage. Prepare an infusion by pouring a cup of boiling water over a tablespoon of the leaves and steep for 15 minutes. Dose of the tincture, 1-20 drops. Aletris farinosa. Star Grass, Unicorn Root. A member of the Lily family native to wet peat and sand in eastern North America. The roots of Aletris look almost identical to those of Helonias---hence they are called the False and True Unicorn Root, respectively. They were long confused in commerce in the nineteenth century. The specific indications were eventually established with confidence for Helonias; the exact uses of Aletris are still in question. "It has long been held in high repute among the Indians," wrote Prof. Lee, an eclectic. The botanic practitioners used it, but Rafinesque was the first to carefully identify Aletris. "It is believed that no American plant exceeds the Aletris in intense and permanent bitterness. In this respect it is not inferior to aloes or quassia. It seems to be a pure bitter, having also some emetic and cathartic properties. As a tonic stomachic, it is not surpassed by any of our indigenous plants and for this purpose it is extensively employed as a popular remedy and in regular practice. . . . Rafinesque, who seems to have experimented a good deal with it, says, that 'only small doses must be used, because large ones produce nausea, dizziness and narcotic effects, and that the powdered root should not be given in larger doses than twelve
grains. Its uses are the same as gentian and quassia" (Hale, 1867, 55). Allium cepa. Onion. This edible member of the Lily family has been used as a food in the Old World from time immemorial. Its uses as a remedy for respiratory conditions are well established in folk medicine. On its arrival in America it was adopted by the Indians as medicine. I remember one old Indian lady telling me how her family put it on all the windows, to protect themselves against the influenza of 1918. I have heard the same story from white people as well. Chicken soup with onion plays its part yet in the treatment of respiratory conditions. Some laypeople and herbalists resort to placing an onion poultice on the chest, to break up phlegm. Allium cepa is not widely used in professional herbalism, but it received a homeopathic proving and is a remedy of well-established indications in that system of medicine. My experience with Onion started with the homeopathic remedy and indications, but has extended somewhat from there. The bulb of the Onion is a warm, pungent, stimulating and mucilaginous medicine. These properties indicate that it will break up mucus and move it to the surface, open the skin and promote curative perspiration, and sooth irritated mucous membranes. It is used in herbalism as a poultice on the chest to break up catarrh and move it to the surface, but in homeopathy it is used for a too-free discharge from the nose in rhinitis. Allium cepa is specifically indicated in those head colds where there is a free, irritating discharge from the nose which excoriates right under the nostrils as the mucus runs across the skin. With this there is a teary look in the eyes, but the tears are not irritating, as is the nasal discharge. There is often a sore throat with a sensation as of a cracked, splintered feeling in the pharynx, as if tears were held back in the throat. Onion proves the homeopathic maxim that what a remedy causes it will also cure, for Allium cepa causes tears and a too-free discharge from the frontal sinuses, as anyone who has cut up fresh onion can testify. I want to make a curious little observation which I have noticed about the tears of Onion. Little children will often suffer from social rejection by friends, resulting in tears. They are also prone to the typical Allium head cold with the teary eyes and sniffly, too-free, excoriating discharge from the nose. Onion is particularly indicated in patients, whether young or old, who have suffered a social set-back. Occassionally it might be a financial setback. They feel ostracized, lonely, teary, sniffly. This is the look one will see in the eyes of the patient requiring Allium cepa. Occassionally, Allium cepa is called for in adult patients who are suffering from a sense of social alienation and loneliness. It helps them to throw off the layers of separation and rejoin the human family. I remember several cases illustrating this use, but the first one stands out the most, even after the passage of ten years. A friend of mine asked me if there was a remedy he could give for an acquaintence of his who needed help. They lived in a trailer park and there was a lot of socializing in the closely settled neighbor. There was one woman in her late twenties who always hung out on the edge of the group, never feeling secure enough to participate fully and sort leaching energy off people, as my friend explained. She had been abandoned by her husband, who had thoroughly
demoralized her and physically abused their children. She dressed in a dumpy, frumpy manner, paying little attention to her appearance and had dirty, unhealthy skin. I sent him off with Allium cepa 30x. He was a careful observer. Upon administering one dose of three pellets the women's eyes dilated. Within two weeks she was dressing up consciously and had a new boyfriend. I like to say, "get a friend or get an onion." Or, "get an onion and get friendly." Preparation and dosage. Slice a piece of onion into a glass of water and stirr briskly. Have the patient sip the water as needed, refill when necessary. The homeopathic potencies may be used, 3x-200c. The mental symptoms make Allium cepa condusive to use as a flower essence. Allium sativa. Garlic. Garlic grows wild in the Mediterranean area and Near East, but it is widely cultivated as a food. Its use as a food and medicine is prehistoric. It first appears on record in Babylonia and Egypt, five thousand years ago, and has since been used as a culinary and medicinal herb in European, Arabian, Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. The anti-bacterial properties, demonstrated by modern science, made it a good general remedy for internal and external inflammation. The mucilaginous property added a soothing and lubricating virtue. The pungent flavor, dependent on a dash of sulphur, made Garlic a digestive aid and metabolic stimulant. It preserves food from turning rancid and was used before the era of refrigeration, not only to preserve food but to offset the ill-effects of eating rancid nutriment. Modern research has only verified and deepened the numerous traditional uses for this versatile remedy. The widespread availability of Garlic has made it a common folkremedy. It was considered "the poor mans Treacle, that is, a remedy for all diseases" (Parkinson). This is one of the only herbal remedies that has been popular at all times, yesterday and today. Its properties are of such a diverse sort that it is used fairly indescriminately in a wide variety of conditions. The cultivation of garlic has progressed over the centuries. At some early date it was domesticated. Galen found that as a medicine, the wild garlic was stronger than that cultivated specimem---this is usual with herbal remedies. In recent years, varieties of garlic devoid of the famous odor have been bred, making the use of the plant less difficult. The scented variety is still, of course, used in cookery, but the unscented has taken over in herbal medicine. It can be used in large doses without making the breath and skin odorous. There is no doubt, however, that the wild plant would be more robust and medicinal the modern cultivars. "Mars owns this herb," writes Culpeper, because it is hot. "This was anciently accounted the poor man's treacle, it being a remedy for all diseases and hurts (except those which itself breeds.) It provoketh urine and women's courses, helpeth the biting of mad dogs and other venomous creatures; killeth worms in children, cutteth and voideth tough pleghm, purgeth the head, helpeth the lethargy, is a good preservative against, and a remedy for any plague, sore, or foul ulcer; taketh away the spots and blemishes in the skin, easeth pains in the ears, ripeneth and breaketh imposthumes, or other swellings. And for all those diseases the onions are as effectual. But the garlic hath some more peculiar virtues besides the former, viz. it
hath especial quality to discuss inconveniences coming by corrupt agues or mineral vapours, or by drinking corrupt and stinking waters; as also by taking wolf-bane [aconite], hen-bane [hyoscyamus], hemlock [conium], or other poisonous and dangerous herbs. It is also held good in hydropic diseases, the jaundice, falling sickness, cramps, conculsions, the piles or haemorrhoids, or other cold diseases. Many authors quote many diseases this is good for; but conceal its vices. Its heat is very vehement, and all vehement not things send up but ill-favoured vapours to the brain. In choleric men, it will attenuate the humours, and send up strong fancies, and as many strange visions to the head: therefore let it be taken inwardly with great moderation; outwardly you may make more bold with it." The food properties of garlic are well-known. John Evelyn, in his discourse on salads, published in 1699, notes that garlic, "tho by both Spaniards and Italians and the more Southern People familiarly eaten with almonst everything, and esteemed of such singular Vertue to help Concoction [digestion], and thought a Charm against all Indigestion and Poyson (by which it has obtain'd the Name of the Country-man's Thericle) we yet think it more proper for our Northern Rustics, especially living in Uliginous and moist places, or such as use the Sea; Whilst we absolutely forbid it entrance into our Salleting, by reason of its intolerable Rankness, and which made it so detested of old that the eating of it was (as we read) part of the Punishment for such as had committed the horrid'st Crimes." A number of wild Alliums found in America are considered to be "wild garlic," and have been used by the Indian, white and black inhabitants of the continent. They are usually considered to have the same properties, sometimes even in stronger measure due to their wild origins. Properties. The flavor is pungent, the temperature is moderately hot, while the impression is stimulating. It contains a pungent, volatile, antiseptic, diffusive, essential oil containing a large amount of sulphur and mucilage. Grieve notes that that sulphurous compound is so diffusive that the oil, applied to the feet, will shortly be smelt upon the breath. The heating pungent quality provokes secretion and digestion, while the oleus and mucilaginous quality coats and sooths mucous membranes. The effect of garlic is probably first felt upon the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tract, but quickly diffuses throughout the system until all mucousa are soothed, warmed, and stimulated. Thus, Allium sativa is used to remove tenacious mucus from the respiratory tract, stimulate digestion and cleansing in the alimentary tract, removing mucus, accumulations and worms. But the penetrating diffusive quality of Garlic also sinks to a deeper level, stimulating cellular metabolism and cleansing of the cellular environment. This is demonstrated by its ability to protect the body (the cells really) against rancid and impure food. Sulphur is a powerful metabolic stimulant. I call it the "match-stick of the body." It goes around lighting fires, removing metabolic debris, or pockets of combustible material left behind after incomplete metabolism. Its virtue in cleaning the metabolism have led to its use as a spring tonic in folk medicine or in "psoric" diseases in homeopathy. Sulphur removes dirtiness of the skin and system generally. When sulphur is working in the system in balanced harmony and metabolic waste is not being readily generated, it fills a higher function. Rudolf
Steiner says that it is the media through which the higher forces form and shape material bodies in more and more beautiful and harmonious forms. This is also the view of V. C. Rocine, a nutritional therapist who was the mentor of Bernard Jenson. Dr. Rocine considered sulphur to be the remedy of both inner and outer beauty. It cultivated the depth and magnetism of the soul, while refining the physical body. We see this dichotomy of slovenliness and beauty in the Lily family itself, which ranges from the Onions and Garlic to the remarkable Easter Lily, Wood Lily and Mariposa Lilies. On the mental and emotional level Garlic helps people to deal with magnetic energy, freeing them from addictive, abusive patterns, hence its reputation as a preservative against vampires. Although we are inclined to discount the problem of vampirism today, there is no doubt that the primitive and medieval periods saw a certain amount of physical and psychic vampirism. Mental illness and aberant abuse patterns made the myth of the vampire and the werewolf prominent folkloric motifs. During this period Garlic earned a reputation as a shield against vampires as the "poorman's treacle," or universal protector against disease. Poorman's Treacle. The effects of Garlic are most evident upon the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and respiratory system. It removes bacteria, infection and putrid material. It lubricates the mucosa, stimulates secretions and dislodges congealed mucous from the lungs and digestive tract. It cleans and stimulates the membranes of the intestines, removing putridity, infection, bacteria, worms and mucus. It permiates through the fluids of the body, exiting through the breath, perspiration and urine, cleansing the channels of elimination. It also acts upon the circulation, regularizing stresses so as to remove hypertension, high blood pressure, and nervous tension. In addition to these actions upon the larger structures of the body, Garlic also cleanses the cells, removing effete matter from their environment, preserving them against decay and poison, and promoting nutrition. Garlic has a reputation as an "anti-aging" remedy." I do not think that this can be validated from clinical or scientific use, but it can be said that it is atleast rejuvenative, since it is stimulating to so many structures of the body, including the cells. For a possible explanation of anti-aging properties we could turn to Paracelsus, who developed a theory of longevity-remedies. He felt that all substances which were used to preserve foods and corpses against deterioration would also be efficacious in the preservation of the life-force and the promulgation of longevity. These remedies (which he called "elixirs") included sugar, salt and balsams. This idea is further discussed under Melissa, the great balsamic herb. The Paracelsian concept is certainly no worse than anti-aging ideas that make the rounds today. Garlic answers well to the definition of a treacle or universal medicine. It is widely available and is trusted by the general population, since it is a food. Used internally, it acts in a general fashion on the organism, stimulating activity and removing waste-products. Its action on the cellular level make it universal in scope within the human body. Used externally, it is a simple antiseptic. Garlic compresses were used in World War I to curtail the suppuration from wounds, according to Grieve. "Where this treatment has been given, it has been proved that there have been no septic results, and the lives of thousands of men have been saved by its
use." It is the Poorman's Treacle, partly because it is so readily available, and partly because rich people and their doctors dispice cheap, common articles. Garlic formed the principal component in the famous "Four Thieves' Vinegar." During the bubonic plague four men formed a little ring to rob corpses. They anointed themselves with a mixture including Garlic and vinegar which protected them against the contagion. When they were caught they exchanged the knowledge of their formula for freedom from the charges. The "Four Thieves' Vinegar" was subsequently used in France with reported success. It is certainly possible that the frequent consumption of Garlic makes the body more healthy and resistant to infectious diseases. Specific Indications. The fresh cloves are used internally to (1) stimulate the stomach and appetite, improve digestion, and eliminate flatulence, indigestion, nausea and vomting; (2) remove unhealthy bacteria, sepsis, catarrh, accumulation of feces and worms from the intestines, eliminating constipation, intestinal cramps, colitis, dysentery; (3) stimulate the kidneys, promote diuresis and remove fluids and help pass kidney-stones; (4) remove catarrh, bacteria and infection from the respiratory tract, in colds, sinusitis, tonsilitis, sore throat, laryngitis, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, pleurisy, tuberculosis, EENT problems; (5) prevent infection during epidemic diseases, antidote poison, rancid and septic food, preserve during fever; (6) lessen nervous and arterial tension, remove cramps, help in the passage of gall- and kidney-stones; (7) diminish arthritic pain and stiffness. It is specific for congealed mucus in the trachea and at the bifurcation of the tubes, causing a grinding, unpleasant cough as the patient tries to get up mucus; cough loose in the morning and tight at night. External. The fresh cloves are used externally, as a juice, compress or poultice, as an antiseptic. It is also used externally for rheumatism, neuralgia, sciatica and paralysis; for snakebite, hornet and scorpion stings; skin disease, boils, ulcers and tumors; and on the chest for croup, diphtheria and bronchial laryngitis; in the mouth for toothache. Preparation and dosage. The fresh cloves are considered most effective. They can be eaten raw, crushed and used as a tea, juiced, included in food. Parsley masks the smell. The cloves can also be prepared as a poultice or compress for external infections. The oil can also be used for internal and external complaints. Garlic tincture, capsules and tablets are also available, as well as homeopathic potencies. Alnus serrulata. Tag Alder. This is a low shrub found growing in swamps and wet-lands in eastern North America, somewhat resembling a birch, to which it is related. The older literature gives it the name Alnus rubra. It was widely used by the Indians as a blood purifier, anti-periodic, astringent and wound-remedy. The white layity adopted Alder, but it only enjoyed a marginal reputation among professional doctors. Today it has been almost completely forgotten, save by a few remnant Indian practitioners. It is therefore surprizing to read old authors who report that it was extremely popular a hundred and more years ago. "Probably no indigenous remedy has such an extensive popular reputation as an alterative, or more properly, an antipsoric, as the Alnus rubra. It is resorted to by
the country people in nearly all obstinate chronic diseases of the skin or glandular system, and often effects surprising cures after all other rmedies used in regular practice have failed. Botanic physicians extol this article as a 'powerful alterative,' and very valuable in the treatment of rheumatism, erysipelas, gleet, syphilis, gravel, cystitis, etc. Eclectics claim for it 'alterative powers.' Coe says he speaks from large experience, and says: 'We esteem it one of the best simple alteratives and resolvents possible to be employed in scrofula, cutaneous eruptions, and in all affections arising from a vitiated state of the blood and fluids. In order to reap the full value of the Alnuin [concentrated extract], its use must be persevered in for a considerable length of time'" (Hale, 1867, 59). Properties. Fyfe writes that Alder "improves nutrition and increases waste. It also stimulates and increases the secretion of gastric juice, and in this way becomes an efficient remedy in indigestion due to debility of the stomach. In the treatment of skin diseases, either of the eczematous or pustular variety, it has been employed with excellent results, and in glandular enlargements its action has proved corrective. The action of alnus upon the mucous membranes makes it an excellent remedy in nursing sore mouth, and in some cases of passive hemorrhage it has been employed with much benefit. Alnus is slow in its action, and should, therefore, be continued for a considerable length of time." Ben Charles Harris points to the lenticles on the bark, which look like warts on the skin, as a signature for skin diseases. Hale writes, "no proving has been made of this remedy. Beyond the remark that 'the inner bark is an emetic,' I know of no pathogenetic symptoms arising from its use. I have made careful inquiry of those who take it in large doses for a long time, but could not ascertain that it caused any symptoms, except those of a curative nature." Specific Indications. "Suppuration of the lymphatic glands; chronic skin diseases; conditions causing boils; breaking down of surfaces, resulting in ulcerations of the skin, mouth and throat; eczematous conditions" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, if it can be obtained, 1-60 drops (Fyfe). Otherwise, a decoction of the bark, which "is easily acted on by water" (Cook). Aloe barbadensis. Aloe vera. Medicine Plant. Often grown as a house-plant, Aloe vera is widely recognized as a medicinal herb and is frequently used by home-owners as a first-aide remedy for superficial burns, bruises and cuts. It is a member of the Lily family native to the dessert and widely cultivated in Texas and Mexico. The medicinal species is the barbadensis. This is distinguished by white spots on the leaves which dissappear with maturity. Only plants which are four years or older have medicinal potency. The hard skin of the leaf is cut open to reveal the gel-like substance inside. This is used externally on burns, cuts and bruises. The hard skin supplies a bitter yellow substance, which moves the bile and the bowels. Taken internally, this yellow substance is moderately purgative and stimulates uterine contraction, removing constipation and pelvic congestion. It should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The clear gel, taken internally, has a general nutritive and cleansing faculty. Alpinia officinarum. Galangal.
A member of the Ginger family native to the East Indies, long used in professional medicine in Europe, the Middle East, India and China. It has been used since ancient times as a remedy for the gastro-intestinal tract. The pungent volatile oils remove flatulence, spasm and stagnation. Its use in cardio-vascular problems may be exclusively credited to St. Hildegard von Bingen. Because of its warming and stimulating effect it is also used to dispell swollen lymph nodes and uterine fibroids. It is "a prompt diffusive," writes William Cook. "An infusion is useful in arousing the circulation, prompting general and outward warmth, restoring suddently suppressed menstruation, breaking up colds, etc." (Cook, 1896, 11). Properties. The flavor is pungent, the temperature is hot, the impression diffusive. Galangal gives an overall impression like a cross behind its cousin Ginger and Cayenne Pepper. It is similar in property to both these herbs, being a spicey, heating agent which stimulates the digestion and circulation. Digestive tract. Atonic, depressed states of the gastro-intestinal tract, with fermentation, flatulence, and dyspepsia. In Chinese herbalism it is used to expel cold and dampness from the digestive tract, the symptoms of which are lack of appetite, hiccup, diarrhea, vomiting and epigastric pain. Circulation. Like Cayenne Pepper, Galangal stimulates the circulation, opening the capillaries and taking the weight of stagnate blood supply off the heart. Therefore, it can also be used in the incipient stages of heart-attack, to decongest the heart. In Germany it is classified as an official medicine for this purpose. It is a "very potent, quick-acting heart pain reliever. This friend and helper protects against angina pectoris, heart attacks, and gall bladder attacks caused by gastro-cardial pressure after heavy meals" (Strehlow and Hertzka). Female organs. Removes swellings and stagnation from the female tract, such as lymphatic swellings, suppressed menstruation and uterine fibroids (Priest and Priest), in patients with depressed digestion and circulation. Preparation and dosage. The dried root is available through commerce. Chop it up, infuse by pouring a pint of water over an ounce of the herb, steep 15 minutes and drink slowly. Formulae. With Dioscorea for flatulent dyspepsia; with Matricaria and Zingiberis for suppressed menstruation; with Phytolacca and Trifoleum for lymphatic swellings. Althaea officinalis. Marshmallow. Members of the Mallow or Malvaceae family are distinguished by the presence of mucilage. Various members are valued throughout the world in herbal medicine. This includes Velvet Leaf (Abutilon theophrasti), Blue Malva, Globe Mallow, Holly Hock, Low Mallow (Malva neglecta), Okra and Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). They are have similar, almost identical properties, but the last is considered officinal in botanical medicine. It is one of the principal mucilages, along with Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) and Comfrey (Symphytum). The leaves and especially the roots are used; sometimes the flowers. Marshmallow figures in herbal medicine from the most ancient times. Hippocrates, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Plinius and Galen render accounts of the plant. Culpeper notes: "Hippocrates used to give the decoction of the roots, or the juice thereof, to drink, to those that are wounded, and ready to faint through loss of
blodd; and applied the same mixed with honey and rosin to the wounds. As also, the roots boiled in wine to those that have received any hurt by bruises, falls, or blows, or had any bone or member out of joint, or any swelling pain, or ach in the muscles, sinews, or arteries." Properties. The flowers, seed, leaves and roots are high in mucilage and mildly anti-inflammatory. The leaves and roots are the parts principally used in herbal medicine. They have similar effects. Marshmallow is useful in all inflammatory and ulcerative conditions of the digestive tract, sometimes as a specific, and sometimes as a general soothing mucilage. It is useful in inflammation of the mouth, stomach, gastritis, peptic ulcer, enteritis and colitis. Marshmallow root is used by itself, or mixed with Comfrey root or Slippery Elm bark, to make ointments for the skin. Marshmallow is used for irritating coughs and rough sore throat, bronchitis and respiratory congestion, urethritis and gravel in the urine. Culpeper treats Common Mallow (Malva neglecta) and Marshmallow in the same account, but states that "the marshmallows are more effectual." They seem to have been one of his favorite remedies, for he gives an extensive account and tops it off with a case history (see Malva). He used various preparations of the flowers, seeds, leaves, juice and roots, cooked in wine, milk, sugar or water. I have followed Culpeper, for color and because of the completeness of his account. Culpeper mentions only one use which points to a deeper, homeopathic application of the Marshmallow. "If the feet be bathed or washed with the decoction of the leaves, roots, and flowers, it helpeth much the defluction of rheum from the head." In other words, congestion of the head is cleared by small or infinitesimal doses of Marshmallow. As a mucilage, Marshmallow is not ordinarily used for congestion, but for irritation. Here we see an opposite, or purely homeopathic use of Althaea. Respiratory tract. Marshmallow has long been used as a soothing agent for irritable coughs, especially in children. Culpeper says, "The decoction of the seed of any of the common mallows made in milk or wine, doth marvellously help excoriation, the phthisic, pleurisy, and other diseases of the chest and lungs, that proceed of hot causes, if it be continued taking for some time together. The leaves and roots work with the same effects." Also, "for coughs, hoarseness, shortness of breath and wheezings." Digestive tract. The leaves, roots and flowers are soothing to irritable, inflammed surfaces of the stomach and intestines. They "are with good success used by them that have excoriations in the guts, or the bloody flux, by qualifying the violence of sharp, fretting humours, easing the pains, and healing the soreness." They "help to open the body, and are very convenient in hot agues, or other distempers of the body. . . . It not only voideth hot, choleric, and other offensive humours, but easeth the pains and torments of the belly coming thereby; and are therefore used in all clysters conducing to those purposes." Swollen glands, organs and tissues. "A poultice made of the leaves boiled and bruised, with some bean or barley flour, and oil of roses added, is an especial remedy against all hard tumours and inflammations, or imposthumes, or swellings of the cods [testicles], and other parts, and easeth the pains of them; as also against
the hardness of the liver or spleen, being applied to the places." Also, "for the imposthumes of the throat, commonly called the king's evil, and of those kernels that rise behind the ears, and inflammations or swellings in women's breasts." The same may be laid upon the eyes, to "taketh away the imposthumations of them." Sexual-urinary tract. The leaves and roots are used to "ease all pains of the body, opening the strait passages, and making them slippery, whereby the stone may descend the more easily, and without pain, out of the reins, kidneys, and bladder, and to ease the torturing pains thereof." Likewise, they lubricate the passage of the child in delivery (cf. Slippery Elm). "The juice drank in wine, or the decoction of them therein, do help women to a speedy and easy delivery." And they are used by nursing women to "procureth them store of milk." External affections. "The leaves bruised or rubbed upon any place stung with bees, wasps, or the like, presently take away the pains, redness, and swelling that rise thereupon." "The juice of mallows boiled in oil and applied, taketh away all roughness of the skin, as also the scruf, dandriff, or dry scabs in the head, or other parts, if they be anointed therewith, or washed with the decoction, and preserveth the hair from falling off. It is also effectual against scaldings and burnings, St. Anthony's fire, and all other hot, red, and painful swellings in any part of the body." If the head be washed with a decoction of the leaves, roots or flowers, "it stayeth the falling and shedding of the hair." As a gargle, "to wash, cleanse, or heal any sore mouth or throat in a short time." Preparation and dosage. The root is made into a decoction by boiling a teaspoonful in a cup of water for 10-15 minutes. Take three times a day. For stomach problems and peptic ulcer it is better to swallow the capsules, as directly reach the stomach. A tablet would be preferrable for intestinal problems, but there may not be one on the market. Mucilage extracts and keeps poorly in alcohol, so Althaea is less effective as a tincture. To make an infusion of the leaf, pour a cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the dried leaf and steep for 10 minutes; drink three times a day. Formula. An ancient and widely used formula for soothing the skin and opening and dispersing swellings was 1 part Marshmallow root, 1 part Fenugreek seed, 1 part Linseed, prepared for external use. Comparison. Malva neglecta, Symphytum, Ulmus rubra, Foenograecum. Ambrosia artemisiafolia. Ragweed. This is a familiar and a widespread inhabitant of North America. The insignificant little flowers hang down unobtrusively from the stalk, but they are the source of the pollen which makes late summer so uncomfortable to so many hayfever sufferers. For a long time Goldenrod, which sends forth pretty yellow flowers at the same time, was blamed for this condition, but the true culpit with eventually identified. The name Ambrosia, meaning "nector of the Gods," refers to the profuse pollen. Ambrosia was little used in herbal medicine. The leaves are somewhat bitter and stimulate secretion from the mucous membranes. When it was discovered in the late nineteenth century that Ambrosia was the cause of hayfever, Dr. Charles Millspaugh, a homeopath practicing in New York City, the author of American Medicinal Plants, which we have drawn upon in this book, determined to use Ambrosia according to the principal of like-treats-like, as a remedy for hayfever. It
turns out that it works excellently, not only for most cases of Ragweed hayfever, but for those cases which are similar. Hayfever is a common complaint in Minnesota, and I have used this remedy for hayfever, probably more than a hundred times, usually with success. This has given me the opportunity to observe its actions closely. I have learned about the mental state to which Ambrosia corresponds. It may be used like a flower essence remedy for those who feel unappreciated. The Ambrosia person is one who entertains a higher ideal or view of the world, and attempts to share this with society. The latter, unfortunately, is not always ready to receive this gift, and the person feels rejected and unappreciated. "Cast not your pearls before swine" should be the Ambrosia motto. I have many times treated people who felt they were unappreciated with this remedy. It has helped them emotionally, as well as physically. These symptoms have been confirmed by my friend, homeopath Kathy Thorngren. She adds that the Ambrosia person often has deeply perceptive and sensitive eyes. Ambrosia is also the remedy for those who have received bounteously, but do not appreciate what they have. It is an excellent remedy for "coke-sniffers nose," or swelling of the nasal turbinates caused by sniffing coke. Cocaine-use is common among people who have received wealth too freely. It is, as someone said, "God's cure for too much money." Respiratory tract. The respiratory passages are the seat of action for Ambrosia, both as an allergen, and as a medicine. It is particularly well suited to patients who have swollen, as well as irritated mucous membranes---in the eyes, sinuses, nose or bronchial tubes. The eyes are not just irritated, but often look blood-shot---the vessels are swollen. There is burning, smarting, itching and lachrymation. "Intolerable itching of the eyelids," writes Boericke. The internal nasal membranes are irritated, swollen and puffy. This results in an alteration of the voice, so that it has a nasal quality. The area in and around the turbinates is involved. There is a puffed up look about the root of the nose. "Stuffed up feeling of nose and head." Irritation sets up a watery discharge, accompanied by sneezing. This sort of swelling and irritation of the mucous membranes typically occurs from hayfever, but it is also common in people who sniff cocaine, or formerly have done so. Such patients have the same swollen condition of the turbinates found in those who have hayfever. These conditions of swelling and irritation can extend further down the respiratory tract into the trachea and bronchial tubes, which may become glutted with mucous. This condition causes sporadic attacks of wheezing, coughing and asthma. The respiratory tract in it's entirity may become stopped up. Millspaugh used it especially in cases where the bronchial tubes were glutted with mucus during hayfever season. When the tubes are swollen and glutted it is an excellent remedy. The characteristic pulse is wiry and slippery (personal experience). Preparation and dosage. I have had good success with the lower homeopathic potencies, 3x, 6x, 12x, 6c, 9c, and so forth. In a few instances in which no homeopathic remedy was available, I have recommended that the leaf be eaten. This has also proved effectual. Amomum cardamonmum. Cardamon Seed.
The flavor is pungent, the temperature is warm, and it is aromatic from the presence of volatile oils. Cardamon is one of many herbs with these attributes which are used to remove flatulence from the stomach in mild cases. The principle symptoms are lack of appetite, distension in the epigastrium, fullness or constriction in the chest, and a very greasy coating on the tongue (Bensky). A pinch of the seeds may be taken, as needed. Ampelopsis. Virginia Creeper. This is a common vine which grows throughout the United States on large trees, walls and houses. It has been transplanted to Europe and elsewhere, thriving in a temperate climate. The Indians used Virginia Creeper as a food and a minor medicine. "It has long been known in domestic practice, where it is considered an analogue of the Alnus rubra and as a general alterative in chronic diseases," writes Hale. "No proving of the Woodbine has yet been made, nor has it been used in homeopathic practice. All that we know concerning its effects comes to us through the medium of the people and eclectic practitioners." It is all but forgotten today. In small doses Ampelopsis stimulates secretion, resulting in increased salivation, digestion, glandular and renal function. It encourages reabsorption, so that the body takes up fluids through the lymphatics and rids them through the kidneys. In large doses it acts as a hydrogogue cathartic. As it acts upon the digestion, lymphatics, intestines and kidneys, it has a generally cleansing or alterative faculty. Hence, it is useful for skin conditions, swollen glands (scrofula), secondary syphilis, bronchitis, asthma and respiratory congestion and rheumatism. Coe, an eclectic, says that it "does its work kindly, silently, yet surely" (Hale, 1867, 63). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The bark and young twigs are used by decoction or tincture. The standard dosage is small. Comparison. Alnus serrulata, Galium aparine. Anchusa tinctoria. Alkanet. Alkanet member of the Borage or Comfrey family native to the Old World. It has been used in Arabic and European medicine for centuries, but is little known in America. The name "anchusa" comes from the Greek for paint because the root produces a deep red dye. It was used in pharmacy to give tinctures a red color. Properties. The ancient authors classified Alkanet as cold, dry and binding (astringent), indicating that it was a remedy for bleeding and fluid-flow associated with heat. The red tincture was taken as a signature for wounds. The yellow to purplish-blue flower and the red dye of the root are signatures indicating an application in diseases of the bloodstream, liver, gall bladder, spleen and kidneys (Harris). John of Arden, an early English physician mentioned by Chaucer, gave a recipe which became famous in English medicine. It was designed to treat wounds made by weapons and deep thrusts resulting in nerve-injury. It removes the pain and tendency to convulsions and wound-fever. An ointment is made from 3-4 oz of Alkanet root, 40 clean, well boiled earthworms, and 2 lb. of olive oil. The traditional indications for Anchusa were summarized by Gerard, Culpeper and Salmon. The latter wrote in 1709 that Anchusa "is binding and strengthening, and stops Fluxes of all kinds, and allays the heat of Choler." It is good for healing "Wounds, running Sores and old Ulcers, prevails against the
Yellow Jaundice, the Spleen, Agues, and Diseases of the Reins and Bladder: it is good against all sorts of Inflammations, burning Heats, Erysipelas, and the bitings of Venomous Beasts." In addition, "It strengthens a weak Back, and is good against Fits of the Mother [uterine contractions]. . . and stops the Whites in Women." Anchusa seems to be analogous to Achillea: it is suited to septic conditions and violent wounds which penetrate to a deep level, resulting in nerve injury, septic infection, heat entering the blood, and skin eruptions. Culpeper says that it "is as gallant a remedy to drive out the small-pox and measles as any is." This testimony from a man who must have treated thousands of cases of small pox in the slums of London. Preparation and dosage. The red dye of the root extracts in alcohol and oil, but only produces an unimpressive, dull brownish hue in water. It is usual, therefore, to use the first two media. Culpeper recommended making the decoction in wine. The decoction is made by simmering 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the root in a cup of wine. Dose of the tincture, 5-10 drops. Anethum graveolus. Dill. A member of the Umbellifera, or Parsley family, native to southern Europe, but cultivated much more extensively. Similar to Caraway, Fennel and Anise Seed. It was used by the ancient Greeks and other Mediterranean people, and is mentioned by Dioscorides and Plinius. Dill exercizes a mild, soothing influence upon the stomach, and is used in both culinary and medicinal herbalism. Because of its mild qualities it is used with infants to promote digestion, expel gas, and sooth the nervous system. Angelica archangelica. There are about a dozen members of the Angelica genus scattered throughout the Northern hemisphere, in Europe, North America, and Asia. They are members of the Umbellifera family, sharing with their relatives the usual light, airy appearance, the pungent, bitter taste, the high cotent of volatile oils, and the aromatic fragrance. Angelica was a focal point of interest among the European pagans and the semi-pagan Catholics of the middle ages. It was associated with angels and divine visions and healings. There are two principal species of Angelica in northern Europe. Angelica archangelica grows wild in the Baltic states, Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, Scotland and Iceland. The sylvestris, grows wild in a range slightly to the south of this. The archangelica is more easily obtained and possesses a higher content of volatile oils, therefore, it has been considered the officinal species in herbal medicine. Father Sebastian Kneipp, however, cites the sylvestris as his remedy, perhaps because it was more plentiful in southern Germany. Angelica archangelica can be grown in North America. It is similar to the native American species, A. atropurpurea. Properties. The flavor of the root is pungent and bitter, the temperature is warm, and the impression is diffusive, aerating and drying. The overall taste is pleasing and comforting. A nibble causes the mind to relax and the imagination to step foreward a notch, producing a slightly altered state. It has the kind of mindaltering properties which are associated with stomach remedies (Wood Betony, Yerba Santa, St. John's Wort, etc.) By stimulating and soothing the solar plexus, an impulse is sent through the nervous system which registers in the brain. Angelica
acts as a pungent aromatic remedy which "aerates" the stomach, lungs and skin. It removes flatulence and tension from the stomach, clears the lungs of dampness and mucus, and opens the pores of the skin, inducing perspiration. It is warming and drying, not only to the stomach and lungs, but in the joints, removing rheumatic tendencies. We turn to Culpeper for an overview of the medicinal uses of Angelica. He says it "eases all pains and torments coming of cold and wind." In the digestive sphere this includes colic, tension, bloating, flatulence and constipation. He says it is a remedy "for a surfeit" at the table. Wind and cold close the pores of the skin, thus it is an important remedy in intermittent chill, or chills alternating with fever. "The decoction drank before the fit of an ague [recurrent chill], that the patient may sweat before the fit comes, will, in two or three times taking, rid it quite away." Cold and wind close the "pores of the lungs," so to speak, so that breathing is impeded, resulting in moist phlegm and pleurisy. It "helps the pleurisy, as also all other diseases of the lungs and breasts, as coughs, phthisic, and shortness of breath." Like many respiratory tract remedies, Angelica has an effect upon the eyes, ears, nose and throat. "The juice, or the water, being dropped into the eyes or ears, helps dimness of sight and deafness." (Culpeper fails to mention its use in sore throat and nasal congestion, which appears in other sources). In addition, its opening and discussive powers ease "the stranguary and stoppage of the urine, procures women's courses, and expels the after-birth [and] opens the stoppings of the liver and spleen." Culpeper also records its traditional use in epidemic diseases and the plague. Specific Indications. Mental dullness. Yellow, pasty complexion. Indigestion, loss of appetite, flatulence, and colic. Chills and fever. Congestion of the lungs. Damp mucus. Cold and damp conditions. Preparation and dosage. The bulk herb, root, leaf, seed and stalk are used in herbalism. The officinal preparation is made from the root. Homeopathic potencies can be obtained for both the archangelica and the atropurpurea. Comparison. The Chinese herb Tang Kwei, Angelica sinensis, is often compared to A. archangelica. The Asian species is, however, a more dense and heavy root, without light, airy properties. As a consequence, it is suited to breaking-up stagnant blood and qi, giving it a different set of uses. The American species, A. atropurpura, is similar in appearance and properties to the European. Apocynum androsaemifolium. Spreading Dogsbane, Medicine Lodge Root, Werewolf Root. This is one of the most powerful plants known to the m'dewewin, or Grand Medicine Society of the Anishanabe (Ojibwe) Indians. It is so commonly identified with the society among the Ojibwe that its common name is "Medicine Lodge Root." Knowledge of it's properties is reserved for initiates of the fourth degree (Huron Smith, 1932) and cannot be communicated to the general public. It is a member of the Apocynaceae family, which are cousins to the Milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae). The root of Apocynum androsaemifolium grows straight down about a foot, splits in two and makes a ninety degree turn, growing to the north and south. Ojibwe medicine people consider the "elbow of the root" to be the most powerful part of the plant (Densmore, 1918). The above ground parts of the plant also
manifest a tendency to the production of ninety degree angles as the branches leave the stems. The branches culminate in the flowers which give rise to the seed-pods. These hang down in pairs which look like pincers. When one of my apprentices first saw them, she let out a gasp. "The pincers of death," she exclaimed. "I'll never forgot what this means." The square and pincers are the signature indicating the properties of Medicine Lodge Root. It is said that the square or ninety degree angle is not known in nature. It is always associated with man-made activities, or the work of the conscious mind upon nature. Medicine Lodge Root is the one of the only things in nature which produces a ninety degree angle. (The mature stems of Chelidonium also begin to assume this shape, but not as distinctly). Medicine Lodge Root points to the interaction of the conscious mind or will with the natural or Divine order of things. The m'dewiwin use Medicine Lodge Root as an emblem of the Grand Medicine Society, just as the Masons use the compass and square as their insignia. Medicine Lodge Root is the remedy for those who need to make a ninety degree turn, or they will go down the tubes, spiritually or physically. The motto of this plant is imprinted on those who have come under its wings: "I will never be the same again." Medicine Lodge Root is the remedy for those whom death has already grabbed. Physical death can be expelled, but only if one is willing to go through spiritual death. The deeper knowledge about Medicine Lodge Root could hardly be communicated by the Indian medicine men to the rabble of pioneers swarming over the Indian homeland. However, the more external qualities of the plant were utilized by a small number of American herbalists. Apocynum androsaemifolium received some attention in the literature of physio-medicalism and homeopathy, but it is not considered an important remedy. It has a significant level of toxicity, which precludes easy administration. In the discussion of this powerful medicine plant we would do well to begin with the more superficial uses and proceed to the more deep and spiritual level. Strengthens the gall bladder and expels the bile. Samuel Thomson was one of the early "root doctors" who utilized Dogbane. "It is one of the greatest correctors of the bile," he writes in his materia medica. "For regulating the bowels and removing a costive state, its operations are admirable." He also mentions it's use in edema, but this is due to his inclusion of Apocynum cannabinum in the same batch. "We have gathered the two indiscriminately, compounded them together, and dealt them out as one and the same thing." This is quite a mistake; the cannabinum is a powerful diuretic, while the androsaemifolium is not. Apocynum and. was hardly used by the eclectics, allopaths and homeopaths, but it's properties were developed by Thomson's followers. A precious account is rendered by Dr. William Cook, in The Physio-Medical Dispensatory (1869). "Most of its action is expended upon the gall-ducts, gall-cyst, and tubuli of the liver," he writes. It stimulates the strength of these structures, so that they can excrete better, rather than stimulating the manufacture of bile. It is not a cholagogue, but improves tone. "By it's action on the biliary passages, it secures a free discharge of the bile, thus unloading the gall-cyst and relieving turgescence of the liver." It is useful "in all cases where a sallow skin, clammy and yellow tongue, and clayThe Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks Matthew Wood - Page 55
colored or dark faeces, indicate deficient excretory action of these ducts." He says one would think of using cholegogues in such cases, but these are inappropriate. "Most of these cases, with their long train of gastric and nervous symptoms, usually pass under the general term of 'biliousness,' and are treated by hepatics." But this is not appropriate, he says. The need is for tonification, placing the emphasis on strengthening the gall ducts, rather than on bilious purges which would weaken them further. Cook also notes the strengthening effects it has on the muscules and mucous membranes coating the stomach and bowels. He gives excellent general symptoms upon which to prescribe the remedy. "It is best fitted for sluggish cases, where the pulse and the sensibilities are below normal; and this class of jaundiced patients sometimes need no other article. When feverishness, a hard pulse, and pain, are present, it it not an appropriate agent." Homeopathic uses. One of the few homeopaths who gives evidence of having used this remedy was Dr. Samuel Lilienthall, of New York. In his Special Therapeutics (1880) he mentions "Apocynum andro." as a remedy for arthritis and rheumatism. This is certainly an area where it has important properties, especially in the sort of rheumatoid arthritis which borders on lupus, where there are great pains, changing from one part of the body to another, amid general deterioration of the system. Boericke gives a summation of the homeopathic knowledge, but it is so slight that these symptoms need hardly be mentioned here. A better collection of symptoms was obtained from accidental provings on myself and a patient. When I first became interested in Medicine Lodge Root, I inadvertantly smeared some sap on my hands while picking the plant. The effect was almost unbelievable. In a short time I felt a splitting in my head, as if a wedge had been driven down through the vertex into the center of the brain. In a few hours this symptom had progressed to the level where I felt as if the "pincers of the mind" had been twisted completely out of shape by the enormous force entering my head. Increasingly, I could not exercize the "pincers of my mind." I could not focus on anything without increasing the pain. At the same time, I could not focus my eyes. It felt as if the bones of my face were being bent at 90 degree angles. I had a sensation in the elbows and knees, as if I had fallen on a hard surface---he way one feels after falling on an elbow on the hard ice. The headache became stronger and stronger over the next 24 hours, until I was incapacitated. I lay motionless with my head between the bed and the wall, unable to think. Suddenly, a thought flashed across my mind. "I will never be the same again." Just then, the headache started to improve. All the symptoms disappeared after several days, except that my eyes never went back into focus. I had to get a new prescription for eyewear. The first patient I used Apocynum and. on was suffering from was then diagnosed as lupus. Blood-tests eventually showed that she had Lyme Disease. I'm really not sure what the real problem was, but it was killing her. She had severe rheumatic pains, and was allergic to just about everything, influding her own hormones. Unfortunately, she was addicted to cortisone, which she was periodically trying to get away from. She had wrinkled, yellow complexion, looking much beyond her years, suffered total exhaustion. She experienced tremendous aggravation on trying to reduce the cortisone by half a millegram. We both felt, without saying as much, that her days were numbered, unless the adrenals kicked
in. I had an intuition about Apocynum and. I had tried to obtain it from a homeopathic pharmacy, but after a few unsuccessful tries I gave up. I had only a flower essence I had made when I proved the plant on myself. Even this was too powerful, and produced an severe aggravation. The patient survived and was able to completely get off the cortisone in a few months, with the help of a single dose. Her adrenals kicked in and she is relatively healthy and functional, five years later. Since this time I have several times seen Apocynum and. prove helpful in cortisone dependence, collagen disease, and Lyme Disease. Here are the symptoms produced during the aggravation. She took one drop of the flower essence, into which some of the sap had exudated. Lack of control of the mind. Strange confusion, as if she didn't know whether she should breath in or out. She had to distract her mind so that she could breath. Feared she would die, thought "I will never be the same again." (This phrase came to her independently). Thought the medicine would kill her. Confusion, dull-minded, despair, with headache. Dull but intense headache focused on the center of the brain, so that she could not think. Pressure and burning in the throat. Feeling of despair emanating from the throat. Neck felt as if grasped by a hand. Stiff, tense, rigid. Tightness, pressure in the chest, with difficult breathing, felt as if the wind was knocked out of her lungs by a sudden blow. Sensation of edema around heart, with occassional attacks of cardiac arrhythmia. Nausea in the stomach. Urination more than usual, followed by scantiness and retention. Stools moderately loose, then dry. Chills alternating with heat. Broke out in a sweat, like an adrenalin rush. Three days of prostration following the dose, during which she felt like she was not in her body. Burning, stiff, sore joints, muscles, and bones, especially of the forearms. Tingling of hands and forearms. "Buzzing" in all the joints. "The high impact remedy." These symptoms suggest that Apocynum and. should be of value in high impact injuries: blows to the head, falls on the ice, impacts on elbows and knees, and having the wind knocked out of the lungs. I have verified all of these uses since the provings mentioned above took place. Here are several case histories. (1) A twenty-two year old man complained of headache, as if there was a wedge in the middle of his head. The sensation reminded him of how he felt when he fell on the ice and hit his head, six months earlier. He was standing on the rink when his feet suddenly went out from under him. The side of his head caught the full impact of the fall. The next thing he remembered was standing, talking to his friends. Since that time he experienced this headache at different times. Apocynum and. 6x, one dose, cured permanently. (2) A twentyeight year old woman who had been chronically ill for nine years took a dose of Medhorrhinum 10m (not administered by myself). She experienced a terrific reaction: headache, difficulty concentrating, had to concentrate on her breathing, in order to make sure that it was taking place, felt tightness in the chest, as if the wind had been knocked out of her. The condition had been going on for seventy-two hours. Apocynum and. 12x, 1 dose, stopped the ill-effects within an hour. (3) A fifty-seven year-old woman was becoming progressively debilitated since a fall on the ice six months earlier. Total prostration, splitting headache, with profuse perspiration. The skin was slightly yellow. When the fall occurred she dragged herself up, feeling it was a miracle that she was still conscious. "I had to control my
mind," she said, "in order to remain conscious," so that she could walk the six blocks home with her granddaughter. Apocynum and. 30x, several doses, aggravated the perspiration and exhaustion. It also brought on a slight fever. After three days she was much improved, and was able to return to work for the first time in two weeks. No return of the problem. (4) A fifty-four year-old woman complained of swollen glands in the posterior chain of lymphatics under the right ear. She had conjunctivitis of the right eye with gummy, yellow exudate the day before. Some pain in front of the right ear. The lymphatics were becoming very painful. I was quite surprized when I took the pulse. In inflammatory conditions we would expect a fast pulse, but hers was weak and slow, so I suspected that there was some unusual etiology behind the condition. The only remedies I know of which have this type of pulse are the two Apocynums, but the cannabinum usually has edema with pitting around the vein as well. I asked the patient if she had fallen on the side of her head. Twenty years previously she had been in a car accident, in which the right side of her head came to rest against a telephone pole. When she woke she felt a dent in the temple. I asked if she feel like she is undergoing a profound change at the present time? Yes. Apocynum and. 6c was given with prompt removal of physical symptoms. It also helped her make the profound change. "Werewolf Root." The highest impact of all occurs "when death enters the aura." I don't want to give the impression that I see auras, but this is the phrase that best explains what I have experienced. Medicine Lodge Root is indicated is patients who have been so deeply impacted that death has set its pincers into their physical and energetic bodies. They may go on for years, or they may be headed for a quick termination, but the Grim Reaper has put his hand upon them, and the sensitive therapist can sense this presence. My friend Susan, mentioned elsewhere, suffered for many years from Crohn's Disease, which was rapidly working its way to a fatal conclusion. Among other things, she had racked up a hundred and fifty thousand dollars in medical bills, lost a third of her small intestine and had been in a coma for three months. She was daily hemorrhaging from the intestines. A cold decoction of Calamus root, administered by Robert Gallagher of Present Moment Herbs, stopped the bleeding in twenty-four hours, but she still felt "like a shadow," like a piece was missing. She had to make a complete and total change in her life. At one point I gave her Apocynum androsaemifolium 6x. One day we were having lunch and I exclaimed, "Susan, death is coming out of your aura---right now." She took this the wrong way--she was in denial about how sick she really was---and complained about this statement for a long time. About four years later I received thanks from her. She was at the hospital visiting a seriously ill patient when she was struck by the fact that she herself had been far sicker than most of the people she saw there. She knew it was a miracle she had survived and that death had indeed been her companion for a time. This medicine penetrates to the essence and core of our spiritual life, where we are either free in spirit like a wolf, or mastered like a dog. Dogbane (as it is traditionally called) kills the dog in us and brings the wolf to life, hence I call it Werewolf Root. My friend Tismal almost frothed at the mouth for a few minutes as
he dilated on the use of Dogbane in Europe to induce lycanthropy in humans. He felt that this was a vestige of the tradition of shape-changing, known in the Indian world. Werewolf Root penetrates to the root of total transformation in an individual. This nexus is situated at the adrenal glands, or the "life fire gate," to use the Chinese folk-medical term. This is the location where the spirit comes into incarnation. It leaves a little flame or spark, which is on loan for the duration of the lifetime. The decisions we make during our life are registered here and collected by the spirit at death. Medicine Lodge Root, with its forked root, corresponds to the fork in the path where we must always choose between spiritual life and death. It is helpful for people who are hung up at this juncture. From its root in the adrenals, Apocynum androsaemifolium extends its influence up through the organism to the gall bladder. This organ is the seat of the conscious mind, or corresponds to self-conscious ego we would normally place in the brain (though where it is, is anyone's guess). The gall bladder is looked upon as "a general who excells in strategy" in traditional Chinese medicine. It is associated with Capricorn, the sign of the conscious ego, in Western astrology. Werewolf Root works out the imbalances between the immortal spirit and the mortal self. Here's a case history that illustrates these tendencies. I was visiting with some friends in Michigan when one of them had an asthmatic attack. She had been having this since childhood and I had never been able to get the right remedy, and had never seen an attack. My eyes almost popped out of my head when I saw that "death had entered the aura" during the attack. The patient readily agreed. She had been having these symptoms ever since a bizarre occurence in her childhood. One moment she was lying in her bed and the next moment she was at the window, looking at a wolf- or fox-like figure standing on two hind legs, dressed in a little vest, with arms crossed. The being turned and looked at her with gleaming yellow eyes. She was shocked. From this time on she experienced severe asthmatic attacks. She also determined that the wolf-being was standing in a location that was not observable from the window, and suspected that she had an "out of the body" experience. If this did not call for "Werewolf Root," nothing did. I gave her Apocynum andro. 12x. Her husband later commented, "I have never seen anything stop Ellen's asthmatic attacks as fast in fifteen years." I saw them two months later and something had changed in Ellen. She seemed more relaxed and comfortable. Asthma was much less bothersome, though not completely cured. Preparation and dosage. This plant cannot be considered safe in material doses. I recommend the homeopathic potencies, 3x to 30x and 3c to 30c. Apocynum cannabinum. Indian Hemp. The Indians used the fiber of this plant to make rope. It was also a powerful medicine for strengthening the kidneys and removing edema. The pioneers learned about the remedy from the Indians. By 1800 it had already attracted the attention of such physicians as there were in our fledgling Republic. It was used by Dr. Benjamin Rush, despite his proclivity for blootletting and purging. When Constantine Hering, the father of American homeopathy, first arrived in New York in 1828, he was greeted by Dr. John Gray, the first American convert to the "new school." They took a walk on the north side of Manhattan Island, which was then
rural farmland. Dr. Gray pointed this plant out as an indigenous species worthy of a homeopathic proving (Hempel, Jahr's Symptomen-Codex , 1848). It was subsequently proven, both in America and Great Britain. Dr. E. M. Hale gave an extensive treatment of Apocynum cann. in New Remedies. The indications upon which Apocynum cann. is prescribed in homeopathy differ little from how it was used by the Indians, pioneers and botanical and conventional physicians. All schools used it as a diuretic in cold, pallid, tired patients suffering edema associated with adrenal insufficiency. It is one of the best remedies in this disorder. Properties. The early authors tended to view Apocynum cann. primarily as a kidney remedy. Ellingwood stated his opinion that it was more through its action on the heart that the remedy worked, and that it was appropriate in cardiac edema concomittent with weakness of the kidneys. Experimentation by an allopath, Dr. Horatio C. Wood, indicated that the action was upon the heart and circulation as a whole. The doctrine of signatures indicates a connection to both the heart and the kidneys. The stalk of the cannabinum rises up with few branches. The leaves lie in neat, alternating, rhythmic pairs along the stalk. Such rhythmicity is common to plants with cardio-vascular activity (Digitalis, Convallaria, Leonorus). By contrast, the stalks of Apocynum androsaemifolium branch at 90 degree angles, causing the loss of the symmetrical look found in the cannabinum. This supports the idea that Apocynum cann. acts on the heart. Another signature indicates, however, that Apocynum cann. should be associated with the water-economy, and therefore with the kidneys. Millspaugh noted that "the habitat of both indigenous species is generally given as the same--i.e., sandy soils and the borders of old fields and open woods. I have noticed that A. androsaemifolium answers well to this habitat, but that A. cannabinum is found much more abundant in marshy places and on the banks of rivers, particularly where they are subjected to submergence during high water." This is a remedy for failure of the heart and kidneys, resulting in edema, pallor and internal cold. Scudder wrote that it. was "a true specific for that atonic condition of the blood vessels that permits exudation, causing dropsy. I have employed it in my practice for some eighteen years, and it has not failed me in a single case, where the diagnosis was well made." He gives the tone of the skin and the sensation of the pulse a high grade in diagnosing conditions calling for Apocynum cann. "If the reader will notice carefully, he will see a marked resemblance between the touch of the pulse, and the general sense of touch when the hand is applied to the skin. The sensation from the slight oedema of cellular tissue, that indicates Apocynum, and the pulse that says Apocynum is wonderfully similar." There is usually a marked sensation of pitting around the artery, as one takes the pulse, corresponding to the pitting of the skin. "It is a positive remedy for dropsy, whether it takes the form of oedema, anasarca, or dropsy of the serous cavities, where there is no obstruction to the circulation, and no febrile action." In other words, where the patient lacks tone and vital heat. "We would not expect to effect a cure in dropsy from heart disease, or ascites from structural disease of the liver, neither would we where there was a frequent, hard pulse, and other evidences
of febrile action. Still in these cases, if we can partially remove the obstruction in the first case, and after an arrest of febrile action in the second, the Apocynum will remove the deposit." Another characteristic symptom is the "peculiar blanched glistening appearance." Scudder does not elaborate, but this is the "brightness" under the eyes and facial pallor typical of patients suffering from adrenal deficiency, or "kidney yang deficiency" in Chinese medicine. Symptoms like these are worth a thousand pathogenetic symptoms from homeopathic provings, and are much more difficult to obtain, because few physicians have enough confidence to rely upon their observational skills. This is the quality of mind, however, that we find in Scudder. Mental indications. Hale writes, "it is undoubtedly slightly narcotic in its effects. The drowsiness which it causes is very similar to that which occurs in all dropsical affections which have reached a high degree of intensity. In such cases sleepiness is an unfavorable symptom, and should warn us to be on our guard against coma and apoplexy [stroke]. In such conditions we have in this medicine a prompt and reliable remedy. Several times in the course of my practice have I rescued my patients by giving promptly the Apocynum. If the dilutions failed of effect, as they sometime will in cases marked by such torpidity, I have not hesitated to resort to the decoction." This, however, is still a somewhat superficial description of the mental indications calling for Apocynum cann. Like its cousin, the androsaemifolium, it corresponds to states of mind where the patient is exhausted, brow-beaten, down, lacking in initiative---such conditions as we would associate with exhausted adrenals. "Bewildered, confused, low-spirited," writes Boericke. Apocynum cann. is often required when the patient is worn down by prolonged illness, age or problems. She feels benumbed, low-spirited, incapable of exertion. "I'm not myself," said one patient. "If someone says something to me that would normally make me mad, I let it slide. I don't have enough energy to oppose them." Feels like she is going down the tubes, not all here, fading. It is the type of state one finds in patients who have been beaten down by the affairs of life, or the continual badgering of a domineering spouse, parent or employer. Physical indications. The homeopathic authors provide more detail when it comes to physical symptoms. There is edema of ankles and wrists, abdomen, chest, and head. This results in oppression of respiration, chest and stomach. After drinking water, the stomach is upset. Short, dry cough and sighing with respiration. Cardiac edema with regurgitation, low arterial tension, irregular heart action, pulsating jugulars, general cyanosis and edema. There is loss of power and control over sphincters, due to insufficient energy. With this relaxation there may be loss of fluids. Hence, a feeling as if the anal sphincter were open and stools ran right through. Stools watery, flatulent. Little expulsive power during urination, with dribbling, stranguary, renal dropsy. Due to the pressure of the edema there may actually be a combination of fluid loss and retention. Bladder distended, stranguary and suppression of urination from edema. When it passes the urine is turbid, hot and burning (not because the general state of the patient is hot, but because the urine has been stored too long, and causes local irritation). Amenorrhea with bloating, or metrorrhagia with nausea. The blood is expelled in large clots (because it has been
retained). Boericke says that a slow pulse is an excellent indication. Both the Apocynums have a slow and weak pulse. The cannabinum usually also has the pitting sensation mentioned by Scudder. The tongue is typically broad, moist and pale. External. The decoction of the root is rubbed into the scalp to promote regrowth of hair in subjects suffering from baldness. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The crude plant is poisonous. Hale says that the decoction extracts the properties of the plant better than a tincture. The low potencies, 6x to 30x, are appropriate for internal use, as this is an organ-remedy, not a constitutional. This remedy is too toxic to use in combination. Aralia hispida. Dwarf Elder. A member of the Aralaceae family native to Canada and the northern United States. "Dwarf elder exerts a very decided influence upon the circulation, and probably acts through the sympathetic nervous system. Its action upon the secretions is unmistakable. It quiets irritation of the urinary tract and increases the flow of urine. In anasarca and ascites it has often been employed" (Fyfe). He recommends 5-20 drops of the tincture. Aralia nudicaulis. Wild Sarsparilla. The name Sarsparilla is applied to a wide variety of plants, and has occassioned much confusion. The true Sarsaparilla is Smilax officinalis, a native of Central America, imported into Europe as early as the sixteenth century as a medicine for syphilis and other "blood impurities." Sarsaparilla was so widely used that a host of imitations were introduced, including various Smilax species. One of the common substituents in America was Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis). It is a member of the Araliaceae or Ginseng family. The American Indians used Aralia nudicaulis in a fashion similar to Smilax officinalis, for syphilis and blood diseases. As one of the most common plants native to the woodlands of eastern North America, it was readily available to the pioneers and root doctors. It came to be used on general indications, as a "blood purifier" in consequence. Herbalist Tommie Bass comments, "Everything I make that I want to be a blood tonic, I always throw the American sarsaparilla in. I don't think there is anything else that will beat it for a blood purifier." "The Indians praised it to high heaven," relates Tommie Bass. "They claimed it would build up an old man or an old woman, or young man or young woman. They used it is most of their medicine." Its use was somewhat similar to the related, coveted and rare Ginseng. Properties. The flavor is sweet, the temperature cool and dry, the impression mild and nutritive. Cook analysed the effect of the plant carefully. "The root is the medicinal part; has a pleasant balsamic odor; and yields its strength to both water and alcohol. It is relaxant and gently stimulant; mild and moderately slow in action; and expending its properties chiefly upon the skin and kidneys, and moderately upon the mucous structures of the lungs and uterus. It is mainly valued for its influence upon the first-named secernents, for which it enjoys a just repute as an alterant. It is principally used in mild secondary syphilis, seldom employed in pulmonary difficulties; yet is good whenever the lungs need a mild expectorant with stimulation. In the same way, in may be used in simple cases of leucorrhea
and weakness of the back." Preparation and dosage. The roots and rhizomes are officinal. "Boiling impairs its properties. A decoction may be made by steeping an ounce of the root in a pint of boiling water; one half of which may be used in twenty-four hours." (Cook). Aralia racemosa. Spikenard. This member of the Ginseng family is found in rich woodlands in the eastern half of North America. It was given the name Spikenard due to a superficial resemblance to an Old World species (Nardus indica). Both plants contain resins. American Spikenard root was "much used by the country people in the composition of beer, cough syrups and infusion in colds" (Hale, 1867, 91). Like other acrid, resinous plants, Spikenard is soothing to hyper-irritated mucous membranes (cf. Sanguinaria, Propolis, Ligusticum porteri, Angelica, etc.) It was used by the Indians, pioneers and some professional doctors as a remedy for respiratory conditions with a very irritated membrane and cough-reflex. It was even used in tuberculous cases. In addition, it has an action on the female tract. Respiratory tract. J. I. Lighthall summarizes, "Spikenard is a tonic to a weak, debilitated condition of the nervous system, where the patient is easily startled and has night sweats and a nervous cough." We recognize these as the symptoms of a "yin deficiency" or hectic fever, especially centered on the lungs. This is the general situation with many tuberculosis patients. The mucous membranes are not well lubricated, hence there is irritable coughing, the fluids are lost through excess sweating, and the nerve-reflexes are over-sensitive but exhausted, hence the patient is easily startled, coughs readily, but is debilitated and weak. "Aralia has a special affinity for the respiratory organs, and has long been used with much success in chronic pulmonary diseases," adds Fyfe. "In asthmatic breathing and in the early stage of bronchitis it is a useful remedy. In chronic catarrh, some forms of rheumatism, and enlargement of glands, its action is also satisfactory." Cook gives a very gentle method for soothing the membranes with Spikenard. "When placed in water in an open vessel upon a warm stove, it fills the room with a mild aroma which is exceedingly grateful to irritable lungs. I often use it thus in phthisis, at intervals of three or four hours; or it may be used in an inhaling apparatus." He adds that, "its action upon the mucous membranes of the uterus fits it for cases of irritable leucorrhea." Female tract. "It is highly esteemed by many in certain diseases peculiar to females," writes Scudder. It is especially indicated in leucorrhea, uterine prolapse and anemia, "in enfeebled states of the nervous system, and in general debility. It is used as a wash to change the offensive state of the secretions from the vagina and uterus, as in some cases of leucorrhea, and in other cases when the secretions become acrid and offensive, as in some instances after confinement [labor]." Dr. D. W. Rogers, of Coldwater, Michigan, writes that his attention was first directed to Aralia racemosa by a woman who had used it for painful menstrual cramping. "A warm infusion made from the root, and taken a swallow or two at a time every few moments, will relieve the worst cases in one to two hours." Dr. Rogers was told about another impression cure. "Mrs. W----, on the third
day after delivery, was attacked with severe chill; the lochia was suppressed at once, the abdomen became distended, and tympanitic, with excruciating pains in the bowels and uterine region. All these symptoms were attended with high fever. An allopathic physician was called, who attended her for four days, during which time she grew constantly worse. The physician then gave an unfavorable diagnosis, said it was a desparate case, and would terminate fatally; that she could not live twelve hours. At that juncture a lady friend came in and administered a warm infusion of the fresh root. In two hours the patient was easier, and in eight hours the lochial discharge returned, with profuse perspiration. She improved rapidly from that hour, and in a few days was convalescent. No other medicine was given" (Hale, 1867, 91). Specific Indications. "Dry, wheezing coughs, with difficult inspiration; sense of suffocation and soreness behind the sternum; cough and irritation of mucous surfaces in chronic pulmonic and catarrhal affections. Acrid leucorrhea with offensive odor; suppression of menses from cold; suppression of the lochia, with pain in the uterine region; indolent and fetid ulcers; dysmenorrhea; scrofulous enlargement of glands; chronic catarrh; irritation of the bladder with scanty urine" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 5-40 drops, usual dose 10-15 drops (Fyfe). Formulae. Cook made a soothing syrup for the lungs called "pulmonary balsam" from 1 part each of Spikenard, Elecampane, Comfrey, Bloodroot, Hoarhound, Wild Cherry. Lighthall gives a simplified version of the same recipe: Elecampane, Comfrey, Spikenard, 1 part each. Cook made a syrup for irritatble coughs from Spikenard, 16 parts, lobelia, 3 parts, wild cherry, 4 parts. Arctium lappa. Burdock. A member of the Composite family native to the Old World, but extensively naturalized in the New World. It finds a place in the folk and professional medicine of Europe, India, China and North America. It was known to Dioscorides under the name arcteion, meaning bear-plant. It is one of the cardinal remedies in Western herbalism for "cleansing the liver" and "purifying the blood." It is used to "detoxify the system," when the presence of metabolic waste products is indicated by skin eruptions and acne. In such conditions, there is generally a combination of poor elimination through the skin and kidneys, poor hepatic function and sluggish lymphatic drainage. These are the organs to which Arctium has an affinity. Burdock root received a brief homeopathic proving, but the indications derived were scanty, and it has not generally been used by the members of that school. "The provings in the main confirm the teachings of antiquity in regard to this remedy," writes Clarke. "It has been given from the earliest times for prolapsus uteri, sterility, milky urine, and sores about the joints. A large number of the symptoms were observed in the skin (acne; eczema, especially scalp) and mucous membrane, eruptions and discharges." Boericke renders a short but useful account. It is "very important in skin therapeutics." Boger is the only homeopath who gives evidence of considerable personal acquaintance with Arctium. Properties. The root is the part most commonly used in herbalism. It is sweet and slightly pungent, with an oily consistency. Burdock root is sometimes served in French cuisine, especially with rich, oily meals, because it is is supposed to assist the
digestion of such foods (a case of like treats like). It is also used in Japanese cuisine as a digestive aide---an application which comes down to us through Macrobiotics. The "seed"---or more properly, the fruit---is a more dynamic agent than the root. It has a bitter, pungent taste, a cold temperature, and a sharp, diffusive, tingling impression. The diffusive sparkle reminds us of its cousin Echinacea. The over-all impression is of something penetrating, provoking, and sharp. Salivation is noticeably increased, and the secretions further down in the digestive tract are promoted. Because of these combined influences, the "seed" has the capacity to penetrate to the core, stimulating metabolism and digestion, promoting waste removal, moving waste towards the periphery and out through the sweat pores, urine and stool. The seed is more dynamic, the root is more nutritive. Burdock seed is used in Chinese herbalism for "wind heat" fever, seen in acute sore, red, swollen throat and cough. It "releases the periphery," opening the sweat pores, relieving fever and bringing out the rash. The root promotes the lubrication of the bowels in "wind heat" conditions, so that the stool is moved. It is used to treat "fire poison," when the skin is beset with red swellings, carbuncles, erythemas and rashes. These uses coincide closely with those of Western herbalism. Diffuses fluids and promotes perspiration. The key to understanding this plant is through the concept of "diffusion." This idea, which comes to us from Samuel Thomson, teaches that certain medicines have the ability to cause a diffusion from the center to the periphery. Burdock seed penetrates to the core, activates metabolic stagnation, and brings waste products to the surface through sweat. It consolidates the periphery, so that both profuse and scanty perspiration are balanced out. The characteristic pulse, in my experience, is "superficial, but of normal speed." This indicates an affinity for the periphery. Whenever I run across a patient who seems to have a problem with too much or too little perspiration, I think of Burdock. It is well suited to patients suffering from acute fever, with imbalances of perspiration, and eruptions on the skin. Boger gives the symptom "axillary sweat" in large type (see below). Arctium has an affinity for the creases and bends of limbs, and the underarms, and lymphatic of these areas, treating skin eruptions and perspiratory problems in these areas. Burdock seed will work in both acute and chronic conditions presenting these general symptoms. It has a reputation as a remedy in ezcema and psoriasis which is quite deserved. The hair is an important element of the skin, and Burdock has an affinity here as well. Partisans of the doctrine of signatures will note that the bur looks like a little head with hair standing out. This led the old herbalists to use it for loss of hair. The homeopathic provings bore out a relationship to the scalp. I had one case where Burdock stopped hair-loss associated with unhealthy scalp. The patient was a twenty-eight year old man who was in good health, except that he had been losing hair from the top of the head, "in handfuls," for about a month. It did not seem to be a true balding, but some kind of temporary condition. The pulse was superficial and wiry, the tongue was somewhat dry, with tiny red points on a pale pink background. There was a little redness across the zygomatic arch: a slight malar flush. He had headaches, generally dull, but occassionally sharp,
in the forehead and temples, accompanied by sinus congestion and irritation. Also, a rash under the right axila, which was quite itchy. There was excessive sweating in both axila, but not elsewhere. (This is usually an indication of clogging in the lymphatic glands, and is often worse on the left side, where there is more duct-work draining the lymphatics into the bloodstream). The scalp was mildly itchy. Skin generally moist and in good health. I asked if he experienced flushing, but he thought not. A little later he commented, "now I feel flushed," and his face looked more red in the malar area. He complained of feeling tense, but looked worried I thought. Raw Burdock seed, a pinch as needed, brought glossyness to his hair, stopped the loss, removed the rash, and all the rest of the problems. After the first dose he felt relaxed, the pulse was decidedly reduced and the tongue was obviously wetter and felt less painful (he hadn't mentioned that it was painful before). The hair-loss subsequently disappeared as well. Specific Indications. Red about eyes and across the nose; malar flush; styes on the eyelids; acne, eruptions, on the face. Sour taste, nausea, flatulence, belching, diarrhea or constipation. Numbness, weakness, heavyness, bulkyness, soreness; in lumbar region, thighs, calves. Milky, phosphatic urine. Skin eruptions; face, bends of joints; boils, sores, acne, eczema, and herpes. Excess or lack of perspiration; with or without fever. Uterine displacements; "an exceedingly sore, bruised feeling in uterus, with great relaxation of the vaginal tissues; apparently entire lack of tonicity of pelvic contents. These symptoms all aggravated by standing, walking, a mistep, or sudden jar" (Boericke). Preparation and dosage. Boericke recommends the tincture to third potency. I use the "seed," either raw or in tincture. The sharp, black-brown "seeds" may be eaten without further preparation, having a quick and salutory effect. The root presents problems in preparation and storage, because the high content of oil promotes rancidity. A glycerated preparation of the root might be appropriate, because the sweat taste and heavyness of the root blends well with the glycerine. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Bearberry, Uva-ursi. A member of the Heath family, of circum-polar distribution, but apparently introduced into medicine by the American Indians. They were attracted to it because the bear likes to eat the fruit. This creature is conceived of as the herbalist in the animal kingdom, because it spends so much time digging roots, picking berries and eating leaves. By watching the bear, the Indians learned about foods and medicines in their environment. The names Bearberry and Uva-ursi attest to this relationship. Like many members of the Heath family, Uva-ursi is a dry, astringent, slightly aromatic plant which seems peculiarly anti-septic. Members of this family are used to cleanse, tone and disinfect the urinary tract. Cranberry juice is the representative Heath best known to the general public, but Uva-ursi is the most popular with herbalists. The urinary tract properties are reliable enough that Uva-ursi is still official in several European countries. Lay and professional practitioners of all stripes have used this remedy. J. I. Lighthall, "the great Indian medicine man," writes, "This remedy, plant, or shrub, has a marked tonic influence on the general system, and is what we might term an astringent diuretic. I have used it with the best of results in many troubles,
where there was too much urine or water thrown off by the kidneys, called in medicine, diabetis insipidus. I have found it good for chronic irritation of the bladder. I prefer a tea made from the leave and drank hot. Dose, of the hot tea, one ounce every two or three hours till relief is experienced." Fyfe explains, "Bearbery exerts a direct influence upon relaxed conditions of the walls of the bladder, improving their tone and favoring normal contraction. It is employed as a stimulant and tonic diuretic, and is indicated by an enfeebled circulation and innervation to the urinary apparatus. In diseases characterized by excessive discharges from the mucous membranes of the urinary organs it is an efficient remedy, and in ulceration of the walls of the bladder and in pyelitis it exerts a curative influecne. Uva ursi also constitutes a useful medicament in the treatment of gonorrhea." Specific Indications. "Irritation of the renal, cystic and urethral surfaces; catarrhal conditions of the genito-urinary tract; excessive mucous discharges with the urine; lithic acid deposits in the urine; gonorrhea, accompanied by bloody and mucous discharges, and pain in the vesical region; intestinal catarrh; sense of weight and dragging down in the perineum (not dependent upon enlargement of the prostate)" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Infusion, as above. Tincture, 5-15 drops, 3 times a day. Aristolochia serpentaria. Virginia Snake Root. The Aristolochias (or Snakeworts) are native to temperate refions in the Old and New World. They were well-known in European medicine as remedies for the problems of pregnancy and the bites of venemous animals. The name Aristolochia comes from its reputation as a sovereign remedy to stop excessive lochial discharge. When the Europeans came to North America they recognized this plant, which also had a reputation among the Indians as an antidote to snake-bite. Out of these combined traditions a knowledge of its properties evolved. The serpentaria became something of a fad herb in European medicine in the early seventeenth century, a reputation not justified by its narrow range of uses. Its properties were not well defined at this period. Bigelow (1812) mentions it, but it is not until Rafinesque (1828) that we get much detail about it, and a thorough account waits until Cook (1869). The latter two authors were close to the folk-tradition, so we see that knowledge about the properties of Virginia Snakeroot travelled from the Indians to the pioneers and then to the professional doctors. Properties. The flavour is pungent and bitter, the temperature is warm, but the impression is shocking. Hence, Aristolochia is useful for conditions resulting from shock, where the system falls into a low, septic state, where there are cold extremities, and the patient requires a steady, gently warming stimulation. This is obviously why it was successful in some cases of rattle-snake bite. Remedies which are useful in snakebite are usually suited to low forms of fever, with septic tendencies, decomposition of the protein, and toxemia of the blood. This sometimes occurs in septic conditions following pregnancy, where the reputation of Aristolochia is also strong. Rafinesque says that Aristolochia serpentaria "is useful in the low stages of fevers to support strength and allay irregular actions" of the blood. It is "too
stimulant in inflammatory fevers and disorders." In other words, when the action of the heart is irregular due to inflammation and weakness, it will support, but when there is temperature with circulatory excitement, it will over-stimulate. "It is deservedly a popular country remedy in infusion, for pleurisy, exanthemas, cachexia, catarrh, rheumatism, &c.," because it promotes perspiration. "In bilious pleurisy it cheeks the vomiting and tranquillizes the stomach. In typhus and thyphoid pneumonia it has beneficial effects, promoting perspiration, checking mortification, and abating the symptoms." Cook (1869) gives us even more detail. "In threatening pyaemia and mortification, where the system lacks power to resist the encroachments of the poison, it will rapidly establish the line of demarkation and eject the putrid fluids." We can see why "it was once considered sovereign in snake-bites and other poisoned wounds." In addition to its ability to remove toxin, Aristolochia is heating, stimulating and diffusive, so that it is applicable to shock, chills, cold states, and "sudden recession of blood from the surface." Because it is heating, it has to be used with caution in febrile states. Therefore, it is inappropriate when there is irritation, inflammation or ulceration of the stomach or intestines. Parturition. "It very especially affects the uterus," writes Cook. "In sudden suppressions of the catamenia, especially those from cold, and while the system is languid, it will exert a decided effect in restoring the menstrual flow. During parturition, it will arouse flagging pains with great power, if the patient become weary and chilly, with cold extremities." He combined it with Lady Slipper and Blue Cohosh. "In languid and sluggish conditions. . . in confinement cases when the feet are cold and there is a general receding of the blood from the surface" (Clymer). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The small roots are infused. Cook says, "The warm infusion, given in small doses while the patient is well covered [kept warm], will soon secure a warm perspiration in languid conditions; I have repeatedly noticed this moisture appear first on the hands and feet, thus evincing the extreme diffusiveness of the agent; the perspiration is usually accompanied by a slight itching sensation; and after a time the pulse gets fuller and stronger, till the heart and brain finally feel the stimulation." Rafinesque says, "Wine is an excellent vehicle for it in fevers." Cook adds that wine improves the taste. Arnica montana. Various species of Arnica grow in mountainous regions of the world. They are small, alpine plants in the Composite family. Arnica montana was introduced into European folk-medicine by shepherds. While pasturing their sheep in the mountains, they noticed that when the animals fell and bruised themselves, they nibbled on the leaves of this plant. For this reason it is called "Fallkraut" in German. Arnica grows in just such places---rocky slopes and mountains---where people (and animals) are most likely to fall and bruise themselves. The use of Arnica in bruises and strains was picked up by conventional physicians in the seventeenth century. "Arnica is undoubtedly one of those drugs, the therapeutic properties of which have been most justly valued by alloeopathic physicians," writes a homeopath, Alphonse Teste. "This is so true, that a complete collection of all the cases in which it was successfully employed by them, would almost furnish the complete pathogenesis of the drug." In spite of "such precious
traditions," as Teste comments, Arnica fell into oblivion by the end of the eighteenth century. "Do systems enjoy the priviledge of blotting out facts which they are unable to explain?" Hahnemann picked up this discarded remedy and gave it a homeopathic proving. He says that it is well suited to "the symptoms of all injuries caused by severe contusions and lacerations of the fibres." In addition, the provings point to it's use in several other "morbid conditions" with a tendency to low fevers. He gives as a characteristic symptom, "Heat in the head; the rest of the body being cool, at least not hot." From homeopathy, Arnica entered back into allopathy and herbalism, though it was only used on simplistic indications. The allopaths explained the successful use of Arnica in bruising by the fact that it was a "counter-irritant." This is accurate, though a typically crude notion of what Arnica does. By warming the stagnant blood in a contusion, it does remove the bruising and improves the sprain. The tincture is still officinal in the U.S. Pharmacopeia. Blood. Arnica may be considered to have an organopathic affinity for the blood. It is suitable to conditions which present a combination of septic infection and echymosis, or "heat in the blood" and "congealed blood," to use the Chinese terminology. These conditions are often combined. Arnica is well suited to bruises where there is still inflammation, so that the bruise has a reddish-bluish appearance. (By comparison, Carbo veg. is suited to conditions where there are stagnant, congealed masses of blood which are no longer actively inflammed. The Carbo veg. patient has a bluish appearance, not blue-red). The Arnica face is a dusky, darkish red, sometimes similar to the complexion associated with the Achillea, Baptisia, Echinacea or Hyssop patient. Circulation. Most remedies which have an affinity for the blood will also have an affinity for the heart. Arnica does not disappoint us in this regard. Margaret Tyler recorded some cases in Homoeopathic Drug Pictures where Arnica seemed to abort heart-attacks in older men who had over-exerted themselves. The typical Arnica fever, with hot head and cold body, displays a tendency to derangement of the circulation. Mind. The mental symptoms corresponds to the same type of problems we see in the physical sphere. The bruised spirit, the personality strained to the maximum, and the over-extended busy-body all can benefit from this remedy. This is hinted at by Margaret Tyler in Homoeopathic Drug Pictures. I have noticed the same thing in quite a few cases. Preparation and dosage. Because of it's irritant properties, Arnica in material doses is primarily used as an external preparation. However, in the infinitesimal doses of homeopathy, it can be used internally. The lowest to highest potencies may are prescribed. Comparison. Because of its success in strains, sprains and bruises, Arnica has been used for the general fatigue and muscle pain caused by exercize. Actually, a much better remedy for this condition is Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower), which removes lactic acid from the blood. Artemisia abrotanum. Southernwood. Abrotanum is native to the Mediterranean area, but can be grown further north, though it will not flower. It possesses the characteristic bitterness and harshness
found in the Artemisia genus, a sub-division of the Compositae. In England it was considered the southern variety of Wormwood, hence the name Southernwood. It has been used since the classical period and pre-historic times as a remedy for cold, stiff conditions. The properties of Southernwood are similar to its relatives. It has been used for muscular aches and bruises (cf. Artemisia absinthium, Arnica and Achillea). Macer, writing in the eleventh century, recommends to "make a plaster and lay it on to heal swollen muscles." Abrotanum shows evidence of chronic muscular tension (cf. Lactuca). Macer says it is for tightness of the chest, difficulty in breathing, coughs and whooping cough. It also removes cold from the loins and sexual organs (cf. Lactuca and Artemisia vulgaris). "It will also ease the ache in your loins and the distresses of your vagina. . . and in the whirlbone of the hip." Like Artemisia absinthium and A. santalinum, it "destroys worms in the belly, cleanses the intestines, and promotes menstruation." Finally, "make of southernwood by itself a plaster or mix it with an ointment, and it will draw out a splinter or thorn stuck in the body." Artemisia absinthium. Wormwood. The Artemisias or Wormwoods are a distinctive clan belonging to the Composite or Aster family. They are generally very bitter, harsh tasting plants with a grey fur on the leaves, which usually look grey or dark green. They tend to grow in wastelands, deserts and areas which have been devastated, such as road-cuts, quarries and over-pastured grassland. As I have said in Seven Herbs, Plants as Teachers, they are nature's promise that out of devastation life will spring up fresh anew. They are remedies for people who have been through rough, brutal, dehumanizing events or harsh environmental stress, resulting in emotional and physical coldness, lack of somatic activity, suppressed psychological affect, with stiff, cold extremities. Artemisia absinthium, or Wormwood proper, is perhaps the archetypal representative of the family. It is native to Europe and Asia, where it grows in desolate conditions, but has been cultivated in gardens since antiquity, and is available worldwide as a garden herb. It is mentioned in the Bible as a metaphor for harsh, bitter experience. It was formerly used in Europe to make vermuth or absinth, but because it causes mental deterioration and insanity in addicts, it is no longer used as an ingredient. Wormwood has been used since ancient times as a bitter to stimulate the digestion, remove worms and promote menstruation. Toxicological reports provided the basis of a homeopathic pathogenesis, but it is little used in homeopathy. It acts strongly on the sensorium and nervous system, causing spasms, twitching, epilepsy, and night terrors. Its use has not been refined, either in herbalism or homeopathy, and it is seldom used today, except as a bitter tonic for the digestion, or as an external application for sore, stiff joints, bruises, strains and sprains. The following are the indications upon which I prescribe Artemisia absinthium in my practice. It is particularly indicated in patients who have a lack of affect, a deadness in their personality, have suffered from brutal circumstances, and have the potential to be brutal themselves. On the other hand, some of them
appear to be very animated. The jaw is characteristically clenched. The pulse often has a dead, masked feeling, especially under the middle finger. This corresponds to a condition where the liver is cold and dead, the solar plexus is guarded. Specific Indications. Behavioral facade, lying, brutality. Atonic dyspepsia with loss of appetite. Amenorrhea; chronic leucorrhea; obstinate diarrhea and intestinal worms. Intermittent fever; jaundice. Epileptic seizures, night terrors. External. Sore, stiff muscles; cold extremities. Preparation and dosage. Dose of the tincture is small, because of the bitterness; 1-3 drops is sufficient when it is correctly indicated. Artemisia tridentata. Sagebrush. Native to the prairies and wastelands of the Western United States and Canada, Sagebrush is widely used in punk-sticks by the Indians to purify the atmosphere for ceremonial purposes. Like the other members of the Wormwood clan, it is very bitter. As stated in my book, Seven Herbs, Plants as Teachers, Sagebrush is a superlative remedy for people who can't break out of old, winnable situations and patterns, feel intensely depressed, desparate to change but unable to do so. It especially acts on issues in the area of love and family life. Artemisia tridentata breaks up stiffness and coldness in the extremities, but otherwise it seems to have primarily a deep psychological, transformative effect. Preparation and dosage. Only the smallest dose is necessary. I use the flower essence, 1 drop per dose, 1-2 doses per week. Even this small amount will so forceably bring old patterns to the surface, breaking up self-defeating, stuck behavior, that a great deal of depression will result as the issues are being processed. Larger doses will often increase the level of depression unnecessarily. These effects are only possible from the internal use of the remedy, and do not result from burning Sage sticks. Artemisia vulgaris. Mugwort. "Mugwort or motherwort is called Artemisia because it is the mother of all other herbs, or because the mother of herbs has given her name to this herb," writes Aemilius Macer (eleventh century). "Diana, who is commonly known in the greek tongue as Artemis, first discovered the virtues of this herb in curing diseases, and therefore the herb was called Artemisia in honor of its finder." It was also called "motherwort" because of its strong action on the matrix, mother or uterus. "This herb is specially medicinal for women's sicknesses." Mugwort is a very old medicine in both Europe and Asia. A comparison of the herbal literature of European and Chinese herbalism shows that it was used in the same manner in both places (although the Chinese added the technique of moxabustion), so we can feel confidence in the traditional indications. Properties. The flavor is very bitter and slightly pungent, temperature warm, impression harsh. It acts as a bitter tonic, to improve digestion, appetite and secretion from the mucous membranes. It is warming and removes cold. Mugwort contains a volatile oil, a bitter principle, tannin, resin and inulin. Specific Indications. Mugwort is a warming bitter tonic suited to patients who are cold, stiff and inactive. It warms and stimulates the digestion, settles the
stomach, removes heartburn, improves digestion, strengthens the solar plexus and the autonomic nervous system, removes spasm and stiffness and coldness. By autonomic stimulation it helps the body to dissolve and pass gall- and kidneystones, promotes urination, improves hepatic function, removes jaundice and swollen, hard liver. It has been used in epilepsy. Artemisia acts strongly on the uterus. In small doses it removes cold and swellings, stimulates activity and fertility, settles spasms, cramps, restlessness in the fetus, bleeding and threatened abortion, but in large doses it causes spasm, bleeding and abortion. External. Moxa: In Chinese medicine Mugwort leaves are rolled into a stick which is burned over the skin to warm the joints, muscles and tendons, removing internal cold and stiffness. It is an excellent remedy for cold, stiff patients, though the smoke smells somewhat like marijuana and can be a nuissance. Ointment: "Being made up with hog's grease into an ointment, it taketh away wens, and hard knots and kernels that grow about the neck and throat; and easeth the pains about the neck more effectually, if some field daisies be put with it" (Culpeper). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The infusion is made by pouring a cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the herb and steeping for 10-15 minutes. Use a covered container so that the volatile oils are not lost. Macer writes, "Take this herb green as it grows, grind it in a mortar, put it in must and store this while the wine is clarifying. This will be medicinal for all the maladies spoken of above. This wine has a very pleasant taste and an agreeable aroma. It comforts the stomach and soothes heart-burn when drunk. And people say that it has many other profitable uses." Asarum canadense. Wild Ginger. This is an American member of the Aristolochia or Birthwort family. European cousins were long used for pregnancy and menstration, hence the name Aristolochia (arrest-lochia). These uses were transferred to the New World species. It was used in Indian and pioneer medicine. A good account is rendered by Ellingwood. Properties. Wild Ginger is pungent, hot, and stimulating. It is well suited to "wind cold" conditions where the pores are closed, secretions are suppressed, and the patient is chilled. It also removes wind or flatulence in the digestive tract, associated with cold conditions. These are its more superficial uses. The doctrine of signatures reveals the deeper affinities of Asarum. The two leaves, springing up in pairs, look like two kidneys. It stimulates and heats the kidneys, removing water (Harris). The leaves also have the typical appearance of plants with an affinity for the liver. (The sort of puffiness is similar to Celandine, Liverwort and Watercress, for example). This explains the tension seen in some of the symptoms (since the liver regulates arterial tension and metabolic flow). Beneath the leaves the little flower head hangs down. It looks like a head hanging down to the earth, indicating an affinity for depression (Will Winter, DVM). Although the mental states have not been well brought out, Ellingwood says that Asarum is useful "where there is melancholy and nervous disturbance in the early part of pregnancy, so that miscarriage seems to be threatened." This signatures also indicates that there is an affinity for the earth, or for what the Chinese physicians called the spleen. When the spleen is operating well the body is nourished, the
lymphatics are cleansed, mucus is removed, the uterus is strengthened and held up, and the mind is kept clear of melancholy. The flower hanging down could also signify a prolapsed uterus. In small material or homeopathic doses, Asarum stimulates the heat of the internal organs, helping the lymphatics and kidneys to cleanse and regulate water, it disencumbers the lungs of mucus, relieves tension and strengthens the uterus. Somewhat like its cousin Aristolochia serpentaria, Asarum brings the heat back up. Acute diseases. "Nasal catarrh, where the discharge has not appeared or has been suppressed, with the usual symptoms of headache and general oppression, muscular aching and general discomfort. Inflammation of the conjunctiva, from taking cold, where there is profuse and constant lachrymation" (Ellingwood). "Colds, followed by amenorrhoea and gastro-enteritis" (Boericke). "Colic and other painful conditions of the stomach and bowels, when there is no inflammation" (Fyfe). "Nausea, cholera and diarrhoea" (Ellingwood). Chronic diseases. "Painful or longstanding spasmodic affections of the pulmonary region, as in whooping cough or bronchitis" (Ellingwood). "Dropsy accompanied by albumin in the urine" (Fyfe). Viscosities in the urine (Harris). Weakness and prolapse of the uterus, leading to excessive bleeding. "In metrorrhagia and in menorrhagia, where the flow is steady but not free, where there are cutting pains in the abdomen and groin, extending down the thighs, with aching in the back, the patient nervous and irritable. Violent pain in the small of the back on the approach of the menstrual epoch, which seems to interfere with the breathing" (Ellingwood). Parturition. Asarum in small doses keeps the kidneys open during pregnancy, removing water, quiets the nervous system, and strengthens the tone of the uterus. "Where there is melancholy and nervous disturbance in the early part of pregnancy, so that miscarriage seems to be threatened," writes Ellingwood. "It is a stimulant to the muscular structure of the womb and to the ovaries, and is abortive and an active parturient, and may be given to good advantage in recent cases of amenorrhoea from cold. During labor, when the pains are excessive, and when there is extreme erethism. It will induce quiet and render the labor more natural." It is probably also a remedy which will stop post-partum bleeding. Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the root. Tincture, 5-20 drops. Formula. Combine with Cimicifuga to relieve pain and nervousness during labor (Ellingwood). Comparison. Asarum europum, the European Snakeroot, has similar properties. It has received a homeopathic proving which verifies the traditional herbal indications for both remedies. Zingiberis, the true Ginger, is also hot and stimulating, with similar properties. It is not closely related to Asarum. Asclepias incarnata. Swamp Milkweed. The sharp, horn-like pods and beautiful rose flowers make this a striking plant and distinguish it from other members of the Milkweed family. It grows in swamps, wet places and stream backs in eastern North America. The Indians considered it an important diuretic. John McIntosh, a Pottawattomi active in Iowa, recounted to anthropologist Huron H. Smith (1928) that he was once paid $700 for curing a patient of extreme dropsy which white doctors had failed to touch. He also said that the plant had expelled four long worms from a woman in Cedar Rapids,
Iowa. The use of Swamp Milkweed in dropsy and worms were known to the more informed white lay and professional doctors of the nineteenth century, but the remedy was never widely known. Fyfe summarizes, "As a diuretic in dropsy this drug is of considerable value. It strengthens the heart and often relieves the distress caused by infiltration of the tissues, especially the difficult breathing. Swamp milkweed often promptly relieves the general distress caused by extreme infiltration of the tissues in dropsy. It strengthens the heart and markedly modifies the dyspnea [caused by edema in the chest]. It is also a good remedy when there is pain in the chest and threatened inflammation [and infiltration] of the lungs and pleura. In rheumatism from cold it is a remedy of considerable relieving power." Asclepias incarnata also promotes perspiration, like its cousin A. tuberosa. "From the fact that it acts as a diaphoretic," wrote Scudder, "it is recommended as a remedy for coughs, colds, and rheumatic troubles of an atonic nature." These conditions are relieved by bringing moistre out to the skin and decongesting the internal tissues. "As a remedy for catarrh it lessens discharges and gives tone to the mucous membranes. It is a remedy for chronic nasal catarrh, leucorrhea and other below-par mucous fluxes." Atonic conditions of the mucosa occur in the digestive tract as well. "It will scure soft and relaxed stools; and in considerable quantities is said to provoke emesis," writes Cook. "Its principal use is as a mild cathartic in worm preparation, for which purpose it is often combined with santonine, chenopodium, and other anthelmintics." Specific Indications. Cold, edemic, atonic conditions. Atonic heart resulting in dropsy, infiltration of the tissues; infiltration and inflammation of the chest, lungs and pleura; shortness of breath, asthma. Atonic conditions of mucosa with catarrhal discharges; chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of the respiratory organs, chronic nasal catarrh; leucorrhea; diarrhea, dysentery and intestinal worms. Rheumatism from cold. Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 5-20 drops. Comparison. Swamp Milkweed looks somewhat like Inmortal, the cardio-active Asclepias of the Southwest. They seem to have similar properties. Cook noted that in herbal commerce and practice Asclepias incarnata was confused with Indian Hemp (Apocynum cannabinum). Asclepias syriaca. Milkweed. This is the common Milkweed found throughout North America. The immature flowers are an edible pot-herb sometimes used as a food. The root of the plant has been used somewhat in botanical medicine, but very little reliable information has accrued about it. "This plant possesses decided properties which should be fully and carefully investigated by the medical profession. It has been too much neglected. If its action in coughs, dropsies, amenorrhea and many other wrongs of life, were thoughtfully observed and faithfully recorded, much valuable knowledge would unquestionably be obtained" (Fyfe). Specific Indications. "Insufficient secretion of urine and urine which is deficient in solids; suppression or retention of urine; primary syphilitic disease; congestive headaches from suppression of urine or sweat; nervous headahce
followed by sweating and excessive urination; acute rheumatic inflammation of the large joints; hepatic, renal and cardiac dropsy; dropsy following scarlet fever" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the root, or tincture, 5-20 drops. Asclepias tuberosa. Pleurisy Root, Butterfly Weed. This is the most important member of the Milkweed family used in herbal medicine. It was used from an early time in the European colonization of North America and is still popular today in herbal medicine. It is handsome occupant of open meadows and roadsides in North America, distinguished by bright orange flowers. It does not have the milky sap common to other members of the family. By 1800 Pleurisy Root was quite popular among the both the "root doctors" and the "regular physicians." It was considered to have a special relationship to pleurisy. It was latter used by members of all schools, physio-medical, ecletic and homeopathic. Asclepias tuberosa is a good remedy for pleuritic complications, as the name suggests, but its sphere of influence should not be over-emphasized. Acute inflammation of the pleura is better met by the homeopathic remedy Bryonia. Asclepias is suited to patients where the pleura have been damaged by inflammation, leading to adhesions and poor dissemination of fluids out of the pleural cavity. Respiratory tract. Samuel Thomson classified this remedy as a diffusive. He noted that it dispersed fluids out of the lungs and brought perspiration to dry skin. He realized that these were related activities, and that Asclepias had the affinity to generally diffuse fluids throughout the body. This insight captures the physiological essence of the plant. We can expand upon this observation by reference to traditional Chinese medicine. Here we have a syndrome called "non-diffusion of the qi of the lungs." Fluids are removed from the lungs and brought to the periphery, to be released as sweat. Non-diffusion of lung qi usually results when the lung is invaded by exterior pathogenic factors (such as wind and cold), binding up and fettering the diffusive capacity. The principles symptoms are cough with varying amounts of mucus, scratchy throat, loss of voice, and lack of perspiration. Non-diffusion of lung qi usually occurs in acute respiratory infections, but it can linger and become a chronic condition. This perfectly describes the Pleurisy Root situation. It is a remedy which diffuses the qi and fluids of the lungs, bringing them to the surface, unfettering the lungs from the compression caused by the acute invasion of external pathogens, or the lingering effects thereof. The physical characteristics of the plant demonstrate the relationship of Asclepias to diffusion through the doctrine of signatures. Because it grows in open meadows, the seed is disseminated by wind. The Milkweed-style pod looks like a lung opening up to disperse in all directions. This is one of those cases where the signature is almost cartoon-like in the literality of it's picture-making. Asclepias is well-suited to patients who have suffered from a severe bronchial infection, such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Adhesions form in the pleura, due to the heat of inflammation. As a result, fluids are not moved out of the lower reaches of the pleural cavity, while the upper reaches do not receive their quota, and are too dry. This gives what I consider to be the characteristic Asclepias cough: "moist
below and dry above." There is seldom any expectoration. (One patient spoke to me of bringing up profuse, gummy, white mucus after being on the remedy for a week. This seemed to be some kind of detoxification). The skin is dry, the heart and circulation are oppressed, respiration constricted. Occasional, sharp, stitching pains occur in the lower reaches of the lungs, due to the adhesions. The characteristic pulse in a few patients has been a "thick and hard artery." It feels as if the artery was full, oppressed, not able to release or breath. Asclepias establishes the free flow of fluids to the surface, takes the burden off the heart and lungs, moistens the skin, removes effusion and adhesions, and settles the cough-reflex. Here's a typical case history. The patient was a woman in her mid-forties. She was suffering from bronchitis. The tongue was bright red and dry, indicating the fever was causing contraction of the muscles and bronchial tubes of the lungs. She had just entertained 70 relatives for a large wedding and was feeling harried. I gave Lycopus virginicus , a drop on the wrist three times a day, and the inflammation and coughing subsided. However, shortness of breath settled in. "This always happens after the bronchitis she reported. Tongue was much less red and not at all dry, the pulse felt "thick and hard," oppressed but not fast or slow. Like many asthmatics, the patient was perspiring, not profusely, but in a manner that suggested that the perspiration was blocked. The entire system seemed to be compressed or oppressed. Asclepias tuberosa , a drop on the wrist, as needed, removed the oppressive feeling, asthma and perspiration. Articulations. Asclepias tuberosa is not much used in homeopathy. Some important indications have, however, been noted. The patient is worse in cold and damp weather. This aggravates the chest symptoms, but also points to the use of the remedy in rheumatic problems. Boericke gives the symptom, "Rheumatic joints give sensation as if adhesions being broken up on bending." Asclepias favors lubrication of the joints, just as it does the lungs, with consequent removal of adhesions. (Here again we would think of Asclepias as related to Bryonia, the foremost remedy for acute bursitis). Here is an excellent case history from the practice of Dr. Scudder, demonstrating the use of Asclepias tuberosa in the treatment of acute arthritis. The patient was a 46 year-old man who was suffering from an inflammatory attack in the right knee. He averaged one attack a year, for the last five years, running a usual six week course. Scudder was called to attend him on the third day of the attack, and found the following symptoms. "Tongue clean, mucous membranes of normal color; bowels regular; pulse 110, full and oppressed; some difficulty in respiration, and oppression in praecordia, requires to be propped up in bed; the disease is localized in right knee, which is very much swollen, very painful, and exquisitely tender to touch; the most prominent symptom, as well as the most singular one, is contant profuse sweating." Scudder tried various remedies, including Aconite, Cimicifuga, Sodium bicarbonate, Potassium acetate, Veratrum, and Colchicum, but the symptoms grew much worse. "Eighth and ninth days a placebo; patient is suffering intensely, and talks of changing doctors." At this point Scudder had to take a new look at the case. "Reading up the treatment of phthisis a few weeks since I noticed the recommendation of a diaphoretic for night-sweats---have tried it in one case with advantage---why not give a diaphoretic for this prodigious sweating."
He decided on Asclepias, a strong infusion in tablespoonful doses. "There was a decided amendment the first day, and by the fifteenth day of the disease the patient was convalescent" (Scudder, 1870). Notice his description of the pulse: "full and oppressed." The perspiration resulted from a compression or oppression interfering with the diffusion of fluids, and did not result directly from fever---hence, the appropriateness of a diaphoretic. Preparation and dosage. Dr. O. Phelps Brown, of Jersey City, stated that the Asclepias tuberosa grown on the sandy soil of the New Jersey Pine Barrons is twice as effective as that grown on the fertile soils of the Midwest (Brown, 1867). Pleurisy Root seems to have a preference for dry, sandy, gravelly soils. Make an infusion by pouring a cup of water over 1/2-1 teaspoon of the rhizome and steep for 10 minutes. The usual dose of the tincture is 3-30 drops. Asparagus officinalis. This member of the Lily family is a familiar at the dinner table. It is native to Europe and Asia and has been cultivated since antiquity as a garden vegetable. The young sprouts are gathered in the spring. Asparagus has been imported to the Americas, where it is naturalized in the wild. The garden and wild Asparagus are genetically identical. The root is the part used in medicine. It has long been known as a mild diuretic and laxative. Asparagus is "a gentle but certain diuretic," says Fyfe. "This remedy possesses diuretic properties of a considerable value, and has been employed with advantage in various forms of dropsy. It has also given marked relief in some cases of enlargement of the heart." Hence, it is used in "undue excitement of the circulatory system; dropsical conditions." Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the tincture of the fresh root, 20-30 drops. Aspidium filix-mas. Male Fern. A member of the Fern family used as a specific for tape worm. Cook comments, "this plant is a native of Europe, and is not found in America. The A. novaboracense, however, is found in New York, and seems closely allied to the European species; and is nearly always the article that passes in commerce as the European male fern, though experience does not warrant the belief that it possesses the full properties of the foreign article." Let us turn, therefore, to a European author for more information about Male Fern. "This is the drug of choice for Taenia (tapeworm)," writes Rudolf Weiss. "It grows in all parts of Europe, from the plains up the mountains, forming large colonies especially in damp shady places." The rootstock is the part used. "The secret of a reliable male fern preparation is that the drug must be fresh. After one year it becomes ineffective. Many an old herbalist achieving fame for his successful wrom treatments did no merely because he knew his business; he would go into the woods himself and dig up the roots to be quite sure of habing a really fresh drug. It is also important to give an adequate amount of male fern. Large doses are extremely poisonous and great care is dicated. Male fern can cause toxic liver damage with jaundice. Unfortunately, tapeworms do not care whether their host is able to tolerate larger or smaller doses of the drug. It needs quite a large amount to affect them so severely that they are no longer able to hold on to the intestinal wall
and can be expelled with a laxative." Therefore, it is best to give the adequate dose, but take precautions to minimize the ill-effects of the medicine. Preparation and dosage. "One cannot hand the patient a prescription for male fern extract and leave him to his fate," comments Weiss. The necessary dose is 8-10g of male fern extract, taken in two portions in the morning at an interval of 15 minutes. A laxative such as Castor Oil should be given at that time, or two hours later. To minimize the effect of the medicine, the patient should stay in bed for the first day, and for two days take a bland diet of porridge-like consistency rich in carbohydrates and glucose, to protect the liver cells. Patients with liver damage should not be given Male fern. Weiss denied the old idea that the Castor Oil caused toxic liver effects. Atriplex patula. Wild, Stinking Arrach. This is a common weed native to salt marshes and salty, heavy soils in Europe, but spread to dung hills and naturalized in America. The leaves are covered with a powdery white meal which turns to a dusky red. "It smells like rotten fish, or something worse," comments Culpeper. Atriplex is a member of the Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot or Lamb's Quarters) family. Arrach had but a slight reputation in the ancient literature. Galen and Dioscorides recommended it as a cool and moist herb which moves the stool, removes swelling of the throat, opens the liver and clears jaundice. Gerard has little to add, even though more than a thousand years had passed. When we come to Culpeper, however, we make some kind of paradigm shift. He does not even elude to the old authors, but embarks on a long dissertation on the uses of "Wild and Stinking Arrach" as an important female medicine. Clearly, he had extensively information and experience which came to him from outside the established tradition. After Culpeper, the plant lapsed back into obscurity, and it is seldom used today. Culpeper writes: "Stinking arrach is used as a remedy to help women pained and almost strangled with the mother, by smelling to it; but inwardly taken there is no better remedy under the moon for that disease. I would be large in commendation of this herb, were I but eloquent. It is an herb under the dominion of Venus, and under the sign Scorpio [ruler of the genitals]; it is common almost upon every dunghill. The works of God are given freely to man, his medicines are common and cheap, and easy to be found. (Tis the medicines of the College of Physicians that are so dear and scarce to find.) I commend it for an universal medicine for the womb, and such a medicine as will easily, safely, and speedily cure any disease thereof; as the fits of the mother, dislocation, or falling out thereof; it cools the womb, being over-heated. And let me tell you this, and I will tell you the truth, heat of the womb is one of the greatest causes of hard labour in child-birth. [It is also a cause of infertility, hence] it makes barren women fruitful; it cleanseth the womb if it be foul, and strengthens it exceedingly; it provokes the terms if they be stopped, and stops them if they flow immoderately; you can desire no good to your womb, but this herb will effect it; therefore if you love children, if you love health, if you love ease, keep a syrup always by you, made of the juice of herb and sugar (or honey if it be to cleanse the womb.) And let such as be rich keep it for their poor neighbours; and bestow it as freely as I bestow my studies upon them, or else let
them look to answer it another day, when the Lord shall come to make inquisition of blood." I would say that Culpeper waxes eloquent on this plant, despite his notion to the contrary. Preparation and dosage. The leaves "are to be gathered when just ripe; for if suffered to stand longer, they lose part of their virtue," says a source quoted by Grieve. They are bruised and left to stand in spirits for 6 weeks, which yields "a light and not unpleasant tincture." Avena sativa. Oat. There are many varieties of cultivated oats. This is the "common oat." The unripened seed, the ripened seed (oatmeal) and the straw are the parts used by various herbal doctors. They are a slow-acting nutritive food-medicine, building up nervous stamina. Oats are a member of the Grass family. "Avena exerts an influence which increases nerve force and improves nutrition of the entire system," writes Fyfe. Another eclectic, Bloyer, the extensive territory to which Avena is suited. "The name of the disease is not so material as the conditions presenting. Nervous debility due to or accompanying any disease may be overcome by the judicious use of avena sativa." Nervous exhaustion, neurasthenia. "In paralysis and wasting diseases of the aged it is a useful medicament, and in chorea and paralysis it has been employed with beneficial results. In neurasthenia and nervous prostration it is an efficienct remedial agent. The occipatal headache which is often associated with general neurasthenia is promptly relieved by this drug, and in local paralysis of diphtheria it is an agent of decided merit. In the convalence of protracted disease, and during the asthenic stages of inflammatory and exanthematous diseases, avena has been used with markedly beneficial results. . . . Avena is especially indicated in headaches accompanied by a burning sensation on the top of the head, and in sick headaches associated with nervous weakness its effects are promptly curative" (Fyfe). "Avena sativa is as frequently a remedy for the insomnia of nervousness---the overworked" (Bloyer). Sexual exhaustion. "Avena has a selective influence upon the genito-urinary organs, and it, therefore, often renders excellent service in wrongs of these organs. In impotency, especially in men under middle age, it is an agent of considerable value. In uterine and ovarian wrongs, with hysterical manifestations, it constitutes a medicament of more than ordinary merit, and in the nervous headaches which are often associated with menstruation it is a superior remedy" (Fyfe). "Its special sphere of action seems to be upon the male sexual organs, regulating the functional irregularities of these parts perhaps as much as any drug can. It is a most useful remedy in all cases of nervous exhaustion, general debility, nervous palpitation of the heart, insomnia, inability to keep the mind fixed upon any one subject, etc., more especially when any or all these troubles are apparently due to nocturnal emissions, masturbation, over sexual intercourse, and the like. For these disorders it is truly specific" (H. E. Russell; quoted by Fyfe). Drug withdrawel. Avena was extensively recommended as a remedy for assisting morphine and opium withdrawel in the early twentieth century. Some reliable authors give it accolades; others say they could not get it to work. Perhaps there are individualizing symptoms which favor its exhibition in some cases, rather
than others. Specific Indications. "Paralytic tendencies; pain in head, extending along spine and down the lower extremities; lack of control over the urinary organs; alcoholism; spermatorrhea; nervous prostration due to mental strain; opium and morphine habit; sleeplessness, with irritability; pain in occipital region extending into the neck and downward along the spine; vagary of thought and manner; neurasthenia; melancholia; hysteria; impotence from sexual abuses" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Oatmeal is insoluable in alcohol or oil, and has to be prepared in water, from which a tincture is made. "Avena sativa should always be given in appreciable doses of the tincture. Fifteen drops three or four times a day, well diluted, will usually meet the case. It may be given in doses of from five to sixty drops, in rare instances" (H. E. Russel). "Quite frequently we advise that avena be taken in hot water. We cannot say positively that this adds to the virtue of the medicine as much as it makes an impression on the patient. The hot water alone is likely to help materially in 'waking up' a feeble stomach and nervous system" (Bloyer). Ballota foetida. Black Hoarhound. A member of the Mint family native to temperate Europe. "The whole plant is as offensive in odour as it is unattractive in appearance," writes Grieve. The presence of a volatile oil which makes a nauseating impression indicates its usefulness in nausea, stimulation of the digestive juices, and killing worms. We search high and low for writers who display familiarity with this plant and come up only with Richard Hool. "In black horehound we have one of the most efficacious remedies that we can use for the cure of biliousness, bilious colic, and sour belchings." This makes it an indispensable agent. "In the above complaints it is near a specific as any remedy can well be. The relief it affords is both prompt and certain, for it only a piece of the stem be chewed in the mouth, and the juice swallowed [it is like] a current of electricity had passed into the stomach, and all the symptoms will in that moment be allayed." This certainly indicates that Ballota is a real specific in this area. He goes on to state that it "acts as an alterative tonic upon the mucous follicles, deterges and heals the diseased membranes, and corrects the acrimony of the discharges." It soothes the irritation of the nerves caused by fits of coughing and is useful in coughs, bronchitis, asthma, spitting of blood, and conditions where the mucous is viscous. He also recommends it for Amennorrhea, menorrhagia and pregnancy (Hool, 1922, 33). Baptisia tinctoria. Wild Indigo. This pretty blue-indigo wildflower is a member of the Legume family native to glades and praires in North America. The flowers provide an indigo dye of modest quality. Baptisia was used by the Indians as a remedy for infected, necrotic, gangrenous wounds. This usage was taken over by the pioneers. The eclectics expanded upon the idea of septic wounds, using it also for internal sepsis. The homeopaths gave it a proving in 1857, which validated the traditional uses and enriched the symptomology. Allopathic doctors undertook research which proved that the plant possessed an ingredient that was toxic to the typhoid bacteria. All three schools utilized the remedy on essentially the same indications. Properties. Upon injury, the leaves and pods turn from a lively green to a dark
black. This is a signature indicating the use in necrotic tissue changes. The swollen pods look like swollen glands. Baptisia is often indicated in chronic swelling of the lymph nodes. The indigo color of the flowers indicates that Wild Indigo will cool fever. Throughout the world, indigo dyes are used in low grade febrile conditions. In short, Baptisia is a remedy for low fevers with sepsis, putrid discharges, swollen glands, and compromised lymphatics. It is one of the most important among the class of remedies suited to septic infection, or deteriorating materials in the bloodstream. Baptisia was frequently used a century or more ago, in typhoid, but this condition is not as common today. It is still called for in the more severe forms of influenza, in tonsillitis, and ulcerative conditions including colitis. I have seen it work miracles in mononucleosis. It is suited to this disease because of its affinity for the glands and low-grade fever. Here's a case history. A sixteen year old boy came to see me with mononucleosis of three weeks duration. Symptoms were few, but the eyes looked disorganized and tired, glands on the neck swollen, breath slightly putrid. Baptisia 3x, 3-6 doses a day. "I was cured in four days," was the report. The use of Baptisia in mono is confirmed by an experienced practitioner, Harry Van Guelder, D.O., N.D., of Australia. Baptisia is also indicated in patients who have never been the same since a bout of mono. I saw a woman who had been suffered for five years with "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," the symptoms having appeared after she had mono. She had swollen glands and a body odour which was so annoying to herself that she took two showers a day. Baptisia, one drop doses of the tincture as needed. She was much better. About six months later she had a wretched skin eruption, tentatively diagnosed as pityriasis rosea. She felt and looked unclean. I gave her Grindelia tincture and Crab Apple flower essence with prompt improvement. Afterwards she considered herself cured of chronic fatigue syndrome. Mental indications. Putrifaction and toxemia in the blood tend to affect the heart and the brain. This results in dullness of the mind and senses, inability to think, confusion, wandering of the mind, indifference, sleeplessness or stupor, mental disorganization, delirium and nightmare. The patient falls asleep while answering a question, or when spoken to (Arnica, another septic infection remedy, also has this symptom). A disorganized look in the eyes is highly characteristic (cf. Echinacea, dull eyes). Physical indications. Prostration, sepsis, putrid discharges and disorganization are the general symptoms running through this remedy. The head and face feel benumbed, heavy. Dizzyness, brain sore, pain at root of nose. Dark red throat, swollen tonsils and parotids, can only swallow liquids. Stools offensive, putrid, thin, dark and bloody. Soreness of abdomen, region of liver and gall bladder. Sore and bruised feeling of the neck, back and extremities. Putrid ulcers of the tongue, gums, intestines, mucous membranes and skin. The bed feels hard, like lying on a board (Arnica.) Must change position. Wounds with septic complications and putridity. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The material dosage is toxic. Baptisia can be used from small doses of the mother tincture, say 1 drop, into the homeopathic potencies. It works very well in the low potencies. Formulae. For external septic
wounds, combine with Wild Cherry or Water Lily (Cook). Comparison. Echinacea, Arnica. Barosma betulina. Buchu. A member of Rutaceae or Citrus family native of Africa and exported for medicinal use. Like most members of that family it contains volatile oils which make it a mild, stimulating, diffusive aromatic. The volatile oils act through the kidneys and bladder to cleanse and tone. Buchu acts chiefly upon these organs and their associated structures, the prostate, ureters, urethra, uterus and vagina. It also has a mild action on the stomach, lungs and mucous membranes in general. Lungs. A mild, antiseptic quality, improving the tone and strength while cleansing and removing mucus, but its action is weak enough that it is often combined with other agents. Stomach. "It rather improves the tone of the stomach, and relieves sympathetic irritability of that organ" (Cook). Kidneys. "I know of no better tonic remedy for the kidney under any circumstances," writes Grover Coe, an eclectic. "In dropsy it is mainly useful in the asthenic forms, particularly when the kidneys, from want of tone, are tardy in the elimination of the absorbed fluid, or are loaded with uric acid deposits." Fyfe says that "Buchu does not materially increase the flow of urine, but its tonic effect generally, and especially its influence upon the mucous membrane of the kidneys, makes it a medicament of some value in dropsy." Bladder. "A constant desire to urinate, with but little relief from micturition; catarrhal conditions of mucous membranes of the genito-urinary organs; uric acid diathesis; chronic affections attended with excessive secretions; gravelly conditions characterized by the deposit of a pinkish-colorish sediment in the urine" (Fyfe). Male sexual organs. "In sub-congested conditions of the prostate, with gummy discharges and aching through the penis; and in recent gleet or old gonorrhea. It is also of service in those forms of spermatorrhea where the seminal discharges are thin, and a feeling of impotence is invading the parts. It relieves the achings and uneasiness attendant upon all these cases; and diminishes the mucous secretion. It should never be used in any case of acute or sub-acute irritation, as it is too stimulating for such conditions. Among difficulties where it will occassionally give relief, may be named inability to retain urine in consequence of a congested prostate; in which malady it is an excellent addition to the peach leaves" (Cook). Female sexual organs. "In lingering leucorrhea, with a tenacious discharge and aching in the back. It is usually combined, for this purpose, with such agents as aralia or liciodendron" (Cook). Extremities. "In rheumatic affections, so frequently dependent upon a uric acid diathesis, I have long employed this remedy with the most satisfactory results. Even in acute rheumatism, after the inflammatory symptoms are measurably subdued, I seldom omit its exhibition. I have cured many cases of lumbago with this remedy, in connection with alterative doses of podophyllin [to decongest the large intestine]" (Coe). Preparation and dosage. An infusion is made from the leaves, given cold it increases the flow of urine, a weaker and warmer preparation promotes gentle perspiration (Cook). Tincture, the usual dose is 10-15 drops in water every two or
three hours (Fyfe). Berberis aquifolium. Oregon Grape Root. Mahonia aquifolium. This is a representative of the Barberry clan native to western North America. Like other members of the family (and like Goldenseal) it contains berberine, a bitter alkaloid with anti-biotic properties. The berberine-bearing plants are used from one region to another as anti-inflammatories, bitter tonics, and cleansers to the digestive tract, liver, gall bladder and kidneys. They are similar in action, but have differences as well. Berberis aquifolium became very popular with botanical physicians in the early twentieth century. It won its laurels a remedy for the "syphilitic taint." It is classified as an alterative and tonic. "That it acts as a tonic and corrective has many times been demonstrated beyond a peradventure," says Fyfe. We turn to Dr. John Scudder for a general overview of its properties. "Berberis is a blood maker. It does this by promoting secretion and excretion. It stimulates the glands of the body, and especially the lymphatics and the liver. It is said to have a diuretic action, also. It certainly aids digestion and assimilation. . . . It overcomes the depraved condition of the fluids of the body by favoring excretion, secretion and assimilation." "From its affinity for glandular structures it acts quickly and pleasingly in hepatic torpor, and is said to prove its efficiency as a remedy when given for cirrhosis of the liver. In stomatitis and in dyspepsia, especially when it its incipiency and when coupled with hepatic affections, berberis is given with confidence. "In chronic disease of the mucous membranes, as catarrh, leucorrhea, bronchorrhea, etc., it is just as efficient. In chronic pulmonary affections in persons of sypilitic or broken down, depraved constitutions, berberis is a miracle worker. It rights the wrongs and cleans the Augean stables, sharpens the appetie, gives new tone and new blood to the body, and comes as near to curing consumption as any remedy known to us at the time. It is both a blood maker and a blood cleanser, and as there is no known remedy so virulent to micro-organisms of nearly all varieties, as healthy blood serum, berberis becomes, indirectly if not directly a microbicide. "It is an excellent tonic to the weak and debilitated---to the convalescent. It may be satefly added to cascara sagrada for the cure of constipation. As we have faith in medicine, we have faith in the so-called alterative and tonic effects of berberis aquifolium when given in appreciable doses. When effective, we like the small dose; when necessary we give the large one with equal delight." Indications. Chronic dyspeptic conditions, due to wrongs of the stomach, intestines, liver and other glands; incipient dyspeptic affections, with loss of appetite. Tongue swollen and thickly coated yellowish-brownish. Catarrhal affections of the gastro-intestinal mucous membranes. In diseases in which there is a waxy, yellow, parchment-like appearance of the skin, similar to that sometimes seen in the beginning of jaundice or in diseases of the spleen, where there is poor assimilation and wasting of flesh. Catarrhal diseases of the upper air passages; diseases of the throat, characterized by excessive discharge and lowered vitality; diseases of the nose presenting constitutional symptoms; ozaena, when the secretions are thick, gummy and tenacious. Non-inflammatory affections of the skin, and the eruptions which frequently appear on the face at the time of puberty.
Its judicious administration will also contribute materially toward the removal of skin roughness and exercise an influence which will make for a clear complexion and a natural soft and moist skin, providing the abnormal condition is not a reflex caused by some uterine, ovarian or menstrual wrong; scaly skin conditions of all kinds; eczema capitis, eczema genitalis, scaly eczema, psoriasis and pityriasis, chronic dermatitis. Rheumatism, especially when the pain was like that from a blow, accompanied by lamenss and stiffness; muscular, bone and periosteal pains, worse at night (Fyfe, Felter, Boericke). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 10-20 drops per dose, three doses per day. Berberis vulgaris. Barberry Root. Barberry is native to Europe, where it has been used since antiquity. It has an extensive history of use in folk medicine and humoralism. Gerarde mentions the use of the leaves, fruit and berries. These are "good against hot burnings and cholericke agues. It allaieth the heate of the bloud, and tempereth the overmuch heate of the liver." Barberry will also stay the "bloudy flixe" and "coole hot stomachkes, and those that are vexed with hot burning agues, and procureth appetite." The bark of the roots are used for jaundice. It contains berberine, and is therefore a bitter tonic with anti-biotic properties. The early German homeopaths gave Berberis a proving in 1834. Despite pages of symptoms derived from the provings, Berberis was still poorly understood, and it was subsequently used only in a cursory manner, on "keynote" symptoms, for local conditions, if at all. It seems to be more popular among European homeopaths. The true nature of Berberis remains to be brought out in a descriptive manner in homeopathic literature. The account by Boericke revolves around keynotes and a few local affinities, omitting the genius of the remedy. The only really useful account I have been able to find is Adolph Lippe's Textbook of Materia Medica (1865). This gives a good description of the facial complexion, pulse and significant symptoms. Properties. The officinal part used in herbal medicine is the root of the bark. It has an intensely bitter flavor. Some people can still detect its taste when diluted in 30,000 parts of water (Weiss). Dr. A. I. Coffin compared the taste of a solution of ox bile to a solution of Barberry root. He felt there was no difference between the two. "We infer that this bark, which so nearly resembles the healthy bile, must be an excellent corrector of a diseased or viated liver. We have acted upon the experimental lesson thus derived from the book of Nature and have never found it to tail, for it is seldom that Nature deceives her followers." He used it "as a corrector of the secretion of the liver," for which "it stands in the whole catalogue of remedies without a rival" (Coffin, The Botanic Guide to Health, 28th ed., 1885, 116). This is an instance of the doctrine of signatures or the law of similars being applied on the basis of taste. Another signature is supplied by the appearance of the root bark, which is at first green, and then, as it dries, yellow. Barberry root tastes and looks like the bile. If we extend our inquiry beyond the bark, however, we will run into indications which suggest applications to other parts of the body. The leaves have a strongly sour taste. This indicates remedies which penetrate deeply to bring up heat in the blood and fluids. Berberis is eminently suited to conditions where there is "heat in the liver." The flowers add their two cents worth as well. Dr. Voegli notes
that they have a urinous smell. This, coupled with the propensity of the bush to grow along streams, indicates a relationship to the kidneys. In summary, Barberry is suited to conditions where the secretions of the liver and kidneys are inhibited and there is an accompanying condition of dampness and heat. The mucosa of the digestive tract are not properly stimulated by the bile, so that there is lack of digestion, leading to fermentation and auto-intoxication. The liver is damp and hot, unable to detoxify the blood from the portal circulation. The kidneys are unable to clean the fluids out of the blood. Berberis is for heat conditions that are like a fire burning in damp leaves, a sort of "smouldering liver fire" or "damp heat in the liver." In patients who have been sick for a long time, the swelling gives way to loss of flesh. Dark circles may appear under the eyes (Lippe). This symptom is indicative of a chronic course of disease, of wasting and damage to fluids and kidneys. Berberis is particularly suited to patients who have been suffering from recurrent, chronic inflammatory conditions, tissue irritation or subborn bacterial infections, such as occur in conjunction with such microbial agents as gardnerella, clymidia, gerardia or candida. Such patients are difficult to treat from a standard or alternative standpoint. They are usually chronic patients, upon whom antibiotics have proved ineffective. There is poor elimination of both irritant and fluidic waste material. There are symptoms of systemic, internal infection, such as red facial color and sometimes pimples. But there is also a dulling, occluding element, giving rise to a dull mind, apathetic feelings, and occluded eyes. The heat symptoms tend to rise, producing the facial flushing, while the damp symptoms tend to descend, producing cystitis and vaginitis. But the two combine, producing hot, swollen tissues of the face, vagina and urethra. This is one of the best remedies for chronic vaginitis. Lippe described the pulse indications very neatly. In some conditions the pulse is "full, hard and rapid." Whenever I ran across this pulse I always think of Berberis vulgaris and I am never disappointed in its action. This pulse occurs in the more resent cases, where there are symptoms of fullness and heat: swollen, hot, red tissues. In most of these cases, the tongue was red along the edges with a yellow coating down the middle. In the more chronic patients, Lippe describes the pulse as low, wiry and rapid, the face pallid with sunken eyes surrounded by blue or blackish circles, puffy underneath. This is the pulse of a chronic settled heat in the blood or fluids, with liver involvement (wiry pulse). Compare with Rumex acetosella, which has a low, rapid, non-resistant pulse, indicating a low fever with lack of tension. The mental symptoms reflect the effect of auto-intoxication, irritation and occulsion of the brain and sensorium. The Berberis patient usually feels mentally dull, langorous, tired, apathetic, and depressed, with occassional outbursts of irritation. Indications. Heat in the head after dinner, or in the afternoon; headache aggravated by movement, relieved in the open air; sharp, darting, shooting pains in the head; vertigo and confusion. Dryness, burning, biting, itching in the eyes, eyelids, eyebrows; dry, congested nose; dry mouth, thirst. Inflammation of tonsils and throat, with swelling and redness, sensation of lump in side of throat.
Expectoration of thick, yellow, jelly-like mucus (cf. Hydrastis, thick, yellow, stringy, tenacious). Pressure in the liver. Hard, scanty stool, or watery evacuations. Burning, stinging in the anus. Hemorrhoids. Stitching, radiating, wandering pains in and from the kidneys. Urine thick, turbid, yellow, red, with sediment; burning; pressure in bladder. Suppressed menstration. Movement and walking increases the pain in the kidneys, urinary difficulties and tiredness. Worse from motion, jarring, stepping hard (Lippe, Boericke). Preparation and dosage. The tincture is contraindicated in pregnancy, and is so bitter that it cannot be borne by many. I have used single drop doses of the tincture on occasion. The lower homeopathic potencies (3x to 30x) are useful in most conditions. Bidens bipinnata. Spanish Needles, Beggar's Ticks. This is an American analogue to Bidens tripartita (see next). It seems to have similar properties. Cook wrote, "The late Dr. W. T. Craig, of Illinois, told me he made much use of the leaves as a local application to arrest the flow of blood, and with great success. He used a wash in piles, nose bleed, bleeding gums, etc." Bidens tripartita. Burr Marigold. A member of the Composite family native to Europe. It has a modest history of use in folk-herbalism and a negligible history in professional medicine. Our principal authority, Richard Hool, FNAMH, an herbalist in Lancashire, learned about it from his mother. In his Common Plants and Their Uses in Medicine (1922), Hool describes how he learned about the properties of Burr Marigold. In the summer of 1854 an old veteran of the battle of Waterloo, one William Bamber of St. Mary St., Preston, started hemorrhaging from the lungs. He had been wounded during the war by a shot through the chest and had never completely recovered, so that he bleed periodically. Three doctors were called but "went away with gloomy faces." Hool's mother happened to be there and she convinced the old man to try an herbal remedy. Her young son watched the proceedings carefully. She made a tea of Burr Marigold and a lump of Ginger and directed it to be taken, 1/2 cup every half hour. The condition was quickly improved and the next day the doctors congratulated Mrs. Hool for saving the man's life. Hool comments, "though very young at the time, the simple method of the cure so impressed upon my mind that I have caused the same herb to be used in the same manner in hundreds of cases since, and where bleeding was concerned I have never known it to fail." He also describes the cure of a young woman who suffered from extreme uterine hemorrhage and passive urinary incontinence. Indications. "Fevers, dropsy, gravel, stone in the bladder, kidney diseases, consumption, ulcerated lungs, general debility, ruptured blood vessels, and bleeding of every description, whether internal or external;" resolves the "viscidity of the secretions" in the lungs, kidneys and bladder (Hool). Preparation and dosage. Hool continued to use his mother's recipe, adding a 1 oz lump of Ginger to 2 oz of Burr Marigold in three pints of water and simmering it down to one quart. He sometimes added Yarrow, another excellent hemostatic. Hool considered the two of them to be an infallible cure for bleeding piles. Borago officinalis. Borage.
This is a member of the Boraginaceae or Comfrey family, native to the Middle East and southern Europe, but more widely cultivated. It has been used since the some ancient times in folk medicine. The name Borago has often been traced to the Latin corago (I bring courage). Whether this is the actual origin of the word or a coincidence, Borage came to be associated with courage as early as Plinius (70 AD). This also led to an association with the heart. Borage is one of those herbs which was widely used in the ancient, medieval and Renaissance periods, but which was largely ignored for the last several hundred years. Properties. The flavor of the leaves is sweet and salty, the temperature cool and the impression moist and mucilaginous. The sky-blue flowers are sometimes used in salads. The stems and leaves are high in salts, calcium, potassium, potassium nitrate and sodium chloride. This combines with the mucilaginous property to create a "saline mucilage." As a salty demulcent Borage acts strongly on the kidneys and lungs, two organ-systems which often act together. Grieve notes, "by virtue of its saline constituents, it promotes the activity of the kidneys and for this reason is employed to carry off feverish catarrhs" (1931, 120). The leaves are hirsute (hairy), a signature supporting its use in soothing irritated lungs, like its cousin Comfrey. "An infusion is quite soothing to the bronchial surfaces and slightly diaphoretic; hence useful in colds, recent coughs with bronchial irritation, measles, and similar conditions," writes Cook. "Like other relaxants and demulcents, it acts fairly on the kidneys and bladder, and thus increases urination and relieves cystitis, and is of service in recent cystic and vaginal catarrhs. At one time it enjoyed a reputation in rheumatism, probably because of diaphoretic and diuretic action" (1896, 28). Indications. Recent colds, coughs, bronchitis, measles. Feverish catarrhs. Nervousness with heart palpitation. Heart pain. Kidney infection. Painful rheumatism. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The flowers are picked from the day that they open, throughout the summer. Tincture, 10-30 drops, 3x/day (Cook). There are no known side effects, but Borage may contain pyrolidizine alkaloids, like Comfrey. Cactus grandiflorus. Selenocereus grandiflorus. Night Blooming Cereus. The modern botanical name for this plant is Selenocereus glandiflorus. It is a cactus native to tropical America. No particular notice was taken of Cactus until 1854, when a homeopathic physician in Naples, Dr. Rubini, began using it as a remedy for heart problems. It was given a proving and added to the roster of homeopathic remedies. Despite this homeopathic pedigree, Cactus has been used more like an herbal remedy: as a general tonic to the heart, in the tincture or the low potencies. It was adopted by botanical practitioners and is used extensively in this manner. Fyfe gives an excellent overview of Cactus. "The range of usefulness of cactus is extensive, and the more fully one becomes acquainted with its valuable properties the more successful will one become in the treatment of a class of wrongs of life which is numerous. In impaired action of the heart, whether functional or organic, cactus is a most efficient remedy. Of course, it cannot be expected to cure structural
diseases of the heart, but in such diseases when the action of the heart is irregular or intermittent, or when there is regurgitation due to valvular insufficiency, it will strengthen the impaired muscle. Cactus will not close dilated openings, or overcome valvular deficiency, but it will do much toward sustaining and bringing about a better action of the permanently diseased heart. In fatty degeneration of the heart, it acts equally well, but in mitral stenosis it is said to be contraindicated. "In endocarditis, pericarditis and myocarditis much benefit is derived from the use of cactus, and in angina pectoris it may well constitute a part of the treatment. It is an absolutely needed remedy in cardiac weakness and threatened heart failure due to exhaustion from over-exertion. In neurasthenia of old age, and in nervous exhaustion, the judicious administration of cactus will produce results pleasing alike to patient and doctor. It also constitutes a medicament well adapted to the treatment of the 'tobacco heart' of cigarette fiends and the inveterate smoker. In these cases the patient will complain of precordial oppression, or the sensation of a band tightly bound about the body or the organ or part affected. With this latter symptom---it matters not where it is located---we have call for cactus which should never be neglected. "In the treatment of the aged cactus fills an important place, and my experience in practice teaches me that if anything will keep their old, weary hearts in a condition to supply their tissues with life-sustaining blood, cactus will do it. "Although cactus is most frequently indicated in cases in which there is no increase in temperature, it is not contraindicated in fever, and in many cases of pneumonia and other fevers it is often a remedy of the utmost importance." Ellingwood calls Cactus "the heart tonic par excellence. " It stimulates the nerve centers of the heart and spine, improving the nutrition of the nervous and muscular structure of the heart, resulting in improved tonus. "Those who have used all the heart remedies unite in the belief that for breadth of action, for specific directness, for reliability and smoothness and general trustworthiness, cactus takes preference over all the rest." He gives an impressive case history. "In a marked case of endocarditis following measles, with purple and bloated countenance, distressing dyspnea, and a pulse so rapid, feeble and fluttering that it could not be counted, the dyspnea was overcome, the heart beats reduced to 120, and regular, and every condition improved in the most satisfactory manner in twenty-four hours, incredible as it may seem, by the use of one drop of the fluid extract of cactus every hour." Heart. "It is especially indicated where there is mental depression with despondency and forebodings" (Ellingwood). Irregular, feeble action of the heart; uneasy sensations, wieght, oppression, in the region of the heart; sensation as if a band was tightly bound around the chest, head, or other part; palpitation; progressive valvular inefficiency, regurgitation; shortness of breath on slight exertion. Cardiac weakness with coldness of extremities, numbness of the left arm. Periodic attacks of suffocation, fainting, cold sweats. Congestive headaches; vertigo, temporal arteries swollen, pulsations felt in the brain and all-over. Choking in the throat, unable to wear a tight collar. Gastric irritation. Cardiac symptoms accompanied by constipation, bleeding hemorrhoids. Menses heavy and clotted, too early, too abundant. Nervous women afflicted with cerebral congestion, heavy pain
and weight in the head, numbness of the arms and legs, inability to lie on the left side, and menstrual troubles, menopausal hot-flashes (Boericke, Fyfe, Ellingwood, Ross). The pulse is highly characteristic. Scudder describes it as "flooding and irregular." I would more graphically picture it as surging and chaotic, like "water rushing between rocks in a stream-bed." Spine. In addition to acting on the heart, Cactus also acts on the spine. Dr. Lyman Watkins, an eclectic, reported the case of "a gentleman of thirty who was suffering from cardiac irrgularity of a mild type, accompanied with a persistent and almost excruciating pain in the deep muscles of the back, over the region of the kidneys. Morphine and opinum had been given persistently, for this severe pain. Cactus given for the heart symptoms relieved the pain permanently in a very short time" (Fyfe). I have also seen Cactus improve the condition of the spine, in less cases where I gave it for the heart (Wood). Brain. "It improves the nutrition of the brain by improving the circulation in that organ. In this it is of advantage in some cases of neurasthenia, especially in those in which there is a snesation of a band or cord around the body or chest or head, a symptom spoken of in nervous exhaustion, and in forms of paralysis" (Ellingwood). Preparation and dosage. Cactus is usually used in the tincture and the lower homeopathic potencies. A dose of the tincture is 1-10 drops. Formulae. Ellingwood gives: as a general tonic for nervous weakness, Cactus, Cimicifuga, Avena and Nux vomica; for impotence, of advancing age, weakness, Cactus, Avena and Saw Palmetto. Calendula officinalis. Pot Marigold. This cheerful orange flower is a member of the Composite family native to Europe, but widely cultivated for its beauty. The golden-orange flowers look like the sun. "It is to be seene in floure in the Calends almost of everie moneth," explains Gerard. It was used in German folk-medicine as a wound-wort. Hahnemann and his followers were interested in its properties, and one of them, Dr. Franz, proved the plant on himself in 1828. The proving caused pus to discharge from old scars on his legs. There is no pharmacological explanation for the wound-healing ability of Calendula, but everyone who has used it can attest to it's virtues in that area. Beyond its use in first aid, which has passed from homeopathy back into herbalism, Calendula is not much employed. However, if we understand what it does as a wound-remedy, we can understand it's deeper organ-affinities and uses. Calendula is particularly effective in sore, inflammed, swollen, sometimes purulent lacerations. It appears to help the circulation and drainage of lymph, so that the area is cleansed and disinfected. If this observation is correct, then we would expect Calendula to help the drainage and cleansing of the glands and vasculature of the lymphatic system at large. This is exactly what Calendual does: it has a history of folk-use in affections of the glands. The doctrine of signatures will lead us a little further along the path of understanding. Herbalist Chris Hafner of Mineeapolis, calls Calendula "herbal sunshine," and says it is the remedy "for places where the sun doesn't shine."
Calendula has particular affinity for the lymphatic glands and ducts, which tend to lie in just such places---under the chin, under the arms and in the inguinal crease. It is effective when these glands are swollen and tender. This affinity is also suggested by the fact that Calendula has been used as an herbal deodorant. The presence of unpleasant perspiration under the arms indicates incomplete cleansing in the adjacent lymphatic structures. It is also used for vaginal discharge where the inguinal glands are swollen. An unintentional proving by a nineteenth century homeopathic pharmacist showed just how far the doctrine of signatures can be pushed. After spilling some of the tincture on his hands, he experienced melancholy and depression, significantly worse when the sun went behind a cloud. This gives us additional insight into problems associated with Calendula. The sun clears away clouds and dries up moistre. The presence of dampness is a pathological sign calling for Calendula. This remedy is used for conditions dependent on excess dampness: thrush, swollen lymphatics, and vaginal discharge. Calendula is not a strong or forceful remedy, but when it is specifically indicated, it will clear lymphatic stasis. Indications. Swollen glands, bone-weary feeling, yellow around the eyes. Lymphatic stagnation under the chin and in the upper chest; lymphatic stagnation about the breasts and under the arms; swollen glands in the inguinal crease, with bland vaginal discharge. Externally, a general remedy for inflammed conditions of the skin, from lacerations, burns, sunburns, irritations, chaffing, etc. Preparation and dosage. The flowers are prepared as an infusion by pouring one pint of boiling water over an ounce and steeping for 10 minutes. The tincture is used in doses of 1-10 drops. Externally, as a cream or salve. Comparison. As a woundwort, Calendula is similar to Plantain. Capsella bursa-pastoris. Shepherd's Purse. Although native to temperate Europe, Shepherd's Purse has become naturalized throughout the world. It is a member of the Mustard or Crucifera family, sometimes called Thlaspi, but usually classified as Capsella. The tiny white flowers are replaced as they mature by the small pods or "purses," from which the plant gets its name. Shepherd's Purse often grows in lawns right under our noses, and it available almost everywhere. Culpeper degresses to say, "this plant is a remarkable instance of the truth of an observation which there is too frequently room to make, namely, that Providence has made the most useful things most common, and for that reason we neglect them: few plants possess greater virtues than this, and yet it is utterly disregarded." Shepherd's Purse was mentioned by Dioscorides, Plinius and Galen as a remedy bilious problems, irritable cough, internal abscesses and bleeding. It was extolled by the herbalists of the Renaissance. Culpeper wrote that "it helps all fluxes of blood, either caused by inward or outward wounds; so also the flux of the belly, and bloody flux, spitting and voiding of blood, and stops the [excessive] terms in women." It may also be used externally. "A good ointment may be made of it for all wounds, especially wounds in the head." In addition, it cures jaundice, inflammation and rash on the skin, pains, noise and matterings of the ear. Rademacher, whose organ-specific remedies owe much to the Paracelsian
doctrine of signatures, taught the use of Capsella for pelvic problems. His work with this remedy had an influence on two English homeopaths, Compton Burnett and Richard Dudgeon. Capsella thus passed into homeopathic use, but only on empirical grounds and in the low potencies or mother tincture. Properties. The flavor is pungent and salty, as is the smell. The scent (which is either like fresh seaweed or urine, depending on whose nose is involved) indicates an affinity for the lungs, kidneys and bladder. The purse-like seed-pods indicate that Shepherd's Purse is useful for the uterus and bladder. Capsella is nearly specific for bleeding from the lower portals: blood in the urine, excessive menstral discharge, and bloody diarrhea. It will also staunch bleeding from other orifices, such as the nose and mouth. It helps remove kidney stones and uterine fibroids. It cures by strengthening the tone of veins and muscles. Bleeding from the Respiratory tract. Shepherd's Purse has long been used for hemorrhage from the nose and mouth. Like many aromatic pungent herbs, it has an affinity for these passages. Pungency aerates the lungs and moves the blood. When I used to work at Present Moment Herbs, in Minneapolis, we used to get orders for large quantities of Shepherd's Purse from a veternarian at a horse race track. Finally I asked his secretary why they were ording this every week. She said the horses often experiencing bleeding from the lungs after a race, and that Shepherd's Purse stopped the problem. Here are some case histories involving hemorrhage from the respiratory tract which were treated by Brother Aloysius about 1900. (1) "A gentleman was suffering from a severe nosebleed; none of the measures taken seemed to help him, and there was fear for his life. Not knowing what to do, his anxious family came to me. I recommended shepherd's purse; but nobody believed that it would do any good, because it had already been tried without success. Immediately suspecting that stale material had been employed, I had a strong infusion prepared; this the patient sniffed up his nose. He also drank a cupful. The nosebleed stopped almost instantaneously." (2) "A gentleman from Friesland who was already under treatment here, started spitting a quantity of blood. The doctor, who happened to be present, feared for his life. We gave him a tablespoon of the infusion of shepherd's purse and purple loosestrife every ten minutes. After taking the first spoonful cold, he did not expectorate another drop of blood." Bleeding from the Uterus. One evening, just before closing time, a woman came into Present Moment Herbs. I had assisted her several times previously. Now she needed help for her sister, in Alabama. She was suffering from continual uterine hemorrhage, so severe that she was now bedridden. The doctors had performed DNCs several times; now they wanted to do a hysterectomy. Sometimes one does the best work on the spur of the moment. We sent the Shepherd's Purse by overnight mail. The patient drank a cup and felt better. About an hour later the uterus "seemed to brace up and change position." The bleeding stopped a little later, dribbled for a few days, then ceased completely. In another case, a forty-two year-old woman had uterine fibroids with bleeding. There was some swelling and pain. She had a rather red, sanguine complexion. I tried Trillium pendulatum and Lilium longiflorum in vain. Then we switched to Shepherd's Purse tea. All the symptoms disappeared and the fibroid shrank considerably in size.
Indications. Atony and prolapse of the vascular system and viscera of the pelvic region. Bleeding from the lower extremities, oozing, difficult to stop. Hemorrhage from miscarriage, excess menstruation, hemorrhoids, diarrhea and dysentery. Chronic menorrhagia when the menstrual discharge occurs too frequently or continues too long, or when the discharge is almost constant, but colorless; leucorrhea. Uterine hemorrhage with violent uterine colic; fibroids with excessive bleeding. Frequent desire to pass urine; deposit of phophates; sediment; hematuria. "Often replaces the use of the catheter" (Boericke). Wounds that ooze and won't stop bleeding. High and low blood pressure. As an external rub for atrophy of the muscles and limbs. Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the fresh or dried herb is made by pouring 1 cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoons. Brother Aloysius placed great emphasis on the fact that the herb used must be relatively fresh. Tincture, 10-15 drops, every 2-3 hours in acute cases. Capsicum annum. Cayenne Pepper. Hot Pepper has been used throughout the world as a condiment and medicine. Samuel Thomson introduced it into common use in American herbalism about 1806. How he came by this remedy provides an interesting lesson. For some time, Thomson had been thinking that he needed a remedy that diffused the blood, the way Lobelia diffused the vital force. There had to be a remedy that churned up the blood in the interior of the organism, brought it to the surface, removed stagnation in the capillaries, and generally improved the circulation. About this time Thomson came down out of the mountains of New Hampshire to see some patients in Massachusetts. At a farmhouse he noticed some dried Cayenne Peppers hanging on the wall. He had never seen this plant before. After tasting it, he knew it was the remedy he was looking for. "First, equalize the circulation." We owe to Wooster Beach, the founder of eclectism, another idea which gives great insight into the conditions where Capsicum is the required remedy. In the treatment of cardio-vascular problems, Beach said that one should "first equalize the circulation." In other words, the distribution of the blood in the vasculature could become unequal. Due to weaknesses in the system, there could also be disparities between different circuits of the vasculature. For example, over-eating might cause an excess blood supply to the digestive organs, smoking to the lungs, drinking or drug-abuse to the liver, constipation to the large intestine, or there might be stagnation around the heart itself, or in the surface, the capillaries. When this inequality occurs a burden is placed upon the heart. In treating cardio-vascular conditions, one had first to equalize the circulation to remove this burden. An orderly approach to cardiovascular disease, according to Beach, was first relieve the inequality in the circulation, so that the burden is removed from the heart. After this has been accomplished, it is possible to see the real condition of the heart, and to treat it with heart-specific remedies, if necessary. Beach's idea is highly compatible with Thomson's concept of diffusion of the blood. In fact, Thomson's followers readily picked up Beach's motto and incorporated it into their practice. No other concept leads more directly to a core
understanding of this remedy. The highly stimulating and heating properties of Cayenne Pepper rouse the circulation, move the blood to the surface, and engorge the capillaries. As a general stimulant and corrector of circulatory problems it has no equal. I find it to be the single most useful cardio-vascular remedy in my practice. It is suited to patients who are flabby, lazy, self-indulgent, or simply getting middle-aged. The heart muscles are starting to become lazy and the circulation is getting stagnant in places. Capsicum, in either the herbal or the homeopathic preparation, will rouse the delapitated organism, tonify the heart muscles, and clean out circulatory inequalities. It is a member of the Nightshade family, which gives us so many remedies with cardio-vascular effects (Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Datura and Tabacum). Capsicum was proven and introduced into homeopathic materia medica. However, homeopaths did not have the insight into its properties that the followers of Thomson and Beach had. They developed a comprehensive schedule of symptoms upon which to prescribe Capsicum, but no understanding of what it really does in the interior of the body. Not surprizingly, this symptom-picture corresponds to the type of patient and conditions which occur as the result of unequal distribution of the blood. By placing the Beachian/Thomsonian explanation of Capsicum along side the homeopathic symptom-picture we a picture of this remedy which does not deceive. According to homeopathic literature, Capsicum is called for in patients of lax fiber and flabby muscles, who doesn't exercize and eat the wrong foods. Has a red face, yet the face feels cold to the touch and is generally chilly. At times he gasps for breath, or can't catch the breath. Worse from slight drafts, cold air, cold water, uncovering, dampness, bathing, drinking, and eating, better from continued motion and exercize. These symptoms describe a patient with poor circulation. One of the most characteristic symptoms, in my experience, is what I call the "unequal pulse." This can appear in several different ways. The artery is flaccid in some positions, but sharp as a knife-blade in others. Sometimes the beat is not syncronized from one arm to the other. Another characteristic symptom is the facial and skin color, which is not just "red," as the homeopathic literature explains, but a reddish-purple---like the hot pepper itself. One quickly gets the picture of stagnation in the capillaries. This is especially evident on the cheeks. Here are a few case-histories which illustrate the use of Capsicum from the Thomsonian point of view. I prefer to use the 3x and 6x potencies, rather than the material dose used by Thomson. (1) A twenty-eight year-old woman was in the third month of her second pregnancy. She was flabby, lax-fibered, lazy, and redfaced. The pulse was unequal and the doctors had told her she had a heart murmur. Capsicum 6x removed the murmur in less than a week and she went full term to a successful conclusion. (2) The patient was a twenty-eight year old woman with flabby muscles, lax-fiber, and red checks. She had suffered with a heart murmur since adolescence, for which, of course, no cure was offered. Pulse unequal. Capsicum 6x, repeated when she felt shortness of breath, controls the symptoms. Three years later, she is on her third bottle of the remedy, so the cure was not complete, but it improved her life greatly.
Capsicum also has an application in more percipitous cardio-vascular problems. Thomson reasoned that during a heart attack the blood pooled in the interior and congested around the heart, while it was absent in the extremities--which were cold and blue. As a consequence, Cayenne was his remedy of choice in the treatment of acute heart attack. The late Dr. Christopher said that Cayenne never failed him in over thirty years of use as a remedy for heart-attack. Here the crude substance should be used, rather than the potencies. Capsicum was used by Thomson and his followers to stop bleeding and remove blood stasis following injuries. Here is a case history which illustrates the use of Capsicum to remove stagnant blood. The patient was a thirty-seven year old woman who had just delivered her first baby. The pregnancy had been difficult, there was extensive post-partum bleeding and hematoma in the vagina. 500 cc of blood was removed surgically. She was given antibiotics. Two weeks later a vaginal culture showed a "beta-strep" infection. She felt slight itching, was a little hot, cheeks red, especially the left, fatigued. This was a case where it was necessary to consider the nature of the condition, in order to arrive at the correct remedy. Obviously, there was still "stagnant blood" in the birth canal. The superficial vessels, the capillaries, were likely to be glutted with coagulated and slow-moving blood. This would result in inflammation, and this (with the antibiotics) would produce a condition where bacteria could flourish. The unevenly reddened checks indicated some disharmony in circulation. There is no way one could have arrived at Capsicum through the use of homeopathic symptoms and repertory, but the remedy fit the pathological state. Capsicum 3x, a few doses a day cured promptly. Four days later, no red cheeks, no itching, little fatigue. I cannot close out this account with out reference to the doctrine of signatures. The reddish color the Red Pepper, with a slight purple undertone is a good indication of the properties of this plant. The fruit is shaped somewhat like a heart. Even more interesting, however, is the interior, which is divided into four "ventricles," just like a heart. Capsicum integrates the four quadrants of the body and strengthens the corresponding chambers of the heart. Preparation and dosage. The crude substance is a bit over-wealming, and except in acute cases, need not be used. I prefer the 3x and 6x potencies. Carthamus tinctorius. Safflower. This crop plant is native to the Old World but is widely grown elsewhere. It has a long history of use in European, Chinese and American herbalism. The flowers, which are red and orange, are the part used. They indicate that Safflower is a remedy for the blood. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used to stirr the blood, removing stagnation and adhesions or bruises. In Western herbalism it is used to cleanse the blood of septic infection and bring rashes to the surface. It is a remedy for heat in the blood and stagnant blood (cf. Achillea and Arnica). More recently, scientific medicine has put Safflower to use as a healthy source of polyunsaturated oils. The discovery that saturated oils promote high blood cholesterol led to a search for vegetable oils to substitute for the animal fats traditionally used in cooking. These were much lower saturated fats. Safflower oil turned out to be an excellent polyunsaturated oil. Today it is widely grown as an oilseed crop and used in
cooking. These facts come together to show that Carthamus is a remedy which stirs the blood, removing heat, toxin and stagnation; brings rashes to the surface or removing rashes due to heat in the blood; and takes circulatory burden off the heart. In addition it has an action upon the digestive tract. By stirring and cleaning the blood it detoxifies the portal circulation and decongests the intestine, removing constipation, bloating and gas. Properties. The flavor is pungent and sweet, the temperature warm, the impression mild and pleasing. The sweet flavor indicates a tonic influence on the digestive tract. The pungent and warm properties account for the ability Carthamus has to warm and stir the blood. They also indicate a capacity to open the skin, promote perspiration and cleanse the interior. In order to really understand an herb I need a specific indication, keynote symptom or organ-affinity to led me along the path to certainty. In this regard, the traditional sources on Safflower are rather lean. It was quite a surprize when I found a single sentance giving a specific indication in Herbally Yours, by Penny C. Royal. She says that Safflower is the indicated remedy for hypoglycaemic patients who become excessively fatigued after exertion. This author is a Thomsonian of the Dr. Christopher mode, not usually prone to specific descriptions. It was a patient who brought this indication to my attention. A man came into Present Moment Herbs, showed me this statement, and exclaimed, "that fits me to a tee, and Safflower is the only thing that helps me." I wasn't going to let an opportunity to learn pass by, so I observed the man closely, to see if there wasn't something about him which would point to Carthamus in future cases. I noticed was that the margins of the eyelids were red, and I have since found this to be a specific symptom indicating Safflower. There are, of course, patients who do not have this and respond to the remedy anyway, but this was a concrete fact. I did not need to wait long to find such a patient. A thirty-four year-old man, HIV positive, was asymptomatic except for a few rashy scabs on the legs. The margins of his eyelids were red. I immediately thought of Solidago virga-aurea (dry rash on lower extremitis) and Carthamus tinctorius. The latter proved to be the remedy, curing the symptoms in less than a week. It also turned out that Penny C. Royal's statement about Safflower removing lactic acid in hypoclycaemic patients could be much more broadly applied. I found it an excellent remedy for removing the achyness in muscles caused by excessive exertion. If taken immediately after exercize it may eliminate soreness altogether. I find that Carthamus is even better than Arnica for removing muscle soreness after exercize or work, and is sometimes as effective in bruises and sprains. Carthamus has a great deal in common with Arnica, but the differentiating symptoms are not well known. Here is a case history indicating the use of Carthamus in shock, trauma and bruising. A nineteen month old infant was brought to me by her grandparents. She had been suffering from a thrush infection in the mouth and a yeast infection in the vagina which was temporarily halted on a few occassions by the use of antibiotics. Just in the last few days she had been given a new antibiotic which caused an allergic reaction. The skin was covered with a red, dryish rash in many places, on the face,
arms, torso, genitals, legs, etc. The complexion from head to toe was bluish-reddish, and there was darkness around her eyes, which looked fearful, uncertain, and pained. One could not help but feel that she had been horribly shocked and bruised by the incident. I was thinking of a number of remedies for congealed blood and ecchymosis when the grandfather mentioned that the rims of her eyelids sometimes got very red. A few drops of Carthamus tinctorius and the keeness came back to her eyes, she started having fun, the complexion changed and even the rash seemed less evident. The allergic-reaction symptoms cleared in a few hours, and the thrush and yeast infections cleared in a few days. Here is a case history which illustrates the use of Carthamus for skin rash. The patient was a forty year-old woman. All of sudden a red spot appeared on her chin, promptly following by an enormous swelling of the part, then by swollen glands in the throat, upper chest and shoulders. At first it was diagnosed as a spider bite, but later the doctors decided it was erysipelas. Three courses of heavy duty antibiotics in three weeks produced no change except a yeast infection. She had a nondescript, low, weak pulse, probably the result of antibiotics, but the tongue was more instructive. The back was coated heavily with a moist white-yellow scruff giving way towards the front to a bluish-red tongue body. Stagnant blood immediately suggested itself and a check of the veins on the wrists showed that they stood out in a prominent blue. Carthamus on the rash and orally produced an immediate improvement. Redness diminished, eyes more alert, complexion "somehow better," and reduction in pain. She was completely healed of the erysipelas in two days. Using the doctor's mistakes to our advantage, we should see if Safflower is a good remedy for spider bite, as well as erysipelas. Some idea of the mental state associated with Carthamus is brought out by the following case. The patient was a thirty-five year-old woman who was suffering from a lack of joy, with depression. I had a hard time figuring out what the psychological problem actually was. "Its like I don't have any spirit left. . . I'm not in contact with the joy I usually feel. . . life is hard work." She's going through some issues with her sister, job going well. "Instead of being who I am. . . I'm not happy; everything's a bother, not a joy." This had been going on for a month. Physical examination reveals that she had clammy palms, a slightly warm and clammy forehead, reddish, irritated checks, some darkness along the veins in the arms and wrists, a slow, slightly hard pulse, and a tongue with a faint bluish tinge towards the front. Her only major health problem has been asthma, but no symptoms of this in the last year. I knew she was going to need Calc. carb. for the clammy skin and a sense of not being supported by her family, but that was not going to help with the lack of joy. Perhaps there was something affecting the heart. The emotion of the heart is joy according to Chinese medicine. The stagnant blood might be weighing on the heart. Arnica had some effect, but Carthamus instantly brought forth a smile, made her laugh hearty, and returned her to joy. The hardness left the pulse. Indications. Stirs the blood, breaks up adhesions, brings rashes to the surface, removes heat in the blood and septic fever. Skin eruptions; low septic fevers which benefit from the appearance of a rash. Stagnant and congealed blood; bluish-reddish complexion (cf. Achillea, Arnica). Stagnant circulation in the pelvic region, resulting in female problems; amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal masses, pain.
Hypoglycaemics who get sore muscles easily. Sore muscles from retention of lactic acid. Pain, distension, and fullness in the epigastrium, constriction in the chest, due to poor digestion. Diarrhea and constipation. Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the flowers, one tablespoonful per cup, 13x/day. I make a tincture by soaking the flowers in brandy or vodka for 10 days and straining. Dose, 3 drops, 1-3x/day. Carum carvi. Caraway. Caraway is a member of a group of plants in the Umbellifera family, all of whom possess similar aromatic volatile oils and medicinal properties. Caraway, Dill, Fennel and Anise Seed are all used in one degree or another to settle the stomach, remove flatulence and decongest the lungs. Other Umbellifera contain volatile oils and related properties, but they interact with other processes in the body to such an extent that they are not included in this group. Dr. Rudolf Weiss, the noted authority on phytotherapy in German medicine, compares the four plants. Caraway has the strongest carminative (soothing) action on the stomach, but the weakest expectorant action on the lungs. Anise Seed has the strongest expectorant action, but the weakest carminative qualities and Fennel stands intermediate between the two. Dill is less well known and used, but Weiss thinks it comparable to Caraway. The properties of these plants may be even more precisely divided and defined by an examination of their taste. All three plants are strongly pungent, due to the presence of volatile oils, but this is moderated by other qualities which are discernable in the taste. Caraway has a pungent, slightly bitter flavor, a warm temperature, and a mild astringent impression. The slightly bitter tinge makes Caraway more provoking, so that it stimulates the flow of digestive juices. It also acts to reduce inflammation. The astringence gives it an action on the tension of the digestive tract. It tightens and binds tissues that are lax, or relaxes tissues that are too tense. These properties together give Caraway an affinity to sub-acid states of the digestive tract with tension, flatus and the beginnings of inflammation; or with lack of tissue tone and diarrhea. It also can be used as a gargle for mild inflammation of the throat, or respiratory conditions with slight irritation, before serious inflammation has set in and the cough-reflex is over-stimulated. Anise Seed (Pimpenella) has a pungent, sweet flavor, a warm temperature, and a gentle soothing impression. Where Caraway provokes through bitterness and astringence, Anise Seed builds up by its choice sweet flavor and gentle soothing quality. It is stimulating by protagonism, instead of antagonism. Anise Seed is suited to conditions of weakness of the ennervation of the solar plexus and stomach, resulting in weakness and debility, loss of appetite and flesh, and functional power. It also soothes established coughs which are very irritable, where the nervous system has been worn down and the cough-reflex is over-exaggerated. Fennel has a pungent, moderately sweet flavor, with a touch of bitterness, a slightly cool temperature, and a soothing impression. It has not nearly the choice flavor of Anise Seed and is not as tonical on the nerves, muscles and tissues, but it is more of a nervine with relaxant properties. Not having the bitterness of Caraway, it
is not as provoking and stimulating to sub-acid states, nor as sedating to inflammation. It acts as a relaxant nervine upon the digestive, respiratory and nervous systems, without building up tone (Anise Seed) or correcting heat (Caraway). All three have been used to increase milk production in nursing mothers. The indications for Caraway are as follows. Indications. Lack of appetite. Flatulent dyspepsia, intestinal colic, especially in infants and children. Diarrhea. Incipient respiratory infections, especially in children. Sore throat, earache, bronchitis. Asthmatic spasm. Menstrual cramps. Low milk production. Preparation and dosage. The seeds are eaten plain or can be made into an infusion or cordial. Crush the seeds to release the volatile oils, and pour one cup of boiling water poured over 1 teaspoon, steep 10-15 minutes. Soak the seeds in wine to produce a cordial. Cascara sagrada. See Rhamnus purshiana. Castanea vesca. American Chestnut. This is the tall, handsome tree which once dominated the woodlands of eastern North America. Having been ravaged by an epidemic brought in on European Chestnuts, it is now virtually extinct, except for sprouts which grow up from old stumps, to the height of 10 or 15 feet and then die. It is interesting the Dr. Bach used the flower essence of English Chestnut for recovery from devastation. It is not clear who first started using Castanea vesca as a bronchial remedy. Culpeper mentions European Chestnut as a remedy for "cough," so this had an Old World application. By the middle of the nineteenth century it had become a widespread folk-medicine. Chestnut leaves were never too popular with professional doctors, but useful accounts are found in Cook and Fyfe, among others. Castanea received a brief homeopathic proving, but no respiratory symptoms were produced. Fyfe writes, "Chestnut leaves exert a specific influence in some cases of whooping-cough, so much so that the relief is apparent in twenty-four hours. They have usually been employed in infusion, but the tincture will be found as good, and is more easily dispensed. In convulsive cough or paroxysmal cough, resembling whooping-cough, it has also proven a successful remedy. It may also be tried in cases where there is unsteadiness in the gait and a disposition to turn to one side." According to Cook, Chestnut leaves "are a very popular remedy among Eastern midwives for arresting hemorrhage, staying lochia, and abating recent menorrhagia. Probably they would be of service in sub-acute and chronic diarrhea and dysentery." Indications. "A useful remedy in whooping-cough, especially in the early stage, with dry, ringing, violent, spasmodic cough. Desire for warm drinks; very thirsty; loss of appetite; diarrhea; lumbago, weak back, can hardly straighten up" (Boericke). Preparation and dosage. The old authors recommend the infusion and tincture. Fyfe gives the dosage as 1-3 drops. Boericke recommended the tincture. Millspaugh gives directions on how to make it, but due to the scarcity of American
Chestnut, a low homeopathic potency should probably be used. Catalpa bignonioides. Catalpa. A tall tree native to the Ohio River valley, planted more widely as a shade tree. The big, heart-shaped leaves, placed against the chest, give a feeling of openness and freedom to the lung cage, allowing deeper respiration. "In small doses catalpa relieves irritation of the bronchial tubes, and gives freedom to respiration. It has been used in asthma with marked success, and is also recommended in chronic bronchitis, and in some forms of functional heart disease" (Fyfe). Indications. "Irritation of bronchial tubes; asthma and chronic bronchitis; difficult respiration; functional diseases of the heart" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. The bark, leaves, seeds and pods have been variously used. Tincture, 1-3 drops (Fyfe). Caulophyllum thalictroides. Blue Cohosh. A member of the Barberry family native to the deep, dark forests of eastern and central North Amerca. The meaning of the word cohosh is uncertain, but it is an Indian word connected to pregnancy. The berries, and to a lesser extent, the leaves, have a blue tint, hence the name Blue Cohosh. It was used by the Indians as a parturient remedy, along with Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga) and adopted from them by the settlers. Caulophyllum was introduced into professional medicine by Dr. Isaac Smith, a little after 1800. It received a superficial homeopathic proving, the principal symptoms being known from clinical experience. It is used on the same indications by both herbalists and homeopaths, in material and immaterial doses. Properties. The taste is at first sharp and penetrating, then becoming sweet (Millspaugh). The dust of the powdered root is so irritating that some workers prefer exposure to Capsicum (Lloyd). Cook writes, "It is a moderate diffusive, stimulating and relaxing in about equal degrees, spending its main powers upon the nervous system. These qualities make it one of the very best of antispasmodics, to relieve nervous feebleness with irritability, as in crampings of the bowels, twitching of the muscles in typhoid and parturient cases, hysteria, pain menstruation, colic, etc. Its efficacy in these cases is remarkable." It acts on some constitutions as a stimulant, and on others as a relaxant. Menstruation. Chronic uterine disorders, in broken down constitutions with various reflex symtpoms from the uterus; amenorrhea of young women (give at the commencement of the period); painful menstruation, or pain and soreness of the uterus, connected with rheumatism; ovarian irritation, pain in the breasts, accompanied by general irritation and chorea; subinvolution of the uterus; uterine pain, with fullness, weight and pain in the legs; fullness of tissues, as if congested; sexual debility, with excitability; spasmodic uterine contractions, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, metritis, endometritis, ovaritis, urethritis, vaginitis, thrush, menopausal pains and discomforts. Scudder writes, "Caulophyllum has no superior as a so-called tonic in those cases of general debility so frequently found in women who are broken down physically, and especially sexually, and who complain always of pain, heaviness, and weakness in the lower extremities. In some way or other, caulophyllum gives them
new life." Elsewhere Scudder describes this condition as an "asthenic plethora," or exhausted fullness. "Caulophyllum is an excellent remedy for that insomnia which is so common and many times so intractable in so-called nervous women. Many of these people have disturbing bladder troubles, urethritis, and even albuminuria, that are greatly benefited, it not radically cured, by caulophyllum." Parturition. The older literature speaks of it highly as a tonic during pregnancy, but modern authors are afraid of it causing miscarriage. Cook writes, "It is too often laid aside on the decidely false impression that it is a stimulating emmenagogue of harmful proclivities." The following account by Ellingwood, who was one of the real masters in the use of parturient remedies, gives the older view. "The growth of the foetus has been compared to an apple, which, when fully ripened, falls from the tree. The effect of caulophyllum is to prolong gestation till the foetus is fully developed, labor being a physiological process at full term, and not pathological, therefore less protracted, less painful, and less liable to accidents. "Many writers confirm the opinion that caulophyllum or caulophyllin are excellent remedies in labor, contributing to the relaxation of a rigid os, increasing the strength of the pains. It will also assist materially in controlling an abortion. Using it in conjunction with viburnum, this influence will be enhanced. "This remedy as a partus preparator is equal in some cases to macrotys [cimicifug], and comparable with viburnum and helonias. It prevents premature delivery by a superior tonicity, which it induces in all the reproductive organs. It has caused many cases to overrun their time a few days, and yet easy labors and excellent recoveries have followed. It is a satisfactory remedy where there is a habit of having severe after pains, or where there are false labor pains, not productive of good, or where subsequent to the labor there are hourglass or other undue spamodic uterine contractions." Fyfe adds, "As a remedy for the prevention of abortion it has no superior, and as a medicament for the treatment needed after abortion has occurred it is highly valued." Muscles and joints. Spasmodic muscular pains, articular pain, rheumatic pains; debility of the nervous system, with impaired muscular power; spasmodic affections of the respiratory tract, bronchitis, asthma, and whooping cough; rheumatism of the small joints of the hands and feet, shifting pains in the limbs; cramp-like pains in the stomach and bowels, worse after eating. "It receives its meed of praise as a remedy in orchitis, especially if it be or rheumatic origin. It is here a rival of pulsatilla and of phytolacca" (Scudder). Preparation and dosage. "It is often necessary to continue this remedy, in whatever form given, over a considerable period of time in order to obtain its best results" (Ellingwood). Formula. In severely exhausted labor, Caulophyllum, Cypripedium, Myrica and Capsicum (Cook). Ceanothus americanum. Red Root, New Jersey Tea. This small shrub is native to little glades and openings throughout eastern North America. The leaves impart a taste similar to black tea and were used for this purpose during the Revolutionary War. Red Root is a member of the Rhamnaceae or Buckthorn family, many of whom act on the intestinal tract.
Ceanothus received scant notice until 1835, when it was designated as an antihemorrhagic astringent in allopathic medicine. It was used as a folk-remedy for swollen glands, and became popular during the Civil War as a remedy for "ague cake," the swollen spleen associated with malaria and intermittent fever. It remained unappreciated by professional doctors for some time yet. William Cook commented in 1867 that it is "not very powerful or reliable." Shortly after, Dr. Edwin Hale described Ceanothus in his New Remedies, a book intended to introduce native American herbal remedies to the homeopathic audience. The short account was overlooked until an English homeopath, Dr. J. Compton Burnett, went looking for a spleen-specific remedy with which to enlarge his practice. Burnett found that Ceanothus was an extraordinary remedy for the spleen. He was the type of author who was read by allopaths, homeopaths, physio-medicalists, and eclectics alike, so that after his little booklet appeared, Ceanothus was adopted into the pharmacopeia in every school. In 1900, J. C. Fahnestock gave Ceanothus a homeopathic proving, which verified Burnett's idea. "To my surprise the first symptom noticed was a sticking pain in the spleen, and after the continued use of the remedy, there was quite an enlargement of that organ, worse by motion, but at the same time unable to lie on the left side; following this there was pain in the liver, a congestion and enlargement, with sticking pains worse by motion and touch." Properties. A cross section of the root shows a pink-reddishness suffusing through a pale, serous-like tan-yellow coloring. It looks like blood suffusing through a piece of liver. This is an important signature. The allopathic surgeons who introduced Ceanothus into medicine did not comment on this fact, but it certainly pictures the idea of bleeding. As Michael Moore shows, the fundamental properties of Ceanothus derive from the fact that it acts on the electical charge which separates the red blood cells and blood proteins from the wall of the artery. This enhances the ability of the vessels to keep the blood cells inside, but allows for easily transportation of the lymph through the sieve-like walls of ther artery. The result is that the blood is better able to receive and give nutriment, and the lymph is better able to receive and remove waste material (Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West ). Ceanothus and the spleen. Burnett and his contemporaries understood Ceanothus as a specific remedy for swollen spleen. In order to understand the full properties of Ceanothus, we need to understand how the spleen relates to the lymphatics and the blood. In terms of Western medicine the spleen is a relatively unimportant organ, but this is a superficial view. Although the spleen is not really active outside a small sphere, by sympathy it is closely connected to the lymphatics and blood. According traditional Chinese medicine the primary function of the spleen is to separate the pure fluids from the turbid fluids, sending the pure upwards and the turbid downwards. The spleen yang is the fire which causes a gentle circulation of the fluids, so that nutriment is transported to the sites where it is used and transformed into flesh, while waste products are removed from the system. By uplifting and flesh-building, the spleen "holds up the organs." It also holds up the blood vessels and "binds the blood in the vessels." When the spleen is not capable
of doing its job, the fluids stagnate, there is edema, dampness percipitates into mucus, swollen glands appear, the blood is not adequately nourished, it extravasates from the vessels, and the tissues emaciate. When we try to draw a correspondence between the Chinese folk-medical concept of the spleen and modern medicine, we should not confine our thoughts to the actual spleen organ. The real analogy is with the lymphatic system. Through the lymphatics the nutriment is taken up from the digestive tract and distributed throughout the body, while waste is absorbed, detoxified and removed. Pathologies of the lymphatic system include stagnation of fluids, percipitation of turbid lymph and finally mucus, poor nutrition of the blood and tissues, swollen glands, etc. The spleen is a part of the lymphatic system, originating from the same embryological tissue and having important relations with lymphatic functions. When its is swollen there are problems in the lymphatics. Burnett's idea that Ceanothus is an organ-specific remedy for the spleen was handicaped by the limited view of that organ held in his time. When we see the greater connections of the spleen to the blood and lymph, the lymphatics and glands, we get a more rounded out view of Ceanothus. Mental indications. According to ancient Greek and Chinese medicine, the emotion connected with the spleen is melancholia, brooding, or pensiveness. Not surprizingly, this emotion has been linked to Ceanothus. Dr. R. Swinburne Clymer was one of the only botanical physicians to give a mental symptom for Ceanothus. He considered swollen spleen, with pain in the organ, accompanied by melancholia to be the characteristic symptom calling for the exhibition of Ceanothus. An English homeopath, Edward Cotter, gives the case history of a woman suffering from swollen spleen and depression, cured with Ceanothus 3c. In my experience, the melancholy of Ceanothus is more like "artistic funk" than depression. Physical indications. Swollen glands, lymphatic stagnation, edema, pelvic congestion; enlargement and inflammation of the spleen; violent shortness of breath, chronic bronchitis with profuse secretion, and pain in the liver or back, from congestion or fluid retention; loss of appetite, loss of flesh, general weakness, pain and weakness in the umbilical region, amenia, pallor; edema, diarrhea, bearing down pains in the abdomen and rectum, constant urging to urinate, profuse menstruation, extravasation of blood, and leucorrhea. Worse in damp, cold weather. Tongue swollen and inflammed, buds prominent, dirty coating. Swollen sore throat and swollen prostrate. Decongests the pelvic area (Burnett, Boericke, Bass, Wood, Moore). Preparation and dosage. This remedy is commonly used in material doses by herbalists. However, Burnett found that material doses cause aggravations. I have seen this myself. For instance, I gave a patient Ceanothus tincture, 3 drops, three times a day. The next day he complained that his tongue was massively swollen and the taste buds were swollen and elevated. Generally this remedy was used in homeopathy in the very lowest potencies---3x and 3c. Celastrus scandens. False Bittersweet. Although not used today in Western herbal medicine, this plant was very important with the American Indians, was used by the white folk doctors of early
America, and is still a favorite with Indian herbalists practicing today. It is one of the "Winibojo remedies" used by the Ojibwe doctors, named after the Trickster Winibojo, who first introduced its use into medicine. The story is that he was walking across the ice one day when he heard something rattling along behind him. Winibojo turned back to see his intestines daggling out across the ice. Some of it had become frozen and he broke this part off, throwing it over a tree and saying, "this will make a good medicine for my relatives." That is why it is called Nanabojo onagic (Winibojo's intestines). Celastrus is a vine, most easily recognized in the winter, when the orange, tripartitie fruits hang on it, creating a colorful ornament. For this purpose it is often picked and sold at farmer's markets at the present time---but it is not used in herbal medicine to any extent. The inner bark of the vine is nutritious, and while it does not taste good, it was used by the northern Indians during winter as a food supplement, when game was scarce. Radisson, one of the early French explorers (1680), depended upon it as a food, but noticed that it made his men dry and thirsty. As a medicine, the inner bark of the root is used as a general systemic cleanser. It acts upon the lymphatic system to cleanse and nourish the body. The fact that it provokes thirst is most interesting, in light of its use in curing diabetes in nineteenth century medicine. Celastrus was adopted by the white "Indian doctors" from the Indian practitioners. A typical report from such a doctor is given by Jonas Richel (1828). "It removes obstructions of the liver and spleen; dissolves congealed blood, and promotes the secretion of urine. It is useful in ointments and poultices to abate inflammations, and to bring down swellings." Celastrus was used for "scrofula and struma," or swollen glands, congested lymphatics, spleen and liver, and congealed blood. It is easy to see why the Indians used it as a general systemic cleanser. Dr. William Cook was one of the few professional doctors in the late nineteenth century who was well acquainted with the traditional Indian and white folk remedies used in the early part of the century. His father-in-law had been a doctor in upstate New York, whose style would have reflected the practices of the "root doctors" of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Cook dedicates three pages to Celastrus, an article which is usually ignored in most sources. Properties. The inner bark of the root is sweet, bitter, nauseous to the taste, and in large doses, emetic. Medicines that produce nausea usually have an influence upon the digestive tract. The vine was likened to the intestines by the Indians, and used in nutritive and assimilative disorders. It operates broadly on the digestive and lymphatic systems, to enhance digestion, assimilation and nutrition. Cook explains that the root is a mild and slow relaxant, acting chiefly upon the glandular structures, principally the spleen and lymphatics, then the kidneys and skin. "It soothes nervous irritation throughout the frame, tastes slightly nauseous to some persons, and leaves a gentle tonic impression." "This article has been used mostly as an alterative," writes Cook. It "deserves far more attention than it receives in all scrofulous cases, whether of glandular swelling or strumous diathesis." It has an affinity for the lymphatics, through which cleansing and nourishing of the organism takes place, and also to some extent to the sexual glands or organs. Hence it has some use for female complaints.
The Indians used it for anemia. Cook says, "It is very good, combined with mild tonics, for young women about the age of puberty, when they get blue bands under their eyes, with general paleness, precarious appetite, nervousness, feebleness, and vaginal weakness." He has had good results with it in chronic inflammation of the ovaries. "This agent has a peculiar and valuable action on the kidneys and bladder, soothing and strengthening these organs. I have found it good in the enuresis of nervous children, generally combining it with agrimonia. I have found it an excellent agent for irritable cases of spermatorrhea," by combing it with a Mitchella compound. Dr. Cook learned from Dr. S. B. Dodd, of Martinsburg, Ohio, that it was a valuable remedy in diabetes. He gave a combination of Celastrus, Hydrastis, Fraseria and Cornus. Cook says cautiously, "I have cofirmed this observation on many cases of excessive micturation, but not of actual diabetes; but several physicians to whom I have made known Dr. Dodd's experience, have abundantly confirmed it in very bad diabetic cases." He then cites a case history forwarded to him by Dr. J. Weeks, of Mechanicsburg, Indiana. "A soldier shot through the lungs and sent home to die of his wound and diabetes." Weeks checked the diabetes with Celastrus, but the patient "swelled up enormously with cellular dropsy on every portion of his body." He soon removed this with steam baths and stimulants, "and sent the man back to vigorous army service in three months." As noted above, Radisson found his men thirsty and dry from eating Celastrus bark in the winter time. This dryness also appears among the symptoms for which it is prescribed. Cooks says, "Outwardly, a strong decoction of this agent makes a good wash in chaffiness of the skin and scaly eruptions, expecially when the surface is hot. External application. Rafinesque reported that Celastrus was used on swollen, indurated cow bags. Cook used it in poultices, salves and strong decoction upon flannel, over glandular swellings, which it soothes and softens. "It has been highly spoken of outwardly and inwardly in cancers; but it is my impression that this repute has arisen from its good action on caked breasts and other lymphatic enlargements in strongly scrofulous constitutions. It slowly promotes abosrption--which would not be a favorable action in cancers." Dr. Gunn (1859) gives directions for making the salve. "To make Bitter Sweet Ointment, add half a pound of the bark of the root to a pound of lard, simmer slowly over the fire for several hours, then strain for use. It is good for swelled breasts" and to "discuss or drive away tumors or swellings, and also for piles." Dr. D. Carey, of Carmel, Indiana, wrote to Dr. Cook that he had used the ointment for hemorrhoid cases for over fiften years, "with the greatest satisfaction." It was a popular remedy for light burns, sores, and other irritable surfaces. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Decoction of the root bark is made by boiling two ounces in a quart of water. Formula. Comparison. Celastrus (False Bittersweet) is sometimes confused with Solanum dulcamara (Bittersweet Nightshade). Centaurium erythraea. Centaury. A member of the Gentian family native to North Africa and Europe. It has long
been used in a manner similar to Gentiana, as a bitter tonic to invoke secretions from the stomach and liver. It is used for patients run down and suffering from lack of appetite; dyspepsia, languid digestion with heartburn following eating; muscular rheumatism (Grieve). To make an infusion, pour a cup of boiling water over 1 teaspoonful of the dried herb and steep for 1-15 minutes. Drink a cup 1/2 hour before meals.
Chamomilla matricaria. Chamomile. Matricaria chamomilla. There are a half dozen plants going by the name Chamomile, all belonging to the Composite family. Two of them are used in herbal medicine, Chamomilla matricaria and Anthemis nobile, sometimes called "German" and "Roman Chamomile." Both contain a blue volatile oil which is the active ingredient responsible for the medicinal properties. They have been used interchangeably since antiquity and their uses are not differentiated in the literature. Both Chamomiles are extremely popular in European medicine. They are given for nearly every minor complaint: fever, dyspepsia, tension, nervousness, sleeplessness and pain. They are well suited to a wide variety of simple problems. Most especially, Chamomile is suited to the problems of babys: teething, colic, whining, etc. In Germany especially, Chamomile is an indespensable item in the medicine cabinet of many mothers. Readers of Peter Rabbit with remember that, after his terrifying adventure, his mother put him to bed with a cup of Chamomile tea. Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, resolved to prove Chamomilla matricaria, in order to determine, first, if the continuous effect of drinking Chamomile tea had a negative influence, and second, if it was a valuable medicinal remedy. He found that in repetitive doses Chamomile produced symptoms, indicating that both of these propositions were true. He therefore opposed the over-enthusiatic use of Chamomile tea, and attempted to establish specific indications for its use. Chamomilla became a specific remedy of great utility in homeopathic medicine. It is associated with a distinctive personality, which every homeopath is quick to recognize. "The baby remedy." Chamomile has a long history of use in folk medicine as a sedative for cross, whinning, irritated babys, and the problems incident to babyhood, such as teething, earaches and intolerance to pain. The child is peevish, whining, complaining, angry, demands attention and petting. He demands a toy, then throws it on the floor. Beyond this, however, Chamomilla is suited to "babys of any age," as I like to say. Whatever the age, the behavior is unmistakable. Petulant, self-centered, intolerant of pain or not having their way, inclined to pick quarrels, or averse to being touched, soothed or spoken to. It is not suited to infants (Sambucus) or children (Chicory), but to babys. Here's a case history which is rather typical of the experience of many homeopathic practitioners. It was related to me several years ago by Mr. Ed Littlefield, an 87 year-old, life-long patient of homeopathy. His father, a New England clergyman, had been a lay-practitioner. One time, while travelling on a crowded train before the turn of the century, there was a baby crying uncontrollably. The whole car was disturbed, as happens in such cases, the mother embarrassed, and so forth. Rev. Littlefield could hold himself back no more, so he finally asked the woman if he could give the baby something that would help. She agreed, as long as it wasn't an opiate. He gave Chamomilla and the baby instantly stopped crying. She shot back, "you gave him an opiate!" Dr. Temple Hoyne (1879) gives a summary of the patient, as seen by homeopathy: "He seeks a cause for quarrelling; he inclines to be angry and out of
humor; he leaves out whole words in writing; very impatient, can hardly answer one with civility; contrary to her condition in health, she is always out of humor, particularly at her menstual peiod, when she is headstrong, even unto quarreling. Children are quarrelsome, want to be carried; child is exceedingly fretful, must be carried about all the time; child wants differnt things and repels them when getting them." Tension combined with heat. Chamomilla is suited to conditions where there is both heat and tension, or where inflammatory conditions combine with constriction. This leads to much pain and tenderness. The characteristic fever is "incomplete," as the tension artificially controls and limits it's expression. Thus, the characteristic Chamomilla fever has one cheek red, and one pale. Dr. Carrol Dunham, a homeopath of the mid-nineteenth century, described this tendency in the Chamomilla fever. "Though marked by excitement and increased sensibility, it is, nevertheless, not a well-developed inflammatory fever. The prostration is likewise represented. The heat is partial, confined, for example, to one cheek, and is conjoined with profuse sweat of the head. The fever does not last long, but often recurs." Here's a case where tension quite literally caused an inflammatory condition. "A gentleman was attacked with a violent sore-throat, from substituting a thin cravat [collar] for a heavy one. The velum, uvula and tonsils were much inflamed; fauces covered with little ulcers; deglutition was excessively painful. Cham. 30. Better in five minutes, and well on the second day" (Hoyne). Here's a case where the inflammation caused the pain. "Girl aged thirteen, of weak constitution, obstinate, had been suffering for several days with toothache, a rending pain in the head and face, stitches in the ear, and profuse salivation." Dr. Gustave Gross administered Chamomilla 200c by olfaction---a method worked out by Hahnemann--and the next day she was well (Hoyne). Certain structures of the body are more susceptible to maddening irritation and pain than others. The ears, eyes, teeth and sexual organs seem to be the principal organs. Many cases of earache and toothache have been cured by homeopaths. "Girl aged five, tension, tearing and jerking pain in the ear, increasing in intensity with every recurring attack, so as to cause the child to cry out suddenly. Cham. cured perfectly in five minutes. Dr. Henry B. Harris" (Hoyne). Tension and Heat affecting the Liver. In terms of Chinese medicine it may be said that Chamomilla corresponds to a condition of "constricted liver qi," giving rise to "liver fire." In other words, tension in the circulation causes irritation (or maybe it is the other way around). There is "irritated fiber," to use the old-fashioned expression. This irritation rises (because heat rises), creating mental tension, irritability, headache, facial redness and inflammation of the eyes. In addition, constriction causes irritation of the stomach and digestion, resulting in indigestion, acidity, bloating and a bitter taste (from bile). This condition corresponds to what the Chinese physicians call "liver attacking the stomach." The tongue tends to be irritated along the sides and coated white-yellow in the middle (Dr. William Bayes), showing a combination of heat, tension and accumulation of debris in the lymphatics. The pulse is small, tense and rapid (Dr. Adolphe Lippe). This corresponds to a condition where there is constriction of the artery and heat.
Hahnemann described a disease to which Chamomilla is suited which would have been recognized, either by the physicians of his era, or the Chinese doctors, as a "bilious" or hepatic condition. "The sometimes dangerous illness resembling acute bilious fever, that often comes on immediately after a violent vexation causing anger, with heat of face, unquenchable thirst, taste of bile, nausea, anxiety, restlessness, etc., has such great homoeopathic analogy with the symptoms of chamomile, that chamomile cannot fail to remove the whole malady rapidly and specifically, which is done as if by a miracle by one drop of the above-mentioned juice." Here is a case history given by Temple Hoyne, demonstrating typical symptoms of "constricted liver qi" and "liver attacking the stomach." "Mrs. A. has headaches from time to time, caused by changes in the weather. She, although usually of sweet disposition, is then a perfect tyrant, stamps and scolds; has a bitter taste in the mouth, and vomits bile. Cham. 12 cured her." When the liver qi becomes constricted, intermittent fever may result, or again, intermittent fever may cause constriction in the arterial circulation and "liver qi." This condition has also been cured by Chamomilla. A thirty year old woman came to Dr. A. L. Fisher with an intermittent fever. She had a light chill, lasting three hours, with red cheeks, no thirst, followed by a high fever, with one red cheek and vomiting of bile. There was much perspiration. She was "very cross." Chamomilla 200 every three to four hours, during the apyrexia, cured (Hoyne). Chamomilla causes---and cures---profuse perspiration. Hence, it is a remedy for fever with perspiration. Chinese medicine recognizes a condition where heat (fever) depletes the "liver yin" (fluids, especially those lubricating the tendons and sinews). This gives rise to "liver wind stirring" (convulsion or spasm). Here's a case history collected by Temple Hoyne which demonstrates this condition. A twenty-five year-old woman had convulsions following measles. They occured several times a day, steadily increasing in severity, assuming a tetanic form, throwing her from side to side, forwards and backwards. "Eyes protrude and rotate constantly in their orbits." Petroleum 200c and Secale 200c helped somewhat; Chamomilla 200c cured (Dr. A. Puccinelli). When the yin of the liver is depleted, but the yang (or fire) is surging upwards, we have a condition of great uncertainty in the organism, where the balancing mechanism of the liver has been completely disturbed. This results in the appearance of extreme manifestations of tension and heat, such as rage and absesses. (This is called "arrogant liver yand ascending" in Chinese medicine). The homeopathic remedy Hepar sulphuris calcarea corresponds the most closely to this condition, but Chamomilla can sometimes develop this far. Dr. Bayes sayd, "Chamomilla has appeared to me to promote the formation of pus in chronic abscesses where Hepar has failed to act promptly. It also appeared to relieve the pains to some extent, and to make them more bearable. In some cases, threatened abscess of the face or jaws has dispersed under Chamomilla 3[x]" (Hoyne). When heat penetrates to a deep layer of the blood it tends to infect the blood (cf. Echinacea, Achilla and Baptisia), producing a condition called "heat in the blood" in traditional Chinese medicine. This corresponds with what the old Western physicians would have recognized as "septic fever." Skin rashes may
appear, boils, abscesses and putrid, purulent processes. These conditions lie on a continuum with the preceeding syndrome. Homeopathic literature records a number of such serious conditions cured with Chamomilla. In one case, there was an erysipelas of the face and scalp, with enormous swelling of the tissue, swelling of the submaxillary glands with abscesses forming there and on the skull. There was intolerable headache, abundant suppuration of pus, and denuding of the bone of the skull. A decoction of Chamomilla cured in three weeks (Raue's Record; quoted by Hoyne). Constriction of the arterial circulation associated with liver tension can cause tightness and tension in the tendons, ligaments, muscles and extremities. The ennervation is interfered with, hence, Chamomilla causes---and cures---paralytic pains, with numbness and tearing, in the extremities. It is, therefore, suited to various kinds of convulsion, spasm, tightness, rheumatic pain and neuralgias. Menstrual pain. The liver tends to have a regulating influence on flow, as we have seen, and when disturbed, is associated with tension, spasm and pain. The release of the menstrual flow is associated with constricted liver qi in Chinese medicine. When pain and cramping are associated with great tenderness or cannot be borne with any patience, Chamomilla may be indicated. Dr. Thomas Skinner gave a dramatic case in which Chamomilla cured an extremely painful period in a twenty-four year old woman, who had had them since puberty. "One week before menses, when her irritability begins, she has pains like those of labor, always in the morning before breakfast, with sickness and vomiting of her meals. Headache, with throbbing in both temples, with a bursting feeling in vertex, relieved by pressure and cold; aggravated by reading, by bright light, and by looking at an object fixedly. Her sufferings eased off generally on the second day after the flow was established." She had been examined and treated by several doctors. Skinner observed that "she was very irritable when spoken to, both before and during the flow of the menses." He gave Chamomilla 3x and 10m and there was complete cure (Hoyne). Although the principal complaint is menstrual pain, the symptoms (irritability, headache, stomach pain, menstrual cramping) point to the liver as the ultimate source of the illness. Although Chamomilla is often recommended as a female remedy, and for menstrual problems, a doctor reported in the Homoeopatic Recorder in 1934, "When the husband complains of the wife's being cross and irritable, and he can't get along with her, give him a dose of Chamomilla." This approach had "worked many times." Chamomilla as an antidote. Hahnemann writes, "A very small dose of Chamomilla seems to moderate excessive sensitiveness to pain, or the disturbing influence which pain exercises in some persons upon the mind; for this reason it relieves many of the morbid symptoms produced by the excessive use of coffee and narcotic substances, and is on the other hand, less beneficial to those who remain patient and composed during their sufferings." Dr. Grimmer related a case of strychnine poisoning, due to over-medication with an allopathic drug. The patient was a young woman, in the throes of convulsions, teeth clenched, head drawn back, face pale. No stomach pump was available, nor would it have worked, for the poison had been taken cumulatively,
over a period of time. "I started to ask a few questions and she said through her teeth, 'Why don't you do something? I can't bear this any longer. Do something!'" That was all he needed to hear, to give Chamomilla. He gave the 1m potency, "and I want to tell you no chemical antidote would bring the results that that did." She soon relaxed, in five minutes vomited and a few minutes later had a bowel movement. By morning she was better, except for muscular soreness and a rash around the mouth. Grimmer gave Rhus tox. and these symptoms quickly abated. But Chamomilla can produce toxic symptoms. This is recognized both in homeopathy and in allopathy. Dr. Van Cutsem was called to see a woman of "nervous temperament, very irritable and subject to headache." "Found her extended on a bed in disorder, her face red, hot and covered to her very hair with a profuse perspiration." She was very anxious and excited, "scratched at the walls with her hands," while "her cries could be heard through the whole neighborhood." After twenty minutes, the face grew pale, the pulse small and rapid. "I was thinking of sending for a priest, when I learned at last that. . . her husband had prepared her a strong infusion of the flowers of chamomile," for her headache. Coffea 3 "relieved her in a few moments" (Hoyne). Preparation, toxicology and dosage. The same conditions are met by the material herb, the tincture and the homeopathic potencies. The fresh herb has considerably more virtue than the dried (Weiss). The homeopathic preparations are made from the fresh juice of the herb. Formulae. Chamomile is often associated with the other herbal nervines, such as Skullcap, Valerian and Passionflower. Comparison. Anthemis; Nux vomica; Verbena hastata; Scutellaria. Chelidonium majus. Greater Celandine. This unusual plant is a member of the Poppy family. Chelidonium is distinguished by the presence of a bright yellow-orange sap, about the color of a bright acrylic paint--it is quite unique in the vegetable kingdom. This suggested its use to the ancients in jaundice and bilious problems. "The use of the greater Celandine in jaundice has trickled down to us through the ages from the primary source of the doctrine of signatures," comments Burnett. Another application comes from the animal world. The classical authors reputed that the mother swallow would rub Chelidonium on the eyes of their babies to improve or restore their sight. This statement is also made about Eyebright. At any rate, the name Chelidonium means "of the swallows," and it was sometimes called "Swallow Wort." Its use as an eye remedy goes back to antiquity. John Josselyn records that it was "by the West Country men called Kenning Wort" (Seeing-plant). Although native to Europe, Chelidonium can be easily grown in gardens in temperate regions. Josselyn recorded it in the gardens of New England in 1676, but it quickly jumped the fence. A hundred years later Manasseh Cutler noted that it was "common by fences and amongst rubbish" in Massachusetts. Celandine was widely used by American lay and professional doctors. The Pennsylvania Dutch taught the Delaware Indians to use it as a liver medicine. So valuable a plant could not be ignored by the homeopaths. Hahnemann gave Chelidonium a proving, and it was reproven by Dr. O. Buchman. The provings verified the traditional indications, and Chelidonium is thus used about
the same way in both herbalism and homeopathy. One of the most complete accounts of Chelidonium was rendered by Temple Hoyne, a nineteenth century homeopath. His Clincial Therapeutics (1878-80) depends upon the treatise by Buchman, which apparently included many observations and case histories. Later homeopathic authors seem not to consulted Buchmann or Hoyne, and their valuable insights disappear from the literature. Chelidonium and the gall bladder. Rademacher used Chelidonium as one of his organ-specific remedies for the liver. The cases he mentions were mostly intermittent and remittent fevers where there was jaundice. These are what the old doctors would have called "bilious fevers." After much study, Rademacher concluded that the specific organ-affinity of Chelidonium was for the "inner liver," or the part of the liver which produced bile. In order to understand the exact affinities of this valuable remedy, we are going to have to study the hepatic organsystem, including the gall bladder. The relationship between the liver and systemic tension has already been discussed under Agrimonia. We learned that the foundation of healthy hepatic functioning is control of the tension on the hepatic artery, so that it can correctly detoxify the portal blood stream. The primal pathology of the liver is tension, then irritation due to blocked flow of metabolism, then inflammation, or what the herbalists call "toxic liver" and the Chinese physicians "liver fire." All of these conditions occur before we even get to the issue of bile-formation, so we can see why Rademacher considered Chelidonium to relate to the "inner liver." When the liver is skipping along happily, functioning healthily, it detoxifies the portal blood in good measure. Out of this toxic material the bile is created. Because it is an irritant substance it is exuded from the hepatic cells as soon as it is created. The bile flows through little channels, is collected into the gall bladder duct, and finally arrives in the gall bladder. Here it is stored until the demands of digestion require its secretion by the gall bladder. When the stomach empties its contents into the duodenum the solar plexus is stimulated and this triggers off the nerves of the gall bladder and gall ducts, causing them to release their contents into the duodenum. The bile breaks up the oils into little pieces, so that they can be digested, then drifts with the digestate back into the bloodstream. It causes irritation of the arteries, so that they are contracted. This causes blood to be pushed through the arterial system at a faster rate. As a result, there seems to be "more blood" moving through the liver and this helps it to detoxify the portal circulation. So we have made a full circle. From the moment the bile is excreted from the hepatic cell until it is excreted into the duodenum, it is under the sway of the gall bladder, or cholecystic organsystem. Indeed, since the cell excrets the bile immediately upon its creation, we might say that the gall bladder rules from the formation of the bile on down the line. The gall bladder seems to be an extrinsic appendage to the liver, but in the typical reversal of function we see in the natural world, it is also the core, or the "inner liver," as Rademacher said. In traditional Chinese medicine the "yang of the liver" is said to be the gall bladder. Yang relates to the essential activeness of an organ. It is like a little flame which accounts for the metabolic patency of the organ. The little flame causes a
separation, in this case between the healthy blood which will return to the bloodstream, and the detoxified material or bile, which will be secreted. The gall bladder is the "yang of the liver." It rules from the splitting at this flame on down the tract to the sphincter of odi, where the bile is secreted into the duodenum. Because it creates a yellow-orange sap analogous to bile, Chelidonium is one of the three primal remedies illustrating the function of the gall bladder and acting as a gall bladder organ-remedy. The other remedy is Apocynum androsaemifolium (Medicine Lodge Root), which personifies "gall bladder qi deficiency," as the Chinese would say, or weakness of the ennervation of the gall bladder, so that it does not respond to the impulse from the solar plexus telling it to dump the bile into the duodenum. Chelidionium is suited to conditions where the flame in the "inner liver" is burning too low. As a consequence, the blood is not adequately "dried," the bile that is released is too damp and it tends to create damp in the gall bladder tract. This leads to excess bile in the gall sac, irritation of the walls of the gall bladder, heat, thickening of the bile into a mucusy consistency. Dr. Edwin Hale, a low-potency homeopath, suggested that Chelidonium had a "peculiar action on the hepatic cells, causing them to secrete a thinner and more profuse bile." This thicker bile sometimes blocks up the gall ducts, causing a lack of secretion into the bowels, resulting in constipation. At other times it causes an excess of bile in the digestive tract, resulting in "bilious indigestion," as the old timers called it (tension and bloating in the stomach and abdomen with jaundice usually of a mild character). The bile backs up into the liver and bloodstream, creating a swollen liver and jaundice. The tension controlling mechanisms of the liver are disturbed, so that intermittent fever symptoms may appear (or conversely, intermittent fever and arterial tension can damage the inner liver, resulting in the Chelidonium condition). Finally, the inflammation caused by blockage and stagnation in the gall ducts creates a heat which acts on the mucusy bile to dry it out. This results in the formation of gall stones. All of these conditions are described by the Chinese as "damp heat encumbering the liver and gall bladder." In addition to these conditions, the swelling and tension in the liver creates tension which reflexes from under the scapula up into the neck and head, resulting in migraine headaches. The Chinese call these "gall bladder headaches," since they follow the course of the gall bladder meridian, up the neck, over the sides of the head, the temples, and into the eyes. All of these conditions are met by Chelidonium. It follows through from the constricted qi symptoms of bilious fever all the way to damp heat, the formation of gall stones, and the appearance of gall bladder or migraine headaches. It has been used in herbal and homeopathic medicine as a remedy for fever, constipation due to lack of bile in the stool, bilious indigestion, migraine, jaundice, swelling and inflammation of the liver, and gall-stones. (Only in Temple Hoyne are the migraine symptoms adequately developed, so that his is the only comprehensive account I have seen of the action of this remedy). Now that we known what Chelidonium does, we are ready to study the conditions to which it is suited. Liver and gall bladder. A common symptom calling for Chelidonium is swelling and pain in the liver. The characteristic pain of this remedy is felt from the right hypochrondrium or back through on the underside of the right scapula. It
manifests a sharp pain under the shoulder-blade. By reflex, this pain can appear on either side, under the scapula, but it is most common on the right side. With this swelling there will be the jaundice, seen as a yellow discoloration in the conjunctiva, face, skin, diarrhea or urine. In severe case the jaundice approaches green. Through this dull, occluding, mucusy, bilious condition there tends to run a slight arterial tension, so that the bilious symptoms are ameliorated by the appearance of the fever and release with sweating, but return periodically. Due to the intermittent discharge of bile, constipation alternates with diarrhea---hard, knotty, whitish stools with yellow, watery ones. All of this is described by Hoyne. Chelidonium was an important remedy in the treatment of gall stones in herbalism and homeopathy. Hale writes, "I have treated many intractable cases when the stones had remained in the duct several months---in one case a year---and where icterus was intense. The whole body, eyes, tongue, lips and vagina had assumed a greenish-yellow hue. Several of these cases did not improve until Chelidonium was given and under its use the calculi were discharged." Lungs. Swelling of the hepatic structure and glutting of the system with mucus tends to affect the lungs. This is especially true with the right lung, which is next to the liver. Thus, Chelidonium has an old reputation as a remedy for congestion and oppressed respiration, sometimes going so far as hepatization of the lung. Hoyne describes the characteristic cough: "Frequent paroxysms of dry, violent, hollow or short, exhausting cough (worse in the morning), excited by tickling in larynx, by sensation of dust in the trachea, throat and behind the sternum, not relieved by coughing; loose rattling coughs; bright-yellow stools; pain under the lower angle of right shoulder-blade." Chelidonium is therefore useful in rhinitis, laryngitis, trachitis, influenza, capillary bronchitis and pneumonia. Swelling, inflammation and glutting of mucus can also affect the heart, producing inflammation, heart pain, palpitation, and irregular pulses. Headache. Chelidonium is a very important remedy for migraine. It should be put on the list next to Sanguinaria, but it is usually overlooked. Dr. Richard Hughes gives a good case history quoted by Temple Hoyne. A thirty year-old woman was suffering from recurrent "sick headaches" (the old-fashioned word for migraines) over the preceeding eight years. "Every fortnight regularly much pain in right hypochondrium, gradually increasing in severity; as it grows worse head begins to ache, especially in the right forehead and temples; when rising to its acme, nausea and bilious vomiting; gradual decline of symptoms after a few hours, attack lasting nearly three days; in the free intervals occasional feeling of headache and slight pain in the right side; secretions and menses normal." Chelidonium 3x cured. In addition to the headaches, neuralgic pains in the head and face are found in the provings. Great pain in the eyes, worse from light, facial pain, ear pain, and pain in the area of the eye-brows. Until turning to Hoyne and Buchman, I had not realized just how prominent these symptoms can be. Here is a case history quoted by Hoyne from a Dr. C. C. Smith. "Mrs. S., third day after confinement, sever neuralgic pains across the eyes from left to right, accompanied with the most profuse lachrymation and dread of light; has to keep the room dark. All noises disturbed her; no sleep day or night. Attack lasted six days with no relief from
apparently indicated remedies. Chel. tinct. one dose at first slightly aggravated, afterward no change. The second dose made her feel as if she would go crazy, and as though the 'whole top of the brain was caving in;' but she soon feel asleep and awoke well." These migraine symptoms remind us very much of Sanguinaria. Mind, sensorium and soul. As a result of the appearance of the extra mucus in the bile (and then in the bloodstream), there is dullness and occlusion of the sensorium, resulting in lethargy, lazyness, drowysness, confusion and vertigo. On the other hand, there may be a terrible sharpness of thinking, with a sense of having committed some misdeed. This also results from the sense of an occlusion, of something hidden one cannot grasp. In several cases I have used Chelidonium in patients who were suffering from the side-effects of legal or illegal psycho-active drugs. These substances, as well as the tensions which led to drug use, tend to irritate the liver. Here is a case history. The patient was a thirty-five year old man. He had been on amphetamines for the last year, quite two months ago. "They messed me up." Prescribed for depression following an intense, deep, but unsuccessful love-affair. Two weeks ago he was suffering from anxiety and a poisoned sensation, which Arsenicum 30x cleared up. Now he felt dull and lethargic. Complexion a little sallow. Tongue sounds swollen from the interference of the speech. Large, swollen, flabby, especially about the edges. Coating scrapped off this morning, but usually present. Pulse full, slippery, wiry and languid. Dull-minded, pain under the right scapula, overcast weather brings on depression, stool loose. Chelidonium 6x cleared up these symptoms. Now he just had to get over the girl. In addition to the dullness, there can also be the opposite: symptoms associated with the "choleric personality." The patient is inappropriate, overassertive, therefore anxious of having committed some wrong. Buchman gives a case history this illustrates this side of the mind in considerable detail. A twentytwo year old woman, who had always been well and looked robust, "came with an anxious, disturbed look: said she was not right in her head; feels as if she would get crazy; horrible anguish; day or night no rest, as if she had killed somebody." This anxiety takes away all pleasure from work. The symptoms have been getting worse for five weeks. "Is there any help for me? Shall I lose my reason?" The physical symptoms included soreness on pressure in the pit of the stomach and left hypogastrium. Her appetite was entirely gone, no thirst, bitter taste, stools hard, whitish-yellow, often has vertigo, as if she would fall forward; flushes of heat in the face; oppression of the chest, with violent palpitation. Chelidonium 6, every three hours, cured. Usually these opposing tendencies will tend to run together, so that we find them combined in a single patient. Boericke gives an illustrative symptom: "Averse to work or movement, but driven about by anxiety." Chelidonium is a member of the Poppy family, along with Sanguinaria and Opium. All of these plants display a general tendency to moral and spiritual apathy. This tendency is modified, according to the affinities of the plant. In Chelidonium, with it's yellow sap, there is abuse occurring through the bile, so that the person has too much or too little "gall." In Sanguinaria, with it's red sap, the abuse occurrs through the blood, so that the patient is "hot-blooded," or willful in the misuse of
faculties which come through the blood. The association of moral or spiritual apathy with Opium is well-known. Extremities. Herbal tradition has included Chelidonium as a remedy in traumatic conditions. This has been verified in the homeopathic provings. Heavy, stiff, sore, paralyzed, dislocative, or broken feeling in the joints. Buchmann recommended it as a supplementary remedy after Arnica. Unfortunately, few herbalists or homeopaths think of it, and the conditions under which it would be used are not well individualized. It is also used externally for warts. Tongue and pulse indications. When Chelidonium is required there will be characteristic symptoms of the tongue and pulse. The old homeopathic authors stated that the tongue is swollen with indented edges and coated yellow. (To be more precise, I would say that the tongue is large, flabby, slightly scalloped, and covered by a thin, slick, greasy, yellowish coating). This is what we would expect from a jaundiced condition based on an underlying dampness and mucus occlusion. The coating usually extends up the tongue, towards the tip, even in one case I saw, over the tip. This indicates the tendencey to "mucus occluding the brain and mind." The pulse is slippery and sluggish, and feels very much as if there is mucus in the blood. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Since Chelidonium is toxic in material doses, only small doses of the tincture or crude article should be used. The low homeopathic potencies would be well indicated. This remedy is seldom used in high potencies, since it has such a strong organ-affinity. 1-5 drops of the tincture. Moderate toxicity. Chelone glabra. Turtle's Head, Balmony. A member of the Scrophularacea family native to eastern North America. The flower looks like the head of a turtle or snake. It was used by the American Indians, adopted by the pioneers and picked up by professional doctors in the nineteenth century, but the deeper properties remain to be described. Chelone is used to flush out stagnation of the liver and gall bladder, promote the flow of bile, move the bowels, and tone up the digestive tract. Indications. "Gastro-intestinal debility; torpidity of the bowels; atonic state of the digestive orgnans; chronic diseases attended with debility; jaundice, with loss of appetite; debility of the nervous system from excessive use of quinine" (Fyfe). A characteristic symptom is that the congestion of the liver causes a pain downwards, from the stomach to the umbilicus (Burnett). External. An ointment made from the leaves has been used as a topical remedy for inflammed tumours, irritable ulcers, inflammed breasts, and piles (cf. Scrophularia). Preparation and dosage. An infusion is prepared by pouring a cup of boiling water over 1 teaspoonful of the leaves. Tincture, the usual dose is 5-60 drops. Chimaphila umbellata. Pipsissewa. A small evergreen plant native to dry woods in the northern parts of Europe, Asia and North America. The traditional English name was Wintergreen, but in America the name Pipsissewa has been adopted from an Indian source and the name Wintergreen associated with Gaultheria procumbens. Pipsissewa remains
green all winter, hence the names Wintergreen and Chimaphila (winter-loving). Chimaphila is a member of the Heath or Ericacaea family, which supplies so many renal antiseptics (Uva-ursi, Cranberry, Trailing Arbutus, etc.) The use of this plant was not very advanced in European medicine, and most of our ideas about its properties come from the American Indians. It was used by them as a remedy for urinary tract problems, edema, prostatitis, rheumatism and scrofula dependent on poor renal elimination, swellings, tumours and ulcerations of the skin, and as a bitter tonic to the stomach and digestion. It was adopted at an early date by white settlers, who called it "Rheumatism Root," and subsequently by professional doctors, both in North America and in England. It has been used on an empirical basis in homeopathy, for the same sorts of conditions it is used in herbal medicine. This plant was classified as a Pyrola by botanical writers as late as Linneas. Gerard noted that it grew in "Lansdale, and Crauen, in the North part of England, especially in a close called Crag-close." He is one of the only authors who gives any medicinal indications for the plant, and it seems likely that he learned about them from people living near Crag-close. "Pyrola is a most singular wound-hearbe," he relates. It is "either giuen inwardly, or applied outwardly: the leaves whereof stamped and strained, and the iuice made into an vnguent, or healing salue, with waxe, oile, and turpentine, doth cure wounds, vlcers, and fistulaes, that are mundified [swollen] from the callous & tough matter, which keepeth the same from healing." This corresponds closely with its internal use of Chimaphilla in America, as a remedy for scrofulous and strumous conditions of the glands, i.e., swollen and indurated lymphatic and glandular tissues. This use probably came over from the Indians, rather than Gerard. One of the "Indian doctors," Jonas Richel, wrote about Pipsissiwa in The Indian Physician (1828). Like many folk-doctors, his description is more colorful and vivid, and helps one to visualize the effects of the plant better. "It warms and dissolves the congealed fluids," he writes. Hence it removes swellings and lumps. Through its "diuretick quality" is promotes excretion of these fluids. Therefore, "it is useful to discuss cold phlegmatick humours, swellings, &c.," and by the "increased action of the fibres" it removes "rheumatick complaints." The principal action of Chimaphila is upon the kidneys, to improve water excretion, the renal tract generally, to remove "congealed fluids" such as pus, catarrh and sediment in the urine, and upon the lymphatic/glandular system, to remove stagnant lymph and swollen glands. It acts particularly strongly upon the prostate, in which these two systems are combined. "The Dropsy Remedy." An English physician, Dr. Somerville, wrote a treatise on the use of Chimaphila as a diuretic in 1814. He recounted the case of Sir James Craig, the British governor of Canada, who was cured of a life-threatening edema, combined with organic diseases of the kidneys and liver, with the herb Chimaphila. After trying all the standard medicines, the governor was given a strong infusion of Chimaphila, a pint every twenty four hours. Although the case was not very promising, the patient was cured. From this time onwards, the use of Pipsissiwa as a diuretic gained strength in both America and England. It was usually looked upon as a diuretic, but an awareness of its relationship to stagnant fluids gets more to the heart of the remedy, for this condition stands behind both the lymphatic and renal
dysfunction. It was R. Swinburne Clymer who named Pipsissiwa "the dropsy remedy." He noted that, "In diseases of the kidneys, especially dropsy," it is the old "standby" in domestic medicine. It is also used in bladder infections, or "in conditions when the urine is scanty, and containing offensive and non-offensive pus, or pus and blood mixed. When the urine is scalding or burning, in chronic urethral and prostatic irritations, chronic relaxation of the bladder, and chronic prostatitis with catarrh of the bladder. . . gonorrheal rheumatism." Glandular affinities. Chimaphila influences the nutrition and health of the glands. It was used for "scrofula" or "struma," that is to say, lymphatic stagnation, indurated glands, swelling and dirtiness of the system generally. It has also been used for enlargement of glands such as the breasts and prostate. The extent to which Chimaphila influences glandular functions is quite remarkable. It has a long tradition of use in cancer. Bigelow mentions its use to cure tumours and ulcerations, but he doubts if they were really cancerous. Rafinesque calls Chimaphila "utterly worthless" in cancer. However, we have several case histories from homeopathic and eclectic authors of reputation, writing about 1900, when the diagnosis of cancer was much more reliable. Clarke gives one case-history. A twenty-one year-old woman came to see Dr. Coburn, a homeopath, for cancer of the breast. "Tumour in left breast, hard, movable; sharp pains at site. For four months, under Arn., Ars., Cicut., Thuj., the tumour increased, skin became contracted, nipple drawn in. In eight months it broke out into an irregular ulceration with lacerated edges, fetid discharge. Axillary glands swollen. Chim. umb. gtt. x. every four fours was given, and the same locally applied. The pains diminished, swelling decreased, and in six months trhe patient was well." Dr. Eli Jones, an eclectic---and one of the few physicians who treated cancer with confidence---gives indications for the use of Chimaphila umbellata in cancer. "In women with quite large breasts with considerable of the gland effected by the cancer yet not ulcerated chimaphila is the needed remedy. Dose, tincture chimaphila twenty drops three times a day." He gives a case history demonstrating these facts. "In 1905 a doctor in New York City sent a lady patient over to me to be examined and to get my diagnosis of the case. She had been examined by three noted physicians, put under the X-Ray and also had had some of the discharge from the nipple examined under the microscope but no definite diagnosis of the case had been made. Upon making an examination of the patient I found a woman with very large mamary glands and both breasts were quite full of a cancerous growth. It had not ulcerated but there was a bloody, watery discharge from one nipple. The nodulated feeling in the gland told the story. It was scirrhus cancer. The doctor who sent the case to me was very anxious I should take it and try to do something for this unfortunate woman. The doctors in New York, some of them, had urged her to submit to an operation but she fully realized the fact that any operation offered no hope of a cure. There were several complications in this case as she was suffering from indigestion, prolapsus uteri, some ovarian inflammation and leucorrhea. All these complicatons must be treated before I could expect to cure the cancer." He gave tincture of Chimaphila, 20 drops 4x/day and Strychnine Sulphate 1/30 g,
2x/day as a stimulate to the nervous system. Locally, a plaster of soap and lead, once in twelve hours. "Double sulphide tablets" once an hour for eight hours, then once every three hours. "In a month I could see a change for the better; her general health was improved, as were also the uterine and ovarian troubles. The cancerous tumors in both breasts were a little smaller and there was no discharge from the nipple." After three months he replaced the Chimaphila with tincture of Hydrastis, Thuja, and Phytolacca, 10 drops every three hours. "This prescription made a very marked change in the case for the better and I followed up this treatment for six months until I felt sure that I had conquered the disease." Indications. Flushing of the cheeks, with general heat and accelerated pulse. Blood feels heated. Inflammation of the liver with ascites; abdominal and renal edema; enlargement of the mesentery glands; obstinate constipation and haemorrhoids. Chronic bladder and renal affections; mucopurulent discharges; smarting pain and frequent urination; sensation of swelling in the perineum (prostate) and bladder. Swelling and inflammation in the labia of the vagina. Emaciation, tumours, in the breasts. Preparation and dosage. The leaves are the officinal part; they are prepared by decoction, rather than infusion, as is usual with leaves. The decoction is prepared by boiling a tablespoonful of the leaves in a cup of water. Dose of the tincture, 2-15 drops in plenty of water, three to four times a day (Clymer). Formulae. In dropsy combine with Populus tremuloides and Aralia hispida (Clymer). For scrofula combine with Rumex crispus, Celastrus, Stillingia, Taraxacum (Clymer, Cook). Comparison. Chimaphila maculata (similar properties, but not as strong; a rare and endangered species). Chionanthus virginica. Fringe Tree. This is a small tree native to rich forests on the borders of streams in the southeastern part of the United States. The leaves, flowers and bark were used by the Indians as a poultice on wounds. One of the earliest accounts, by John Brickell of North Carolina (1737), probably reflects Indian usage. "The Leaves and Flowers are cooling and good in all Inflammations and soreness of the Eyes, Ulcers in the Mouth and Throat, looseness of the Gums, and to stop Fluxes." In 1785 Marshall and independently in 1828 Rafinesque stated that Fringetree bark was used by the Indians as a poultice to heal wounds and prevent suppuration. Chionanthus is a member of the Olive family; Olive is an old wound-remedy. Ironically, the white and black inhabitants of the South seem not to have kept up the Indian use of Fringetree and instead developed their own ideas about its properties. Folk doctors used the bark of the root as a cholegogue to purge bile from the liver and gall ducts. It was considered nearly a specific for jaundice not dependent on serious organic disease. This probably comes over from the doctrine of signatures, since the inside of the root bark is yellow. "It has been much used as a remedy among the negroes in agues, and lingering intermittents," addes Cook. "Its merits probably depending upon its tonic and slow hepatic properties, rather than upon any antiperiodic action." Physio-medical and eclectic doctors adopted the use of Chionanthus as a specific for jaundice. The eclectics went further and observed that it had an influence in glycosuria, in pre-diabetic and perhaps in real diabetic
cases, where hepatic and pancreatic symptoms are mixed. Overdoses showed that Chionanthus produced the same symptoms it cured, hence that it was homeopathic and entered into the homeopathic pharmacopeia as a remedy for jaundice. It is ironic that the folk-doctors retain a more subtle conception of Chionanthus than we find among among professional practice. In domestic herbalism Fringetree was known as a digestive tonic. This gets past the crude use of the bark as a cholegogue to the tissue conditions behind the hepatic congestion. As a digestive tonic Chionanthus builds up and improves the functioning of the hepatic structures and thereby removes the need for a cholegogue. The use of Chionanthus as a digestive and nutritive tonic is mentioned by Appalachian herbalist Tommie Bass. He noted that was fed to horses and mules to make their coat shine when he was a boy. He used it to increase the appetite, digestion and nutrition. Properties. "The bark of the root of this tree is a rather bitter tonic, with an excess of relaxing properties, but stimulating qualities pretty well marked," writes Cook. "It promotes all the secretions slowly, but especially those of the liver, gallducts, and kidneys." The inner bark of the root is reddish-brown on the outside, but yellow on the inside. I do not have alot of experience with Chionanthus, but so far I have had the best results in patients who have the red sugary glaze on the cheeks found in hypoglycaemia (see Iris), combined with yellow around the eyes and mouth, indicating hepatic and digestive torpor. Thus, the red to yellow bark color may be quite an indication. Liver. In toxic doses Chionanthus produced a slow pulse and a yellowishgreenish tongue, fullness in the hepatic region, nausea, and the sort of full, dull frontal headache commonly associated with hepatic and digestive disturbances. These are general symptoms pointing to a torpid, congested liver. In large doses it is a cathartic cholagogue which stimulates the release of bile, but drains and exhausts the cholepoetic structures. In smaller doses (up to twenty drops of the tincture), it stimulates and builds up exhausted hepatic functions, removing mucus, thickened bile and inflammatory swelling in the gall bladder and bile ducts. Ellingwood writes, "It is a cholagogue cathartic in full doses, but its best influence is in acute congestion of the liver with imperfect discharge of bile, or catarrh of the common bile duct. We have no agent more certain in its action when indicated. The indications are acute jaundice evidenced by yellowness of the conjunctiva first, subsequently of the skin, with distress in the right hypochondrium, with cramp-like pains in the abdomen. "It overcomes catarrh, liquifies the bile, prevents the formation of calculi, and promotes the discharge of those formed. It is a remedy for chronic forms of liver disease, but its influence is not so plainly apparent, being much slower in its operations. It is not indicated in jaundice from permanent occlusion of the duct, from impacted gall stones or foreign and malignant growths. Bilious headaches resulting from liver faults especially if irregular or periodical are cured by chionanthus." Felter gives a similar account. "Chionanthus is the most postive remedy for simple jaundice not dependent upon malignant or other organic changes in the liver and its appendages. It relieves portal congestion promptly, and is therefore a
logical remedy for hepatic engorgement. Whether it is a remedy for jaundice associated with gall-stones, or dependent thereon, has been a question of dispute. Practically it seems to act in any instance where the imprisoned bile can be liberated by reducing the attendant swelling and congestion. In complete obstruction it fails, as do other remedies. One effect of chionanthus is to attenduate the bile, and there can be little doubt that it prevents the formation of biliary calculi. When the concretions are small and pass with a fair degree of ease, we believe it beneficial; but when they are strongly impacted it is doubtful whether chionanthus has any influence upon them or power to dislodge them. But in jaundice depending upon functional inactivity and other forms of mechanical obstruction, it is the first remedy to be considered. In a single case of Weil's disease that came under our care, it was a most efficient remedy, echinacea being alternated with it to control septic manifestations. For the acute catarrhal jaundice of children and the jaundice of the new born, it acts more favorably than any remedy known to us. When gastric and duodenal troubles depend upon deficient action of the liver, chionanthus is most frequently indicated. It is useful then in chronic intestinal inflammation, in chronic duodenitis, chronic gastritis, the irritation of stomach and bowels due to high living, and is a remedy of considerable value in the gastro-intestinal and hepatic disorders of dipsomania." Pancreas. The eclectics slowly developed an awareness that Chionanthus acted on the pancreas, especially when there were liver complications. Ellingwood yields the following account: "Dr. Fearn claimed to have early made the discovery of the use of chionanthus in reducing the quantity of sugar in the urine. Patients with no appetite, losing flesh, listless, increasingly anemic with a little sugar in the urine were those to whom he first gave it, ten drops four times a day. Later he used it in severe cases of diabetes mellitus. Dr. A. P. Hauss, of New Albany, Ind., has had many years' experience in the observation of this remedy in the treatment of this disease. He has much confidence in it. Dr. Halbert of Nashville confirms this influence. "Probably in those cases in which this remedy is beneficial in diabetes there is functional disease of the liver. Whether the remedy would be equally beneficial in cases in which no liver fault could be diagnosed, might be questionable, and yet Hauss says that he has never treated a case of diabetes mellitus along the lines indicated that has not yielded to this treatment. He prescribes from ten to fifteen drop doses of chionanthus, four times daily. If no febrile condition is present or if there is general atonicity, with nervous depression, he adds from one-half to one drop of nux vomica. He has the patient drink from one to two hints of hot water each morning, before breakfast, to which he adds a small teaspoonful of the sulphate of magnesium, or in preference one half wine glass of French Lick Pluto water in a pint of hot water. This treatment, with property dietary, he claims, has a rapid effect upon the glycosuria, immediately reducing the specific gravity of the urine." But Harvey Felter, a later eclectic, is more restrained. "While it is believed to have some effect upon the functions of the pancreas, it is probably of little value in that worst form of diabetes mellitus in which the cells of Langerhans are destroyed. It should be given renewed study in the glycosuria of obesity and when sugar intolerance alone, and not starch disturbances, create what so often passes for
diabetes. These are rather prediabetic conditions, if tending in that direction at all, but even if untreated might never reach the true diabetic state. There is good reason to believe that the prolonged use of chionanthus will be of much benefit in such cases." Indications. "Hepatic engorgement; jaundice more or less pronounced; pain over the region of the gall bladder; pain in the epigastrium; pain radiating from the navel over the abdomen; soreness in the region of the liver, extending to the umbilicus; enlargement of the liver, determined by percussion; nausea; occasional vomiting; constipation with dry feces; temperature slightly above normal; skin usually yellow" (Ellingwood). External: wounds tending to heat, congestion, infection and suppuration of pus. Preparation and dosage. Dose of the tincture, 1-20 drops. Cichorium intybus. Chicory, Succory. The pretty cerulian blue flowers of Chicory contrast with the rough stalks and leaves, which have a half-eaten appearance. This adaptable relative of the Dandelion is native to Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, but it is widely naturalized elsewhere. The roasted roots, which look and taste astonishingly like ground coffee, were widely used in the Arabic world as an additive to coffee. The leaves of Chicory and its cousin, Endive, were eaten as a vegetable in the Roman period. Horace mentions the practice of blanching the leaves by heaping soil up over them. The name Cichorium comes from the Greek kichorion, meaning "guardian of the roads." Chicory loves to grow along roads and beaten paths, like the native American Sunflower. This name passed into most European tongues, and also Arabic. Entering English the consonants were reversed to yield the name Chicory: it is also called Cichory or Succory. In German it is called Wegwarte (Waywarden). The root, leaves and flowers were used from the most ancient times in medicine. Theophrastus, Dioscorides and Plinius mention the plant. Galen calls it the "friend of the liver." Avicenna wrote a Dissertation on Chicory which recommended it for hot, congestive, inflammatory conditions of the liver; it is still considered by traditional Arabic physicians to be the sovereign remedy for diseases of the liver. Today the root is used in Western herbalism as a general liver and blood cleanser, in the manner of Dandelion. Cichorium intybus (Chicory) and C. endiva (Edive) are the sole representatives of the genus, a division of the Composite family. Gerard (1633) includs them together in the same chapter. "They are both of one kindred; and although they differ a little the one from the other, yet they agree both in this, that they are eaten eyther greene or whited." The natural bitterness of Endive is partially dissipated by blanching or whiting, but this weakens the medicinal qualities. Chicory is the more bitter of the two, hence the more active. Even as a food, however, Chicory and Endive are still medicinal. Gerard notes that the leaves in salads "comfort the weak and feeble stomacke." Geoffrey Grigson recorded in An Englishman's Flora that Queen Elizabeth I was given only "succory broth" during her final illness. Properties. The flavor of Chicory is moderately bitter and sweet, the
temperature cold, the impression dry. Because it cools and dries, Chicory is indicated in conditions where there is heat and dampness. Because it is bitter and sweet it is a stimulating, nutritive tonic for the digestive tract, promoting appetite, secretion and digestion, promoting flesh and recovery from wasting diseases. As a representative of the traditional authorities, we would do well to quote Culpeper. He states that Chicory "drives forth choleric and phlegmatic humours" (heat and damp). It also "opens obstructions of the liver, gall, and spleen, helps the yellow jaundice, the heat of the reins, and of the urine; the dropsy also." It is used for a broad array of heat-induced conditions that would often be associated with a "hot liver," such as epidemic, continual or intermittent fever, heat and headache in children, pimples, welts, rashes, "pestiferous sores," inflammed and red eyes, mastitis, and "hot stomachs." A more recent author, Father Sebastian Kneipp, lists the same sorts of conditions. Tea made from "Wegwarte" removes "mucus from the stomach, flushes out superfluous gall, purifies the liver, spleen and kidneys, and leads morbid materials out through the urine." It also will restore the stomach which has been upset "by any kind of food," assist digestion and settle cramp and inflammation in the stomach. Chicory in wine, or "Wegwartspiritus," should be rubbed on atrophic limbs to restore them to health. "The child remedy." The psychological profile of Chicory was developed by Dr. Edward Bach, who included it among his thirty-eight flower essences. Chicory is a plant which teaches people to turn from personal, self-serving love, to generosity and selfless love. Subsequent experience with Chicory flower essence has refined Bach's picture further. Chicory is well suited to children who are self-centered, petulant, fussy, and throw tantrums, likewise to adults who retain childish, selfish forms of self-love, fall into co-dependent relationships, and stop growing emotionally (Kaminsky and Katz, Flower Essence Repertory ). Note that the old authors refer to the use of Chicory for heat and headache in children. These qualities show a resemblance to Chamomilla, the "baby remedy." However, Cichorium has less anger and more selfishness, less babyishness and more childishness. Chicory is the remedy for the "inner child," or the child, just as Chamomile is the remedy for "babys of any age." Indications. Childishness, selfishness, emotional immaturity. Headache, feverish head, hot, inflammed eyes. Heat and congestion in the liver and gall ducts; jaundice, gall stones. Heat and congestion in the spleen, lymphatics, and kidneys; swollen glands, edema, urinary tract infections. Constipation or diarrhea connected with hepatic and digestive disorders. Weakness of the solar plexus; malnutrition, cachexia, atrophy. Externally on hot sores and inflammations. Preparation and dosage. All parts of the plant have been used, but the roasted root is most commonly available in commerce. Father Sebastian Kneipp says the roots are most easily collected in rainy weather. He recommended a cup of the tea made from the root, morning and evening, for a period of time, until symptoms abate. Externally, "Wegwartspiritus" or poultice on inflammed, atrophied or decayed parts. Formula. A cooling, nutritive beverage which promotes digestion, secretion and nutrition can be made from one part roasted Chicory root, one part Ho Shu Wu root, and one quarter part Licorice root. Comparison. The mental
symptoms resemble Chamomilla, but the physical properties are likened to Dandelion. As a nutritive tonic for atrophy and cachexia, Peter Holmes aptly compares Chicory to the Chinese herb Ho Shu Wu (Polygonum multiflorum). Cimicifuga racemosa. Black Cohosh. This is one of my favorite plants. I associate it with the "Big Woods" of eastern North America, and the herbal tradition of the Eastern Woodland Indians. It was one of the many important and distinctive remedies which the pioneers learned from the native Americans. It is an interesting medicine plant, for it's qualities run in a deep psychological vein. Black Cohosh has an organ-affinity with the cerebralspinal system. The account of the plant given in my earlier book, Seven Herbs, is quite adequate, but a few additional points may be made. The American Indians have given us ten times as many female remedies as any other culture. Black Cohosh was used for menstrual problems and as a parturient in the late stages of labour. The name "cohosh" seems to come from an Algonquin word associated with pregnancy. It was also called Black Snake Root and Rattle Root. J. I. Lightall explains, "When the stalk is shaken the seeds will rattle, producing a sound like that of a rattlesnake, from which it takes the name of rattle root." It was one of the "snake roots" used for snake bite. It was widely used in domestic practice for female complaints. Rafinesque introduced it to medical literature and it was adopted by the early physio-medical and eclectic physicians. Dr. C. J. Hemple gave it a proving in 1856, and it was adopted into homeopathy. Cimicifuga is a member of the Buttercup or Ranunculaceae family, which makes it a cousin of Pulsatilla. These two remedies have many similarities and should be remembered together. Black Cohosh is to American Indian medicine what Pulsatilla is to homeopathy: the single most important menstrual and female remedy. Both are used for PMS, scanty menses, cramps, problems dating to the onset of menstruation, irregular menses in young girls, fluid retention and eruptive diseases. There are also differences: Black Cohosh has a dark, brooding mentality, whereas Pulsatilla has a happy/sad, changible, yielding disposition. "The whiplash remedy." The long, slender stems which bear the racemes, or tufts of flowers, rise up above the bushier growth of leaves. They whip in the breeze. This is a signature pointing to the use of Black Cohosh in whiplash---a condition which I have seen it cure or palliate in dozens of cases. But our thinking should not stop here. Black Cohosh is a remedy for conditions in which the cerebral-spinal fluid is "bunching up," as I like to put it. This is the core condition of the Cimicifuga personality, and all the characteristic conditions emanate from this situation. The dark, brooding state of mind, the neck and lower back pain, rheumatism, relief from fluid discharges, amelioration from menstruation, aggravation from their ceasation at menopause, the ripening and readying of the uterus late in pregnancy. The dark, congested, inter-woven roots beneath the ground present a signature of the congestion, whether it be psychic or physical, which typlifies this medicine plant. Menstruation and pregnancy. The tendancy for "bunching up" of cerebralspinal fluids, and fluids in general, makes this a notable remedy in menstrual problems. Cimicifuga is particularly good for the pre-menstral state, because the
binding of fluids causes more symptoms at this time. Brooding, dark, gloomy states of mind, pain in the neck and lower back, rheumatic pain; relieved by the onset of the period. Also in scanty and absent menstration. Black Cohosh is an important old Indian remedy in parturition. It is used to ripen and descend the uterus, in the latter days of pregnancy, promoting even contractions. It tends to encourage the uterine apparatus, by unloosening the fluids and through this, the muscles. Herbal Ed Smith, of Williams, Ore., points out that the unfolding, uncurling stalks in the spring, which look much like the unfolding fronds of ferns, remind one of a fetus---unfolding. A rheumatism or "wind-damp" remedy. Rheumatic tendancies are found in all the conditions which we have just gone over, especially in the case of whiplash. The homeopathic authors noted that Cimicifuga was specific for rheumatism in the "belly of the muscle." That means the underside of the upper arm, the thigh, or such structures as "hang" from the bones. It is easy to see why this specificity would occurr. Whiplash creates a shock-wave which runs along the muscles and which is pronounced when it hits the hanging muscles. Often, these patients do not associate their symptoms with whiplash, but questioning will reveal the occurrence at some time. Even if it occurred in the remote past, Cimicifuga is still indicated. The rheumatic symptoms are worse after menopause, when the relief caused by menstration ceases. The word "rheumatism" comes from the Greek word for "dampness." Rheumatic sufferers are generally worse from exposure to dampness, and the condition was looked upon as a concretion of dampness in the joints and muscles. A similar notion obtains in Chinese medicine, and certain types of rheumatism are classified under the heading "wind-damp." This perfectly describes the Black Cohosh condition, for there is a combination of wind (tension and binding) and damp (rheuma). Fever. Because of it's affinity for the spine, Cimicifuga has some reputation as a remedy in cerebral-spinal fevers. I have not had extensive experience with such conditions. Here is a case history where Cimicifuga cured side-effects remaining after such a disease. A woman in her early thirties had suffered from meningitis two years previously. Although recovered, she was still beset by a tensive, terribly painful headache in the right hemisphere. This seemed to result from swelling of the meninges. She had had a hysterectomy, so symptoms could not be relieved by menstration. Complexion, eyes, hair dark (she was an American Indian). Cimicifuga in potency relieved the condition entirely. Cimicifuga was used to help bring out the rash in measles and eruptive disease (the same use is associated with its Chinese cousin, Cimicifuga foetida). Homeopathy gets a similar usage from Pulsatilla. Cimicifuga is good for anyone who has ever had measles, as it clears the debris of this sickness out of the system. I have seen half a dozen cases where ill health was corrected on the premise that the patient had had measles and Black Cohosh cleared the system. Unfortunately, I can't seem to put my hands on any such case histories at the present moment, so the reader will have to experiment with this for verification. Preparation and dosage. The material substance, especially in the form of herb teas and capsules, is a little bit too strong in many cases. Several times I have
observed aggravations arising from this mode of preparation. For this reason I now use the tincture and the homeopathic potencies. In spinal problems and rheumatism, where calcification has set in, we would not want to stimulate the vital force before removing the material hinderances affecting the patient. Therefore, in whiplash cases where the condition has been in existence for a long time, I recommend the tincture. One to three drops per dose, once a day, for about six weeks. Follow this with low to moderate homeopathic potencies. In menstrual conditions I usually use the potencies. Cinnamonum cassia et zeylandicum. Cinnamon Sticks. Cinnamon bark is a spice which comes from Indonesia, Southeast Asia and Ceylon. It has been used since the most ancient times as a culinary spice and herbal medicine in China, India, Arabia and Europe. It was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century that the true sources of Cinnamon were established. Until then, the various forms in which it arrived in commerce were treated as different kinds of medicine---both in Europe and China. For all practical purposes, however, it appears that the two varieties and their various barks and twigs have pretty much the same properties. The method of preparation may, however, change them. Hot tea promotes perspiration while cold tea brings the medicine into the interior. (This is true of herbal remedies in general). The essential oil is more refined and potent than the decoction or tincture and accentuates several properties. The use of Cinnamon bark in Chinese and European medicine is virtually identical, and our account reflects both sources. Special uses of the essential oil were developed by the eclectic physicians in the nineteenth century. Properties. The flavor of Cinnamon is pungent and sweet, the temperature warm and dry, the impression stimulating, gently astringent, moderately diffusive and impacting on the stomach. As a pungent, warm, stimulating herb it opens the periphery, induces sweating, removes cold, and warms the skin, muscles and lungs. It is, therefore, a remedy for acute diseases. As a sweet, warm and stimulating article it promotes appetite, digestion and nutrition. As a pungent, warm and dry medicine it removes gas from the stomach and intestines. It is overall warming, stimulating, opening and nutritive. Cinnamon contains volatile oils, tannins and sugars. The refined oil has a strong antihemorrhagic and antibacterial capacity. Its use in curtailing uterine bleeding is mentioned by Dioscorides. Dr. William Cook summarizes: Cinnamon "acts upon the stomach, and through it upon the whole sympathetic system---also promoting assimilation, and stimulating the entire nervous and arterial organisms to a moderate extent. It is not allowable in febrile or inflammatory conditions [of the internal organs]; but is useful in atony of the stomach, looseness of the bowels with griping and flatulence, coldness of the surface, nervous depression, sympathetic nausea and vomiting, and even in passive uterine hemorrhage." Dr. William Boericke, the homeopath, paints a picture of the physical constitution in a few words: Cinnamon is indicated in "passive hemorrhage in feeble patients with languid circulation." In all the conditions for which it is remedial, Cinnamon warms and stimulates, in patients with "languid circulation," poor circulation to the exterior and interior cold. Expells cold from the exterior. The hot decoction of the bark acts towards the
periphery, to expel invasion of cold and stoppage of the pores, warming the skin, muscles and lungs and promoting diaphoresis. Cinnamon is applied, often with other agents, at the onset of a cold or flu, where there is chilliness, cold skin, debility, sweating, aches and pains in the muscles. It is also useful for neuralgic and rheumatic pains. Cinnamon stimulates the circulation to the exterior, so that it becomes more resistant to cold, chills and wind. Warms the interior. The cold decoction of Cinnamon is used to bring the warm, stimulating qualities into the interior of the organism. Gerard gives the traditional European applications of Cinnamon: "It comforteth the weake, cold, and feeble stomacke, easeth the paines and frettings of the guts and intrailes proceeding of cold causes, it amendeth the euill colour of the face, maketh sweet breath, & giueth a most pleasant taste vnto diuers sorts of meats, and maketh the same not onely more pleasant, but also more wholesome for any bodies of what constitution soeuer they be, notwithstanding the binding qualitie." This agrees fairly well with the traditional Chinese use of Cinnamon. It is held to warm the stomach, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs and intestines, removing fatigue and low vitality, impotence, frigidity, leucorrhea, amenorrhea, abdominal distension, flatus and colic, cold extremities and rheumatic pain, lumbar pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, exhaustion or debility due to overwork, illness, stress, chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Cinnamon oil. The allopaths and eclectics of the nineteenth century developed the use of Cinnamon oil to a high degree. Ellingwood, one of the eclectics most experienced with parturition remedies, gives one of the most detailed discussions of its use. "Cinnamon has been proved in Eclectic practice to be a very important remedy in hemorrhages. It acts best in the passive forms. The type of hemorrhage most benefited is the post-partum variety, though here it has its limitations. If the uterus is empty and the hemorrhage is due to flaccidity of that organ due to lack of contraction, then it becomes an important agent." If the retained placenta or other debris are the source of the hemorrhage, "little can be expected of this or any other agent until the offenders have been removed." Cinnamon should be frequently given, preferably a tincture of the oil, though an infusion might be useful, but it cannot be prepared quickly enough or be made of the desired strength." It is usually combined with oil of Erigeron. Preparation and dosage. Cinnamon bark can be prepared as a hot, cold or room temperature decoction by boiling an ounce of the sticks in a pint of water for 15 minutes. The oil and tincture are usually available through commerce. Formulae. Cinnamon is usually used with other herbs as a supportive influence in formulae. Cnicus benedictus. Blessed Thistle. Carduus benedictus. Holy Thistle. Blessed Thistle is a member of the thistle department of the Composite family, native to the Mediterranean area and cultivated in northern Europe. It was extremely popular in the middle ages as a folk-remedy for fever, pestilence, the plague and as an antidote to poison. At this time it was called Carduus benedictus, after St. Benedict, the patron saint of poison antidotes.
The uses of Blessed Thistle were extolled by the herbal writers during the Renaissance. Mattioli, physician to the Emperor (1563), said it was the most useful remedy known to himself. It "protects and cures the Pestilence, overcomes poisons, drives phlegm from the stomach, kills worms, clears the breast (lungs), purifies the blood. . . makes perspiration, helps against foul stomach fever and quartan ague, against stitching pains, and all internal ulceration. Cardobenedict drunk in wine is helpful against vertigo and severe head pains which arise above the eyes." It was well known in English literature at this time. Shakespeare mentions it in Much Ado about Nothing. Thomas Brasbridge (1578) wrote a pamphlet called Poore Man's Jewell, that is to say, a Treatise of the Pestilence, unto which is annexed a declaration of the vertues of the Hearbes Carduus Benedictus and Angelica . Culpeper does not give it as much coverage, and seems not to have been acquainted with the virtues of Blessed Thistle. After the seventeenth century, Blessed Thistle fell out of favor with English and American herbalists, except as a specific to enhance milk production in nursing women. Peter Holmes points out that it fills a niche similar to that occupied by Boneset (Eupatorium perforatum), as a febrifuge and digestive tonic. This may explain its decline in English language literature. Blessed Thistle is still widely used in German and continental herbalism, where the American Boneset is little unknown. Cnicus benedictus received a homeopathic proving on a single prover which verified some of the traditional associations. It showed an affinity for the eyes; produced burning pains in the stomach, hands and arms; digestive disturbance, disordered taste, trouble swallowing, yawning, hiccough, cutting pains in the abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea; constriction in the throat and chest; tension in the tendons, aching and craking in joints. It is not much used in homeopathy. Properties. The scent is pleasant but the taste is bitter. The leaves are the part used. They are bitter and pungent in flavor, the temperature is neutral to slightly cool, and the impression is dry. As a bitter, Blessed Thistle reduces inflammation but stimulates the mucous membranes, promoting secretion and activity throughout the digestive tract. The pungence acts to open the skin, promote perspiration, clear fever, unburden the circulation and decongest the interior. In large doses it causes vomiting "with little pain and inconvenience" (Grieve). Smaller doses act as a bitter tonic for debilitated digestion, promoting appetite, digestion, and nutrition, cleansing and removing mucus, stagnation and worms. The warm infusion is used to promote perspiration and remove intermittent fever, the cold as a bitter tonic on the digestion. Blessed Thistle is suited to conditions where the digestion and nutrition are in a state of debility, with weakened structure and function, resulting in poor appetite, stagnation in the stomach and intestines, accumulation of mucus, worm production, and ulceration. The patient tends to be sluggish, weak, anemic, debilitated, or emaciated. Cnicus benedictus is suited to that state of debility which results from the effects of continual intermittent fever in the system. Scrofula, or a general dirty condition of the system obtains, resulting in the production of external sores, swellings and ulceration. By promoting perspiration it drives away fever, intermittent chill, influenza, respiratory infection and congestion, and cleans the
skin. It is clear that Blessed Thistle has a stimulating action on the solar plexus, strengthening ennervation of the digestive tract and the system in general. By strengthening the nervous system the brain and memory are improved. By increasing nutrition the heart and circulation are stimulated. One of the chief uses of Blessed Thistle today is as a very reliable galactagogue. By improving appetite, digestion, assimilation and nutrition, then bringing fluids to the surface, Blessed Thistle increases milk production by general stimulation of nutrition and secretion. "The warm infusion scarcely ever fails to procure a proper supply of milk," writes Grieve. The infusion of the leaves is used externally on sores, whether superficial or deep-rooted, associated with "scrofula." Brother Aloysius recommends applying the infusion four times a day, followed by powdering with the leaves. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. In ordinary doses, Cnicus benedictus is not toxic, but in large doses it has caused indigestion and vomiting. An infusion of the herb is made by pouring a cup of boiling water over a tablespoon of the chopped and dried leaves. Dose of the tincture, 1-15 drops. Formulae. Combine with Centaury as a stomach bitter; do not add sugar (Brother Aloysius). Comparison. Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset), an American analogue, used as a diaphoretic in fever, and as a bitter tonic for the stomach and digestion; Silybum marianus (Milk Thistle), a botanical relative, also used as a galactagogue and liver, spleen and lymphatic remedy. Collinsonia canadensis. Stone Root. A member of the Mint family native to damp, rich forests in eastern North America. The roots are nodular and extremely hard, hence the common name Stone Root. It was utilized, according to the doctrine of signatures, as a remedy for gravel and kidney-stones, but it would have been more appropriate to read in the nodular roots a similarity to hemorrhoids: it never acheived credibility as a gravelremedy, but as a medicine for stagnation of the portal circulation and hemorrhoids. An understanding of the properties of Collinsonia developed late. Dr. William Cook (1868) used it as a gentle nerve relaxant and mild diuretic, but by the end of the nineteenth century the eclectics had established that Collinsonia was suited to conditions congestion dependent on venous stagnation in the portal, pelvic and rectal circulation. Collinsonia received a modest homeopathic proving which verified the traditional uses. Felter describes its general affinities. "Collinsonia is a remedy for venous stasis and for irritation of the mucosa. Cheifly it meets one prime condition and the many disorders dependent thereon. This is atony of the venous circulation, whether due to relaxation of the blood bessels or to lack of tone in the venous side of the heart. Therefore its best results are obtained in conditions showing feeble or sluggish venous and capillary flow. Under these conditions it specifically improves impairment of the mucous membranes, appearing to be most active in disorders of the throat and rectum, though venous stasis in any organ or part is corrected by it." Mundy, another eclectic, describes the characteristic symptoms which develop from these conditions. "In studying the therapeutical properties there are three strongly
distinctive indications which have served us as a signboard for its internal administration. They are briefly: Congestion, irrritation and a sense of constriction. This trinity of indications is characteristic, and easily remembered. Through these, as a rule, are sufficient, to them a fourth can be added with profit, namely, hemorrhoids. This latter condition, as a rule, results from the first and second named, and all three are frequently due to congestion of the portal system." Portal and pelvic congestion. In whatever the complaint may be, the usual root of the problem is venous stagnation and debility of the portal and pelvic circulation. Felter explains, "Here the smaller doses are more effectual. In hemorrhoids it usually does not cure, though it may do so early in their course. It is to be used when there is vascular engorgement of the pelvic viscera, with a sense as if a foreign body were lodged in the rectum, causing constant uneasiness and affecting the nervous system profoundly. There is weight, heat, and dull pain, with or without scybalous constipation, or sometimes with partly semifluid and partly scybalous [hard] feces." Cardio-vascular system. Venous stasis in the portal and pelvic circulation puts pressure on the heart, producing pressive and constrictive pains in the cardiac region. Such an etiology is indicated in the following case noted by Clarke. "Dewey mentions that it cured a case in which there was severe constrictive pain about the heart in a man who habitually passed blood by stool, the heart symptoms coming on when the bleeding ceased, and disappearing when it was re-established." Homeopathic Collinsonia cured both conditions. We are reminded of the use of blood-letting in bygone times, to relieve symptoms, and the advice of the Galenic physicians not to suppress hemorrhoidal bleeding, or heart symptoms would supervene. Of course, the modern doctor pays no attention to such interconnections but suppresses conditions without the slightest hesitation. Respiratory system. Stagnation of the venous circulation interferes with the transference of oxygen through the capillaries of the lungs, resulting in irritation of the mucosa of the respiratory tract. There is also interference from stagnation in the circulation about the heart. Felter writes, "Irritation of the parts supplied by the vagi is relieved by small doses of collinsonia. Thus it ameliorates some cases of asthma, chronic cough, and the cough attendant upon disorders of the heart. Some value it in mitral regurgitation and in rheumatism of the heart. In all conditions the dilated capillaries showing passive engorgement will guide to its use." "Collinsonia is the most effective medicine we have for that form of laryngitis known as 'minister's sore throat'---a hyperaemic or congestive state, with tenderness, hoarseness, and cough brought on by intensive speaking or singing. It is common among public speakers, singers, auctioneers, hucksters, and others compelled to use the voice beyond the ordinary. It is also valuable in other forms of laryngitis, with congestion or hyperaemia of the vocal apparatus, in chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, tracheittis, and aphonia, all depending upon irritation associated with venous debility." One author "advised it in the early stage of middle ear disorders, with free non-purulent secretions, and when complicated by follicular pharyngitis and hypertrophied" tonsils (Felter). Digestive tract. "Many value collinsonia in gastro-intestinal irritation with torpor of the portal circulation, irritation of the mucous membranes, and loss of
appetite. Indigestion, spasmodic pain, gastric catarrh, and irritative dyspepsia, all with more or less constipation, appear to be benefited by collinsonia. By increasing innervation and relieving irritability it proves useful in atonic dyspepsia, with poor abdominal circulation" (Felter). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Large doses are nauseating, and selflimiting. The root is infused by pouring a quart of boiling water over an ounce. Tincture, 1-60 drops (Fyfe). Comparison. Aesculus hippocastanum (portal circulation, hemorrhoids). Commiphora myrrha. Myrrh. This resin of Commiphora myrrha, a small tree native to the dry regions of the Near East, has been used since antiquity in herbal medicine. It is commonly called Myrrh gum. It is burned as an incense and purifier, applied externally to sooth irritation and cover ulceration, and taken internally to sooth the mucous membranes of the mouth, stomach and intestines. Acting through the interior in small doses it stimulates the nerves and blood vessels, opens the circulation, warms the extremities, stimulates the nervous system as a tonic. Dr. William Cook gives an overview of the medicinal properties of Myrrh. "An excellent antiseptic, a slow and mild stimulant, possessed of moderate astringency, and acting as a stimulating tonic. Its use occasions an agreeable sense of warmth in the stomach, large quantities causing decided gastric excitement. It slowly increases the fullness and force of the pulse, and exerts a well-marked influence on the capillary circulation. It diminished mucous discharges, leaves a sense of warmth in the respiratory passages, arrests decomposition, and removes foul odors from sores. It is also a very good styptic in passive hemorrhages. Emmenagogue properties have been attributed to it; but it merely arouses the uterine bloodvessels in common with the rest of the circulation, and has no specific influence on this organ, except as it lends its influence there in concert with distinct emmenagogues." It should not be used in febrile conditions, since it is warming, but rather in sluggishness of the mucous membranes. "It is indicated where these is feebleness of the vascular apparatus, and a tendency to congestion with nervous prostration; and phlegmatic temperaments admit it more than the nervous or sanguine. In atonic conditions of the stomach and bowels, giving rise to particular forms of indigestion, flatulence, colic pains, and coldness, it is of use combined with tonics. In excessive mucous discharges, with debility of the membranes and the general system, it exhibits its virtues to great advantage; as in chronic leucorrhea and catarrh, when the secretions have become offensive; likewise in low ulcerations of the bowels and the bladder, providing no inflammatory excitement be present. It may be used directly to the vagina, in bad leucorrhea; and when combined with bayberry or a little capsicum, forms a potent injection to the bowels in passive hemorrhages following typhus. As a local application in degenerate ulcers, it is of great value---especially in phagedaena, malignant nad foetid sores, carbuncles, malignant scarlatina, putrid sore throat and diphtheria, and after indolent bubo has been opened. . . . It is a favorite appliance in aphthous sores, and bleeding or spongy gums." Dr. Finley Ellingwood gives an account of the more subtle properties of
Myrrh, based upon its internal affects in small doses. It is indicated as a specific "in a general sense where there is adynamia or extreme asthenia, with weak, inefficient capillary circulation, cold skin, weak pulse and deficient circulation." Comptonia peregrina. Sweetfern. Sweetfern or Spleenwort is a small, dry plant which looks like a fern, but is a member of the Bayberry family. It is found growing in sandy, dry, acidic soils under pine forests in the northern and colder parts of North America. It was used by the northern Indians as a remedy for diarrhea, leucorrhea, spitting of blood, malnutrition, and as an antidote to poison ivy. It exudes a sweet smell at dewfall in the evening, at night and in the morning, hence the Indian name "Sweetfern." I was taught about this remedy by an Ojibwe woman from Michigan. She said that the leaves should be collected in July or later. After the first frost they have the most power, although they turn black on drying. She used them for "purifying the blood." The cases she described had been diagnosed as high blood pressure and cholesterol. The early settlers learned about Sweetfern from the Indians. It was a popular domestic remedy in the eighteenth century from Canada south to Virginia. The settlers also gave it the name Spleenfern or Spleenwort. This tells us that they conceived it to be a remedy for "spleeny" problems, which usually involved failure to thrive and malnutrition, as well as excess weight and appetite. It was used for malnutrition, rickets, debility after fever, loss of strength from diarrhea, dysentery or cholera infantum. As a mild astringent it can correct excess flux from the intestines, leucorrhea and bleeding. The roots were used to control bleeding. Benjamin Barton (1802), the first American writer on materia medica, recommended Comptonia for diarrhea, dysentery, cholera infantum and children's bowel problems. On his recommendation it became official in the U.S. Pharmacopeia. However, it always remained more of a folk-remedy and never caught on with professional doctors. Rafinesque (1828) reported that herbalists boiled the buds, blossoms and leaves in cream or butter to apply to sores on the skin and scabies. The leaves made a tasty tea, especially with sugar and cream. Eventually its use in medicine died out as the old folkways were forgotten. Today Sweetfern has been completely forgotten, except by the Indians. Properties. The leaves, buds, blossoms and shoots are the part used in herbal medicine. They are mildly astringent and tonic, with a fragrant, cleansing smell due to the presence of caryophyllene (Clove Oil). This explains its use as a nervine for toothache. Dr. William Cook (1868), who was close to the folk-doctors, was one of the few professional doctors who wrote knowledgably about Comptonia. The leaves "very gently promote digestion, especially in convalescence from acute forms of disease; and appear to exert an excellent influence upon the mesenteries and general assimilative apparatus, on which account they are good in scrofulous, rachitic, and mesenteric debility. The article is mild, but excellent in recent cases of leucorrhea, especially if added to such agents as convallaria [Solomon's Seal] and leonurus; and is a popular family remedy in sub-acute diarrhea and laxity of the bowels. The people often attach much value to a pillow of the leaves for rachitic children [to
sleep on]. It has a good influence in feeble lungs, especially in old and 'wet' coughs, and in spitting of blood. I have used it with some benefit in catarrh of the bladder; and am under the impression that it will be found a good nervine tonic in chronic cystic difficulties." John Monroe (1824), who studied with Indian healers, cited Sweetfern as a remedy for worms. Drs. Wood and Ruddock (1928) wrote, "This is a prompt and efficacious remedy for expelling the tape-worm. A pint of the decoction is to be taken in frequent doses during the day, for four or five days, when it is followed by a cathartic." The traditional association of Sweetfern with the spleen is entirely correct, for that organ is the flag-ship of the lymphatic system and is associated with poor assimilation and nutrition, weakness of the intestinal tract resulting in diarrhea and dysentery, excess dampness and the build-up of fluids and mucus, swollen glands (scrofula) and internal bleeding. Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the leaves, 2 ounces boiled in a quart of water, for an hour in a closed vessel. It loses its properties through boiling in an open vessel (Cook). Comparison. Myrica cerifera (botanical and medicinal ally). Convallaria majalis. Lily of the Valley. This is a pretty little flower, native to Europe, but widely cultivated in gardens in North America and sometimes escaped into the wild. It contains a cardiac glycoside in the same family of digitoxin, and has an influence over cardiac disease similar to Digitalis, but weaker. It is often used in herbalism as a milder, safer substitute for that medicine. If pharmacology did not point out Lily of the Valley as a cardiac remedy, the doctrine of signature would do so, for the "white coral bells, upon a slender stalk," suggest the idea of rhythm. In one case I was tipped off to give Convallaria because the woman had dreamed that she was directing a symphony orchestra and the musicians all started to play different tunes. I do not have alot of experience with this remedy, but the patients for whom it seemed to work best were women suffering from "chemical allergies" which caused heart palpitations and irregularities in the pulse. Ellingwood gives an extensive account of this remedy. "The direct therapeutic indications are organic heart weakness with valvular inefficiency, especially if accompanied with dropsy. It is probably an efficient remedy for dropsical infiltration wherever located, if due to inefficient heart. "It strengthens the heart's action, slows a rapid and feeble pulse, corrects the time and rhythm, improves the tone and increases the power of the heart, as evidenced by increased tonicity throughout the entire capillary circulation. It may be given for a few days and then discontinued for as many days when its influence remains. Its influence is exercised in a regular, steady and permanent manner. "It can be given with impunity and small doses should not be relied upon in extreme cases. If prompt effects are desired the tincture in full doses can be given in hot water, or an infusion of the entire herb will yield the best results. "In some cases of chronic nephritis the kidneys will fail to respond to the action of the agent. But these cases are necessarily extreme ones, as [even] in many
cases of Bright's disease most beneficial results are obtained from the use of this agent. "It overcomes general depression, favors elimination, adds power and regularity of action to the heart, overcomes distress of breathing, conduces to rest and sleep, and induces a general sense of improved well-being. It is an excellent remedy with which to improve the tone and vigor of the heart after the depressing effects of protracted fevers or violent acute inflammation, especially of the lungs and bronchi. It is useful also in the enfeebled heart of phthisis pulmonalis. "It is of much calue in rheumatism, especially when the heart is involved. In rheumatic carditis or pericarditis it serves a double purpose. It strengthens and improves the tone of the heart, and favors the elimination of morbific products which cause the inflammation. But few remedies will act more efficiently. If there is effusion within the pericardium its influence will be quickly observed. "To sum up the influences of convallaria: It is used to excellent advantage in the tobacco heart from cigarette smoking; in the bicycle heart from overstrain; in asthmatic breathing from enfeebled heart, especially in chronic asthma. It does not, like digitalis, irritate the stomach unpleasantly. On the contrary, it is of much service in that form of dyspepsia in which there is extreme torpor of the stomach, with pale, flabby mucous membranes of the mouth, broad, thick tongue, with a heavy, dirty white coating. In conditions where the tongue is red and thin, with elongated papillae, redness of the tip and edges, it is contraindicated. It is contraindicated also in fatty degeneration of the heart." A specific indication is noted by Scudder. "Convallaria may be used to lessen the frequency of the pules when there is an impaired capillary circulation, as shown by ecchymosis or the slow return of blood when it is effaced by the finger." Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Tincture, dose 1-5 drops. Homeopathic attentuation, 3x. Coptis trifolia. Golden Thread. A member of the Buttercup family native to rocky, wooded soils in eastern North America. It is a cousin of Goldenseal, has the same strongly yellow, bitter roots, and a similar action. Generally, Goldenseal is used instead, because the roots are more plentiful. Bigelow (1817) stated that Coptis is used "as a pure tonic bitter, capable of strengthening the viscera and promoting the digestion." He gave it "to dyspeptics and convalescents" with success. "Of this article, larger quantities are sold in the druggists' shops in Boston, than almost any indigenous production. The demand for it arises from it's supposed efficacy as a local application in aphthous, and other ulcerations of the mouth." Bigelow---in the arrogant manner of a professional physician---goes on to state that it cannot possibly be of assistance in this complaint, since it is not an astringent. He can only conceive of it as a remedy for dyspepsia and convalescence from fever because it is a bitter! Goldthread and Goldenseal were subsequently used in ulcerations by doctors of all schools, so this assertion was proved ridiculous. Despite his prejudice, Bigelow had already spied the central virtue of the plant. It is the tonifying influence on the digestive tract (which includes the mucous membranes of the mouth) which is the most important area in which
Coptis---and later Goldenseal---has been used. It strengthens the mucous membranes, promotes the secretions, stimulates the appetite, and builds flesh. Preparation and dosage. 1-20 drops of the tincture. Corallorhiza maculata. Crawley Root, Coral Root. A member of the Orchid family, native to the woodlands of eastern North America. Crawley was rare and highly priced even in the nineteenth century. Harvey Felter gives an excellent account of the medicine. "When in acute pulmonic troubles a non-stimulating diaphoretic is needed, we can employ none better than the crawley root. To 'break up a cold' it is one of the most certain drugs known." It moistens the lungs and brings fluids to the surface, somewhat like Asclepias. "It has done excellent service in diphtheria. Acute and chronic pleurisy are both conditions in which it will prove curative." Felter employed it in numerous cases of incipient t.b. with excellent results. "There is hacking cough, loss of weight, want of appetite, pleuritic pains and marked general prostration. The remedy will be found slow, but certain in its action. From three to five weeks will be required before any good results can be observed. The appetite is th first to respond, the cough and pain cease, there is increased urinary product, and the functions of the skin are better preformed. The patient increases in strength and flesh, and all the unfavorable symptoms disappear." Used for the control of colliquative sweating in tuberculosis (cf. Salvia). "It has been employed in dry bronchial irritation with 'tightness across the chest, wheezing, and severe paroxysms of irritable cough.'" Indications. "Hacking cough, with loss of appetite and weight, pleuritic pains and general prostration; bronchial irritation with tightness in the chest; night sweats of phthisis" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. "It should be employed either in infusion or tincture, and the doses should be moderately large and long continued" (Felter). Tincture, 10-90 drops, usual dose, 30 drops (Fyfe). Coriandrum sativum. Coriander. The seed (or really, the fruit) has been used since antiquity in culinary and medical herbalism. Coriander is a member of the Umbellifera family native to northern Africa and the Near East, but grown and used more widely. It is comparable to Fennel, Dill, Anise and Cumin. Properties. The flavor of the seed is pungent and slightly bitter, while the temperature is cool. Coriander contains a volatile oil, bitter principals, Vitamin C and fatty oils. Because it is cooling, it is a good remedy for hot conditions where many other spices are contraindicated. The bitter principal stimulates digestion, the pungent volatile oil expels gas and mucus from the stomach and intestines and relaxes the muscles. The seed is primarily used for these organs, but also to cure warm, inflammed joints, expel mucus from the lungs and head, promote menstruation and correct intermittent fever. Like many stomach remedies, Coriander acts on the solar plexus. Hence, it has been recommended as a preventative for stroke. By stimulating the solar plexus, the brain of the stomach, the brain of the head is positively influenced. It is also used for dizziness.
Preparation and dosage. Hot or cold infusion of the seed. Cornus florida. Flowering Dogwood. When set out in the spring with its large pinkish-white flowers, Flowering Dogwood is one of the most beautiful trees found in the eastern woodlands of North America. It is widely planted as an ornamental. The name Dogwood does not refer to the physical appearance of the plant, but the smell of the wood burning on a fire. Flowering Dogwood was an extremely important remedy with the eastern woodland Indians---and is still used by them today. It was an important remedy for intermittent fever and digestive complaints. J. I. Lighthall, the "great Indian medicine man," used it extensively as an astringent bitter tonic for the digestive tract and in intermittent fever. Mixed with Wild Cherry bark, he considered it the equal of quinine. Dogwood caught on among lay practitioners as a substitute for Peruvian bark in the nineteenth century and was used by some professional doctors. Properties. Cook writes, "The bark is an astringent tonic, the astringent properties being well marked, and the stimulant but moderately so. Its action is rather slow, and yet positive. Its influence is expended largely upon the mucous structures; but it also influences the general circulation, and has an antiperiodic action on the nervous system that resembles cinchona." The two areas of its influence are the mucous membranes, especially of the digestive tract, and intermittent chill/fever. Indications. "Relaxed or enfeebled states of the system; general exhaustion; miasmatic fevers; pyrosis; indigestion with stupor, headache and acid eructations; chronic intermittent fever, when nausea and diarrhea attend the paroxysms; convalescing stages of acute diseases; acute intermittent fever, especially when there is dullness, drowsiness, headache and exhaustion." It has a general relationship to fermentative conditions of the mucous membranes. It affords relief in heartburn by preventing the fermentation which creates the condition. By analogy, it is a remedy for vaginal discharge. "Cornus may well constitute a part of the treatment of leucorrhea, and as a general tonic it is of value in the disease peculiar to women." Chronic intermittent fevers with general laxity, atonic digestive membranes, fermentation, exhaustion, diarrhea and nausea. "Cornus is said to be most successful in the cure of fevers when the remissions are marked and distinct" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. The inner bark is used. "Gather the bark from the sunny side of the tree," says the Indian doctor, Lighthall. Boiling will destroy the medicinal properties, so it may be used in the powdered form. "Dose of the powder, what will lay on a silver dime, in water." The green bark causes intestinal griping in some patients, the first six months after it has been picked (Cook). Tincture, 5-60 drops (Fyfe). Formulae. Lighthall offers "an Indian formula" for rheumatism, strengthening of the nerves, increasing the appetite and recovery after fever. Cimicifuga racemosa root 1 part, Xanthoxylum bark 2 parts, Populus tremuloides bark, 2 pts, Sarsaparilla root, 2 parts, Cornus florida bark 1 part, Prunus serotina bark 1 part. He also recommends 1 part Wild Cherry bark and 1 part Dogwood bark as an antiperiodic in place of Peruvian bark. This is an old Indian formula. Comparison. A European cousin, Cornus mas (Cornelian Cherry), is considerably less well
known, but has been independently used for the same general indications: fever, dysentery, poor appetite and externally for bleeding. Crataegus oxycanthus. Hawthorn. This small knarled tree is a member of the Prunus or Apple family. Various species, resembling one another in appearance and properties, are native to Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. Crataegus oxycanthus, a native of Europe, is the officinale species in Western herbalism, but a comparison of uses from many cultures shows that the various Hawthorns have similar or identical properties. According to ancient lore, Hawthorn is one of the three sacred trees of the Underworld. The Ash is the World-tree, the foundation of the Underworld, or the great network of inter-connectedness which holds the outer world together from within. The Oak is associated with the Guardian of the Underworld, who tests every aspirant after other-worldly knowledge, manifesting their true inner nature, so that they either become true men and women or corrupt fallen initiates. The Hawthorn is considered the gateway into the Underworld. It is said to be perilous to fall asleep under a Haw tree, or one may be carried away by the fairy inhabitants of the Underworld. Thomas the Rhymer, the legendary lowlands Scots visionary of the thirteenth century, was reputed to have entered into the Underworld, where he remained bodily for seven years. This occured at a specific Haw tree in Ercledoune, where he lived as an historic person. The tree was pointed out by the inhabitants until its demise. Thomas prophecied that when the tree fell the town would lose its common lands. A hurricane uprooted the ancient specimen in 1827 and the following year a series of economic catastrophes forced the town to sell its commonage. These sort of stories are not without their significance. Whenever I feel spaced-out, stuck in another dimension, so to speak, or kidnapped by fairies, I suppose, I use tincture of Hawthorn bark to restore me to some semblance of normal reality. I also use it for patients who are stuck in ordinary reality. They are encumbered by material and mundane conceptions that restrict their attention to the physical world. It is not so much that they are materialists in a philosophical sense, but "mundanists" who are too weighed down with material concerns. These dark visions of the mundane world weigh upon the spirit and this ultimately undermines the condition of the heart. In Chinese medicine it is said that "the heart stores the spirit." When the spirit is affected, the heart follows suit. Hawthorn is called for in conditions where the cardio-vascular system is weakened, the arteries loss their tone and become clogged. In addition the stomach gets weak and digestion is disordered. This is because the solar plexus and stomach, the seat of gut-level instincts and the feeling of groundedness, is weakened. This is one of the few medicines whose introduction we owe to an Irish physician, but it seems appropriate that Hawthorn, the herald of the fairy world, should have been introduced by a Celt. This doctor had acquired a fabulous reputation for the cure of cardiac disease with a remedy known only to himself. Finally, he was induced to admit, for the benefit of mankind, that he used Hawthorn berries. This news hit the newstands about 1895, and the allopathic,
homeopathic, eclectic and botanical literature was soon bristling with excitement about its potential. The homeopaths gave Crataegus oxycanthus a proving which justified this cardio-vascular associations and vastly enriched the therapeutic indications. Even the allopaths were interested---the discoverer was for once a member of their fold. Tincture of Hawthorn berries were widely used by professional and lay practitioners in the early part of the nineteenth century, but allopathic interest soon waned. In the second half of the twentieth century, pharmaceutical research conducted in Europe and China revealed that this use has a legitimate pharmacological and clinical basis. One discovery was that the berries are much weaker than the leaves, bark and flowers, in the active ingredient. Modern companies therefore make their preparations from all these parts. Properties. The berries and bark are slightly sweet and faintly bitter, just a bit warm, and moderately astringent. They do not have a strong taste; the astringence being the most marked effect. These properties would suggest at best a mild tonifying influence, which indeed, is about the nature of the remedial action. The doctrine of signatures is a little more helpful in pointing out the organ-affinities of the plant. Hawthorn has the irritated-looking bark similar to its cousins Apple and Cherry. It is the crusty, knarled branches which are peculiar to Hawthorn. These two attributes are signatures. Like Wild Cherry, Hawthorn is a remedy for histaminic irritation. The crusty branches suggest an affinity for vessels which are heavily encumbered and encrusted with arterial deposites, probably lying on a base of irritated vascular tissue. Even these observations are not, however, that convincing or graphic in their representative of the properties of Crataegus. It may be, indeed, that we can only discover the essence of Hawthorn by journying to Fairy Land. I look upon Hawthorn like this. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the foundational substances upon which the health of the body as a whole is constructed are the blood (nutritive substance), qi (energy), yin (fluids) and yang (fire, or activity). The function of the heart (cardio-vascular system) is to integrate the entire organism into a functional unit through the homogenizing influence of the bloodstream, removing wastes, bringing in foods, eliminating excess or deficient temperature and materials. In a sense, therefore, it mixes and distributes the four substances just encountered, and in another sense, these four substances are the foundation of the healthy functioning of the heart. From the blood it receives its nourishment, providing the strength of the cardiac muscle; from the qi it receives its nervous energy, providing the heart-beat which drives the entire system, from the heart muscle to the smallest artery; the yin or fluids lubricate and sedate; while the yang or fire gives activity and warmth to its expression. These four substances are both the foundation of the heart, and are acted upon by the heart to be homogenized and spread through the system. There are remedies for a weakness of one element or another (Lycopus for yin deficiency; Digitalis for yang deficiency, etc.) but Crataegus is suited to the simultaneous weakness of all four foundations of the heart. It builds up the blood and nourishment of the cardiac muscle, the power of the nervous system which drives the heart and arteries, while sedating and activitating the heart. The symptoms of all four elements can be found in the homeopathic provings and
clinical experience. Crataegus is the superlative general tonic for the cardio-vascular system. While not acting too specifically, it has a general influence upon all elements of cardio-vascular health. I like to call it "the tonic for the four corners of the heart." In addition to its influence upon the heart and circulation, Crataegus is also influential in several other organs systems. It is a general "wake up" remedy, suitable to older, apathetic and---as I say---mundane patients, who have atonic and apathetic systems. The solar plexus is weakened, conveying a lack of tone and lethargy to the functions of the stomach and digestive system. The kidneys also feel the impression of Crataegus. It improves the vascular tone of the vessels entering into the kidneys, helping them to pull dirty blood out of the vasculature, into the nephritic apparatus, processing the constituents better for elimination. The bark is used by the Indians to remove stones. They also enjoin us not to eat root crops or wear stones (or associate generally with anything from under the earth, or in contact with stones) when trying to eliminate these concretions. (The Indians use Wild Cherry more commonly for heart problems.) Indications. Patients who are not grounded enough, or too-grounded; with circulatory problems. Cardiac weakness attended with nervous irritability, overexcitement, depression; worse from excitement and exertion; or following hectic fevers; with dyspepsia, dysentary, high blood pressure and disturbed sleep. Excessive perspiration following acute illness. Cold extremities, pallor, irregular breathing. Worse from excitement, exertion, and in a warm room. Better from fresh air, quiet, and rest. Weak heart muscles, especially of the right heart, with oppression, stitching pain, and insomnia. Myocarditis; incompetent valves; cardiac dilatation; angina pectoris. Cardiac edema. "Pulse rapid, irregular and small" (Boger). Indigestion; food sits in the stomach, ferments, and causes heart-pain. Weak kidneys; kidney-stones. Preparation and dosage. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the part traditionally used, the fruit, is not as high in active ingredients as other parts of the plant. Consequently, a tincture is now prepared which contains the flowers and leaves, as well as the berries. It is noteworthy, however, that both Western and Eastern herbalists choose to use the fruit. The doctrine of signatures may have a hand in this, since the red berry looks a bit like a small heart. I myself prefer the bark, especially of the blunt thorns, which is the part used by some Indians. Decoction of the bark and berries, infusion of the leaves and flowers. Dose of the tincture, 5-25 drops. This is a remedy which is used in the tincture, rather than the potencies, in homeopathy. Formula. The only common combination is Crataegus and Capsicum. I think it would also combine well with a little charcoal. Cynoglossum officinale. Hound's Tongue. This rough, bristly member of the Borage tribe, is native to Europe and but widely naturalized in the United States. The hairy leaf, somewhat like Comfrey or Borage, resembles a dog's tongue (which is the meaning of the word cynoglossum ). This, according to the doctrine of "like treats like" gave rise to an interesting therapy. "It will tye the tongues of Houndes so that they shall not bark at you, if it be laid under the bottom of your feet," says an old author. Dioscorides reports that it
will cure the bite of a mad dog. Another name for the plant is Hound's Piss, "for in the world there is not any thing smelleth so like vnto Dogs-pisse as the leaues of this Plant doe" (Gerard). The flavor is bitter, the temperature cold and dry, the impression unpleasant. The old authors variously report that the leaves, made into a poultice, infusion, syrup or tincture, are used to wash and cure piles, and are applied curatively to bruises, blows, scalds, and swollen glands. "In case of excoriation of the feet from long marches, a poultice of the leaves will give speedy relief" (Wood and Ruddock). The tea or tincture was used internally for coughs, catarrh, dysentery and spitting of blood. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Cynoglossum contains Pyrrolidizine alkaloids, like its cousin Comfrey. For this reason, it should not be taken internally. Fortunately, most of the traditional uses revolve around an external application. Cypripedium calceolus, parviflorum et pubescens. Yellow Lady's Slipper. Various orchids were used in Europe and Asia as nutritive food/medicines for the nerves and sexual organs. They were called "orchids" in Latin from the resemblance of the tuberous roots to testicles (orchis), or "satyrion" in Greek, due to their reputation as sexual stimulants and tonics. "This is obviously a sort of doctrine of signatures affair," comments Ann Leighton. Of the various orchids, the Cypripedium calceolus, or Yellow Lady's Slipper, became the officinal plant in European herbalism. The name Cypripedium means "Venus' Slipper." The more polite authors largely ignored the orchids. "Touching the faculties of our Ladies Shoo we have nothing to write," says Gerard. "It being not sufficiently knowne to the old writers, nor to the new." But among the common folk and the less polite authors it was famous as a sexual tonic. Paracelsus noted that Satyrion will "restore a man to his lewdness." The use of orchids to "provoke lust" even followed the puritans to New England. John Josselyn (1672) reports of "Dogstones, a kind of Satyrion," that "I once took notice of a wanton Womans compounding the solid Roots of this Plant with Wine, for an Amorous Cup; which wronght the desired effect." The native American Lady's Slippers and Mocassin Flowers (Cypripedium sp.) were used by the American Indians for intestinal worms, stomach problems and various female disorders. They also had supernatural uses, being included in medicine bundles used to encourage visions and dreams, and in love medicine. It was not, however, until Samuel Thomson began his unorthodox career as an herbalist, that Lady's Slipper came into widespread use as a nervine in Western herbalism. The large Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium pubescens) is considered officinale in Western herbalism, but the small (C. parviflorum) is used interchangeably. They are similar in appearance, both to each other and the European species. All have a yellow flower. Despite tradition, I personally have come to prefer the Showy Lady's Slipper, which is pink and white. Properties. The best accounts of the medicinal properties of Cypripedium are penned by the physio-medicalists, or followers of Thomson. Dr. William Cook
writes, "The roots of these plants are the medicinal part, and were introduced to practice by Dr. S. Thomson---with whom they formed a leading remedy. They are nearly pure relaxants, with not enough stimulation to be available. Their influence is manifested slowly, and is expended wholly upon the nervous system; and it is only through the nervous tissues that they impress other parts. Thus they belong to the pure nervines or parodynes, and are antispasmodic, and mildly tonic to these structures. "They are used in all the multiplied forms of nervous irritability and exictement, except when arising from advancing putrescence. They soothe and calm the entire system, easing all forms of pain growing out of local or general irritation, and indusing quiet and usually securing sleep. . . . The sleep is not accompanied by stupor, is no more profound than would naturally follow the most sanative relief from protracted pain or nervous agitation, is associated with a warm and gentle perspiration, and is not followed by any suppression of the secretions or feelings of languour." Furthermore, "the cypripedium can not be given in quantities to stupefy acute suffering in the presence of offending substancces, as opium will do; but the relief obtained from it must always be connected with such a relaxation and opening of the emunctories as will make a way of excape for injurious materials; and it is always peculiar of it that ease will not be obtained by its use, unless at the same or a previous time the system has been depurated of morbific accumulations. Hence it is a nervine only when the frame has been, or is being, rid of such offending elements as would provoke the restlessness." There is a "mild inrease of perspiration, diuresis, and even alvine action, in connection with its use; but its influence on the secernents is too indirect and feeble to accomplish much elimination." "From this nature of the article, its use can at once be seen to be very wide and peculiar. In hysteria through all its varied forms, it is second to no remedy; in heache, sleeplessness, and restlessness, when proceeding from feebleness and irritability of either the nerve centers or peripheries, it is an admirable agent; and in chorea, neuralgia, neuralgic rheumatism, and the restlessness of the later stages of typhus, typhoid, bilious, and intermittent fever, (after the secretions have been well influenced,) it is a vaulable adjunct to other treatment. It is not relied upon alone in these cases, but is used as the nervine associate of such remedies as may be indicated." Cypripedium has a slight influence upon the kidneys, removing edema. As I reported in Seven Herbs, Plants as Teachers, one of the few characteristic symptoms is a sensation as if the shoes do not fit. Additional cases accruing since this book was written have shown me that this symptom is largely due to a slight edema swelling the ankles and feet. As mentioned in Seven Herbs, Cypripedium is a good remedy for some forms of depression, sexual obsession or frustration, and impotence. It removes tension in the nerves, and builds up the nervous system which has been exhausted by stress. It is particularly well suited to persons who feel that they are not competent enough to take on new duties, as a partner, parent, etc., or persons who are responsible for the care of others and exhaust their strength and energy. It is more of a tonic than a remedial agent. Preparation and dosage. Here we run into some problems, since the
Cypripedium sp. is rare and enlarged throughout its range. It takes seventeen years to produce a flower, and it seems hard-hearted to dig up the roots of a plant of this nature. Cypripedium sp. is available in commerce, but usually at a high price. The homeopathic potencies provide one alternative---I have used them with success. My favorite preparations are the flower essences. The flower can be bent down, into a bowl, imparting its properties to the water in sunlight, without damage to the plant. Formulae. Cook, who speaks so highly of it, recommended that it be combined with other agents in most of the conditions to which it was remedial. "The cases where it alone is needed are really few," he says. It is commonly combined with Scutellaria as a nervine. He gives a formula from Dr. Overholt, of Iowa, for nervousness and neuralgia, 2 parts cypripedium, 1 part each of scutellaria, xanthoxylum, asclepias tuberosa, lobelia, and anise. "In hysteria of a sub-acute and chronic character, it is combined with liriodendron, aralia racemosa, etc.; in hysterical convulsions or other forms of this malady, with asafoetida, zingiber, or lobelia; in rheumatism, with xanthoxylum or phytolacca berries; in painful menstruation, with anthemis, caulophyllum, and singiber; in febrile cases, with asclepias, singiber, and other diaphoretics; in colic and painful flatulence, with dioscorea and anise; in delirium tremens and subsultus tendinum, with capsicum and ginger; and in like manner a moderate portion of it may be used in company with a large variety of remedies." It is an excellent antispasmodic, but should be combined with stimulants. It "forms one of the most reliable compound in parturition where the nervous system becomes weary and the uterine efforts lag," in combination with capsicum and rubus. "Directed to the uterus by such an agent as trillium, it affords great relief in after pains." Comparison. The various Cypripediums are similar in influence, but the Showy Lady's Slipper is more refined, and suited to more subtle internal changes. The yellow varieties seem to have greater action on the nerves. Dauca carota. Wild Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace. In the wild, Carrot is a polymorphous species, capable of assuming many forms. Over the centuries, the domesticated garden variety (Daucus carota sativa) was developed by selective breeding. The root became larger, sweeter and less pungent, while the top became smaller. The Wild Carrot remains, however, with a sweet and pungent root, leaf and seed. Culpeper comments, "The root is small, long and hard, and unfit for meat, being somewhat sharp and strong." It is native to Europe, but widely naturalized in North America. Both have found a place in domestic herbal medicine. The ancient authorities recommended them together, because there was at that time little difference between the two. The root of the cultivated variety has a long reputation as a poultice on wounds. The cool, moist root soothes inflammed and irritated surfaces. The tops, seeds and roots of the wild variety are used, not to lubricate and sooth, but to draw forth water---so there is a reversal of properties between the two. Wild Carrot is an important remedy for removing edema and stimulating the kidneys. It has gained some reputation today as a weight-remover, but this is because it removes water, not fat. Dauca carota is a member of the Parsley or Umbellifera family, most members of which are gifted with volatile oils that impart pungence and flavor, so that they are
used for culinary purposes. Even the domestic carrot is slightly pungent. Like many docile remedies, Queen Anne's Lace was ignored by professional doctors, from the seventeenth century onwards. It is not widely used today, but some herbalists use it a great deal. Properties. The flavor of Wild Carrot is pungent and sweet and the temperature is cool and moist. Because it contains volatile oils and is pungent, Dauca expels flatulence. "Wild carrots belong to Mercury," says Culpeper. The entire Umbellifera family, with its airy tops and aerating action, removing gas and water, is more or less under the agis of Mercury, the aerial planet. Gerard summarizes traditional sources going back to the classical doctors. "The root boiled and eaten, or boiled with wine, and the decoction drunke provoketh urine, expelleth the stone, bringeth forth the birth, and procureth bodily lust. The seed drunke bringeth downe the desired sicknes [menstruation], it is good for them that can hardly make water, it breakieth and dissolveth winde, it remedieth the dropsies, it cureth the collick and stone, being drunke in wine. It is also good for the passion of the mother, and helpeth conception." Although Queen Anne's Lace is not widely used today, herbalist Tommie Bass of Alabama considers it among the top remedies for water removal, weight loss, gout and rheumatism. "We have experimented with it and we've had more results with it for reducing than anything," he says. "some lose fifteen to twenty pounds." He recounts the case of a man who "couldn't pull up his pantlegs," his legs and stomach were so swollen. He was a beer-drinker with an enormous stomach. The man drank more than two gallons of Queen Anne's Lace and was returned to normal in a short time. Wild Carrot is used, not only to eliminate water from the system, but also to remove concretions through the urine. Hence it has a reputation in kidney stone, gout and rheumatism. Preparation and dosage. An infusion is made by pouring an ounce of water over a teaspoon of the tops or seeds. Bass recommends using the tops, before they go to seed. Because it has not been used in professional medicine, there is little experience with the tincture. Comparison. As Tommie Bass points out, as a gentle, moistening, cooling diuretic and waste remover, Dauca carota is in a category with Galium aparine and Stellaria media. Delphinium staphysagria. Stavesacre. A member of the Ranunculaceae family native to Europe, closely related to Larkspur. The seeds of Staphysagria were long used to kill head-lice, but the toxic properties kept it from developing much significance in internal medicine. Hahnemann was interested by it's toxic reputation. He gave it a proving and added it to the homeopathic pharmacopeia. It holds a place just behind the great polychrests. "The mote-in-the-eye remedy." As a point of departure, let me begin with the symptom which I find most characteristic about the Staphysagria patient. Quite often, there is redness and irritation around one of the eyes, as if there was a speck in the eye. Staphysagria is good for irritation of the eye, caused by a particle or laceration, but this symptom will appear even in people who are suffering from
problems elsewhere in the body. As mentioned below, Staphysagria has an affinity for sphincters and outlets, and for irritation of these places. I have found this indication to be most valuable. With this there will be the typical anger and irritation of the Staphysagria patient. "The violation remedy." Another characteristic symptom, well-known to homeopaths, is the anger and frustration. The patient feels as if he or she had been violated, insulted, or impinged upon unfairly---usually there is a legitimate reason for this. As a consequence, anger builds up, he become touchy, nervous, irritable, and easily flies into fits of anger. Having missed the opportunity to express his chagrin in the original situation, his outbursts are inappropriate. He may be violent and impetuous, but unable to stand up for himself when he really needs to. I remember a case where a young man brought in his girlfriend to see me. She had a recurring bladder infection. She was feeling anger and frustration towards her parents, which she was unable to express. The cystitis followed the build-up of the anger. Staphysagria 6x cured the bladder infection in two weeks. She was better able to communicate with her parents. The cure had an interesting side-effect for the young man. Apparently the girl wanted to get married, and was frustrated by his lack of commitment. She soon expressed her feeling and broke up the relationship. Sphincters and orifices. Staphysagria has an affinity for sphincters and circular muscles, especially when they are violated, torn, irritated, lacerated, or stretched. This remedy has been used in homeopathy for the physical and mental after-effects of rape. It is also useful for injuries to the cornea, irritations, lacerations, incisions. Again, it is given after surgical operation, when tissues and muscles have been surgically violated, stretched, cut. A common pattern is bladder infection following outbursts of anger, or in emotionally pent-up, bed-ridden patients, or again, in young women who are just starting to have sex---as the old books say, "newly married women." Staphysagria has an affinity for incisions, and also for those very incisive structures---the teeth. Here we see it's connection to the means of laceration. I once had a case where there was irritation of the incisors, extending through the nerves up into the eyes. Staphysagria could not held but cure such a condition. Liver fire conjoining with dampness and flowing down through the bladder. Anger is associated with the liver, and this, with other symptoms, points to Staphysagria as a remedy for that organ. In order to tie together the various conditions for which it is remedial, it will be necessary to refer to a concept from Chinese medicine. "Liver fire" conditions manifest anger, irritation of the facial skin and eyes, and several other symptoms which are associated with Staphysagria. Chinese medicine has noted that fire usually rises, and therefore, heat processes associated with the liver usually affect the mind, face, eyes and head. For fire to move downwards in the body, it must conjoin with dampness. This produces a type of bladder infection called "Liver fire conjoining with dampness and going out through the bladder." The symptoms are cystitis and irritation, following outburts of anger. Pulse rapid and wiry. This is exactly the condition to which Staphysagria is suited. It personifies the syndrome quite well. Yes, there is a remedy for being "pissed off." Preparation and dosage. Because it is an irritating substance, Staphysagria cannot be
used in the tincture. It is usually used in the low to moderate potencies (6x to 200c). Digitalis purpurea. Foxglove. The discovery of Digitalis is one of the more interesting chapters in the development of the allopathic pharmacopeia. In the late eighteen century, Dr. Withering left a patient in the English countryside to die from heart failure and cardiac dropsy. Sometime later he returned to find the woman well. Inquiring as to the source of this remarkable turnaround, he was he was shown a list of herbs recommended by an old lady. Withering quickly realized that the only unusual ingredient on the list were leaves of Foxglove, Digitalis purpurea. He experimented with this medicine for nine years on hopeless and indigent patients, until he felt certain that he had an effective remedy. Although his publication on Digitalis greeted with the characteristic skepticism of entrenched professional interests, the remedy slowly came into use. As we know now, it is an extremely sophisticated cardio-vascular drug. The properties of Digitalis are due to the presence of digitoxin, a cardiac glycoside. It turns out that other plants have this ingredient, and that in most parts of the world they have been utilized as cardiac medicines. Digitalis, however, has the most powerful properties in this area, and therefore it has not been replaced. Recent studies have showed that the powdered herb (which is still official in the PDR) possesses properties which in some measure are superior to those of the isolated "active ingredient" (Weiss). Although this medicine entered into conventional practice from folkmedicine, it never had an extensive history of usage among herbal practitioners. Because it is so powerful, it should only be used by a trained and licensed physician. If Digitalis is indicated the patient should be preferred to a cardio-vascular specialist. However, an occasional patient will require Digitalis when the symptoms are not severe enough to call for the allopathic drug. There are also occasional patients who will not take allopathic drugs, who fall into the hands of alternative practitioners, and these may require treatment by Digitalis. In these cases, the 3x potency may be used. The homeopaths gave Digitalis a proving. However, they had much difficulty in it's use, some authors saying it was useless, and others that it was an important remedy. Some of these problems must result from the way it is prepared, and the size of the dose. It turns out that digitoxin is not extracted in alcohol. The best mode of preparation for over a century was simple infusion---the herb tea as originally used. This mistake was made by pharmacists of all schools. Thus, both alleopaths and homeopaths were disappointed under some circumstances. The dose also matters. As with most organ-remedies, the material dose and low potencies works best. Thus, we find high-potency prescribers like E. B. Nash resorting to the material drug in order to get results. "I have in several. . . cases seen this decoction of Digitalis do good work when the fluid extract in old school hands failed," writes Nash. "Also when the potencies and alcoholic preparations failed." Dr. Stuart Close (The Genius of Homoeopathy ) gives a case history where Digitalis was perfectly indicated by the symptoms, but failed in his hands. An allopath was called in and saved the case with material doses of the drug.
Digitalis is the remedy for cardiac failure. The face, lips and tongue are pale or bluish. The cyanosis may be partial, only around the lips or the left hand, or it may be noticed only after exertion. It is accompanied by a cold, clammy sweat. The tongue is thick and flabby. The patient tends to be alternately nervous and drowsy. "The leading characteristic of Digitalis is a very slow pulse," writes Nash. "This may alternate with a very quick pulse, and between the two we may sometimes get a very irregular or intermittent pulse." With this pulse there may be a feeling as if the heart stood still, or "would stop beating if he moved" (Farrington). Besides having a relationship to the heart, Digitalis has a secondary relationship to lung and liver troubles. It removes all sorts of edema, and has been used in pneumonia with dropsy and cyanosis. Also in certain types of jaundice. Clarke lists the swollen liver as a characteristic symptom, along with white, pasty stools. I had a patient who manifested this particular symptom-pattern. I had been treating her for liver problems, when all of a sudden the pulse got weak. Digitalis seemed to be the only remedy that fit the picture, and it cured the white stools, the mental exhaustion, and the weak pulse. Nash gives the following description of a severe Digitalis case in The Testimony of the Clinic. "His lower limbs were greatly swollen and very hard, but readily pit on pressure, and stay pitted a long time after. Dark red, almost purple spots had appeared on the lower legs, as if the tissues were about to become gangrenous. Heart action very weak, at times very slow, and again at times rapid, irregular and intermitting. Respiration very difficult; could not lie down; had sat in his chair for three weaks. Suffocative constriction, distressing dyspnoea, wants to get a long breath, and, on account of the effusion in the chest, heart sounds very muffled. Urine very scanty and red." Nash tried Digitalis in the thirtieth potency, then moved down, finally to drop doses of the fluid extract. This didn't produce any result. Finally, he bought some leaves, made a decoction and diluted it to the first potency. It worked promptly. The urine increased, the symptoms subsided, and the man lived for another seven years. Nash jokingly asked, "Well, old man, aren't you ever going to die, can't anything kill you?" He replied, "I don't know, I guess not; you tried your best." Although Digitalis did not enter medicine through the doctrine of signatures, it still illustrates the reality of this method of analysis. The inflated, slightly-tense flowers, set in neat rows upon the stalk, paint a picture of rhythm, or of a series of healthy heart-beats. Several other heart remedies have a rhythmic arrangement of flowers and leaves on the stem, including Convallaria, Apocynum cann. and Leonorus. The wild Digitalis has a purple-red flower, mimicing the appearance of stagnant blood which calls for the medicine. Indeed, the hollow flowers look like purple-red fingers. Dioscorea villosa. Wild Yam. Members of the Dioscorea family are used around the world for food and medicine. As a traditional herbal remedy, the native Wild Yam of North America (Dioscorea villosa) has been used as an antispasmodic for visceral and abdominal spasm, bilious colic, spasmodic asthma, and menstrual cramping. Today, certain members of the genus are used to provide the raw steroids from which estrogen is
synthesized for use in conventional medicine. Wild Yam was known to the Indians as a food and medicine. Its use passed from them to the settlers. Wooster Beach, the founder of eclecticism, introduced it into medical use. He learned about it from Dr. Bone, a root doctor practicing in New Jersey in the early nineteenth century. It's use spread from the eclectics to the physio-medicalists, homeopaths and allopaths. Disocorea became a stock remedy in nineteenth century American medicine for colic, especially gall-stone colic. The eclectics discovered that Dioscorea cured some cases of colic quickly, while others were left untouched. Fyfe comments, "It may be possible that the difference in effect is owing to failure on the part of the doctor employing the agent to closely observe and correctly understand the disease expressions. . . . He may have prescribed for the name colic, instead of the wrong which actually existed as the cause of the colic. In colic, as in diarrhea, the indications for the remedies are not always the same, any more than the causes are always the same." The eclectics differentiated between the two main colic remedies as follows. Dioscorea is for conditions when there is an "excited or excessive nerve force," while Colocynthis is used for conditions where there is "a defect in nerve force." Dioscorea was one of a number of native American medicinal plants which received a superficial proving at the hands of the low potency homeopaths, towards the end of the nineteenth century. This was enough to show it's homeopathicity to certain forms of spasm. It is interesting to observe how the homeopaths differentiated Dioscorea and Colocynthis, compared to the eclectics. Dioscorea was "better bending backward," while Colocynthis was "better bending foreward." Since hypertonic conditions favor stretching out, while hypotonicity favors the fetal position, this is really another way of stating what the eclectics had already observed. Our understanding has been much furthered by pharmacological studies in the twentieth century. For once, modern science tells us something significant about an herb. Dioscorea contains a large amount of steroids which are precursors to the formation of estrogen. Today Wild Yam (or related plants) are the source from which estrogen is synthesized. They explains why Dioscorea has an especial affinity to women's complaints. Dr. O. Phelps Brown (1867) used it for bilious colic "in almost innumerable cases," and for "violent nausea; especially, however, the unaccountable nausea of pregnant women." Cook (1869) recommended it in "painful menstruation, neuralgia of the womb, vomiting during gestation, and the painful knottings of the uterus incident to the latter stages of pregnancy." Low hormones and hip-joint deterioration. The connection between Dioscorea is an excellent point of departure for an exploration of the properties of the plant. I find it a most useful for women in their early and mid-forties, who are suffering from spasmodic affections or hip-joint pain. The strength of both muscles and bones is depedendent on calcium, and this is related to hormonal conditions. Tendencies to hormonal flagging, spasm and hip-joint disease are all related. They especially crop up in women in the early forties. The hip-joint symptom is mentioned in the homeopathic provings, but it has not received the attention it deserves. The characteristic symptom is a pain, sometimes dull, sometimes sharp, in the hip joint, which is worse at night. Sleep is
disturbed and the pain in dramatically aggravated by lying on the joint the wrong way while tossing and turning. The pain is sometimes worse before the period. I learned about the use of Dioscorea in hip-joint disease in a round-about fashion. A friend of mine woke in the middle of the night with a sharp pain in his right hip joint. He thought he needed Rhus tox., and grabbed the bottle from the night-stand. Relief was instantaneous, and he thought, "now I know exactly what Rhus tox. pain feels like, and I can prescribe for it with greater accuracy." The next day he discovered that the bottle was Dioscorea villosa 6x. He told me about it that day; in the evening I had a patient who needed it. The following case history demonstrates the affinity this remedy has to hormonal production, spasm and hip-joint disease. A woman in her mid-forties suffered extreme spasm from the right kidney area through to the liver. Her gall bladder had been removed some years ago. Tests revealed no renal calculi. She was in great pain, held her side, was slightly bent over, breathing was impinged upon. This was a patient who was in the habit of shopping around for her homeopathy, so she got Ipecac from her chiropractor, Berberis and Arsenicum (her constitutional) from another homeopath, and Agrimony and Lobelia from me. Only the last remedy effected a mild, temporary amelioration. After two weeks she was in desparate shape. Drained of strength and hope, she was quite debilitated. At this point the chiropractor rethought the case carefully, attempting to pin-point the true source of the problem. He decided that it was neither in the liver or the kidney, but that she had mild deterioration of the right hip-joint, which was putting stress on muscles in the abdominal area. Because of scar tissue (from removal of the gall bladder and the uterus after a difficult pregnancy), the muscles went into severe spasm. As soon as I heard this excellent diagnosis, I knew the remedy was Dioscorea. The patient wanted both the and the 6x, so I gave her both. The symptoms were immediately ameliorated and the whole condition went away in less than a week. The other homeopath rightly prescribed one dose of Nux vomica to antidote the confusion of preceeding remedies we had all given. The Dioscorea personality. The name Dioscorea comes from a Greek root which means "the point along the circumference of a circle which stands in no relationship geometrically to any other point." (Only the Greeks what have a word for something like this). Such is often what the patient feels like: he was falling apart, has lost the thread holding everything together, has poor judgments and doesn't understand herself, but senses that something is wrong. This results in a degree of hysteria or despair and irrational activity. "Calls things by the wrong name" is a characteristic symptom in homeopathic literature. Mental symptoms were not brought out to any extent in the homeopathic provings, which were the sort of superficial affair conducted by low-potency American homeopaths in the late nineteenth century. However, an important observation was made by my friend, homeopath Dennis Anderson, of Mondovi, Wisconsin. He had been giving Wild Yam tincture as a "natural birth-control." It has been advertised for this use, since it is a precursor to estrogen. The dose was a dropper full morning and evening. In three separate cases the women developed aversion to sexual relations---or any relations at all---with their husbands. In one case the woman was an Amish housewife. She actually left the farm and started
walking down the road. This is almost unheard of in a society where women are essentially property. I have confirmed this pathogenetic symptom a few times in practice. Such a symptom is certainly not surprizing, in light of the hormonal associations of the remedy. Despite the portrait of the pre-menopausal, hormone-deficient woman, afflicted by spasm or joint-pain, Dioscorea is sometimes useful for men, infants and other people. Preparation and dosage. Infusion of one ounce of the root to twenty ounces of hot water, steep 20 minutes. The usual dose of the tincture is 3-60 drops. The low homeopathic dilutions also have proved effective.
Echinacea augustifolia. Purple Coneflower This genus is in the Composite family, native to the United States. East of the Mississippi the principal representative is Echinacea purpurea, on the Western prairies it is the augustifolia. The former is cultivated as an ornamental under the common name Purple Coneflower. It was not widely used by either the Eastern Woodland Indians or the pioneers. The augustifolia, on the other hand, was one of the most important medicinal plants of the Plains Indians, and entered into popular herbalism and botanical medicine after the settlement of the prairie states. Modern pharmacological research has shown that the two Echinaceas possess similar constituents, and they are often used interchangeably, or mixed together, by contemporary practitioners. That there are differences, however, is demonstrated by the medical traditions, natural history and the taste. The purpurea grows in dark, shady soils along creeks, while the augustifolia prefers high, drier, but rich prairie soils. The former has a heavier, damper smell, which reminds one of heavy, shaded woodlands, while the latter gives a lighter, effervescent impression. We should be wary, therefore, in using them interchangeably. The eclectics, who introduced Echinacea into professional usage, stated that the purpurea would not provide the same results as the augustifolia (Ellingwood). I try to use only Radix Echinacea augustifolia, which is officinal in the eclectic and homeopathic materia medica. Echinacea augustifolia was one of the most important plants in the medical heritage of the Plains Indians. It was used as a specific for the bite of the rattle-snake and the rabid dog, and as a general remedy in diverse acute and chronic diseases. It is still an important medicine today for traditional Plains Indians and may be considered a heritage gift from these people. As is commonly the case with Indian medicines, the root is the part preferred. In the 1880s, a patent-nostrum vendor in Pawnee City, Nebraska, Dr. H. C. F. Meyer, learned about Echinacea from the Indians. He sold it on the market as a cure-all. Among other things, he claimed to have cured over 600 snake-bites and allowed himself to be bitten by rattlesnakes to demonstrate its efficacy. This is the original "snake oil." Meyer tried to interest serious physicians in it's use, and contacted Dr. John King and Dr. John Uri Lloyd, of the Eclectic Medical Institute, in Cincinnatti. Lloyd was highly prejudiced against the claims of a "quack" who
offered to inject himself with rattlesnake poison, but Dr. King confirmed it's value on a case of personal importance. Echinacea gave comfort and rest to his cancerridden wife. In 1887 King introduced Echinacea augustifolia into eclectic literature. Lloyd subsequently chastised himself for his prejudice. "My own delay in its general introduction is to me now a subject of self-criticism." Some of the more characteristic symptoms in eclectic experience are the following. "Echinacea is a remedy for autoinfection, and where the blood stream becomes slowly infected either from within or without the blood," writes Dr. Harvey Felter. "Elimination is imperfect, the body tissues become altered, and there is developed within the fluids and tissues septic action with adynamia resulting in boils, carbuncles, cellular tissue inflammations, abscesses, and other septicaemic processes." As an external wash it will clean and disinfect such septic, and even malignant and gangrenous affections, removing the putridity and smell, but not necessarily rooting out the causative factor. When such formations are associated with exhaustion and prostration---as they usually are---it will also act as an internal remedy to clean and purify the system. "It is by no means a cure-all," writes Felter. "But so important is its antiseptic action that we are inclined to rely largely on it as an auxiliary remedy in the more serious varieties of disease---even those showing a decided malignancy---hence its frequent selection in diphtheria, small-pox, scarlet fever, typhoid fever and typhoid pneumonia, cerebro-spinal meningitis, la grippe, uraemia, and the surgical and serpent and insect infections." Echinacea proved to be one of the most important remedies in eclectic practice, so much so that it became identified with the school. As a consequence, the A.M.A., under the leadership of Dr. George Sims (a quack abortionist who gained control of the organization through political manipulation), fought against its entry into common usage in the early part of our century. Nevertheless, by the nineteen twenties it was the most widely used botanical agent in American medicine. Echinacea augustifolia received a homeopathic proving in 1900 at the hands of Dr. J. C. Fahnestock. It was reproved in the 1950s. It is interesting to note that in the Fahnestock proving the tincture produced many pathogenetic symptoms but the 30x potency produced hardly any. I believe that Echinacea is a remedy which worked well in the material doses, but not in the potencies. It accumulated its medicinal praise in the material doses and the few homeopaths who demonstrate an understanding of its properties are low potency prescribers like Boericke and Dr. George Royal. The latter provides the best account of Echinacea in homeopathic literature. I have quoted freely from him below. For some reason, Royal used Echinacea purpurea. Pharmacological studies in Germany have shown that Echinacea possesses a wealth of "immune-stimulating" compounds. It has been shown to raise the white blood count. I have talked to people who take this remedy all the time, in the misguided belief that it will "boast the immunity." Unfortunately, the excess use of Echinacea can cause the very symptoms it is supposed to cure. The late V. J. Keating, D.V.M., of Sandy, Ore., told me that the use of Echinacea in animals for more than two weeks caused exhaustion. When it is properly indicated by the symptoms Echinacea augustifolia is an "immune boaster," but otherwise it is depressive. For a comprehensive discussion of the history, pharmacology and properties
of Echinacea see Stephen Foster's book on the subject. Properties. If we remain true to the careful indications of the eclectic physicians, we would not have much trouble understanding and using Echinacea. The affinities and properties are well described by King, Ellingwood, Felter, and others. However, Echinacea is one of those vastly over-used remedies which is applied in all sorts of inappropriate ways. It has been shown to possess "immuneboasting" constituents, and is therefore used in a most indescriminant way, as a general remedy (and even prophylactic) for almost anything. In order to correct this problem, we can turn to the literature of eclecticism. However, by direct examination of the physical properties of the plant---the flavor, temperature, impression, and signatures---we can learn directly from the plant itself. This is the best way to accumulate knowledge of medicinal agents. Echinacea augustifolia has a unique taste. The flavor is sweet, but this taste sensation is nearly obliterated by the temperature and impression. The cooling sensation is at once evident, and points to an affinity with febrile processes. Just as important is the tingling, stimulating impression. If Samuel Thomson had been alive when Echinacea entered medical use he would have ranked it among the diffusives. These properties combine to produce a cooling, stimulating, enlivening sensation. They point to Echinacea as a remedy for low states of fever with exhaustion, lymphatic sluggishness and congestion. This correlates with the traditional and eclectic uses. Echinacea is called for in patients where the blood and lymph are sluggish and not being cleaned. There are pimples and boils, dirty, dull skin tone, swelling and purple color of the veins, exhaustion, dullness of the mind and sensorium, swollen glands and tired, dull eyes. The fever is continuous, not intermittent, and may be high or low---but usually the later. The remedy was wellsuited to the prostration of typhoid and septic fevers common in the late nineteenth century. The doctrine of signatures is also helpful. The flower petals are colored indigo-purple at the outer edges, changing to an intense red-purple towards the center. (The color indigo has already been pointed out as a signature for cooling fevers). The reddish tint towards the inside of the petal reminds one of "irritated histamine" (also see the inner bark of the Wild Cherry). This indicates the application of Echinacea in localized inflammation. It is an excellent topical remedy for bee-sting, spider-bites and, I suppose, snake bite. Its cooling effect on the skin is quite pleasant. Inside the petals lies the infloresence, a dark mound which has often been likened to a boil or pimple---a characteristic symptom. The dark green of the leaves gives way to the dark-reddish tint in the stems. This reminds us of the swollen, dark veins---also characteristic. The black color of the root was taken as a signature for conditions where the tongue was black. This indication was verified by the eclectics. Felter mentions a "dirty-brownish" or "jet-black" tongue. Such cases would probably not occur outside a hospital today. I had one patient who had a dark purple spot in the center of the tongue. Obviously there was local blood stasis---probably in the intestines. She was a teenage girl who had recently had her appendix removed, but still felt dull, tired, and fatigued; was also plagued by acne. Echinacea augustifolia removed the symptoms in one month. The character of the medicine. When I first began to use Echinacea I had no
idea what it's affinities and essential nature was about. It was only after I had built up my own experiences of it's nature that I discovered the eclectic literature and Royal's account. Instead, I learned about Echinacea through the taste, doctrine of signatures and a peculiar string of patients. I think an account of these patients would be interesting for the reader. The first was a man, aged 30, who came to me suffering from boils on the face, of which he was exceedingly self-conscious. His facial skin had a dirty visage. I tired to treat him according to the standard homeopathic concept of a "constitutional remedy" (this was in my early days), and gave him Sulphur. This seemed to fit all the important symptoms, but it did nothing. Next time I gave him a bottle of Echinacea augustifolia to apply locally, taking a few drops internally, as he thought best. Six months later he came back with a smooth, perfect complexion, a smile on his face, and an empty bottle of Echinacea. It was clear that the remedy had not only cleansed the local eruptions, but the entire economy. This taught me that Echinacea was a deep-acting remedy which affected the entire system in a searching and comprehensive manner. I happened to be talking with this patient sometime later, and he mentioned that he was raised on a farm, and that his father delighted to make the children work to the point of utter exhaustion. He rather resentfully referred to him as a "sadist." "He owned the last team of work horses in the county; he just liked to see them work." This account meant nothing at the time we were talking, but it came back to me as I was talking with my next Echinacea patient. A forty year-old man came in from central Wisconsin, complaining of generalized lethargy. His skin had the same dirty, tired look. A thought quite naturally came to my mind. "Are you a farmer?" I asked. "Or did you grow up on a farm?" Yes, he replied. His father was a cruel and vindictive man to worked him beyond his limits. A whole series of questions naturally framed themselves. "Do you have bad work-habits? Do you work hard for a long time, then feel exhausted and sick for a few days? Do you have boils?" The answer was yes on every question. Indeed, his father also had boils. Echinacea augustifolia had a profound, curative effect on the patient. The boils disappeared, the skin improved, and he changed his work habits. He was revitalized in health and outlook. Since that time I have often used Echinacea in patients who over-extend themselves working hard, then collapse into exhaustion accompanied by a low grade fever. I like to call Echinacea "the farmer remedy," but it is good for all professionals or students who work or study for long hours. Because it is a remedy for dull, tired eyes, Echinacea may be used for long distance or night driving, when the eyes are tired. It works like a charm. Indian warriors used this remedy for night travel in the old days. We are now in a position to understand the organ-affinities of this valuable medicine. The strong tingling impression indicates that Echinacea is a remedy with a strong diffusive action. The diffusives generally work more strongly on the fluids and general ennervation of the organism, rather than on specific local structures, and this is what we find in Echinacea. It has an affinity to the blood vessels, lymphatic structures and nervous system as a whole. Echinacea augustifolia is called for in cases where the nerve force is exhausted. This results in a slow, feeble,
depressed pulse. The blood and lymph are poorly moved, resulting in congestion and low grade fever. The lymphatic stagnation manifests as swollen glands. The turgid lymphatics burden the nervous system, resulting in further exhaustion. The pulse then becomes slippery as well as sluggish. Because of these affinities, Echinacea is an excellent adjunctive remedy for people undergoing chemotherapy. The massive break-down of healthy and cancerous cells, the glutting of the lymphatics and lymph fluid with waste materials, the lowered white blood count, and the general exhaustion of such patients is eminently suited to Echinacea. I use a standard formula for such patients (who cannot be easily individualized in the homeopathic manner): 1 part each of Echinacea augustifolia root, Calendula flowers, Red Clover flowers, and Dandelion or Chapparrel. These remedies by themselves could not hope to cure cancer, but in conjunction with chemotherapy they work wonders. The following case is particularly interesting. The patient was a sixteen year old girl. She looked quite healthy---in fact radiant---but the lump on her neck had been diagnosed as Hodgkin's Disease. The parents where quite anxious and wanted to know if I thought they should take her to a cancer clinic in Mexico. "Good God, no!" I exclaimed. "The statistics show ninety-five percent survival on modern therapy for Hodgkin's. The five percent which don't make it are not in the radiant bloom of health, like your daughter. The chances are probably even better for her." After a while the source of their concern became evident: the family were Jehovah's Witnesses and didn't want the daughter to have a blood transfusion. I sent them home with a tea of Echinacea, Calendula, Red Clover, and Dandelion, one part each. She was made a ward of the court (which is the standard proceedure in such cases), the chemotherapy was undertaken, and she came through with flying colors. What was most remarkable (and satisfying to the parents) was that she didn't need any blood-transfusions---the white blood count stayed high throughout the course of treatments! Characteristic symptoms. Dr. George Royal writes, "the most characteristic symptom is tiredness, whatever the disease may be named." Other important symptoms are "temperature from 97 to 105, up and down; flushed face (Baptisia), marked chilliness; offensive discharges (Arnica, Baptisia), mental confusion." Another characteristic symptom is the tendency to the production of boils, crops of boils, furuncules with dry skin, carbuncles, especially about the neck and shoulders. Echinacea was praised by folk-doctors in appendicitis, but Royal found it hardly ever useful in that complaint. He did, however, use it in diverticulosis-like conditions. "Oft recurring attacks of chronic inflammation about the cecum and in a few cases of typhoid when the tired feeling was the ranking symptom." He also used it for septic infections with swollen glands further up the limb from the cite of the injury, or where the veins were swollen and purple in the area leading from the injured part. "Echinacea presents changes in the blood simulating typhoid, pyemia, diphtheria, scarlatina, septicemia, also the effects of vaccination." The typical fever is well described by an eclectic quoted by Felter. "It has the credit of regulating the general circulation, and particularly that of the meninges in the slow forms of cerebrospinal meningitis, with feeble, slow, or at least not accelerated pulse, temperature scarcely above normal, and cold extremities; with this
is headache, a peculiar periodic flushing of the face and neck, dizziness, and profound prostration." While the sensorium is usual dulled, meningitis need not be present. Preparation and dosage. The officinal preparation in herbal, eclectic and homeopathic medicine is made from the root of Echinacea augustifolia. However, many preparations currently on the market include all parts of both the augustifolia and the purpurea. The thinking is that immune-stimulating compounds vary in different parts of the plant, and from species to species. This is true, but I stand with tradition and use the officinal preparation. The smell and taste of the augustifolia and purpurea differs so widely that it is inconceivable the two should have the same properties. The root should also be used, as it is the part of the plant originally utilized in Indian medicine, eclecticism, and proven in homeopathy. The mother tincture in full strength, or the first dilution (10 %) should be used. Small doses (one to ten drops) act promptly when the remedy is well-indicated. Large doses (ten to sixty drops) are unnecessary, and will tend to depress the system. Epilobium augustifolium. Fireweed. This plant is common in the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia and North America, where it grows on lands which have been recently burned or cleared. This habitat, plus the firey red flowers, give it the name Fireweed. It is a member of the Evening Primrose family. It has been used by the peoples indigenous to these areas, but not on a grand scale. Properties. "The root is a pleasant astringent tonic, resembling cornus florida, but not so strong," writes Cook. "The leaves are a mild astringent, of a soothing and tonic action, not unlike that of uva ursi; and with a fair portion of demulcent property." It gently tones and astringes torpid mucous membranes, especially of the intestines and urinary-sexual tract, controlling the loss of fluids and blood. Epilobium was principally used for chronic diarrhea by nineteenth century doctors. Scudder writes, "I employed it extensively in the treatment of the chronic diarrhea during the civil war, and with a success not to be obtained from other remedies." Cook writes that Fireweed "may be used to advantage in sub-acute and chronic dysentery and diarrhea, after inflammation has subsided, though the bowels remain tender and relaxed. They also have a good influence in catarrh of the bladder, leucorrhea, gonorrhea, and other mucous discharges, when the fibers are lax but not in a too degenerate condition. One of their best uses is in hemorrhages from the lungs, nose, bladder, or uterus, excessive and persistent lochia, and menorrhagia. They will not meet sudden cases with much prostration; but are excellent for their mild and yet effective influence when the loss of blood is not large but continuous. Combined with stimulants, they will meet severe cases. They also form a good wash for catarrhal ophthalmia, and for ordinary cases of aphthous sore-mouth. Used as a poultice, they are soothing and cleansing to scrofulous ulcers; but do not meet the wants of indolent ulcers." It will be noted that, in its influence on the urinary tract, Fireweed shows a relationship to the following remedy, Willow Herb. There is still much to be learned about both of these plants. Indications. "Diarrhea of a watery character; diarrhea with colicky pain;
feculent discharges wwith tenesmus; chronic diarrhea with harsh, dirty appearing and contracted skin; cholera infantum, with greenish discharges; diarrhea of typhoid fever" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. "Two ounces of the leaves digested for half an hour in a quart of hot water, make an infusion of which two fluid ounces may be given every sic or four hours; or one fluid ounce every hour, in cases requiring its frequent repetition" (Cook). Tincture, 5-20 drops. Epilobium parviflorum. Small Flowered Willow Herb. This is a member of the Evening Primrose family native to Europe. Austrian herbalist Maria Treban is responsible for its introduction into herbal medicine. Several different species may be used, she says, but only the ones with the small flowers will work for this condition. Fireweed is not one of these. However, she does mention Epilobium anagallidifolium, which is native to the boreal forests of Europe, Asia and North America. It is found in the mountains, as far south as Nevada and New York. When she was a young woman, Treban's father-in-law was cut down in his prime by a swollen prostate gland. A man in the neighborhood pointed out the Small Flowered Willow Herb and said that this could have saved his life. Later Treban and her mother used it to cure hundreds of people from sure operations and death. They used it in bladder and kidney problems, swollen prostate, and prostate discorders. They even credited it with the cure of cancer of the bladder. Preparation and dosage. The leaves are infused by pouring a cup of boiling water over 1 heaping teaspoon. The patient should take 2 cups a day, the first in the morning on an empty stomach and the second in the evening before dinner (Treban). Epigea repens. Trailing arbutus. Millspaugh gives a poetic description of this beautiful wild-flower. "Upon rich, damp, mossy banks throughout the central part of North America east of the Mississippi, under the shade and protection of low pines and hemlocks, in the early summer days of spring, sometimes even peeping from under a snow-bank, appear the sweet-scented flowers of this much-sought-after little plant; so closely do the prostrate spreading stems cling to and mingle with the mosses, to which they in their rusty hairiness bear great similitude, that one of its common names in some localities is Moss Beauty " Trailing arbutus is a member of the Heath family, a clan producing many antiseptics which cleanse the urinary tract. It was used by the Indians, pioneers and professional doctors as a remedy for the kidneys and bladder. Fyfe summarizes, "Trailing arbutus is successfully employed in cases where there is an excess of uric acid. In the nauseating backache met with in cases where the crystalline constituents of the urine are not well dissolved and washed out of the tubules it is also a potent remedy, and where there is renal sand or gravel in the bladder it has a corrective influence. In cases in which the urine is dark and heavy, with irritation, causing congestion of the kidneys, epigaea is used with markedly beneficial effects, and when precipitated solids irritate the bladder and induce cystitis, with thickening of the walls and the formation of pus, it constitutes a most
valuable remedial agent. In diseases of the kidneys and bladder the dose should be administered in about an ounce of hot water---not warm water." "There are to be found in any general practice of any size a great number of cases in which epigaea may be used with advantage to both patient and physician. They are of a chronic nature. The acute symptoms of irritation have given way to atony and relaxation. There is debility and backache. The urine is usually heavily loaded with mucus, or in some cases it is bloody, and in others more or less purulent" (Bloyer). Preparation and dosage. The usual dose of the tincture is 5-20 drops every two to six hours. Formulae. A popular diuretic among the eclectics was Eupatorium purpureum, Aralia hispida, Althea officinalis, and Epigaea repens. Equisetum hyemale. Horsetail. Horsetail is an ancient plant, a survivor from the dinosaur period. The genus is found throughout the world and has been used in the herbalism of many cultures. It is exceptionally high in silica, a fact which relates to its ability to strengthen connective tissue. "This is a useful remedy in suppression of urine from any cause, and it is of special value in dropsy when the urine is scanty, of high specific gravity and dark in color. In cases of irritable bladder with severe tenesmus, it exerts an influence which is unmistakely soothing, and in nocturnal incontinence of urine in children its action is often curative" (Fyfe). It strengthens the connective tissue and walls of the bladder. Indications. "Suppression of the urine; dysuria; irritability of the surfaces of the urinary tract; dropsical conditions; gravel and irritation of the urinary organs" (Fyfe). Strengthens cartilage, hence of use in knee and joint problems. Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 10-20 drops. Eriodictyon glutinosa. Yerba Santa. This plant is native to the Western mountainous and desert areas of North America, where it was used by the Indians. The Spanish padres in California gave it the name Yerba Santa, or Sacred Herb, because of the esteem in which it was held by the Indians. It makes a beautiful scented smudge for purifying the atmosphere. The smoke probably even has anti-bacterial properties. It was adopted by professional doctors in the late nineteenth century. Properties. The taste is rather complicated. The flavor is bitter, sweet and slightly pungent, the temperature is slightly warm, and the impression is diffusive and slightly mind-altering. In addition it contains mucilage and resin, which together give it a gummy consistency. These properties indicate that Yerba Santa will be tonic (sweet), decongestive (pungent, diffusive and resinous), anti-febrile (bitter) and soothing (mucilaginous) to the lungs. It also acts upon the stomach and digestive tract as a tonic (sweet), stimulant (diffusive and bitter) and soothing (mucilaginous) agent. Psycho-trophic properties often show a relationship to the solar plexus as well as the brain. Yerba Santa will strength the stomach, gut-level instincts and life force. I have discussed the general traits calling for Yerba Santa in my book, Seven
Herbs, Plants as Teachers. It is a tonic for deteriorative states of the respiratory tract, where the cough is weak and there is a tubercular tendency. It strengthens the solar plexus and stomach, assisting nutrition and helping to stimulate psychological awareness, so that people can pull out of self-destructive and deteriorative states of mind. Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the leaves. Tincture. Flower essence. Erigeron canadense. Canada Fleabane. A member of the Composite family native to North America. Rafinesque wrote in 1830 that the Fleabanes "were known to the northern Indians by the name of Cocash or Squaw weed as menagogue and diuretic." Evidently the Indians used Erigeron in pregnancy, since the name cohosh is connected to herbs used in that condition. By 1800 it was widely used by folk-practitioners. Rafinesque introduced Erigeron into professional medicine. The leaves and flowers were used as a tonic astringent to the mucous membranes, while the oil was used as an emergency remedy to stop hemorrhage. Properties. "The leaves and flowers are very diffusive, with stimulating and astringing qualities, both well marked. Their impressions are made with great promptness, but are transient; yet leaves behind a gentle tonic impression. In warm infusion, they act chiefly towards the surface; but in cold infusion influence the kidneys" (Cook). The field of action of Erigeron is quite different from oil of Erigeron, says Scudder. "We do not recommend it so much as a hemostatic. Its chief characteristic, or its chief indication, is a diseased condition of the mucous membranes, in which there is a free discharge. These qualities render it an efficient remedy in diseases of the kidney and bladder. It deserves consideration and study in the treatment of stubborn cases of vesical irritation or cystitis, in nephritis and in dropsy. In many cases of diabetes and albuminuria there is great promise in specific erigeron. It has been highly recommended for the relief of vesical irritation that accompanies or is due to stone in the bladder, and in many cases of distressing dysuria in children it acts quickly and permanently. "It is of great value in bronchial affection accompanied by free discharge, like severe cough with a bloody expectoration. The cough of phthisis, together with excessive expectoration, are both lessened by specific erigeron. It has been flatteringly mentioned as a remedy in the treatment of diarrhea and in leucorrhea. For these purposes the older Eclects frequently employed a decoction of the herb. Erigeron has been praised as a remedy in the later or ubacute stages of gonorrhea, when there is burning, smarting, dribbling urination, painful micturition, and the urine is quite offensive both as to appearance and odor." The oil is more active "toward the surface," i.e., as a hemostatic. Cook writes, "The oil is probably one of the most diffusive stimulants of the Materia Medica--acting upon the surface almost instantly, arousing the cutaneous capillary circulation, and giving a warm and prickling sensation over the entire skin. From two to four drops may be given on sugar, and repeated at intervals of an hour; in which form it will be found one of the most prompt of all arrestors of uterine hemorrhage. But it should not be depended upon for this purpose; as more
permanent and positive articles should always be brought to bear as soon as they can be prepared, and this oil merely used as an adjuvant for two or three doses. In emergencies, two drops may be repeated every fifteen minutes for two or three doses, till more positive remedies can be brought to bear, and then the use of the oil should cease." Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the leaves and flowers. Tincture. Oil in small doses. Formula. Dr. Finley Ellingwood compounded the oils of Erigeron and Cinnamon to produce a famous antihemorrhagic. "The writer, for nearly thirty-five years, has used an extemporaneous prescription, which is his first resort in passive hemorrhage, if the stomach is not seriously disordered. It is somewhat of an irritant to the stomach, especially if full doses be given for a protracted period. It is a superb [portable] case-remedy for emergencies. It is made by combining a dram each of the oils of cinnamon and erigeron, and adding enough alcohol to make two ounces. Of this, from ten to thirty drops on sugar, or dropped at once on water, will control nearly every controllable passive hemorrhage." He had used it in all the uterine conditions named above, in extreme pulmonary hemorrhage---persistent hemoptysis, in the gastric and intestinal hemorrhages of alcoholics. In all forms of haematuria, especially in renal tuberculosis and in habitual nasal hemorrhage, in many cases, a single dose accomplishes the object. Eryngium maritinum. Eryngo. This is the Eryngo that is native to Europe. It grows along sea-shores. This connection to salt definitely highlights a relationship to the kidneys. It has not been used a great deal in European herbalism, but the indications for its use are about the same as for the American species. Culpeper writes, "The plant is venereal, and breeds seed exceedingly, and strengthens the spirit procreative; it is hot and moist, and under the celestial balance." The roots are used internally in decoction or wine for "all defects of the reins and kidneys," including dropsy, pain in the loins, stranguary, voiding of urine by drops, stoppage of urine, and kidney-stones. Eryngo is also used for wind colic, to bring on menstruation, and for swollen glands of the throat. Finally, it "helps the melancholy of the heart." Externally, it is used for snake-bite, and "gathering hew flesh where it was consumed." These are essentially the same indication for the American species. Eryngium yuccifolium. Rattlesnake Master. This interesting plant is a member of the Umbellifera family, native to marshes, bogs and wet sands in eastern North America. Although it is not related to yucca, the leaves have the same wide, clear, mucilaginous look, hence the name yuccifolium. The umbels carrying the flowers terminate in beautiful spheres or globes. It is also known as Button Snake Root, Corn Snake Root or Water Eryngo. It is sometimes found in the literature of herbalism and homeopathy under the old name, E. aquaticum. Rattlesnake Master was one of the most powerful and important medicine known to the Eastern Woodland Indians. A poultice of the root was applied for rattlesnake bites. The best plants were picked in places where snakes abound. The
Indians also used it internally as a medicine for the sexual-urinary tract. It is a powerful remedy for exhausted kidneys, edema from kidney failure, sexual debility, kidney stress during pregnancy and bladder complaints. Combined with Iris versicolor it was used as a fever medicine. "Since their time it has come intus use by first the layity, then the physician" (Millspaugh). Rafinesque introduced Rattlesnake Master to professional medicine in 1828. He said it was "unsurpassed" for the bites of poisonous snakes. Later it was adopted by the physio-medicalist and eclectic doctors. Even a small amount of the remedy causes irritation and stricture of the throat. Several homeopathic physicians made observations of symptoms it produces. These closely match the conditions for which it has been used. It has not come into use in homeopathic circles. Rattlesnake Master has similar properties to the European Eryngo. Both are used for atonic conditions of the mucous membranes and sexual-urinary tract. However, it has a more toxic quality. The homeopathic provings brought out a tendency to purulent and putrid discharges, and its use for the virulent rattlesnake bite shows that it can cure putrid and degenerative conditions. Cook (1868) deduced that it would remove toxic poisons similar to snake-venom, hence he used it in eruptive diseases. "I have found a warm infusion of it quite valuable to promote the tardy eruption in scarlatina, small-pox, and other exanthema." Properties. The plant likes to grow in wet soils, revealing an affinity for damp conditions in the body, hence the respiratory and renal tracts (Harris). It also likes to grow near snake dens in wet lowlands. The root is the part used in herbalism. It has a bitter, sweet, and pungent flavor, a warm temperature, and gives a mildly stimulating, diffusive impression. It possesses mucilage and a terebinthine, aromatic, resinous constituent. These properties suggest its use as a stimulant to remove and dry out excess fluids and phlegm. Cook gives a commentary on the impression. "It combines stimulating and relaxing properties, the stimulant rather predominant; its action is moderately diffusive; and all the secernent [secretory] organs feel its influence more or less. Thus it promotes the flow of saliva, expectoration, perspiration, and urine; and large doses of it will prove emetic to some persons, and muco-cathartic to others. These rather general and somewhat transient influences make this a suitable agent to use in combinations for dropsy, chronic torpor of kidneys, chronic congestion of the bladder, gleet, and chronic coughs associated with debility. It is also useful in compounds for scrofula; and especially so in secondary syphilis, where the depression of the system is not excessive." Fyfe (1909) sums up the traditional literature. "Eryngium lessens irritation of the genito-urinary organs of both sexes, and is, therefore, a frequently indicated remedy. In acute or chronic nephritis it is a very efficient remedial agent, and in cystic irritation it is employed with marked success. In urethritis, whether simple or gonorrheal in origin, it constitutes a medicament of curative power, and in urethral and prostate affections generally it may well constitute a part of the treatment. In gonorrhea, gleet and spermatorrhea it is of considerable value, and in leucorrhea and dysmenorrhea, especially when of nervous or reflex origin, if affords much relief. In wrongs of life, characterized by a too frequent desire to urine, but a few
hours of sleep being possible at any time on account of the cystic or urethral irritation, eryngium exerts a restraining power unequaled by any other medicament. It is also a remedy of usefulness in passive dropsy, and when there are mucous or pus deposits in the urine it acts in a corrective direction. Eryngium is said to be an unexcelled remedy in spasmodic stricture of the urethra." It has been used for spermatorrhea, emission of semen without erection, night and day. "Besides its specific action upon the gentio-urinary organs, it has been recommended in bronchial inflammation with profuse exudation, laryngitis and pharyngitis. It has also been used with advantage in atonic dyspepsia with gastric irritation, as evidenced by red tip and edges of the tongue, nausea and tenderness on pressure, and in the diarrhea of teething children characterized by tenesmus and mucous discharges, it is deemed a remedy of usefulness." The following schema is based on Cook, Fyfe, Boericke and Millspaugh. Mind and head. Depression of spirits; vertigo and headache; irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Respiratory tract. Bronchial inflammation with profuse expectoration, purulent and fetid. Inflammation, smarting, of the nose, eustachian tubes, larynx and pharynx, following by discharge of fetid pus. Chronc exhaustion of the respiratory mucous membranes and structures with profuce expectoration. Digestive system. Atonic dyspepsia, gastric irritation, nausea, tenderness of the stomach on pressure. Red tip and edges of tongue. Diarrhea of teething. Sexual-urinary system. Torpid conditions of the organs with atonic mucous membranes. Loss of fluids, excess urination, spermatorrhea, followed by irritation of the tissues. Congestion of the kidneys, with dull pain in the back, running down the loins; pain in the bladder and loins. Frequent desire to urinate; sleep interrupted by the desire for urination, loss of semen. Catarrh of the bladder, thick yellow discharges; stricture of the urethra, burning sensation or burning pain in the urethra or bladder; scanty urine; frequent desire to urinate, with a decrease in quantity daily passed. Depression of sexual desire, followed by excitation, lewd dreams, pollutions, and discharges of prostatic fluid. Exhaustion from sexual depletion with loss of erectile power, seminal emissions, and orchitis. Uterine irritation accompanying uneasiness of the bladder. Exhaustion and edema during pregnancy. Irritable condition of the bladder and urethra in old people. Skin. Brings toxic eruptions to the surface; scarlatina, small pox. External. Poultice on rattlesnake bites. Millspaugh says that it is applied externally "to fungoid growths and indolent ulcerations, preventing gangrene, and stimulating them to resolution." Preparation and dosage. The fresh root, gathered after the fruits are fully ripe, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, then an equal weight of alcohol is added, in which it is set to stand for eight days in the dark. The tincture, separated by decanting and filtering, has a clear reddish-orange color (Millspaugh). Prepare a decoction by macerating two ounces of the root in a quart of hot water for half an hour (Cook). Tincture, dose 1-10 drops. Tincture to third potency (Boericke). Formula. "Dr. T. A. Wells, of Cincinnati, tells me its combinations with agrimony forms a superior tonic diuretic; and he commends it highly for all nephritic maladies" (Cook).
Eucaluptus globulus. This tree is native to Australia, but widely naturalized in California. The high volatile oil content gives it a traditional use as an antiseptic and decongestant. Its properties are more those of an allopathic drug, in that it palliates, but seldom leads to a radical cure. Fyfe summarizes, "Eucalyptus is valued highly as a stimulant expectorant. In fetid bronchitis, bronchorrhea and pulmonary gangrene it has been employed with much success, but in acute affections of the broncho-pulmonary membrane it is contraindicated. It is many time useful as an antispetic in cystitis and pyelitis. A solution of the oil of eucalptus is used as an antiseptic inhalation in diphtheria. "The oil or tincture of eucalpytus, well diluted, may be used as a deodorizing application in foul-smelling ulcers and wounds. The oil is used locally as a lotion, inhalation or gargle." Specific indications. "Nervous affections with coldness of the surface and cold perspiration; sensation of coldness and weight in the bowels; coldness of the extremities; chronic catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs, genito-urinary organs and the gastro-intestinal tract" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 5-30 drops; oil, 1-5 drops. Euonymus atropurpureus. Wahoo. Wahoo is a small shrub native to eastern North America, a member of the Celastraceae family, and was much used by the Indians as a purgative and liver medicine. It was adopted by the white settlers and some of the professional physicians of the nineteenth century. "Although some physicians fully appreciate its value, the profession at large seems scarcely aware of the true worth of this agent," wrote Cook. "Disappointment will arise if it is given with the hope of seeming prompt and vigorous results; for its gentleness and reliable persistency are what give it such value in many cases where remedial measures are often urged too violently." Properties. "This root bark is very largely relaxant, and moderately stimulant, quite slow in action, but very positive and reliable in its influence," continues Cook. "Its principal power is expended upon the gall-ducts and liver, and from these upon the bowels; but it also exerts a gentle influence upon the stomach and the secretion of the kidneys. It is especially valued for its influence on the hepatic apparatus, for which (in its own kind) it has few equals and no superiors in the whole Materia Medica. It secures a persistent and not excessive discharge of bile, and leaves behind a very gentle tonic impression upon these organs. It is thus available in all cases of biliousness, chronic liver complaints, persistent constipation, and eruption of the skin, where a slow and laxative hepatic is indicated; borms an excellent agent for the intermediate treatment of agues; and is valuable for its action of the biliary apparatus in dropsies, and many other affections where torpor and tension of the liver is a prominent trouble. A free use of a strong decoction will induce slow but rather free catharsis---and so effectually will this purge the remotest tubuli of the liver, that it is said to be reliable treatment for ordinary cases of ague, scarcely requiring any antiperiodic after it. In chronic coughs dependent upon hepatic torpor
and congestion, it is an excellent article; and so far as indigestion is dependent upon sluggishness of the liver, it is also of service." Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the crushed bark. Eupatorium aromaticum. See Eupatorium rugosum. Eupatorium perfoliatum. Boneset. When the pilgrams first landed they were faced with diseases peculiar to the American climate. Among these was an intermittent fever accompanied by strong chills and aching in the bones---the typical winter flu of the northern states. During this early period an Indian medicine man named Joe Pye travelled around New England, curing people of the condition with an herb which was subsequently called, in his honor, Joe Pye Weed. The name was applied to both Eupatorium perfoliatum and E. purpureum, eventually fastening upon the latter. Ironically, the former is the one which would have been used by Joe Pye. The perfoliatum was universally used by the northern Indians in winter influenza, intermittent chill/fever, and malarial conditions. It bore an Indian name meaning "ague-weed." The settlers quickly adopted this remedy in chill/fever. "There is probably no plant in American domestic practice that has more extensive or frequent use than this. The attic, or woodshed, of almost every country farm house has its bunch of dried herb hanging, tops downward from the rafters during the whole year, ready for immediate use should some member of the famiily, or that of a neighbor, be taken with a cold." About 1800, "there prevailed throughout the United States, but particularly in the state of Pennsylvania, a peculiar epidemic, which, from the constancy of the attending symptom of pain in the bones, was called break bone fever. The Eupat. perf. . . so signally relieved the disease. . . that it was familiary called bone-set" (C.J. Hempel, 1846). This is the name by which it is most commonly called today. Another name is Thoroughwort, which refers to the way the stalk passes through the leaves, which are joined at the stem. This is an old signature indicating usefulness in setting bones (because they join together like the leaves). This is where the name perfoliatum also comes from. Several plants in the Old World were used for setting bones, because of this signature. This suggests another derivation of the name Boneset. To my knowledge, however, it has never been used for setting bones. Interest in Eupatorium perf. ran high among the physicians resident in North America. In 1812, Dr. Anderson gave it a trial in the New York City Alms-house, in place of the more expensive Quinine bark. It proved to be quit successful in chill/fever, and from that time dates it's use among professional physicians. It was utilized by doctors of every school---allopathic, Thomsonian, eclectic, and homeopathic---representing one of the few therapeutic commonalities of the era. Eupatorium received a proving and was adopted into homeopathy on essentially the same symptoms upon which it is traditionally prescribed. Intermittent fever. Samuel Thomson explained intermittent fever by the idea that cold entered the system part-way and got stuck. The body attempted to push it out, but since it was stuck there was an alternating chill and fever. The same
explanation is used in traditional Chinese medicine. This fever is called a "half-way in, half-way out." In the more severe cases, intermittent fevers run into jaundice, bilious vomiting, and so forth, because the tension in the circulation constricts the liver and gall-bladder. Hence, in both Western and Chinese herbal therapy, intermittent fever is associated with the liver. The botanical name Eupatorium is derived from the word hepatic. The chill associated with the Eupatorium condition may come on with much regularity: once a day, once a week, even once a month. It is accompanied by such symptoms as throbbing pain in the head, worse in the occiput, head cold with sneezing, bitter taste in the mouth, vomiting of bile, frequent green diarrhea, hoarseness and cough, soreness in the chest and liver region. Perspiration relieves all symptoms, except the headache. The chill and vomiting is preceeded by thirst and great soreness and aching of bones. Eupatorium perf. was the first homeopathic remedy I ever used on myself. I had a slight chill one day and thought I might be sick. The next day I felt better, but I never felt completely well. A month later I had another chill and wondered if I was sick, but it passed. Finally, another month passed, I felt a chill and I knew I was sick. I took Eupatorium perf. 6x, a nice little sweat broke out that evening and the next day I felt well. A much more serious case is described by Dr. Charles Millspaugh. "My friend, Dr. Henry S. Sloan, of [New York] city, relates his personal experience with this drug as follows: When a young man, living in the central part of [New York] State, he was attacked with intermittent fever, which lasted off and on for three years. Being of a bilious temperament, he grew at length sallow, emaciated, and hardly able to get about." During this time he was treated with cinchona bark and all it's derivatives, cholagogues and "every other substance then know to the regular practioner," without any improvement. Finally the attacks came on twice a day. By this point he was unable to walk, except by supporting himself on rail fences and buildings along the side of the road. "As he sat one day, resting by the side of the road, an old lady of his acquaintence told him to go home and have some thoroughwort 'fixed,' and it would certainly cure him." On reaching house he received a tablespoonful full of boneset syrup, and immediately went to bed. "He had hardly lain down when insensibility and stupor came on, passing into deep sleep. On awaking in the morning, he felt decidedly better, and from that moment improved rapidly without farther medication, gaining flesh and strength daily." Soon he was completely and permanently cured. He only suffered a single recurrence, thirty years later, while lying in a swamp during a hunting trip. Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the leaves is made by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce (or less) of the leaves. The hot infusion works better to promote sweating, the cold infusion to stimulate the stomach, solar plexus and hepatic system. Dose of the tincture, 1-15 drops. The lower homeopathic potencies work in a similar manner. Eupatorium purpureum. Gravel Root. The Eupatoriums are members of the Composite family, native to all parts of the world. There are medicinal species in Europe and Asia, but the three mentioned here are all from North America, and were originally used by the Indians.
Although they look similar, the Eupatoriums differ significantly in their properties. The perfoliatum is indicated in the dull ache in the bones and joints typical of influenza and intermittent fever; the rugosum (or aromaticum) is indicated in intermittents with sharp neuralgic pains; the purpureum is indicated in low fevers connected with gravel and pelvic problems. It owes its common name to its use in gravel and calculous conditions. "Queen of the meadow exerts a special influence upon the genito-urinary organs. It increases the volume of the urine, and is, therefore, a remedy of great usefulness in the treatment of various forms of dropsy. In functional derangements of the kidneys and bladder it has long been regarded as one of our most reliable remedial agents, and in ovarian and uterine atony it exercises an influence which makes for normal activity. It is also a good remedy for vesical irritation. While it is a stimulating tonic and antilithic, its greatest value is manifested in diseases of the genito-urinary tract. As a remedy in gastro-intestinal irritation, however, it is often employed with very gratifying results" (Fyfe). "This remedy influence the reproductive organs of both male and female, more especially the latter. It is tonic to the uterus in atony or chronic irritability of this organ. It is of service given in four- or five-drop doses three times a day to prevent abortion due to debility in chronic metritis, prolapsus, retroversion and all troubles of the uterus of this nature" (Locke). Indications. Dropsy, anasarca, dependent on weakness of the kidneys; following scarlatina. "This remedy stimulates the absorbents and restores lost tone in the kidneys" (Locke). Difficult and painful micturition, with frequent desire to urinate, the passage being seemingly obstructed; pain and weight in the loins, extending to the bladder, the urine being scanty, high-colored, or mixed with blood or solids; in chronic irritation of the bladder with a sense of heat, and the urine cloudy and loaded with mucus; incontinence of urine due to irritation; removes uric acid. Lithic acid gravel and calculi, not oxalic and phosphatic. Prostatic conditions of recent occurence, after subsidence of the infection. Male impotence. Chronic cough with atony of the circulation; whooping-cough when unduly prolonged; asthma and chronic catarrh (Locke). Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the roots, tincture, and low homeopathic potencies. Eupatorium rugosum. White Pool Root, White Snake Root. The beautiful beige-white flower of White Pool Root is one of the last of the summer. The color gives it a sanative appearance which suggests medicinal virtues. It grows in wooded areas of eastern North America. The Indians used it for intermittent fever. The older botanical and herbal literature classifies it as E. aromaticum. Dr. Horton Howard introduced it to medicine in 1835 as a remedy for gravel, like its cousin Eupatorium purpureum. Dr. William Cook writes, "In 1852, not then having seen Dr. Howard's work, or known any thing of this article, its beauty attracted my attention; and I investigated its properties, and made reports upon them in different journals." Properties. The taste of the root is rather mild. The flavor is pungent and sweet, the temperature neutral or cool, and the impression mildly diffusive. It is
the diffusive property which most strongly impacts the system, and upon which the medicinal properties of the plant depend. The faint diffusive tingle affects particularly the head, tri-geminal nerve and sinuses. It is therefore a remedy in migraine and sinusitis, especially when connected with intermittent chill. It also acts upon the heart and circulation. Cook explains his experience with the plant. "Given in warm infusion it manifests a strong action upon the surface and the nervous system---securing an abundant and warm perspiration, sustaining the nerves under circumstances of depression, and securing a full outward flow of blood that greatly relieves the heart and brain from congestive pressure. In the peculiar nervousness, restlessness, and headache that attend intermittents---simple ague, congestive chills, and bilious intermittents---I know of no one article that will so effectually give relief by sustaining both the nerves and blood-vessels. It is under such circumstances that I value the agent most; and it maintains just that outward flow and action which are so valuable in cutting short all forms of intermitting disease. In receding small-pox, or measles, or spotted fever, it will quickly and powerfully promote the eruption; and may be used to advantage in typhoid, typhoid pneumonia, and the incipient collapse peculair to approaching abscess of the lungs and effusion into the pleurae. It exerts an antispasmodic action of the stimulating grade in hysteria, and painful or suppressed menstruation; and will exert a marked influenced upon the uterus in tardy labor with coldness and depression. I am aware that this is high praise; but am also convinced by experience that the agent deserves it all." A later physiomedicalist, Dr. J. M. Thurston, classified Eupatorium aromaticum as a vasostimulant with an affinity to the heart. Fyfe also gives some account. "Eupatorium exerts a marked influence upon the brain, relieving irritation and promoting normal activity. It also influences all of the functions governed by the sympathetic. Indications for eupatorium are often seen in pneumonia, and in pleurisy it is a remedy of frequent usefulness. In hysteria marked benefit is often derived from its exhibition, and in chorea it is deemed a remedy of controlling power. In aphthous diseases and in stomatitis [canker-sores] it is also used with advantage. . . . Restlessness and morbid watchfulness in the advanced stages of fevers; debility and irritation of the nervous system." Preparation and dosage. Not commonly available in modern herbal commerce. Prepare a tincture by soaking the root in water for a day, then in water and alcohol for ten days. Of this tincture, take 1-20 drops, as needed. Euphrasia officinalis. Eyebright. A member of the Scrophularia family native to Europe, but widely cultivated in gardens. Eyebright has come down to us from antiquity as a specific for eye problems. This tradition is intertwinned with the doctrine of signatures, because the flower is thought to look like an eye. The use also comes from animals. Pliny, in his Natural History (a sort of National Enquirer level publication of the Roman period), reported that swallows collect Eyebright and rub it on the eyes of young nestlings, when they are gummed up. This sounds like a fairy-tale, but a famous contemporary herbalist, Maurice Messague, relates that his father, a French peasant
herb doctor, took him into the forest and showed him the swallows doing this. Eyebright comes down to us as a heritage gift of the European peasantry. As a consequence of it's specific affinity for the eye, it has been much over-used in herbalism for opthalmic problems. Homeopathy, through provings and clinical use, has established much more concise and reliable indications for it's use. At the same time, its general applicability to eye-problems suggest that it should not be ignored in any problem regarding this organ. The most common symptoms calling for Euphrasia are conjunctivitis and the appearance of gummy, yellow exudate in the eyes. These symptoms tend to occur together, though one may be more pronounced than the other. The inflammed conjunctiva usually displays blotches of red, of a rather bright color. The margins of the eyes are swollen, reddened, and tend to be crusted with gummy exudate in the morning. They are often irritated by a flux of acrid, profuse tears. Euphrasia and Allium cepa are often constrasted in homeopathy by the fact that Euphrasia has an acrid, watery discharge from the eyes, with bland discharge from the nose, while Allium cepa has an excoriating, runny discharge from the nose with bland tearing in the eyes. Eyebright infusion or tincture, applied around the eyes, will sometimes help those who are losing their vision. Preparation and dosage. Infusion, strained eye-wash, tincture, homeopathic potencies, all have about the same properties. Filipendula ulmaria. Meadowsweet. The older literature generally classifies this plant as Spirea ulmaria. The name has since been changed. Meadowsweet is a member of the Rose family native to bogs and wet places in Europe. It is cultivated in North America and is widely naturalized. It is an important remedy with a special affinity for the stomach. Salicylic acid gets its name from the Willow (Salix), but aspirin gets its name from Spirea. Both of these plants contain significant quantities of salicylic acid, but their properties are quite different. This demonstrates that it is not the "active ingredient" which determines the property of an herb, but the overall synergism of all the ingredients acting as a single entity. While the properties of Meadowsweet owe something to the presence of salicylic acid, there is much more to the equation. Indeed, Meadowsweet can be used as an antidote to irritation and bleeding in the stomach caused by taking too much aspirin. Properties. The flavor is slightly bitter, the temperature is cool and dry, and it makes a strongly noticeable soothing impression upon the stomach. The taste resembles aspirin. As a bitter it has a mild stimulating effect on the mucosa, combined with anti-inflammatory properties. As a cooling, drying and astringing agent it removes inflammation, irritation and waste products, while toning the membranes. The primary effects of Meadowsweet resulting from these properties are felt upon the stomach, intestines, kidneys and to some extent, the liver. It also acts generally to remove fever and reduce arthritic inflammation. A particularly good account of Spirea is rendered by Richard Hool, FNAMH, in Common Plants and Their Uses in Medicine (1922, 71-4). He writes in summary, "It drives away the fever; restores the action of the liver, kidneys, and bladder; renews and tones up the
powers of all the digestive organs by bringing them back to their normal condition; restores the appetite; strengthens the nerves and muscles, and when that is done the patient is restored to health and strength." Stomach and Intestines. Meadowsweet reduces inflammation and acidity in the stomach and settles nausea. Hool states that it in beneficial in cases of dyspepsia, where the condition results from inflammation of the mucous surfaces and secretory glands of the stomach. It will relieve and eventually cure "all cases of sour belchings, sour eructions, nausea, sickness and vomiting, waterbrash, swellings after meals or vomiting before meals, bile, or bilious attacks" associated with the stomach. "being an anti-acid, it allays and corrects the acids accumulating in the stomach far better than" chemical anti-acids such as bicarbonate of soda and milk of magnesia. "While its soothing influence is felt on the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves, the stimulating effects are brought to bear upon the mucous membrane and gastric glands of the stomach, allaying the inflammation which causes the above symptoms by that means causing better action of the gastric glands by making them secret better gastric juice, and by its astringent powers tones up and brings back all the muscular parts of the stomach to their normal condition" (Hool, 1922, 73). Meadowsweet also acts upon the intestines. "It is a valuable medicine in diarrhoea, imparting to the bowels some degree of nourishment, as well as of astringency," comments Grieve. It is "almost a specific in children's diarrhea." Urinary-sexual tract. Meadowsweet tones, cools and drys the mucosa of the renal tract. "It is beneficially employed in almost all affections of the kidneys and bladder," writes Hool. It also acts upon the sexual organs to some extent. It removes uric acid from the tissues, stimulates kidney function, and soothes inflammed mucosa, curing irritation of the urinary passages, edema, straining to urinate, mucous discharges, vaginitis with discharge, and inflammation of the cervix. Scudder writes, "It relieves irritation of the urinary passages, influences the prostate gland, checks gleet and prostatorrhoea, and may be employed in chronic inflammation of the cervix uteri, and in chronic vaginitis with leucorrhoea." Hool comments, "the value of Meadowseet in the treatment of gravelly affections depends more upon its alterative than upon its direct diuretic influences, as it is more effectual in the removal of urinc acid deposits than of other calculous formations." Fever. Its anti-inflammatory properties have led to its use in rheumatism and influenza. It soothes muscular and articular pain and removes heat and fever. Hool comments, "Meadowsweet, if used for treatment of Rheumatisim, will also be found very highly beneficial either in the acute or chronic form, as well as in all cases of rheumatic fever, either of long or short duration, and which may have been caused by hepatic or liver derangements or from exposure to cold or wet, or from damp clothes, starvation, or general derangement of the whole of the digestive tract, causing an overcharge and excessive retention of uric acid in the muscles and joints. Thus Meadowsweet, by its stimulating properties, first removes the cold and surfeit if taken in large quantities. . . . At the same time, by means of its anti-acid and astringent properties, it removes the uric-acid deposites from the blood, muscles, and joints; expels the waste, morbid, and diseased particles of matter from the body,
and by that process removes the inflammation and pains of the parts affected." Preparation and dosage. The tops are collected in July, when in flower. An infusion is made by pouring one cup of boiling water poured over 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the flowers and leaves. Steep for 10 minutes. A decoction of the root in white wine was once considered a specific for fever (Grieve). Comparison. An American cousin, Filipendula rubra, has similar properties. A European cousin, Spirea filipendula or Dropwort, is described by Culpeper. Foeniculum vulgare. Fennel Seed. Fennel is a member of the Umbellifera family native to southern Europe and Western Asia, but cultivated throughout the world. It has been used since ancient times as a mild digestive aid. The properties derive from the seed, which contain aromatic volatile oils. Fennel seed is similar to Caraway, Anise Seed and Dill. (See Carum carvi for a comparison of these four remedies). Properties. The flavor is pungent, moderately sweet, and slightly bitter. The temperature is slightly cool and the impression is soothing and gentle on the stomach and nerves. It soothing the digestive tract and has mild nervine properties. It removes gas and tension from the stomach and bowels, and mildly increases the secretion of milk, perspiration, urine, and mucus. The traditional sources as diverse as Hildegard von Bingen and Ayurvedic medicine report that Fennel promotes a happy feeling, clears the eyes and senses, helps promote or curb the appetite, improves the color of the skin and the body odour (Lad and Frawley, Strehlow and Hertzka). Its use as a galactagogue is ancient. "A nursing mother who dries up should eat fennel often, or drink fennel or the juice, then she will have milk enough" (Macer, eleventh century). Indications. Excess or lack of appetite. Indigestion, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. Abdominal bloating, distension, colic, pain. Infantile colic and flatulence. Reduces hernia that has not been incarcerated for too long. Preparation and dosage. A pinch of the seeds is taken after meals. Fragaria vesca et virginiana. Wild Strawberry. Strawberries are a member of the Rose family native to Europe, Asia and North America, and have been used as both a food and medicine by the indigenous populations in all areas. The properties of the various species of Wild Strawberry seem to be interchangeable. The fruit and leaves have been used in the various traditions of medicine. Some people are allergic to Strawberries. As a result, a short collection of homeopathic symptoms have been generated. Leaves, properties. The leaves are sweet and mildly astringent. "They make a pleasant and useful remedy, especially for children, in diarrhea, laxity of the bowels, subacute dysentery, and similar recent forms of intestinal debility. They act somewhat upon the kidneys and bladder; and can be used to advantage in catarrh of the bladder, and mucous discharges from the vagina in scrofulous children, and are serviceable in recent cases of leucorrhea in nervous women. They are not among the distinctly drying astringents; but are soothing and strengthening, and have an aroma which is agreeable to the stomach" (Cook).
Fruit, properties. The fruits are sharpely acid, sweet, and delectable to but persons, but sometimes cause severe allergic reactions. "Dyspeptics, and some who are not dyspeptic, yet have not a sound digestion, usually suffer heart-burn, pain, and even neetle-rash or hives, after using them," says Cook. "They make a pleasant acid drink in bilious and typhoid febrile cases, when an acid is admissible" Millspaugh mentions a young woman who came to him in the midst of a smallpox epidemic. "When seated, withdrew her veil and in a frightened manner desired to know if she had small-pox." The face was swollen, bluish-red, covered with a fine petechial eruption, which she said covered the whole body. She also felt somewhat faint, slightly nauseated, and generally bloated, especially in the epigastrium and abdomen. The tongue was swollen, speech somewhat difficult. Millspaugh laughingly asked how she managed to obtain strawberries in the middle of the winter. A friend had sent them from Florida and she and another young woman had gorged themselves the previous evening before bed. After about twenty-four hours the symptoms began to abate. Preparation and dosage. An ounce of the leaves are steeped in a pint of water. Frasera carolinensis. American Columbo. This native American plant, a member of the Gentian family, grows from New York into the midwest. The root was little used by the early colonial practitioners, but became prominent during the settlement of the Ohio valley. It was used as a substitute for the exotic Calumba root, an emetic and cathartic in official medicine. In smaller doses it is neither emetic nor cathartic, but acts as a tonic upon the digestive tract, and it is this property which is really valuable. Frasera has no significant history in homeopathy. Properties. "The taste is at first rather sweetish, but afterwards quite bitter," says Cook. "This root is among the reliable tonics, with relaxing and gently stimulating properties first manifested, and leaving behind a mild and pleasant astringent impression." Although quite bitter, it is not as intensely so as Gentiana, or Hydrastis, but holds an intermediate position between these plants and Populus tremuloides. The sweet taste indicates a tonic, tissue-building effect. "It improves appetite and digestion; stregthens the biliary apparatus and smaller intestines, hence improving the alvine function when costiveness is dependent on ordinary debility; and acting to peculiar advantage in prolapsus, leucorrhea, and other forms of female weakness. It is usually well received by the stomach; but is not suitable to chronic gastritis, costiveness with inward feverishness, or distinct obstructions of the gallducts. Neither is it strong enough for conditions of profound atony; but is a most efficient tonic for the large class of intermediate cases requiring such an influence. Indigestion with colicky pains will usually find much relief from it." The bitters make Frasera applicable for febrile conditions of the hectic sort. "It is especially indicated when the digestive organs have been impaired by protracted disease, it here acting as a stimulant and astringent to the secreting surfaces, and thus preventing the excessive night sweats common to such conditions" (Fyfe). Indications. Debility from protracted disease; hectic fever, night sweats, dysentery. Chronic constipation, intestinal prolapse, diarrhea. Atonic dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh. Uterine weakness, prolapse and leucorrhea.
Preparation and dosage. Not generally available in herb commerce. Decoction, one ounce of the root boiled for half an hour in a quart of water, evaporated down to a pint. Tincture, 5-20 drops. Fraxinus americanus. White Ash. This large tree grows in moist soil in the woods of eastern North America. The history of its medicinal use is punctuated with lacunae. That it was first used by the Indians of New England for uterine prolapse seems almost certain, but this fact can be determined only by indirect evidence. The first account of Fraxinus americana that I have been able to find is in Thomas Palmer's The Admirable Secrets of Physick & Chyrurgery. This manuscript was written in Massachusetts in 1696, but not published until 1984. Palmer writes, "Sometimes it happeneth in women that the Matrix falleth down, and the neck, but the bladder is swollen so that [it] can hardly make water." At the head of Palmer's list of prescriptions for this malady we find Fraxinus americana. "White ash bark burnt to ashes about one spoonfull stieped in a half pint beer for a time: add now and then a little solid bark to all, and sometimes the bark of white ash boiled in clear water and drink. It will cause to make water abundantly and so heal them." In other words, by removing dampness it makes the uterus strong. He adds, "probat[um] est," which means "it is proved," or he had seen it work in practice. Since this manuscript was only published in 1984 it cannot have had any influence on the use of White Ash in the nineteenth century for uterine prolapse. During the nineteenth century Fraxinus attracted little notice in medical literature. Millspaugh summed up the traditional uses in 1892. It is an astringent tonic for such conditions as swollen spleen, edema, constipation in dropsical patients, mastitis, some forms of eczema, gout and obesity. No mention is made of swollen and prolapsed uterus, though most of these conditions would be concomittent in such a case. In 1896, Dr. J. Compton Burnett launched his Organ Diseases of Women upon the medical ethers. He was widely read by homeopaths, allopaths and eclectics, and it is from this date that the use of Fraxinus in uterine prolapse gains popularity. Burnett does not give any introduction to the remedy, but simply mentions its use in this condition, giving several impressive case histories. "Mrs. John X., mother of six children, aet. 38, was brought to me in July 1892. She came---was brought, that is--merely to please her heart-broken sister, and to prove to her that nothing could be possibly of any service save the formidable operation to be performed the next day," a hysterectomy. "Briefly, it was a case of hugely hypertrophied uterus, that was so much in excess of the space Nature had for its storage, that the unfortunate lady could do nothing whatever, and it was barely possible to even keep the immense mass somewhat propped up with the aid of a very large pessary." The uterus was "big, hard, heavy, and thick,' but otherwise she was in relatively good health. "I removed the pessary, and ordered the lady 5 drops of the strong tincture of Fraxinus Americanus three times a day in water." After a week the operation was "provisionally" given up; in three weeks it was completely abandoned as "needless;" and in seven weeks the patient was able to go "running about on the Scottish moors, rejoicing in her new-found liberty." Three years later she was still
in good health. "Nobody can understand it," said a relative. Nor can nobody figure out where Burnett got the idea to use Fraxinus in uterine complaints. Boericke sums up the indications for Fraxinus in homeopathic literature in 1927. It is a remedy for enlargement of the uterus, fibrous growths, subinvolution, prolapse and tumours, accompanied by bearing-down sensations. There may be a watery, unirritating discharge or dysmenorrhea. Throbbing pain in the back of the head. "Depression, nervous restlessness, anxiety." The eclectics liked Burnett because his use of "organ-remedies" was similar to their use of "specifics." They adopted Fraxinus from him shortly after the appearance of his book. They used it on the same indications, in the same dosage, but also went back and included the traditional usage of Fraxinus in splenic enlargement and dropsy. They had a better idea than most homeopaths how these symptoms integrated with uterine prolapse and hemorrhage. All would be associated with conditions of excess dampness in the abdomen. Fyfe gives one of the best accounts of Fraxinus in eclectic literature. "It is employed with advantage in enlargement of the spleen, and in dropsical affections it is used with some benefit. It is highly recommended as a remedy well adapted to the treatment of uterine engorgements, and in bad cases of subinvolution and prolapsus of the uterus it has been prominently mentioned as being decidedly corrective. It is also highly esteemed by some physicians in many plethoric conditions of the uterus, and as a remedy for congestive dysmenorrhea it has been employed with satisfactory results. In conditions characterized by heavy, dragging, sensations in the lower part of the abdomen, and a feeling as if the uterus would fall out of the pelvis, the employment of white ash is often beneficial, and when the uterus is large, soft and doughy, and a slight touch causes sharp pain, it exerts a relieving influence. It is also deemed a remedy of considerable value in irregularity of the menses, and in wrongs in which there are constant headache, with soreness in a circumscribed spot on the head, and which feels hot, it constitutes a useful medicament." It is, in addition, a remedy for general debility, constipation, and atonic dyspepsia. Not having a case history of my own to give in support of this remedy, I would like to relate a nice one from the files of my friend, John Hauser, N.D., of Minneapolis. A middle-aged woman accompanied her son, who needed sacral-cranial adjustments. She mentioned that she had terrible menstrual flooding, the blood dripping all over her clothing and house, and that this had been going on for many years. Her gynecologist reported the presence of several fibroids. She was heavy-set, with a pendulous abdomen, lax-muscled and atonic, and lazy in attitude. "I wasn't able to take a proper case, as it was her son's session, but the symptoms matched Boericke so I gave her some tincture of Fraxinus." The flooding was stopped for the first time in her adult life and the fibroids disappeared. Fraxinus and the spleen. Fraxinus grows in rich, moist soils. Perhaps this is a signature pointing to its use in conditions of the abdominal and pelvic viscera where there is excess moisture and heaviness. The entire train of symptoms associated with Fraxinus is drawn together by dampness. Fraxinus matches closely the concept of "spleen yang deficiency" in Traditional Chinese Medicine. When the fire, the yang, of the digestive/lymphatic sphere burns low, fluids are not moved
and transformed, resulting in the build up of dampness. Organs are not stimulated and become congested, resulting in swelling and prolapse. The spleen is associated with "holding up organs." Because water is cold, the patient experiences chilliness. Because it is heavy it sinks down, so that dampness and cold affect the abdomen and pelvis more than other parts of the body (though there can be exceptions). The characteristic symptoms of "deficient spleen yang" are edema, retention of urine, vaginal discharge, abdominal distention, watery stools, pale, swollen, moist tongue and slow, and soggy pulse. A connection with prolapse and engorgement of the uterus is also recognized in Chinese medicine. Preparation and dosage. Tincture of the inner bark, 25 drops, 3x a day, for weeks or months (Burnett). Fucus vesiculosus. Bladderwrack. This is a seaweed which is high in halogens and iodine. As a consequence, it is used in thyroid conditions. Exophthalmic and simple goitre, especially in patients over the age of thirty. "It is mostly on those cold, torpid individuals with a cold, clammy skin, loose and flabby rolls of fat, with relaxed pendulous abdomen, that fucus will display its powers to the best advantage" (Wilhite, 1878). Flabby uterus. Dose: 1-10 drops of the tincture. Galium aparine. Cleavers, Lady's Bedstraw. This small plant is native to dark, moist woods in Europe, but is naturalized in North America and elsewhere. Cleavers grows in both disturbed and undisturbed woodlands, so it is extremely common. It forms small luxurious beds, hence the name Lady's Bedstraw. The stems are distinguished by raspy little saw-teeth which cause it to easily cleave to the passer-by, hence the name Cleavers. It is a member of the Rubiaceae or Madder family. Properties. The flavor is sweet and bland, the temperature cool, the impression moist and gentle. The moistre-ladden stems, and the moist ground upon which it thrives, points to Cleavers as a remedy which will act upon the water economy of the body. It has long been credited as an important kidney remedy, but it also acts upon the hidden storehouse of water in the body, the lymphatic system. The raspy stems remind me of some sort of scouring pad. Cleavers stimulates the removal of catabolic wastes. It acts upon the kidneys, lymphatics, spleen, pancreas and liver to cleanse away waste products. It also contributes to the general nutrition of the body, and has been used in anemia. Cleavers is a mild, soothing relaxant, acting primarily upon the kidneys and the bladder, removing edema, waste products and gravel. "It secures a goodly increase of the watery portion of the urine, thus rendering this secretion less irritating than it sometimes gets to be," writes Cook. Therefore, it "is among the truly valuable agents in all forms of scalding urine, as in oxalic acid gravel, irritation at the neck of the bladder, and the first stages of gonorrhea." By removing waste products through the kidneys, Cleavers helps clean the internal organs, removing waste and irritation. The nervous system is gently relaxed, the fibers of the body are soothed, and one is allowed to lay down and rest. In medieval times, Galium was laid in the birthing bed to ensure a good delibery.
Although its use in pregnancy and childbirth has fallen by the wayside, it would seem likely that Galium supports the kidneys when they get exhausted during pregnancy. By cleansing waste materials through the kidneys, Cleavers acts upon the skin. It is the "preferred diuretic for exanthemas" (Priest). It is used internally and externally for scabs, eczema, psoriasis, wounds, burns, and eruptions of various sorts. When there is exhaustion of the kidneys there is often tired feet (cf. Solidago). Culpeper says a tea, oil or ointment of the herb "is good to bathe the feet of travellers and lacqueys [runners], whose long running causeth weariness and stiffness in their sinews and joints." It is generally "very good for the sinews, arteries, and joints, to comfort and strengthen them after travel, cold and pains." Galium also has a local affinity for the tongue, throat and neck. It has been used as a folk-remedy for cancer of the tongue, goitre, and thyroid problems. Boericke lists it for cancer of the tongue, and Maria Treban gives several case histories demonstrating its efficacy so these remarkable claims cannot be ignored. She also uses it for skin cancer. Indications. Sore throat; goitre; thyroid problems; constriction of the vocal chords; cancer of the tongue. Anemia. Stitch in the side. Edema; gravel, calculi, stone in the bladder; scalding, painful urination, irritable bladder, cystitis; enuresis in children. Skin eruptions, eczema, psoriasis. Used externally for burns, scalds, sunburn, wounds, boils, blackheads, pimples, skin irritation, scabs, itching, eczema, psoriasis, dry skin, skin cancer. Preparation and dosage. Cleavers is usually used in infusion, one pint of boiling water poured over ounce of the fresh or dried herb. Because it is strong diuretic, Galium is contra-indicated in diabetics. Treban makes a salve by stirring a sufficient amount of fresh juice of Cleavers into butter. Store in a refrigerator. Formulae. According to Maria Treban, the Austrian herbalist Abbe Kuenzle recommended equal parts of Cleavers, Goldenrod and Yellow Dead Nettle, as a kidney remedy. This makes a great deal of sense, since Cleavers and Goldenrod are remedies for exhausted kidneys. They increase the secretion of fluid and material in the urine. Gaultheria procumbens. Wintergreen. This dainty evergreen is an inhabitant of boreal forests in North America. It is a member of the Heath family, with the typical dry, hard leaves of that family, and its share of volatile oils. The oil of Wintergreen is a very pleasant, sweet tasting substance---used in Lifesavers and so on---but toxic in large doses. It contains salicylic acid. This suits it for use as a liniment in arthritic inflammation. It has been used as a flavoring for syrups. The volatile oils are settling to the stomach in small doses, and relieve flatulence. Gentiana lutea. Gentian. There are a great number of Gentians, native to both Eurasia and North America. They have been used fairly interchanbeably, but the lutea, a European species is considered to be the officinale species. Gentian has been used since ancient times; Dioscorides comments that animals will use them, as well as men. Galen correctly
surmised that it worked by reason of its bitterness. During the Renaissance Gentian was so commonly used that there was an Italian proverb about keeping it in one's purse. It is still widely regarded in herbalism as a bitter tonic which promotes secretions in the digestive tract. There is some homeopathic experience with Gentiana lutea as well (Boericke, Clarke). Dr. Edward Bach used Gentiana amarella as one of his flower essences. The psychological profile he provides adds significantly to our knowledge of the healing properties of Gentian. It is rather important to understand the mental situation of the patient requiring this remedy, but he lacks confidence, and is a difficult patient to handle. These psychological symptoms correspond to the physical indications and help us to understand the full profile of the remedy. Properties. Gentiana is one of the most bitter substances found in the herbal materia medica. Some people can taste it in a dilution of 1 to 30,000 (Weiss). As a bitter tonic, it acts upon the stomach, increasing hydrochloric acid secretion and improving the digestion. Bitters also exhibit the opposite effect, promoting increased catalysis, thereby removing infection and heat. In Western herbalism the emphasis is placed on the use of bitters to promote digestion, while in Chinese herbalism bitters are more often used to remove heat. "They are under the dominion of Mars, and one of the most principal herbs he is ruler of," relates Culpeper. He was thinking of their firey, martial qualities. Dr. O. Phelps Brown states that Gentian "is a powerful tonic, improves the appetite, strengthens digestion, gives force to the circulation, and slightly elevates the heat of the body. Very useful in debility, exhaustion, dyspepsia, gout, amenorrhoea, hysteria, scrofula, intermittents, worms, and diarrhoea." Mind. The old eclectics noticed a tendency to depression. "Atonic dyspepsia, with mental and physical depression; general debility and exhaustion," writes Fyfe. Dr. Bach flushed out the portrait of depression further. He described it as a remedy for those who suffer setbacks and are subject to doubt, resulting in despondency. To this I would have to add the following, based on personal experience. The susceptibility to doubt opens this patient up to such a level that fear and panic eventually set in. They loose touch with their gut-level instincts, cannot figure out what is really happening, what people think about them, what the problem is. They become nervous and panicky, are difficult patients to work with, always doubting themselves, the doctor, the treatment plan. At the extreme edge of panic we find anaphylactic shock, to which Gentiana is nearly a specific. The two moons of Mars are called Demos (fear) and Panos (panic). Digestive tract. This range of emotions point out the organ affinities of Gentiana. The solar plexus, the seat of gut-level instinct is affected, as well as the stomach, which depends so strongly upon the ennervation provided by that center. The physical symptoms calling for Gentiana focus upon the stomach, and next the gall bladder, which is so often reciprocal to the stomach and solar plexus. "It constitutes a medicament of usefulness in debilitated conditions generally, and through its corrective influence the stomach and bowels are often brought up to a normal state. Slow and feeble digestion are often improved by this agent, and in fermentative dyspepsia it is employed with much advantage" (Fyfe). Intermittent fever. It is utilized in recurrent fevers where the patient was
much worn down, as is Quinine. One of the constituents, Gentiopicrin, has been shown in laboratory experiments to have a strong toxicity for malarial parasites. External. Gentiana is a good remedy for allergic reaction and anaphylactic shock. It will often prove efficacious if placed upon a fresh bee-sting, especially if the patient feels a lot of fear. I have used the Bach flower remedy, the homeopathic potencies and the herb, internally and externally. Preparation and dosage. "Of the powder, ten to thirty grains. Of the extract, one to ten grains. Of the infusion, a tablespoonful to a wineglassful. Of the tincture, one or two teaspoonsful" (Brown). Tincture, 5-30 drops (Fyfe). Low homeopathic potencies. Geranium columbinum. Dovesfoot Geranium. This is a member of the Geranium family native to Europe but widely naturalized in North America. It has been used in a manner similar to G. maculatum, the native American species. Gerard writes that the herb and root powdered and soaked in wine for three weeks provides a remedy which is excellent for green and bleeding wounds and lessens inflammation. Dovesfoot "cureth miraculously ruptures or burstings, as my selfe have often proved, whereby I have gotten crownes and credit." It is also good for inward wounds, "as myselfe have likewise proved." Culpeper repeats these observations, adding that it is good for stone in the kidney (probably to stop the bleeding). Geranium maculatum. Wild Geranium, Cranesbill. This plant is extremely common in woodlands throughout eastern North America. It has a small pinkish-white flower which ripens into a seed-pod that resembles the bill of a crane. The root contains 10-20% tannic acid, and is highly astringent and styptic. The Indians used it as an astringent to stop bleeding, dysentery, cholera, gonorrheal discharges, and leucorrhea. It was adopted by the settlers at any early date---they knew of the analogous Geranium of Europe. The professional doctors adopted Geranium at an early date. They understood that it was not to be used in the initial stage of inflammation accompanying a discharge, but only in the "secondary" stage, when the constitution and tissues are weakened by the flux and are in need of tone. Thus, Rafinesque warns that country people use it "for all bowel complaints, but sometimes improperly or too early." Ellingwood describes the specific conditions in which it is appropriate: "Where there are relaxed, atonic or enfeebled mucous membranes, in the absence of inflammatory action; debilitated conditions remaining after inflammation has subsided; excessive discharges of mucus, serum or blood with these conditions." Boericke gives an excellent account, but which reflects eclectic and allopathic sources, rather than homeopathic. Properties. "The root is a superior astringent with tonic properties," writes Cook. "Operating slowly and persistently, somewhat soothing in its impression, and usually quite accemptable to the stomach. It is not so intense as oak or catechu, but much stronger than rubus or hamamelis; and is among the most useful agents of its class, not so suddenly drying the mucous membranes as some agents do." Ellingwood says, "from long experience, I have learned to esteem geranium more
highly than any other vegetable astringent, where a simple tonic astringent action is needed. It is palatable, prompt, efficient, and invariable in its effects, and entirely devoid of unpleasant influences." It is, first and foremost, a remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. Ellingwood says, "in sub-acute diarrhea geranium exercises an immediate influence, a single full dose producing a marked impression and improving the tone of the entire gastrointestinal tract from the first. In chronic diarrhea, no matter how stubborn, it may be given with confidence if the specific conditions are present. In doses of ten drops every two hours, diarrheas of the above described character will promptly subside. Active inflammation must be subdued before the agent will act readily. It is the remedy for the general relaxation of the gastro-intestinal tract in childhood, with protracted diarrhea." Its second principal use is in passive hemorrhage, in absence of inflammation or excitement of the blood. It is not indicated in recent wounds of violent origin, but in persistent bleeding. In pulmonary tuberculosis "it modifies the cough and night-sweats, lessens the expectoration and often overcomes hemoptysis" (Fyfe). The third usage unites these two conditions. Geranium is an excellent remedy in ulceration of the stomach. It is suited to catarrhal gastritis, where there is profuse secretion of mucus in the stool, atonic stomach lining, tending towards ulceration and finally bleeding. It lessens the vomiting of gastric ulcer. When used for these conditions the dose should be somewhat larger. Boericke recommends half dram doses of the tincture. Indications. Passive discharges and hemorrhages where active inflammation has subsided. Diarrhea, with constant desire to go to stool; chronic diarrhea, with mucous discharges; conditions attended with profuse mucous discharges; vomiting of cholera infantum. Catarrhal gastritis, mucus in the stomach, lack of tone, ulceration, bleeding, vomiting. Relaxation of the mucous surfaces of the pharyngeal cavity; pharyngitis. Tuberculosis, bleeding from the lungs and bladder, diarrhea, night sweets. Leucorrhea and gonorrheal discharge (Fyfe, Boericke). Preparation and properties. Tincture, 5-60 drops; homeopathic dilution to the 3x potency. Geranium robertianum. Herb Robert. Rafinesque says, "The Geranium robertianum of Europe grows also in north America from New England to Ohio, on stoney hills, and is the weak equivalent of G. maculatum; but it is also diuretic, and therefore more available in nephritis, gravel, and diseases of the bladder." Gerard says it staunches bleeding ulcers of the "secret parts." Geum virginianum. Avens. This representative of the Avens genus is native to low grounds and the edges of woods in the northern United States and Canada. Its cousin, Purple Avens (Geum rivale) is native to bogs in the same area. They are relatives of the European Avens (Geum urbanum). All of them have been used on fairly much the same indications in herbal medicine. Avens has an ancient heritage in Europe. The name is so old that its orgins
have been lost but it comes from the Latin Aventia. It was an important herb in pagan times and was well known in that twilight period when Christianity was heavily invested with pagan feeling. It was called "Blessed Herb" from a belief that it drove away demons and hexes, and "Benedict's Herb" because it was supposed to antidote poisons. Hildegard von Bingen stated that if the root was kept in the house it drove the devil away. The trefoil leaf was taken as a signature for the Holy Spirit, and the five petals of the yellow flower were associated with the five wounds of Christ. Avens was a very important symbol for Christendom in the middle ages. The leaf and flower appear as motifs on the shields of crusaders and in the architectural decoration of cathedrals. On a more mundane side, the sweet flavored root was added to ale to impart a subtle and pleasing taste. Culpeper explains the traditional uses of Avens. The "sweet savor and warming quality" expells "crude and raw humours from the belly and stomach." Avens opens obstructions of the liver, removes stitches in the sides, expells wind, stops fluxes from the intestines, and assists in the healing of hernia. "It helpeth digestion, and warmeth a cold stomach, and openeth obstructions of the liver and spleen." The root steeped in wine "doth give it a delicate savour and taste" which "comforteth the heart" and "a cold brain." It is useful for diseases of the chest, including spitting of blood, and is used externally on bruises. Properties. The flavor of the root is pleasantly sweet, the temperature warm and the impression astringent. The freshly dug root has a sweet, clove-like scent dependent on the presence of eugenol, the volatile oil which flavors clove. As a sweet, aromatic astringent, Avens acts particularly on the digestive tract. Cook gives the most knowledgable account of Avens found in herbal literature. He says that its astringent and tonic powers are expended upon the organs of assimilation, rather than those of digestion, and that it is one of few medicines which possess this effect. "This distinction between tonics to the digestive and to the assimilative apparatus, is one that has not heretofore been made, but it is one of importance, and those which act on the assimilative organs are so few as to deserve especial notice." This would be the difference between the "stomach" and the "spleen" in Chinese medicine. The spleen is a metaphor describing the apparatus by which nutriment is taken from the digestive tract to the cell. It is basically equivalent to the lymphatic system and lymph fluid, which transport the digestate from the wall of the small intestine to the wall of the cell. The lymphatics around the intestines, the lacteals and mesentery, are the principal seat of this action. It is upon this region that Avens exerts its particular influence. Cook continues, "In those forms of indigestion which arise from debility of the duodenum, pancreas and mesenteries---connected with pains and laxity of the bowels, curdy stools, and slow loss of flesh---it is a peculiarly valuable article." For this use it was boiled in milk to produce a "sort of chocolate," hence the name Chocolate Root in colonial America. "Its action on the duodenum and mesenteries fits it for a class of cases in which few articles are applicable; and I am decidely of the opinon that it will be found useful in tabes mesenterica, and in those forms of scrofulous looseness of the bowels which are dependent upon defective assimilation, and which often pass roughly as chronic diarrhea." Avens "is employed to better advantage than most astringents in the second stage of dysentery
and diarrhea; and in leucorrhea, catarrh of the bladder, spitting of blood, passive menorrhagia, aphthous ulcerations, and gleet." It is also useful in "debilitated cough with local weakness, excessive expectoration, and a tendency to pulmonary hemorrhage." Preparation and dosage. The root is dug in the spring, when it is most fragrant. Some of the old physicians were so particular about this, relates Grieve, that they specified the 25th of March as the date upon which it was to be dug from the ground. The properties are easily lost in drying, so that it must be gradually dried, then sliced and powdered. It imparts its properties to alcohol and water, which it tinges red. "The root in the spring time steeped in wine, doth give it a delicate savour and taste," comments Culpeper. "It is very safe; you need have no dose prescribed; and is very fit to be kept in every body's house." Glycirrhiza glabra. Licorice. This small shrub is native to the Mediterranean region and the Black Sea, from Spain to Russia. It is cultivated as far north as England and Germany. In It has been used in herbal medicine from very ancient times. Its earliest recorded names are based on its sweet taste and its Russian homeland. The botanist Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle, called it Scythian Root or Sweet Root. "It is useful against asthma and in several troubles of the chest and also administered in honey for wounds." The root is the official part. Licorice should not be confused with the candy of the same name, which was originally made from Anise Seed. There is a similar species (G. uralensis) in central Asia and China, which has similar tastes, properties and uses. There is also a wild Licorice in America which had some fame among the Indians, but nothing approaching the reputation of the Old World species. Properties. The root has a very sweet taste, a cool temperature and a mucilaginous impression. In traditional medicine it has been chiefly used as a soothing demulcent on irritated mucosa and skin. In addition, the sweet taste has been used to mask unpleasant tastes. It is also used to harmonize the ingredients in a mixture (like Chinese Licorice). It contains steroids which can antidote alleopathic drugs and (over time) wear down the adrenals. Glycyrrhiza is chiefly used as a tea to sooth irritated membranes of the throat and bronchus. It is a helpful remedy in acute respiratory infections of an irritable nature. It is also used to sooth the mucosa of the intestines (here the capsules would be better employed). It is suitable to ulceration of the duodenum, rather than the stomach. Sometimes it is used for irritation of the bladder or uterus. Very often, it is combined with other agents. Recently, Licorice has been introduced as a topical remedy for herpes lessions. The de-glycyrrhinized extract is preferred. Gnaphalium polycephalum. Sweet Life Everlasting, Old Field Balsam, Cud Weed. This plant is common in old fields and dry, barren soils across the northern part of North America, hence the name "Old Field Balsam." It makes a pretty dried flower, giving rise to the name "Life Everlasting." The yellow inflorescence has a sweet smell, either dried or smoked, and is a common additive to Indian smoking
mixtures. Gnaphalium is an annual in the Sunflower family. There are several different species, all of which have similar properties. One cousin, G. uliginosum, is native to Europe. "The Everlastings formed a part of aboriginal medication," writes Millspaugh (1892). "From there they descended to the white settlers" and were sometimes used by "the more or less botanic physicians." The early eclectics and homeopaths attempted to adopt Gnaphalium into professional use, but it fell by the wayside. Cook noted (1868), "from being at one time over-rated, it has fallen into undeserved neglect." It still occupies an obscure niche in herbal commerce, but seldom employed today. Life Everlasting was particularly well known towards the close of the eighteenth century as a remedy for sore, cankersores and ulcers in the mouth, tonsilitis and sore throat. While walking in the field, the flowers and leaves were picked, popped in the mouth and chewed. Rafinesque (1828) noted that Gnaphalium was a mild bronchial remedy, used in coughs and colds, and that it acted on the alimentary tract to cure diarrhea, worms and hemorrhage. It was used externally on strains, sprains and contusions. He knew of Indians who, for a fee, would allow themselves to be bit by a rattlesnake. They cured themselves confidently with this medicine. Gnaphalium polycephalum and G. uliginosum received a half dozen homeopathic provings just before 1860. (Symptoms of the two were indescriminately mixed in the literature). These limited provings showed that the medicine was homeopathic to symptoms of diarrhea, even had a resemblance to cholera and had some action on the sexual-urinary system, especially of the male. Gnaphalium was used by a small number of homeopathic physicians in diarrhea, cholera infantum and irritated prostate. Properties. "The aroma is rather pleasant, its taste slightly bitter and aromatic," writes Cook (1868). "This plant combines relaxing and stimulating properties with a moderate portion of demulcent quality. In cold preparations, its action is mainly expended upon mucous membranes; and as it soothes and strengthens these tissues." In warm infusion, "it promotes mild diaphoresis, and is a popular remedy in recent colds and light fever." In strong infusion, it "is said to relieve mumps, quinsy, the tenesmus of dysentery, and excessive menstruation." Life Everlasting had a reputation in Indian medicine as a male sexual tonic. This use did not follow into pioneer or professional medicine, although the homeopathic provings show that Gnaphalium produces"increase of sexual passion." Tismal provided a story from Indian practice to illustrate this usage. He was studying with his teacher, Eli, when an old man dropped by. They excused themselves and went in the other room. After the visiter left, Tismal asked what all the hush-hush was about. "Well, you know," said Eli. "Delbert lost Emma, his wife, a year ago. He's lonely now and he's afraid he doesn't have what it takes to find a new woman." About a year later Eli and Tismal ran into him at a Pow-Wow in Detroit. Delbert looked terrible, absolutely exhausted, but these two young women were hanging all over him. Eli took him aside. "Well," said Jimmy. "I took that stuff ya give me. Didn't know if it'd work so I also got some stuff from a Chinese doctor in Ontario---Ginseng it was. I take 'em both and they work." How
come he looked so bad, then? "Well, Mary here got thrown out of the house by her parents, so she stayed with me. Then her sister Debbie got thrown out too. They're young, ya know, and I'm up all night trying to keep em satisfied." Eli had a thing or two to say about moderation. Preparation and dosage. The flowers and leaves are used. Grindelia robusta. Gumweed, Tarweed. This small cousin of the Sunflower blooms late in the summer. On the underside of the flower-head is a sticky resin that gives it the common name Gumweed or Tarweed. Well-made tinctures will possess this stickiness. It is a signature, showing that Grindelia is suited to very tight, sticky mucous congestion in the lungs. The breathing is very tight and compressed. Grindelia is traditionally used for asthmatic complaints. As if to underscore the adhesiveness of it's nature, the under-side of the flower buds also have little hooks. Grindelia received a superficial homeopathic proving, which added some new symptoms, but the indications hardly moved beyond traditional applications. This is a remedy which is not yet entirely understood. Respiratory tract. Dr. George Royal says that Grindelia is suited to the two extremes of life, the young and the old, because such patients are susceptible to lifethreatening bronchial diseases. Also to patients suffering from fatty degeneration of the heart. "Grindelia is a remedy which is too often forgotten," he writes. "It is in the last stage of pneumonia, beoncho-pneumonia, bronchitis of weak children or old people that the Grindelia group is found. There is much tenacious mucus in the bronchial tubes, giving the same rattling sound you get under Tartar emet. and Ammonium carb. You also have poor circulation as under Tartar emt., but that of Grindelia is due to fatty degeneration of the heart. 'Fear of going to sleep lest the heart stop beating' or 'Must lie awake and watch the heart so it will continue to beat' are two very common statements of the Grindelia patients. They are what we call 'reasonable' symptoms, because when the patient does go to sleep he does stop breathing and wakes up with a start and gasping for breath. Not only must he keep awake, but must also sit up to be able to breathe. A ranking symptom in this group is 'Fullness of the head.'" He recommends the 3x and 30x potencies. "In children we often have convulsions during the first part of the stage of invasion. Usually the patient lies on the affected side." Skin. Clymer entitles Grindelia "the Poison Ivy remedy." It is a superlative external remedy for this condition. The tincture, spread on the skin, relieves the itching, in most cases almost immediately, and usually removes the entire condition within a day. It is also useful in skin conditions resembling poison ivy rash. As an external application it is useful in eczema, psoriasis and contact dermatitis, though it is seldom usually only palliative. Preparation and dosage. The plant, picked at the height of flowering, yields its properties, including the sticky resin, to water and alcohol. The tincture can be made, of which 5-20 drops is a sufficient dose. Hamamelis virginica. Witch Hazel. This small tree or large shrub is native to the eastern woodlands of North America. By 1590 the English explorers had already named it Witch Hazel, after a
similar but unrelated shrub in English. Both plants were used to make divining rods and bows. Witch Hazel has no connection with witches, but the hazel has such an association. It is a member of the Hamamelaceae. The Indians used the bark of the Witch Hazel as a gentle astringent for the skin. They considered it a specific for blows to the eye, a usage which comes down into botanical and homeopathic literature. A minister among the Mohawks reported in 1744 that "he saw an allmost total blindness occasioned by a blow cur'd by receiving the Warm Stream of a Decoction of the Bark of this Shrub through a Funnel upon the place" (Erichsen-Brown). Distilled Witch Hazel extract became a popular household remedy at an early date, and is still with us today. Mr. Pond, the manufacturer of a prominent Witch Haxzel extract was a patient of Dr. Constantine Hering, the father of homeopathy in America. Although it was an herbal remedy, Hering enthusiastically introduced it to homeopathic doctors. It received a proving, but its uses were not much extended beyond herbal tradition. Properties. "The bark chewed in the mouth is, at first, somewhat bitter, very astringent, and then leaves a pungent, sweetish taste, which will remain for a considerable time" (Manasseh Cutler, 1785). Cook writes, "The leaves of this shrub are a mild but reliable astringent, with gentle tonic qualities. It is quite soothing in its influence; and is one in a small list of plants which combine diffusive relaxant properties with astringency. This fact gives it a peculiar action, and renders it one of the most available of all the astringents in the second stages of dysentery and diarrhea, in hemorrhage from the bowels and bladder, catarrh of the bladder, nursing sore mouth, gonorrhea, and similar affections. It soothes the bowels rather than exciting them, as many astringents do." It acts after the first stage of inflammation, in the second stage when the mucous membranes are debilitated and discharge freely due to lack of tone. The most prominent action of Hamamelis is upon the veins. It astringes and nourishes them, contributing to venous strength, removing varicosities and hemorrhoids. The venous circulation at large is tonified, so that the return circulation to the heart is made more efficient. This tonifies structures throughout the body, since all are dependent upon venous circulation. It removes turgescence and stagnation of the mucous membranes, thus correcting atonic conditions of the respiratory and digestive tract. The portal circulation is toned up, improving abdominal-pelvic functioning. The lack of tone in the veins can often be detected in the complexion of the patient. The patient is more likely to be a middle-aged, heavy-set person with "veiny" checks, showing capillary breakage. These have a reddish-purplish look. The Capsicum patient has capillary congestion, with similar coloration, but not the broken veins. Thin spiker-like varicosities on the legs, reddish-purple, are another good indication. With prolapse symptoms one usually finds mental and physical exhaustion. Dr. George Royal, in A Handy Reference Book (1930) gives two case histories in which he used Hamamelis in the low homeopathic potencies for hemorrhoids and general venous atonicity. Both the patients were middle-aged, flabby, heavy-set women. Boericke gives a mental symptom. "Feels she does not get the respect due to her."
Indications. Congestive fullness of skin and mucous membranes, resulting in sore, bruised, tense sensations. "Fullness of mucous membranes; pallid mucous membranes; relaxation of perineal tissue; hemorrhoids, when the venous circulation is enfeebled; passive hemorrhage; fullness of veins, inclined to dilatation; pain in the testicles and ovaries, when produced by congestion; excessive secretion of mucus; engorgement and hemorrhage of the venous system, especially of the mucous membranes and skin; ulceration of the stomach and intestines; gastro-intestinal irritability of the later stages of phthisis; abraided and inflamed mucous surfaces" (Fyfe). Veins sore, cutting, swollen, inflammed. External. "Various forms of eczema and other cutaneous diseases; bruises and wounds; piles; aphthous sore mouth" (Fyfe). Excellent for bruises to the eye (cf. Symphythum). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 15-50 drops internally. Hedeoma pulegioides. American Pennyroyal. This member of the mint family is found in dry woods in eastern North America. One of the common names, Squaw Mint, attests to its use by the Indians. Like many mints Hedeoma opens the periphery, induces sweating and frees checked menstruation. The oil has been used as an abortifacient, but it can be lethal and should not be used internally. Properties. "This plant is quite fragrant, of a warming taste, and filling the air for some distance with its odor," writes Cook. This possesses a volatile oil which gives it fragrance. Hedeoma is a warm, pungent herb which opens the periphery and releases perspiration, fluids and tension which have been suppressed by cold. "This agent is a valuable stimulant diaphoretic, which is very kindly received by the stomach, and is quite certain in its action. It is used as a remedy for colds with good results. In amenorrhea from cold it is the safest and most certain remedy we have. It is more speedily effective when administered in hot water" (Cook). Indications. Female symptoms associated with nervous disturbances; suppression of lochia; suppression of menses from cold; bearing-down pains with backache; ovaries congested and painful; gastritis, everything taken into the stomach causes pain; abdominal distension, flatulent colic; suppression of perspiration from exposure to cold; pain in the kidneys; frequent urging, pain in the bladder, burning; rheumatic affections, muscular twitching. Preparation. The infusion works better than any other method of preparation. Tincture, 15 to 60 drops. Helonias Dioica. False Unicorn Root. This plant is usually classified as Chamaelirium luteum, but it still appears in herbal literature under this name as well. It is sometimes confused with True Unicorn Root (Aletris farinosa), which is also a uterine remedy. The roots look very similar, so these articles have been confused in commerce. This is a matter of concern, since Aletris is mildly toxic. Helonias is a member of the Lily family, a group having a number of beautiful, feminine plants with affinities to the female system. Properties. "The root of helonias is a strong bitter, and one of the most
distinctly stimulating of all tonics," writes Cook. "It acts very generally upon the system, including in its range the salivary glands, respiratory organs, stomach, gallducts, uterus and ovaries. It stimulates the salivary flow, excites the fauces and respiratory passages, and promotes expectoration, for which purposes it is useful in greatly depressed and atonic conditions of the lungs, but should never be used in sensitive conditions. These latter remarks will also apply to this agent when employed for its influence on other organs. In atonic dyspepsia, it promotes appetite and stimulates the gastric secretions; and at the same time arouses the biliary ejections, and stimulates the bowels to cast out foul mucous and other accumulations. It thus facilitates catharsis in cases of alvine langour, and sometimes expells worms; but it is not to be classed as a distinct cathartic. But its most prominent and valuable action is upon the uterine organs; where it scarcely has an equal in atonic forms of prolapsus, leucorrhea, passive hemorrhage and menorrhagia, and similar enfeebled conditions. While its use in sensitive patients and irritable uterine conditions is to be avoided, it can be employed to the greatest advantage in flaccid and prostrated states." "Helonias is employed with marked advantage in wrongs of the stomach, and is especially valuable in dyspepsia of the atonic form. In nausea of pregnancy it is often a very efficient remedy, and in nephritis, both acute and chronic, it is a useful remedial agent. The most marked effect, or special action, however, of helonias is on the uterus, and it is a remedy of curative power in all abnormal conditions caused by loss of tone in that organ. In sterility from uterine atony it is without doubt the most efficient remedy known. It many times prevents miscarriage through its tonic action on the uterus and the general system. The general health is improved by its use, as a result of its influence on the digestive organs, increasing digestion and promoting assimilation" (Fyfe). "One of the special indications for its use is in the mental depression and irritability that attends many of these affections [of urinary and uterine structures]. I am of the impression that, in many cases, the relief of this cerebral disturbance is its most important action" (Scudder). Indications. "Pain or aching in the back, with leucorrhea; atonic conditions of the reproductive organs of women; mental depression and irritability, associated with chronic diseases of the reproductive organs of women; constant sensation of heat in the region of the kidneys; menorrhagia, due to a weakened condition of the reproductive system; amenorrhea, arising from or accompanying an abnormal condition of the digestive organs and an anemic habit; dragging sensations in the extreme lower part of the abdomen, whether due to uterine trouble in the female or cystic wrong in the male" (Fyfe). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Modern authors consider it to be contraindicated in pregnancy. It is clear that the old authors had more experience with it, and trusted their instincts in using it in this sphere. Tincture, 1/4 to 20 drops. Hepatica nobilis, americana et acutiloba. Liverwort. The Hepaticas are pretty little wildflowers native to temperate regions in Europe and North America. The various members of the genus seem to have
similar properties. They are in the Buttercup family. The lobed leaves look like a liver, hence the common and scientific names. They were used in European and American Indian herbal medicine, but are today seldom used. Culpeper writes, "It is a singular good herb for all diseases of the liver, both to cool and cleanse it, and helps inflammation in any part, and the yellow jaundice; being bruised and boiled in small beer, if drank it cools the heat of the liver and kidneys, and helps the running of the reins in men, and the whites in women." Ancient and traditional medicine viewed high fever as an inflammation of the liver. In traditional Chinese medicine this would be called "liver fire blazing." Culpeper continues, "it is a good remedy to stay the spreading of tetters, ringworm, and other fretting or running sores and scabs." The American Indian uses were similar. The tea of the leaf was used for liver problems, indigestion, coughs, and externally as a wash for swollen breasts and wry mouth and face. The later two symptoms are considered to result from "constricted liver qi" and severe heat damaging the liver in traditional Chinese medicine, so this supports the traditional use of Hepatica as an hepatic. The taste of Hepatica is so mild that it was considered to be insignificant by nineteenth century doctors, and it lapsed from serious use. However, enormous quantities were gathered and sold in commerce as ingredients in "liver tonics" in the patent medicine trade. Although no exact indications are derived from this usage, it tends to support the traditional applications. Properties. The flavor is sweet, the temperature cool, the impression slightly astringent and mucilaginous. This indicated to the few nineteenth century doctors who would still use it that Hepatica was a mild tonic to the stomach and mucous membranes. Fyfe writes, "Liverwort exerts a stimulant and tonic influence upon the stomach and small intestine, relieving irritation and promoting functional activity. It may, therefore, be employed in atonic conditions of these and associate viscera with advantage." Scudder, reflecting the slight domestic usage, wrote, "Hepatica exerts an influence upon all mucous surfaces. Probably its best action is upon the bronchial mucous membrane, when enfeebled from inflammation or irritation, attended with profuse secretion." Indications. Irritation of the mucous membranes, especially of the air passages; cough, with tickling, itching or scraping sensation in the tonsils; bronchitis, with purulent or bloody expectoration; excessive secetion of mucous; irritation and inactivity of the stomach and small intestine; high fever; wry mouth and face; swollen breasts, leucorrhea. Preparation and dosage. Hepatica is not generally available in herbal commerce. It can be gathered in the early spring, when in flower, and made into an infusion or tincture. Humulus lupulus. Hops. Hops is a member of the Urticaceae, or Nettle family, native to Europe but cultivated and naturalized in many other places. It is first mentioned as a potherb by Plinius. He gave it the name lupulus because of the way it overgrew and strangled other plants, like a wolf (lupus) strangling a sheep. Hops is most widely used as a preservative and flavoring for beer. However, it also has acquired a use in
herbalism. The catkins or strobiles are the part utilized. A fine yellow powder called lupulin can be shaken from them which possesses the medicinal properties. Either this or the whole catkin is used by infusion or tincture. Properties. The yellow powder has a urinous smell and the pale green catkins project a weak appearance. "It is a remedy for pale delicate children who wet their bed," says herbalist Linda Riddell. The bitter flavor indicates an anti-inflammatory and digestive influence. Hops is a remedy for weakness of the stomach, solar plexus, nervous system generally, and the sexual-urinary tract. But it also has a sedative effect, so that it is useful to settle irritation of the nervous system in these areas. Thus, it is used for dyspepsia, nervousness, irritation, inflammation, insomnia, cystitis, enuresis and seminal emission. Scudder writes that Hops "may be occasionally employed in dyspepsia, with restlessness and a disposition to brood over troubles. It may also be used, following a meal, when the food undergoes fermentation, giving rise to unpleasant eructations" (Scudder). By tonifying the solar plexus, the nervous system as a whole is build up, the brain and mind are strengthened and relaxed, and the tendency to tension and sleeplessness averted. Its principal use is to remove insomnia. Clymer stated that its second most important use was as a poultice on irritated skin. Indications. Sleepiness during the day, but wakefulness and insomnia at night; vertigo and giddiness; nervousness, tremors, twitching of muscles; indigestion with nervousness, sleeplessness; emissions of semen depending upon sexual weakness, following masturbation; urethral burning; enuresis; mucous colitis; chapped, peeling skin (external) (Boericke, Hoffman). External. "For local application, hops is made into a hot fomentation and applied to the face to relieve facial and earache. As a poultice, it is applied to ease the pain in abscesses and bring them to a 'head'" (Clymer). Externally, on chapped and peeling skin. Preparation and dosage. Cylmer relates, "It is best taken as an infusion by steeping a tablespoon or more of flowers in a cup of boiling water for one-half hour. Dosage: 1 tablespoon at a time, more at night." The tincture, 5-20 drops can be used. Formula. Hops is commonly combined with Passionflower and Valerian, sometimes with Scullcap and other sleep remedies. Hydrangea arborescens. Seven Barks. A member of the Saxifrage family native to damp woods in the south and eastern United States. It was used by the Indians, pioneers, and professional doctors of the nineteenth century as an important kidney remedy. "Hydrangea constitutes a medicament of great value in diseases of the genitourinary organs. It gives tone to the kidneys, improving their functional activity, and thus tending to the arrest of the formation of urinary deposits and calculi. It relieves irritation of the bladder and uretha, and hence proves useful in cases of gravel. It also exerts an influence upon the respiratory mucous membrane, relieving bronchial irritation" (Fyfe). "To a certain extent it increases the amount of water excreted by the kidneys, and this overcomes the serious effects of alkaline or phosphatic urine. By this same action it lessens the pain of a calculus passing through the ureter" (Scudder).
Indications. "Irritation and malnutrition of the urinary mucous membranes; functional derangements of the kidneys, tending to the formation of calculi and urinary deposits; deposits in the bladder which are small enough to pass through the urethra; painful micturition arising from catarrhal inflammation of the urinary tract" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the bark. Tincture, 5-20 drops. Hydrastis canadensis. Goldenseal. Goldenseal was not well known until the pioneers crossed the Appalachians. It is plentiful in the damp, rich forest floors of the Ohio Valley. Linneus was confused about it's nomenclature and it was little known to the professional physicians. Before 1825 its position was occupied by Coptis trifolia. These botanical cousins have a similar yellow, bitter root and properties. Goldenseal quickly came to replace Goldthread as the Midwest opened to settlement. Rafinesque first publicized its properties in 1828. From this time on it was widely used by lay and professional practitioners. By that time Hydrastis was the most common item in American herbal commerce, and was being picked to extinction. It is still a popular remedy today. Nineteenth century lay and professional practitioners understood Goldenseal as a bitter tonic which would, in small doses, stimulate the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to greater activity, promoting tissue-building, strengthening the heart and nervous system. This usage has almost been forgotten today. The discovery that berberine, an "active ingredient" in Hydrastis, is a "natural antibiotic," has led to the use of Goldenseal in large doses to fight infection. The cognate herb in Chinese herbalism, Coptis chinensis, is used the same way. However, Chinese note that the plant will cause deficiency of the "spleen qi." In other words, the use of large doses will weaken the digestive tract and tissue building (the dominion of the spleen). Similarly, the use of large doses of Goldenseal is often deleterious. I always tell people, "why not just use medical anti-biotics, its the same idea." The old lay and professional physicans used Hydrastis essentially as a tonic to the very structures it would weaken in large doses. From this vantage point, Goldenseal has an entirely different effect and usage. Fyfe describes the nineteenth century concept of the herb. "Hydrastis is an energetic tonic to the circulatory and mucous structures. It is especially valuable in diseases associated with irritation or debility of the gastric mucous surfaces. In acute indigestion due to sudden change of diet it constitutes a useful medicament, and in chronic inflammation of the glands, as well as of the mucous structures, it is employed with gratifying results. In hepatic torpor with constipation and chronic gastritis, small doses of hydrasis exert a curative influence, and in hemorrhage from the uterus due to debility it is often useful. In fact, in all diseases characterized by sub-acute or chronic catarrhal conditions of the mucous membranes, whether of the stomach, intestines, bladder, vagina, urethra, uterus, bronchi or conjunctiva, the well-directed use of hydrastis, both internally and locally, will always give good results. In convalescing it improves the appetite and nutrition, and acts as a good tonic when given in doses of from five to twenty drops, in water or milk, three times a day. When there is acute
inflammation, with arrest of secretion, it is contraindicated." Hydrastis was proven by Dr. Edwin Hale, who brought so many native American plants into homeopathic use. Unfortunately, Hale emphasized the production of thick yellow catarrh or mucus by Hydrastis. This may have been what occured in his proving, but it does not represent the true genius of the remedy. The herbal experience with Goldenseal teaches us that it is first a remedy for atonicity of the mucous membranes, resulting in poor nutrition and tissue-building. This process leads into ulceration of mucous membranes, and finally to the production of thick yellow mucus, as the body tries to cover and protect the deteriorating membranes. The earlier stages in the pathological development are more important and commonplace than the latter. In consequence, homeopathic sources are not too illuminating about this remedy. Boericke provides a good rendition of symptoms, but not the fine thread of understanding, knitting them together. Dr. George Royal's Textbook of Homoeopathic Theory and Practice of Medicine is much more helpful. He understood that Hydrastis was to be used to build up the tone of the mucous membranes and digestive organs. I have quoted from him to illustrate the correct view of this remedy. Another point which makes the use of Hydrastis somewhat difficult for homeopaths is the fact that it works best in small material doses. Royal used the tincture and 3x potency. I have repeatedly seen that patients are highly idiosyncratic to Hydrastis, that some need one drop per dose, some need a fraction of a drop, and an occasional person needs 5-10. Once I needed the 30x, but the potencies are generally less effective. Here is a case history demonstrating the fallacies of large and inappropriate doses of Goldenseal. The patient was a thirty-seven year old woman. She had been suffering from a sore throat and swollen glands, for the past three weeks. These appeared concurrently with an herpetic lesion, which had quickly disappeared. The tongue was large, pallid, flabby and slightly dry. Pulse weak and deficient on the left wrist. She had taken an Echinacea-Goldenseal formula in large doses, which did nothing. I recommended Goldenseal in single drop doses, up to 3 per day. After one day she was completely healed. I advised her never to take Goldenseal in large doses. Properties. The flavor is bitter, the temperature is neutral, and the impression is jolting and weakening, especially upon the solar plexus. This indicates that Goldenseal is a provoking remedy that stimulates the digestive tract to greater activity. The intense yellow color of the root may be taken as signature for digestive and cholecystic functions. Yellow is said to strength "the center," the digestive and assimilative processes in Chinese medicine. The rich, damp earth in which Hydrastis flourishes is also an indication for nutritional enrichment. The bright red berry, growing out from between the yellow-green leaves, always reminds me of the blood emerging from the digestive process. This pictures the genius of Goldenseal. Plants which create blood usually also control it. Several signatures point to the use of Goldenseal to stem bleeding. The jolting and weakening impression it produces gives one a hemorrhage-like feeling in the solar plexus. The thread-like roots are signature indicating its usefulness in any condition which suggests the
need for stitches (Harris). It is, after all, called Goldenseal. Mucous membranes. "Hydrastis is primarily a remedy for relaxed and diseased conditions of mucous membranes. Its action is that of a tonic, promoting appetite and digestion, increasing the flow of bile and the normal secretions of the gastro-intestinal tract, while at the same time it lessens over-secretion, corrects unhealthy discharges, and restores the normal tone and function to the relaxed and diseased tissues" (French). As the tongue reflects the condition of the mucous membranes, its appearance is one of the most important factors to be taken into consideration. The tongue demanding Hydrastis is atonic, somewhat pallid, slightly dry, enlarged, scalloped at the edges, with a slight yellow haze for a coating. In more advanced cases ulcerations appear, the coating gets thicker, the tongue moist (Ellingwood, Boericke, personal experience). Nervous system. The next general sphere we note to be affected is the nervous system. Ellingwood writes, "The tonic and nerve strengthening properties of this agent have long been utilized by the writer in all cases of general debility and nerve prostration, especially if associated with the conditions of the digestive and assimilative organs." Although the old authors did not describe a characteristic pulse indication for Hydrastis, I have determined this from my own experience. The Hydrastis pulse is just as typical as the tongue: the two together lead to the selection of this remedy, no matter what symptoms may be present. The pulse is weak but slightly tense, indicating that there is a lack of energy in the nervous system, and that this deficiency leaves the patient incapable of handling stimulation, so that a certain tension based on debility appears. For some reason, the tension is usually more prominent on the right wrist, the weakness on the left. This pulse is virtually the same as that which indicates Lycopodium, but that remedy has a narrow, dry tongue. This type of pulse indicates weakness of the stomach and spleen, to use the Chinese phrase---the digestive and assimilative sphere. In some patients the pulse is also irregular, showing that the heart is weak from poor nutrition. Digestive tract. Both the effect upon the mucous membranes and the nervous system end up giving Hydrastis an affinity for the digestive tract and for assimilation and tissue-building. This is the central pivot around which the entire action of Goldenseal revolves. It strengthens the solar plexus, toning up ennervation of the stomach, gall bladder and intestines, stimulates the mucous membranes, promoting secretion, strengthening of muscles and improved peristaltic action. The atonic condition of the digestive tract is reflected in the appearance of the tongue. Dr. George Royal gives an excellent account of Hydrastis under a condition called "dilatation of the stomach." This refers to dilatation, thickening, ulceration and prolapse of the walls of the stomach. "The make-up is the catarrhal; dyspeptic; debilitated," he writes. "The objective symptoms are frequent eructations of a sour fluid and occasional vomiting of all food. The tongue is thick, moist, coated, and shows imprint of teeth. The stools are lumpy and covered with mucus. Both fissures and hemorrhoids are found about the anus. The blood count is low. Anemia is marked. The skin is sallow. The subjective sympoms are a faint, allgone felling in the stomach, with constant, violent palpitation of the heart on
exertion and after vomiting. In the abdomen we have heavy, sharp, cutting, dragging pains. There is a dull frontal headache, especially about the nasal sinuses. Use the 3rd and tincture." The sensation of "all-goneness" in the stomach is highly a characteristic symptom produced in the homeopathic provings. It is felt by anyone who takes a strong sniff of Goldenseal powder. This symptom often appears in the Hydrastis patient. It has been my experience that it corresponds with patients who have suffered a significant emotional loss. They feel like they have an uncontrollable "hemorrhage of emotional energy" from the solar plexus. Mild prolapsus of the gall bladder and it's associated ducts probably accounts for the sallow complexion sometimes seen in the Goldenseal patient. Hydrastis is required in some cases of gall-stone, inflammation of the gall-bladder, and gall-stone colic. It proves curative in these conditions by strengthening and toning, so that pathogenic waste and concretions are eliminated. The intestines tend to become atonic, leading to constipation. This is one of the most important remedies for this condition when it is chronic (Burt, Boericke). Here is a typical case illustrating the digestive problems associated with Hydrastis. A thirty-four year-old woman suffered from "candida" for many years. Her principle symptom was constipation. This diagnosis, vague as it is, was made both by alternative and conventional physicians, and satisfied the patient. She was able to control the symptoms through a special diet. Although she looked relaxed, she said she was tense. She did not look tired. The tongue body was broad, pallid, flabby, dry, scalloped on the edges, with a small ulcer at each side. The coating was slight, yellow and dry. The pulse was deficient in force and substance, but slightly tense. Hydrastis in tincture, one drop per dose, one to two drops a day, as needed, revitalized her entire system and removed the constipation. The patient reacted so strongly to her first dose that she asked whether it was an aphrodisiac. She responded promptly and the symptoms were largely removed, though she still had to watch her diet somewhat. Three years later she was still in good shape. Heart. Due to poor digestion and nutrition, the muscles and nerves become atonic. The heart may, under these circumstances, lack tone and strength. When Hydrastis is called for in these cases, the pulse is slightly irregular, as well as weak and slightly tense. "It stimulates the respiration and circulation, imparting tone and increased power to the heart's action, increasing arterial tension and capillary blood pressure," writes Ellingwood. "The tone imparted to the muscular structure of the heart differs from that imparted by strychnine in being perment and not spasmodic or intermittent in character. It influences muscular structure everywhere in the system in the same manner. It stimulates normal fibrillar contractility and increased tonus, encouraging the nutrition of muscular structure. It inhibits tthe development of superflouous muscular tissue and abnormal growth within that structure. It is thus most valuable in altered conditions of the heart muscle." (At that time, Strychnine was used as a nerve stimulant). Respiratory tract. Dr. R. F. Rabe, a homeopath, gives a summary of the leading pathogenetic symptoms in Medical Therapeutics (1920). "Hydrastis affects the mucous membranes generally. Its first effect is to produce stimulation of the gastric functions, to which is added a general increased reflex excitability. This is
followed by atonic, relaxed conditions of mucous surfaces, resulting in debility, general catarrhal discharges and a tendency to ulceration." As a consequence, "we have a remedy most valuable in catarrhal inflammations of the nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal tracts. One strong, characteristic and guiding symptom is found in the tenacious, tough, yellowish nature of the discharges which are, in addition, sometimes bloody and usually thick." Keeping these indications in mind, "Hydrastis will be found useful in dull, frontal catarrhal headaches, with thick, stringy yellow, lumpy nasal and postnasal mucous discharge. Likewise is the remedy indicated in watery excoriating coryzas, with much rawness in the throat and chest, and frequent sneezing." Female tract. Because of its strong influence upon mucous membranes and nerve force, Hydrastis is indicated for atonic conditions of the female tract where there is a build up of thick, yellow mucus and ulceration of the cervix. Here it is usually given as a douche. Skin. It is a topical remedy for ulcerations, herpes and various "damp heat" conditions where there is a red rash in moist places. It seldom cures herpes, but as an external salve in conjunction with a more specific remedy, like its cousin Ranunculus bulb., Hydrastis is useful. It is a specific remedy for gushing hemorrhages which are clean. It stops the bleeding and helps bring the edges of the cut together. Here the powder may be sprinkled directly on the cut. It possesses anti-bacterial properties. Any wound needed stitches, or having been stitched, suggests Goldenseal or Goldthread. It is absolutely contraindicated in dirty wounds, because it will seal in pus, dirt, and infection, causing a septicaemia of the blood. Mind. Remedies which strengthen the stomach generally enhance the nerve force in the solar plexus, the "animal brain." This in turn strengthens the entire nervous system, and with it, the cerebral functions. The typical Hydrastis patient does not suffer from a psychological or emotional problem, so much as a mild dullness of thinking. Boericke aptly states, "cerebral effects pronounced: wits sharpened, head cleared, facile expression." There is, however, one emotional condition which calls for Goldenseal. In patients who have lost a strong emotional connection, suffering a shock over the loss, will sometimes feel an "emotional hemorrhage" from the stomach. This results in the "all-gone sensation" mentioned in homeopathic literature. This condition is met with Hydrastis, sometimes in the potencies. Preparation and dosage. Goldenseal works best as a digestive tonic in small material doses. I prefer single drops of the mother tincture, or a few drops of the 1x dilution (which is still bitter). The few homeopaths who used Hydrastis usually used the low potencies like Royal. Comparison. Coptis trifolia has virtually the same properties as Hydrastis. The same is probably true for the Chinese species, Coptis chinensis. In Appalachia, Xanthorhiza simplicissima (Yellowroot) is used instead of Hydrastis, on pretty much the same indications. All of these plants are members of the Ranunculaceae, with bitter, yellow roots that contain berberine. However, Xanthorhiza possesses less berberine and is milder in taste and effect (Crellin and Philpot). Hypericum perforatum. St. John's Wort.
"This European immigrant has become so thoroughly naturalized with us as to become a very troublesome weed upon our farm-lands," wrote Charles Millspaugh. "Its rapid and rank growth render it difficult to exterminate and very exhausting to the soil." There are several American members of the genus, but none of them have the exceptional healing properties of the officinal Hypericum perforatum. This is distinguished from the others by the pin-prick holes in the leaves, visible when held to the sun (hence the name perforatum). They are members of the Hyperaceae family. Hypericum was known to the ancient Greek physicians as a woundwort for nerve injuries. The Greek soldiers carried it into battle as, first, a magical protection against injury, and failing this, as a remedy for sharp cuts and nerve pain. It has a fairly continuous history of usage, from Dioscorides and Plinius, through the middle ages, down to modern times. The name St. John's Wort comes from the fact that it blooms around St. John's Day (Mid-summer). "Among the more superstitious peasantry of Middle Europe the most astonishing virtues were assigned to the herb," says Millspaugh. "It became in fact with them a fuga d a e m o n u m , and was gathered under this idea, especially on St. John's Day." Paracelsus used it to drive away demons and depression. The American Indians use a native Hypericum to drive away witches. "Plant it outside your house and it will make a witch trip when he or she walks by," says Tis-mal. Hypericum strengthens the nerve force of the solar plexus, which usually also has a positive action on the condition of the brain and the instincts in the gut, so that one is, indeed, less likely to be tripped up by negative forces. Modern pharmacological studies show that it both causes and cures depression. Hypericum was not much used in the professional medicine of Europe until the advent of homeopathy. Hahnemann gave Hypericum a proving and introduced it into the materia medica. What an exceedingly valuable addition it was! Hypericum is an exceptionally useful and specific remedy in wounds to parts rich in nerves, attended with sharp, shooting pains, inflammation along the course of a nerve, pinched nerves, injuries from sharp, penetrating instruments, etc. It was largely ignored by the eclectic and physio-medical doctors of the nineteenth century, who seem to have identified it closely with "the enemy" (i.e., homeopathy). It is, however, well favored by herbalists of the twentieth century, showing the influence both of folk-medicine and homeopathy. The homeopathic literature gives extensive coverage to the use of Hypericum in nerve-trauma. The internal affinities of the medicine are more poorly recorded. A brief account is rendered by David Hoffman, a more extensive and complicated one by Peter Holms. I have relied upon the experience and description of my friend Dr. Fred Siciliano, O.M.D., of Santa Paula, Ca. All of these authors reflex the traditional uses of Hypericum as an internal remedy, as found in Western herbalism. Properties. The flavor is slightly pungent, bitter and sweet and the temperature is warm. It contains aromatic volatile oils. These qualities combine to give it the taste and properties of a balsam. Hypericum has the most remarkable, gentle, beautiful, pleasing, but medicinal taste. It is one of the great balsamic herbs, in which the various flavors are comingled in relatively equal degrees, so that the temperament
in relatively neutral. See the account under Melissa for further discussion of the balsamic property. The doctrine of signatures also enters into the history of Hypericum. William Coles wrote in The Art of Simpling (1656), "The leaves of Saint John's Wort, seem to be pricked or pinked very thick with little holes like the Pores of a Man's skin: it is a sovereign remedy for any Cut in the skin, and as useful also for the opening of the Pores of the Body when they are obstructed." Hypericum is extensively used for injuries with sharp-pointed implements, which penetrate to the nerves and cause sharp, shooting-pain. It is only weakly diaphoretic, however, acting best in long, chronic diseases, where it has a general cleansing tendency, through the skin, liver and lymphatics. The pin-prick holes also relate it to the digestive tract. Hypericum is an important remedy for improving the absorption of nutriment, which must pass through the pores of the small intestine to get into the lymphatic circulation. The yellow flowers of Hypericum, soaked in oil, alcohol or water, give a dark red, blood-like tincture to the medium. This was taken as a signature for wounds in medieval medicine. It is also analogous to Hydrastis: out of the yellow, signifying the digestive processes, chyme and lymphic fluid, comes the red, the blood by which the body is strengthened. Balsam to the nerves. The action of Hypericum is primarily upon the nervous system. As a vulnerary it cannot be excelled (though it is equaled by Xanthoxylum) in trauma to the nerves, where there is much damage and pain. "Every homoeopathic physician of at least three month's practice can attest to its merits," writes Millspaugh. "It is to the nervous system what arnica is to the muscular." Boericke comments that the judicious use of Hypericum in surgery can make morphine unnecessary. I have talked to homeopathic patients who testified that this level of pain-control is possible with the remedy. Kent says that it will cure tetanus, once that disease has set in, but that Ledum will prevent it. One of my first cases was a young woman who stuck an awl up under her finger-nail, resulting in great pain. Within twenty-four hours, a red streak was shooting up the arm, showing that their was serious infection of the nerve. I gave her Hypericum and told her to see the doctor in the morning. By that time the redness was entirely removed and the pain was gone. But these external nerve problems represent only the superficial level of action which Hypericum has upon the nervous system. It has a subtly strengthening influence upon the nerve power of the solar plexus, helping the stomach to digest better. By strengthening, it is beneficial for both hypo- and hyper-acidity of the stomach, and is useful for stomach ulcers. But it goes further, helping the small intestine to absorb food better, bringing nutriment to the lymphatics for distribution in the interior of the organism. By strengthening the nervous system and nourishing the tissues, it strengthens weak and elderly patients, or those who have suffered from long, debilitating illnesses. This promotes increased cleansing from the lymphatics and tissues generally. The liver is mildly calmed and decongested and the gall bladder is strengthened. It relieves tension in various parts of the body due to nervous debility and weakness. "St. John's Wort gets people on the road to better health by ennabling
assimilation of food, and this promotes tissue cleansing," says Fred Siciliano. "It is more a tonic than a cleanser, but it is the appropriate cleanser when the patient is too weak to bear stronger medicines. It decongests the liver and removes mild tension that accompanies this. It harmonizes the stomach, spleen, liver and gall bladder, so that the digestive organs are not 'pushed over' by the liver." It is, in short, a balsam or elixir of longevity, as explained by Paracelsus (cf. Melissa). Indications. Chronic illness resulting in emotional depression, mental and physical weakness; chronic pain, resulting in nervous exhaustion; weakness of the stomach and solar plexus; hyper- and hypo-acidity; painful stomach ulcers; poor assimilation and absorption of nutriment resulting in emaciation and weakness; removes catarrh from the stomach and small intestine, promoting digestion and assimilation; congested liver, abdominal tension and weakness; intestinal colic; kidney and sacral pain, kidney-stones, bedwetting, urinary incontinence and irritation; irregular and variable menstruation, pre-menstral depression; catarrhal bronchitis; intermittent fever. Preparation and dosage. In herbal medicine the bulk herb is used as a tea or tincture. The oil does not catch the best ingredients, and is not as effective as a remedy---though it is well-suited to external application. I prefer to use the tincture. In homeopathy, the potencies are used. I often have better success with the tincture and this should never be overlooked, even by the most inverterate high-potency prescriber. Formulae. Fred Siciliano considers St. John's Wort an excellent adjunct with Echinacea for anti-bacterial problems. His teacher, Sydney Yudin, of Santa Clara, Ca., gave the following formula for gastritis and hyperacidity: Peppermint (15 g), Buckbean (2 g), Fennel or Dill (15 g), Yarrow (15 g), and St. John's Wort (30 g). Pour ten ounces of boiling water over 2 tablespoonfuls, steep 30 minutes, drink 3 oz. before meals. Comparison. In its internal and external applications, Hypericum is very similar to Xanthoxylum. Sometimes, I cannot determine which remedy is required and must give each to determine the correct remedy. I doubt the strictest homeopath and with the best repertory could determine which remedy to give in all cases. Hyssopus officinalis. Hyssop. This is not the Hyssop mentioned in the Bible, but another herb of ancient reputation. It is a member of the Mint family native to southern Europe, but more widely grown in gardens. Hyssop was known to the Greeks under the name yssopon, meaning a "holy herb" used to clean sacred places. It has been used since ancient times in medicine. Dioscorides recommended it with rue and honey as a remedy for coughs, shortness of breath, wheezing, and dampness in the lungs; with honey or figs to loosen the bowels and remove worms. Properties. The flavor is pungent and slightly bitter, the temperature warm, and the impression is deeply dredging and bringing-to-the-surface or diaphoretic. Hyssop contains aromatic volatile oils which act on the mucous membranes. It is useful to dredge heat from the blood, bring it to the surface and equalize the circulation. It brings excess moistre out of the depths, to the surface, decongesting dampness and moistening the skin. It is indicated in low-grade, septic fevers, with heat in the blood, moistre trapped in the interior and dryness of the skin. It corresponds to
febrile conditions where the pulse is rapid and flooding, indicating an imbalance of heat and fluids between the depths and the exterior (personal experience). One of the few authors to give specific indications for Hyssop is Richard Hool, the Lancashire herbalist (1927). "When employed for the cure of continued or slow fever, we have one of the finest remedies that we can ever use, especially when children are the sufferers." Continual fevers are low-grade, septic infections. He used it in "scarlet fever, typhoid fever, spotted fever, and inflammation of the bowels in children." In such conditions we generally want to bring the heat and toxin up to the surface and equalize the circulation. I have pieced together a simple set of indications from traditional sources, Richard Hool, and my own experience. Indications. Chronic, infected states of the lungs, with moistre or catarrh, wheezing and asthma; flushed face; heat in the head, neck, shoulders and palms; sore throat from septic infections; fermentative states of the stomach and bowels; flatulence, constipation, worms; low grade fever; continual fever in children; rapid and flooding pulse. Preparation and dosage. Infusion: pour a pint of boiling water over one quarter of an ounce of dried hyssop flowers and steep 10 minutes. Tincture, 1-5 drops. Formula. Hyssop is compatible with Yarrow, which also dregs heat from the blood and opens the periphery, inducing perspiration; with Coltsfoot for chronic damp heat in the lungs; with Marrubium for acute respiratory problems (Grieve); with Arnica for stagnant blood and bruising. Ilex aquifolium. European Holly. Holly is a small tree in the Aquifolaceae family native to Europe. The green leaves and red berries captured the popular imagination, leading to many mythic and folk-loric associations. In addition, Holly has long used as a remedy for intermittent fever. Specific indications calling for its use are lacking in the literature. We really have nothing in this line until Dr. Bach introduced Holly as a remedy as one of his "flower remedies." He used it for those who feel overwealmed by hatred, jealousy and negative emotions. We can surmise a little about the physical properties of the plant by considering these symptoms. In humoral medicine, hatred is seen as a result of black bile building up in the spleen until it overwealms a person and he "vents his spleen." In both Greek and Chinese medicine the spleen is looked upon as the seat of melancholy, brooding and excessive preoccupation. The Chinese say that the spleen "stores the thoughts" or images. The free flow of the imagination is an important part of health, and anything which impedes this flow causes at first melancholy, then as it is stored up, hatred. The imagination works by sympathy and antipathy. It absorbs those images which are compatible with one's self-image and resists those that are antipathetic to self-unfoldment. When sympathy or empathy occurs between people there is love, in one degree or another, but when one person uses the connection to take advantage of the other or stops the flow unnaturally, hard feelings result, the mind becomes congested with evil thoughts, and hatred results. The imaginative faculty,
associated with the spleen, is the medium through which both spiritual good and dissociative evil can take root in a person. On the physical level, the spleen turns out not to be a very important structure in its own right. It is not essential to life processes, and when it is surgically removed, life goes on. However, some interesting things occur. Removal of the spleen improves life distance running, because the runners do not feel the natural impetus to stop. This is analogous to the problem seen in "venting the spleen." An uncontrollable urge is engendered which cannot be stopped. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system as a whole, and most of the diseases referent to it involve disturbances in the lympathatics. In certain instances, the spleen becomes enormously swollen. This often occurs in intermittent fever and malaria. It was in intermittents that the European and American Hollies were most frequently used. They were cited as a good substitute for Quinine bark, sometimes working even better. The bark of Holly in large amounts, and the berries in small doses, cause emesis and purgation. This indicates a relationship to digestive and assimilative processes. The spleen is associated with the assimilation and absorption of food in the body according to traditional Chinese medicine. I once treated a man who was suffering from intermittent chills and influenza-like feelings of soreness and stiffness in the joints, who also felt that a great deal of hatred was being directed his way. Holly flower essences lessened the physical pains and the emotional turmoil was resolved in three days. Holly works for those who generate and those who receive powerful negative feelings. Preparation and dosage. Since European Holly is seldom found in herbal commerce, the Bach flower remedy becomes the recommended source. This has always satisfied me when a patient needed something for hatred and negative feelings. Ilex opaca. American Holly. This is the American cousin of the above, native to the more southerly areas of the eastern woodland forests. It is similar in appearance and properties to the European species. Cook says the leaves of the American Holly "are stimulating and relaxing, and of a peculiar bitter and somewhat balsamic taste. A warm infusion arouses outward capillary action, and gently promotes perspiration; and its abundant use may induce vomiting, and sometimes purging. A cold infusion is somewhat tonic [on the stomach]." Large doses are not recommended. Ilex verticulata. See Prinos verticulata. Ilex vomitoria. Yaupon Holly. A member of the Holly family native to the Deep South. It appears to be the only native American plant which contains caffeine. The Indians realized that it had mind altering properties and used it as a ceremonial beverage. It was used in the "Black Drink Ceremony" of the southern Indians. Yaupon causes vomiting and purging, but also an altered state of mind. Osceola, the great war chief of the
Seminole Indians, was given the name "As-se-se-ho-lar," which means the "black drink singer," because his singing during the Black Drink Ceremony was particularly strong. This is not without significance; the emotional brutality he suffered at the hands of the whites led him on a war of hatred and revenge that was incredible in its duration and success. Illicium. Star Anise. This spice comes from a tree native to China and Japan, in the Magnolia family. It is called Star Anise because the taste and properties are similar to Anise Seed (Pimpenella anisum). Illicium is also a pungent, sweat, and warming herb, though it is somewhat more stimulating than Pimpenella. Star Anise occupies a small niche in herbal tradition, and is barely mentioned in homeopathic literature. Nevertheless, it is rather useful within it's limited sphere. Properties. Star Anise is pungent, sweet, warming, stimulating and aromatic. The star-like pods, with hollow spaces holding the seeds, remind one of the sinuses of the face, surrounding the nose. The pungent, aromatic qualities of the medicine act strongly on the sinuses and the bronchial tubes. I know of no remedy as sure to decongest when the maxillary sinuses are involved. It has a special affinity for the maxillary sinuses, and is often useful when these sinuses (rather than the others), are the site of a respiratory infection or congestion. I have seen Star Anise cure chronic hayfever, affecting particularly the maxillary sinuses, in less than forty-eight hours. Sometimes the bronchial tract is affected. Another prominent symptom comes to us from homeopathic literature: "pain in region of third rib, about an inch or two from the sternum, generally on the right side, but occasionally on left" (Boericke). Preparation and dosage. Nibble on the dried seed-pods, or make a decoction by simmering a cup in a quart of water for 15 minutes. Imperatoria ostruthium. Imperial Masterwort. This is usually called Imperatoria in the literature of herbal medicine, but it is has been more recently classified as a Peucadanum. Whatever, Masterwort is a member of the Umbellifera family native from Europe to India. It grows in the hills and mountains of central Europe, where it enjoys the most popularity, but it is so scarce that its usefulness is limited. Despite this rarity, it is naturalized from eastern Pennsylvania to Michigan, and perhaps elsewhere in North America and can be cultivated in gardens. Imperatoria has been used in the herbalism of both Europe and India, and is mentioned as far back as Dioscorides. It is little known in America. Peter Holmes rightly compares it to Ligusticum porteri (Osha Root), which is also a pungent, warm, stimulating root used for the stomach, lungs, and joints, which is rare but highly valued by the folk. Masterwort has been called "the root of roots" in central European folk-medicine, and the masterly and imperial herb. Properties. Imperatoria is strongly pungent and moderately bitter in flavor, warming and drying in temperature, and stimulating and aromatic in impression. In consequence, it is warming and stimulating to the stomach and intestines, removing flatus, to the respiratory channels, removing catarrh, soothing to the
kidneys, and warming to the extremities, removing rheumatism and gout. Aemilius Macer (eleventh century) says that "the root of this herb ground up and drunk with wine will abate all illnesses of the liver, the swelling of the spleen and jaundice. In the same way, it heals the hardness that is called scirrhus in greek [a hard external tumour, cancer]. It also breaks up and flushes out stones in the bladder and induces menstruation. In the same way, it makes a body quickly urinate and cures a cough. In the same way it helps those who spit up blood." It is also used to induce menstruation and even abortion, or expell the after-birth; to cure welts, scabs, and leprousy; and cleanse the head of excessive mucus. Paracelsus used Imperatoria for swollen tongue with thirst, chronic tumours of the spleen, kidney stones, high fever, and uterine problems such as amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea. Swollen tongue with thirst indicates induration, hardening and drying of internal membranes, such as we would find when the spleen and lymphatics are damaged by chronic heat and there is a tendency to the appearance of cancer. Preparation and dosage. The root should be gathered in the spring or fall, when the life is in the root. Make a decoction by pouring an ounce of the tea over a teaspoonful of the chopped root. Dose of the tincture, 1-20 drops. Inula helenium. Elecampane. Elecampane is a member of the Composite family native to Europe, cultivated in America. It has large leaves and yellow flowers. The name Elecampane means "Helen of the plains" (Helena campagna ) in Latin. It is an ancient remedy for coughs. The expectorant property is combined with a bitter tonic, giving Elecampane an affinity to the lungs, stomach, intestines and mucous membranes generally. A particularly good account is rendered by Ellingwood. Inula occupies a small niche in the homeopathic materia medica, but it is little used. Respiratory tract. In an acute bronchitis, when mucus clumps up in the upper part of the chest and the cough is unable to descend and bring it up, Elecampane "breaks up" the mucus and starts expectoration. A profuse amount of mucus usually comes up, some of which the patient---especially a child---swallows. This causes irritation to the stomach, resulting in indigestion. Elecampane is still appropriate at this stage, because the bitter tonic quality settles the stomach. It is also appropriate for some cases of sinusitis, when there is profuse mucus discharge from the posterior nares, dripping down the throat, to lungs and stomach. "It is certainly an important remedy in the relief of irritation of the trachea and bronchi. Where there is persistent irritating cough, with pain beneath the sternum, and abundant expectoration, the condition being acute or sub-acute in character, and accompanied with some elevation of the temperature" (Ellingwood). It is also useful in chronic bronchial conditions. "The direct tonic influence of inula seems to be exercized also upon the respiratory tact after protracted disease promoting recovery. It lessens excessive bronchial secretion, controls the night sweats and imparts real tone and strength" (Ellingwood). Digestive tract. "In atonic condition of the abdominal viscera with engorgement , great relaxation and general inactivity this agent exercises specific properties. It influences not only the charactger of the circulation but acts also an an alterative, improving the character of the blood. It is of advantage in those atonic
conditions where, with great inactivity of the gastro-intestinal trract, there is disorder of the skin and discoloration and eruptions" (Ellingwood). Pelvic organs. "Excessive catarrhal discharges from the bladder are readily controlled by its use, and vaginal catarrh yields readily to its influence. It acts directly upon the glands of the cervix uteri and in catarrhal endometritis it speedily overcomes the glairy mucous discharge and materially improves the condition" (Ellingwood). Preparation and dosage. Decoction, an ounce of the root boiled in water for 10-20 minutes, dilute to taste. Tincture, 1-20 drops. Iris versicolor. Blue Flag. Various representatives of this family are scattered throughout the Northern hemisphere, and have entered into the indigenous medicine of Europe, Asia and North America. Iris versicolor, the Blue Flag native to the northern reaches of the Eastern Woodlands, is the officinal plant in botanical and homeopathic medicine. It was used by the Indians for many purposes. William Bartram, the early American botanist, noticed that the Creek Indians planted Iris near their villages. "They hold this root in high estimation, every town cultivates a little plantation of it, having a large artificial pond just without the town planted and almost overgrown with it." A woodsman from up north told me that Iris indicates clean water. This may be the reason for these little Iris gardens. The Indians used the root for as a cathartic and bowel remedy. Because it was a reliable cathartic, this remedy was adopted by the colonial settlers and doctors, who knew of similar properties in the European Iris. It was not used in a very subtle fashion until the last years of nineteenth century, when it's affinities to the liver and pancreas became evident. It was then used as an "alterative," or "blood cleaner." This means that it "altered" or "cleansed" the system, so that general inflammatory conditions could be controlled. It is still used in herbalism today, usually in combination with other such "blood cleaners" as Burdock, Yellow Root, etc. The indications are not very specific. Iris fared somewhat better among the homeopaths. It was proven by the lowpotency wing of the school. The indications generated were limited, but useful. "Iris acts powerfully upon the gastro-intestinal tract, the liver, and especially the pancreas; causing burning sensations and a high state of congestion," writes Millspaugh. "Upon the nervous system, its action is marked. . . by the severe toxic neuralgia of the head, face and limbs." Among the more characteristic symptoms are the migraine, starting with a blur before the eyes, concomittent with nausea, worse after relaxation from strain, and better by slowing moving about. This is a common enough pattern, so that Iris has come to occupy a specific niche in homeopathic materia medica, as a "migraine remedy." The deeper affinities of this remedy had to await developments in the twentieth century. The concept of "low blood sugar" appeared only in the 1920s, and I do not believe that this remedy could have been entirely understood before that pathological entity had been recognized. Iris versicolor is nearly a specific for this condition. This was first brought out in my earlier book, Seven Herbs, Plants as Teachers (1987). Since that time I have had so many confirmations---as have several
of my friends---that any question about this affinity is moot. I think we have helped over a hundred cases with Iris versicolor. It is perfectly suited to all the main symptoms associated with that complaint. The following description is based primarily on my experiences with the remedy, interspersed with a few characteristic symptoms gleaned from homeopathic literature. The hypoglycaemia remedy. The typical Iris patient suffers from the characteristic symptoms of low blood sugar. If she goes for more than a few hours without food, she becomes tired, faint, dizzy, light-headed; which condition is relieved immediately after eating, especially something sweet. If, however, she has too much sugar, she runs the risk of getting hyper; this is followed by exhaustion. These ups and downs are accompanied by characteristic symptoms such as migraine headache, starting with a blur before the eyes, accompanied by nausea. A peculiarity of this headache is that it occurs while she is relaxing, after stress, and is ameliorated by moderate movement about the house. (This is unlike Chelidonium and Sanguinaria, which need bed-rest). A characteristic symptom is the sensation of a weight on the neck, which occurs in conjunction with a deep depression. The interesting thing about this depression is that it is not especially associated with personal issues, but is a sort of "generalized non-specific depression." The patient feels like she is "carrying the weight of the world" on her shoulders. It is an "impersonal depression," if I may so call it. The Iris patient usually has an "addictive personality"---not to the serious narcotics, or even alcohol or tobacco--but to sugar, chocolate, junk food, tv. One of my relatives had to have counselling to get off her addiction to Pepsi---that's Iris. Pancreas. I have never been able to gain any success in using Iris for the treatment of diabetes, and I believe that its stop-spot is with hypoglycaemia. It does, however, have additional uses regarding the pancreas. Dr. William Burt, who first proved Iris in 1880, noticed that it caused a burning sensation in the pancreas, and recommended it as a remedy for pancreatitis. This has been clinically verified since then. Iris is nearly a specific for pancreatitis. Liver. The poor management of sugars in the body causes the deposition of glycogen in the liver. This results in inflammation of the that organ, but not congestion. Therefore, there is no build up of bile with resulting yellow complexion. Atleast, I have never been able to get Iris to work when there was any jaundice---the usual remedy here is Chionanthus. There seems, instead, to be a liquification of the bile, so that it flows freely from the hepatic structures. This produces the yellowish to orangish diarrhea with itching of the anus, characteristic of Iris in the homeopathic provings. The build-up of sugar in the liver results in the inability to digest sugars, which results in hypoglycaemia. When this occurs, the sugars start to be stored in tissues throughout the body. We see them building up in the skin, resulting in a "sugary red glaze" on the cheeks that is highly characteristic. Inflammatory conditions of the liver usually result in a reddened tongue and wiry or tense pulse. We observe these in moderation in the Iris patient. The characteristic pulse feels like there is a "glaze" through the middle of the artery. I know this sounds a little far-fetched, and it is subtle, but I have been surprized again and again to find this particular feeling in the pulse requiring Iris. This "glaze" is like a plane of wiryness parallel to the surface of the skin, bisecting through the
middle of the artery. The tongue often has red edges, but not the heavy, dark red we often see when the liver is seriously afflame. The tongue has more brightness. Sometimes the edges are swollen. Heres an example illustrating the use of Iris in hypoglycaemia. Woman, aged 33, has a break-out between the fingers and elsewhere, that looks like poison ivy. She and her mother have little tiny cysts under the skin, and she bruises easily. Face reddish, looks sunburned. Seven years ago she was treated by a holistic M.D. for "candidiasis." Symptoms were flushes of heat after eating sugar or barbequed food. Treatment was Niastatin and diet. Relief until a bout a year ago, since when the flushing has been increasing. Present symptoms: flushing, more often when relaxed, feeling of uneasiness, can't completely focus on what's going on. This happens a few times a day, more in the late afternoon. No problems if she is exercizing. She does not notice reactions to eating sugar, but has typical symptoms of low blood sugar: dizzyness, faint-feeling, headache (pounding, front and back), a little nausea, blurring before the eyes, relieved by eating sugar. Tongue red in the middle, swollen along the edges. Pulse has the typical "glaze" through the middle. Iris 12x, once a day, or less, as needed. Quickly removed all low blood sugar symptoms, as well as the skin irritation. Sunburn. The red, glazed complexion of the typical Iris patient looks a lot like sunburn. This prompted me to try it as a remedy for this condition, in which capacity it has proved quite successful. I recommend the Iris Face Oil, made by Weleda. The following case history illlustrates it's value. A young man asked me for a good remedy to combat sunburn. He was in a National Guard unit that was scheduled to go to Panama for one month, on "maneuvers"---this was before the Noreiga debacle---and wanted something that would really do the trick. He was thinking of Aloe vera, but I recommended Iris Face Oil. I saw him several months later, and asked how it went. "Great, at first," he replied. "All my buddies wanted some: they only had Aloe vera." What was the hitch? "I worked great until my Sargent took it away so he could use it himself." The subject was a perfect specimen for a trial of the virtues of Iris, because he had that extremely fair complexion and blond hair seen in Pomeranian Germans---he was Polish. Pomeranian settlers in Brazil have had a terrible time with sunburn and skin cancer. The complexion of the hypoglycaemic-Iris type might also be likened to scalded skin. The Indians used Iris as a burn remedy. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. In large doses Iris is a cathartic with toxic sideeffects. In small doses (1-10 drops of the tincture) it flushes sugar from the liver. However, most cases that I have treated have responded to the homeopathic 12x potency or a flower essence. I do not recommend the Iris douglusia flower essence nearly as much as the Iris versicolor for hypoglycaemia. Patients with the red, sugar-glaze on the face should definately use Iris soap, face lotion or moisturizing cream. Jeffersonia diphylla. Twinleaf. This small wildflower is native to the Eastern woodlands of North America, and was used by the Indians. The pioneers and botanical physicians of the early
nineteenth century adopted it from the Indians, but Twinleaf is somewhat scarce, and it fell into obscurity in the late part of the century. Cook gives a fairly complete account of the use of Jeffersonia. Properties. The flavor is pungent and bitter. "To sensitive persons, its action upon the fauces and respiratory passages is sharp, and almost acrid, and it excites the stomach somewhat unpleasantly; hence it is not appropriate to sensitive patients or irritable conditions, but is suited only to sluggish conditions, and states of laxity and enfeebled action. It promotes expectoration in chronic coughs and hepatization; a warm infusion will elevate capillary circulation, increase the secretion of the skin, and promote the menstrual function. It is much used in depressed forms of chronic rheumatism, in sirups designed for secondary syphilis and mercurial rheumatisim or cachexy, dropsy, and atonic forms of amenorrhea" (Cook). "Twinleaf exerts a stimulant influence upon mucous membranes, increasing their circulation, and checking profuse secretion. It improves the blood and favors normal secretion. It may be employed in any case where any of these influences are desirable. It also exerts a feebly stimulant influence upon the skin, sufficient, however, to make it useful in chronic skin diseases" (Fyfe). Indications. "It is a strong agent, and deserves much consideration in prostrated conditions of the nerves and pulse" (Cook). "Chronic rheumatism, especially when the pain is located in the muscles of the back; dropsical affections; diseases characterized by nervous irritability; atonic conditions of the mucous surfaces, with excessive and tenacious serection; constitutional chronic catarrh" (Fyfe). Gargle with the infusion for aphthous sores, semi-indolent ulcers, and mild ulceration of the throat (Cook). Preparation and dosage. It may be toxic and should not be harvested due to scarcity (Foster and Duke). It would be nice to have a homeopathic or flower essence preparation of Jeffersonia. Formula. "It is an antispasmodic of the stimulating class; and a moderate portion of it can be used to advantage in low hysteria and uterine pains, combined with such agents as Liriodendron and Mitchella." It is also often combined with other alteratives, such as Dicentra, Alnus, Phytolacca, and Fraxinus (Cook). Juglans cinerea. Butternut. This beautiful tree, a close relative of the Walnut, is native to the big woods of eastern North America. It does not provide as valuable a wood as its cousin Black Walnut, and the edible nut preserves much more poorly. As a medicine the two seem to be fairly equivalent. Furthermore, they have the same mental-emotional profile as the English Walnut, which was introduced by Dr. Bach. This tree has more harsh qualities, and is not as useful in food, medicine or cabinetry. I have rendered the historical account under Butternut, the discussion of physical properties under Black Walnut and the psychological profile under English Walnut, but they can be used fairly interchangeably. Intestines. Both the Indians and the white settlers had a high respect for purgatives and cathartics. Even in the best of times, meats were poorly preserved and the water supply was often contaminated. Of all the available purgatives, the Indians and pioneers liked Butternut and Walnut the best. They used the bark and
the rind of the nut, particularly. During the Revolutionary War, when physicians could not obtain foreign drugs and camp fever was widespread, the colonial doctors began to use Butternut and Walnut in quantity. They became very popular, from this time onwards, because they are not harsh cathartics, but tone the intestine while emptying it out. Peter Smith gives a frontiersman's view in The Indian Doctor's Dispensatory; being Father Smith's Advice Respecting Diseases and Their Cure (1812). "This differs from all other purges that I know of in this---that your doses may be less and less, but other physic must have more and more, or it will not purge. Other purges generally leaves the body in a worse habit but this in a better. Its general ease and safety, and its answering in almost every disease, so that I venture to say the trial of it will never be wrong, make it a far preferable medicine to salts or any other purge, where repeated applications are wanted." He recommended it "in a weak and debilitated state of the bowels," "pain in the stomach, worms, colds, consumptive coughs, costiveness, laxes, hemorrhage, or what you will, all is safe." It is used in both constipation and diarrhea. Smith's information on dosage is quite helpful. The bark "may be taken in as small quantities as you please." If it does not immediately purge, it acts "as a stimulus and tonic to the system." By repeating a small dose every night (a pill or two), for up to a month, "a good habit of body" will be produced. "The doses may be increased a little every night till they purge; then take less and less till the patient is quite well." John Monroe (1824) writes that Butternut bark is "one of the best and safest physics ever known. It is a great cleanser of the lungs; good in phthisics, and all other disorders of the like nature. The oil of the nuts is an excellent application for sore nipples of women." Dr. William Cook (1868) gives a similar but more sophisticated account. "It is among the moderately slow but very reliable cathartics, relaxing and stimulating, influencing the gall-ducts and gall-cyst, and the muscular fibers and mucous membranes of the bowels. It secures the ejection of bile, and the dislodgment of all hepatic and alvine accumulations; but does not excite watery stools, and always leaves behind a desirable tonic (but not astringent) impression on the alvine canal. In sensitive persons, and those of the nervous temperament, it often causes sharp griping---an effect more common to the recent than the long-dried root. Bilious and bilous lymphatic termperaments rarely feel any griping." J. I. Lighthall (1876) pronounces it "king of constipation." He adds, "Where piles are produced by constipation it is almost a certain cure." Juglans cinerea is indicated in constipation, because it purges out empacted bowels; in diarrhea, because it purges out heat and infection; in parasitical and amoebic infections, because it purges out low forms of life. Skin. In addition to acting on the bowel, Butternut acts strongly on the skin. It is often indicated where there are parasites or other little creatures in the skin, or when dermal problems are connected with bowel problems. An ideal case came my way recently. One of my nephews had pin-worm and impetigo. Butternut bark tincture, a few drops three times a day, removed the problem in three days. Specific indications. "Butternut exerts a marked influence upon the skin, and
may be employed in either acute or chronic skin diseases. It also allays irritation of the mucous membranes, and promotes their normal function. In dysentery and diarrhea it is a frequently indicated remedy, and in some cases of intestinal dyspepsia it gives much better results than the bitter tonics" (Fyfe). Sluggishness, weakness and atonicity of the large intestine, with prolapse, constipation or diarrhea, and hemorrhoids. Preparation and dosage. "Take the inner bark of the butternut tree and cut it into pieces, then add equal parts of water and 98 per cent. alcohol, and after fourteen days' standing it is ready for use. The dose of the tincture is three or four tablespoonfuls a day until the bowels become loose and regulated, then lessen the dose according to the necessity" (Lighthall). Tincture, dosage from 1-15 drops, 3 times a day, according to the condition. Juglans nigra. Black Walnut. Much the same may be said about the Black Walnut as about the Butternut. It has a more beautiful wood and a marketable nut, but as a medicine it seems to exert the same influence. Some American herbalists have tended to prefer the Black Walnut. Dr. John Christopher used it extensively. Where he lived, in Utah, the Black Walnut was widely planted as an ornamental, while the Butternut was absent. A look at several physical attributes of the Walnut will teach us about its medicinal properties. All the Juglans clan secret substances which inhibit other forms of vegetable life, including their own offspring. The ground under a large Walnut becomes denuded. How then do the seeds get to germinate? The large nuts are about the size of a baseball. When they fall off the tree they tend to bounce a distance before coming to rest. The nuts which bounce back towards the tree will not get a chance to grow, but those which bounce away may one day become tall, magestic trees. The Walnut is like the parent that encourages the child to breakaway and get a clean start on their own. As we shall see, the English Walnut was called the "linkbreaker" by Dr. Bach. Walnut helps to break parasitical links, mentally, emotionally and physically. It sets up the line of demarcation. Like Butternut, Black Walnut is used for intestinal and skin problems. Here are two case histories illustrating its virtue in each situation. Dr. Christopher told a great story about a particularly bad case of impetigo whose cure brought him acclaim. He ran a pharmaceutical warehouse for the army during World War II. At one of the weekly meetings with the medical department a man was brought in who had a half inch crust of impetigo on his head. They had tried everything, including the best doctors in New York City, but to no avail. They were going to send him home, but he objected. He came into the army clean, but they were sending him home with this disgusting condition. They said they'd give him an honorable discharge, but they were stumped. Dr. Christopher chimed in. He said he could work a cure in a week. The major and the other doctors laughed, but they let him try. For five days Dr. Christopher soaked the man's head with a wet bandage medicated with Black Walnut tea. When the week was over the man was cured. After that, the army doctors respected Dr. Christopher's talents and let him practice herbalism.
Another nice story was told to me by a fellow at a workshop in Ohio. I forgot his name. He was living on a little farm in Arkansas that had terrible water. They called it "Black Sulphur Water." The septic system ran down into the well. One day when he was away his wife and son decided to give the water a try. They came down with dysentery. "I didn't really keep herbs on hand, you know, just used whatever was around. I knew there was Black Walnut in the woods, so could I use that. Added a little Cayenne Pepper. That cured them in no time." Cayenne is used in Thomsonian herbalism---and also by Dr. Christopher---as a dispersive to stimulate circulation and help the remedy get to the right location. It would be well suited to an intestinal case, since it would stimulate the portal blood supply, but only Black Walnut (or Butternut) purges out the bacteria and inflammation. Juglans regia. English Walnut. This tree should properly be called the European Walnut, as it has a wide range throughout Europe, but North Americans associate it with England. It does not have the utility of its American cousins, either in woodworking, food or medicine. As a cathartic it is quite harsh, and it was only used with caution. However, most of the virtues for which the American Juglans are used, are also recorded for the European. However, this Walnut gained special notoriety when it was adopted by Dr. Edward Bach as one of his flower essences. It is this special use which we will discuss here. Dr. Bach's mental indications apply to the American cousins as well, as I have seen in practice. "The remedy gives constancy and protection from outside influences," wrote Dr. Bach. It is "for those who have definite ideals and ambitions in life and are fulfilling them, but on rare occasions are tempted to be led away. . . by the enthusiasm, convictions or strong opinions of others." Walnut flower essence is used for those who are too heavily under the sway of others, hence it is called the "Link-breaker." This profile comes in to play with the American Walnuts as well. The nephew mentioned previously would be a good case in point. His mother died of cancer when he was three and my sister, a good friend of hers, was appointed legal guardian. The link was broken too percipitously for him---maybe in other ways it was too strong. We have already discussed how the parental Walnut breaks the link with its offspring. There is another signatures which needs development as well. When I was a freshman in college, the botany professor was lecturing about the doctrine of signatures and he picked upon Walnut as an example for ridicule. "The old doctors thought that the nut inside the shell looked like the brain inside the skull. Therefore, they thought Walnuts were good for the brain. Ha, ha, ha." Wow, I thought, I learned something of value! It took me years to figure out the application for this signature. When I read Dr. Bach's description, it seemed that the brainwithin-the-skull idea was like a person whose brain was not protected from outside influences. (Of course, I'm one of those people who don't believe that significant thinking takes place in the brain). The intestines look an aweful lot like brains, so they come into play here as well. The old Greek physicians believed that some mental illnesses could be cured by "purging the humors off the brain," giving
laxatives for this purpose. Anytime heat is removed from the viscera it takes some stress from mental activities because heat rises. Juniperus communis. Juniper. This small, horizontally spreading shrub is native to sunny slopes throughout the northern hemisphere, as far south as North Africa. The ripe blue berries are picked; they yield a volatile oil, which is the source of the medicinal properties. Juniper berries have been used in the medicine of many cultures. Harvey Felter explains its field of action. "In uncomplicated renal hyperaemia or congestion, when the circulation is weak and no fever or inflammation is present, the careful use of juniper will relieve, and if albumen is present it may disappear under its use. It is often of great value in chronic nephritis, catarrh of the bladder, and chronic pyelitis to stimulate the sluggish epithelia and cause a freer flow of urine to wash away the unhealthy secretions. . . . Under no circumstances should it be used when there is active inflammation." Indications. Atony and congestion of the kidneys, with catarrhal and purulent discharges; non-inflammatory irritability of the neck of the bladder; old persons, with poor digestion and scanty secretion of urine; chronic kidney infection; straining, bloody, scanty urine; weight in the kidney region; prostatic discharge. Preparation and dosage. The simple infusion is the best preparation. The dose is one ounce to a pint of boiling water. "No more than one pint to be taken a day, as suppression of urine, strangury, haematuria, or even uraemic convulsions may result from its use" (Felter). Lactuca virosa. Wild Lettuce. This is the wild cousin of garden lettuce. There are many species and varieties of Lactuca, of which the virosa is considered officinal. It is a native of Europe, naturalized in the Americas and elsewhere, long used as a remedy for insomnia and muscular tension. Wild Lettuce native to North America was used by the Indians in a similar fashion. Lactuca is a genus in the Composite family. Just about any wild or garden species of lettuce which has been allowed to go to seed will have the properties of Lactuca virosa. The medicinal potency is dependent upon the white latex sap found in the mature plant. This has not yet developed in the garden variety. When garden lettuce grows past it's prime the stalk gets tall, the leaves become long and slender, and the sap gets bitter and white. The medicinal and food properties of the plant are thus dependent on opposite factors. Lactuca is used in herbalism as a "nerve sedative" with hardly any further explanation. It received a homeopathic proving on fifteen subjects in 1846, but this did not result in widespread usage. Hughes (1880) wrote that "very little is know about this drug." Cowperthwaite added in 1916 that very few of the symptoms "have been verified by practice." T. F. Allen gave only one symptom as having been often verified by clinical experience. There was, however, one homeopathic author who had an intimate knowledge of Lactuca. In theText Book of Materia Medica (1865) Adolphe Lippe gives many useful symptoms, showing that he had personal experience with the remedy. Most especially, he gives the distinctive pulse indication as "slow and
hard." Since this is not mentioned in the provings, Lippe must have gotten it from personal experience. This symptom is a very important one because it points to the core of the Lactuca pattern. The slow, hard pulse is a classic indication for "internal cold" in traditional Chinese medicine. Patient is cold, stiff, deadened, hardened. Once we understand that "internal cold" is the core of the Lactuca problem we are in a position to understand many of the symptoms generated in the homeopathic provings. The homeopathic provings show that Lactuca is indicated for muscular tightness, deep-seated tension, suppression of function from tightness and tension, emotional coldness and deadness. The Lactuca patient suffers from a general sense of tightness and coldness affecting the whole body, but especially the chest, groin and extremities. Properties. Plants with a white sap are usually cold in nature. Most people who have consumed lettuce in a salad would agree that it is a cold plant. The homeopathic provings bring out a great deal of coldness. At the same time, the bitter taste indicates an affinity for inflammatory conditions. Lactuca is suited to conditions where cold has supervened over the normal body-heat, resulting in a cold, tight, dead, inactive state, but with evidences of heat "show through at the corners." The wild varieties of lettuce are somewhat rough looking. They assume an appearance opposite to edible lettuce, looking unkempt and uncultivated. I always say to my students that the plant "looks like a street person." No one has ever disagreed with that assessment. Wild Lettuce is the remedy for people who have been through great adversity and emotional harshness. Internal cold results from the invasion of cold from the environment, which causes retention of cold in the interior, with tightness of tendons and oppression of vitality. In my experience, this condition usually results from prolonged emotional suffering, emotional deadness or coldness, and not from climactic cold. The Lactuca patient has been through rough, de-humanizing, deadening experiences. Internal cold is not caused by a lack of heat in the system, but by external cold which has invaded, and become locked into the system. When cold results from a lack of internal heat it is called "yang deficiency" in Chinese medicine. Because of the deficiency of yang (fire) the patient is not only cold but weak and relaxed. Internal cold, on the other hand, is associated with tension. The liver, which is associated with flexibility of the tendons, is particularly affected by invasion of cold into the interior. Internal cold is likely to develop into a condition called "cold in the liver meridian" in tradtional Chinese medicine. Since the liver meridian climbs up the legs, winds around the genitals and inguinal crease, before reaching the liver, this syndrome is associated with impotence and hernias where the patient suffers from cold and tightness. The traditional sources say that the pulse is slow and hard, the tongue pale or coated white. The homeopathic provings show that Lactuca has a sedative effect on the brain and nervous system, reducing the frequency of the pulse. The sensations are predominately those of tightness and coldness. After an initial sensation of heat, there was a prolonged feeling of cold. Evidently the heat was blown out of the system, to be replaced by cold. Icy coldness in the throat, chest and stomach. Contraction at the pit of the stomach. The thorax feels compressed and narrowed,
especially while sitting with the body bent. One prover felt a desire to breathe deeply, an ardent longing for the open air, and yawned frequently. Contant sighings. Mucus with a painful cough. The tightness of the chest usually remained with the provers for several days, while a slight pressure in the abdomen was relieved by the passage of gas. Hughes generalized, "The disposition manifested itself in sadness, anxiety, and causeless chagrin." Thought processes teminate in negative and disagreeable ideas---what we would call "negative thinking" nowadays. I asked one of my patients if this was so. He commented, "Well, I always worry that someone will be murdered and I will be charged and sentanced for the crime, even though I didn't commit it." That's not something that the average person thinks about. Lactuca cured him of this "causeless chagrin" (Hughes), negative thinking, emotional deadness, and muscular tension. Here is an illustrative case history. A 13 year old boy was brought to me by his aunt on the chance that I could help with his emotional problems. His mother was dead, his father was a heroin addict, and his grandparents had just shipped him off to the aunt, who had only met him once. In addition, his girlfriend had just committed suicide. The only physical symptoms he cared to mention were sharp, biting pains in the eyes (a pathogenetic symptom under Lactuca). The margins had a slight redness, but a sharp look. The pulse was slow, hard and superficial. Usually the Lactuca pulse is deep, so I judged this to be a rather recent entrance of cold into the system, probably quite treatable. Lactuca virosa 6x cured the physical symptoms in less than a day and made a notable difference in the mental state as well. Another interesting case was that of a 39 year-old man who was suffering from chills and achyness, like a flu. Muscles were tight, breathing constricted, he felt depressed. Two days before the symptoms came on his had been struck on the testicle very hard by an electic plug that he yanked out of a socket. He suffered excruciating pain at the time. Lactuca 6x quickly removed the symptoms. This case illustrates the connection to "cold in the liver meridian," since the meridian travels through the testicles. Specific Indications. The following symptomology is based on Lippe. Head dull, heavy, and confused, with vertigo, worse in the morning. Irresistible drowsiness in the day time, but sleeplessness at night. Heat of the face and headache, but with general bodily coldness. The tongue is characteristically coated white. Bitter taste in the throat, as from bile. Cold in the back and head, with heat in the face. Dry heat of the upper part of the body, with icy coldness of the feet. Coldness and muscular tension cause contraction of the chest and respiration. Coldness, cramping, tightness, oppression is felt; in the chest, stomach, abdomen. "Incessant spasmodic cough, which threatens to burst the chest; it is always caused by a peculiar tickling in the fauces, which in turn seems to be produced by a sensation of suffocation in the throat." (This is the only symptom noted by T. F. Allen as having been frequently verified). Frequent desire to take a deep breath, constant desire for air, with oppression of the chest. "The liver was swollen, hard, the pressure of the hand under the false ribs could not be borne, with a rather pressive pain." Weight, fullness, swelling in the abdomen, with abundant flatulence. Colic in the morning with tension in the abdomen. Dry, hard, knotty, difficult stool; with burning at the anus.
Preparation and dosage. The infusion is made by pouring a cup of boiling water over 1/2-1 teaspoonful of the herb. The tincture is commonly used in herbalism as a sedative. The doses are sizable (30-60 drops). I have used drop doses of the mother tincture and the homeopathic potencies from 3x to 200c for sedating the nerves, relaxing the muscles and removing cold. Comparison. There are many different strains of Lactuca, most of which seem to have the same properties of Lactuca virosa. The psychological properties are similar to those of Artemisia tridentata (Sagebrush); both are remedies for patients who have been through dehumanizing and deadening experiences. The liver symptoms are similar to Artemesia absinthium (Wormwood). Lamium sp. Dead Nettle, Archangel. There are several species of Lamium which are used in herbal medicine. They are members of the mint family native to Europe. They grow in amongst, and look like, the true Nettles (Urtica sp.) but are not botanically related. They are called "Dead Nettles" in the sense that they are like the true Nettles but do not sting. Additional names are Blind, Dumb and Deaf Nettle. The several species of Lamium are noted by obvious differences. White Dead Nettle (L. album) has a white flower. It is the most common representative of the clan and is usually cited as the species used in herbal medicine. The Red (L. amplexicaule) has a rose flower, the Purple (L. purpureum) has a purple flower, and the yellow (L. galeobdolon) has a yellow flower with a few red botches. The last one also bears the happy name of "Weazel Snout," based on an unpleasant smell. The botanical name galeobdolon comes from the Greek for "weazel smell." There is also a Spotted Dead Nettle (L. maculatum) which sometimes has a white line down the middle of the leaf with a few botches on either side. These differences were duly noted by folk-doctors who used the doctrine of signatures. Hence, the appropriate Lamium would be used according to the signature. The White was used to stop the whites, the Red to curtail hemorrhaging, the Purple to drive heat from the blood and promote a rash, the Yellow to expel urine or pus, etc. Modern herbalists have not attempted to follow this doctrine so the white species has come close to being the type remedy, but no one species is technically officinal. The Lamiums are not mentioned by the classical writers, who probably did not distinguish them from the true Nettles. They may have thought them to be an inactive form of the Urticas. The earliest Latin writer refers to Lamium galeobdolon as "Urtica mortua." As a result, the use of the Lamiums in medicine does not descend to us from the written tradition, but from the folk. The doctrine of signatures and medieval Catholic folk-religion combined to point out Lamium sp. as an important remedy. Lamium is in flower around May 8 (old style), the feast day of St. Michael the Archangel. This would account for the other common name, Archangel (Grieve). As a more positive name than Dead Nettle, it might be preferred as indicating a positive virtue rather than the lack of one. The Lamiums worked their way from folk medicine into professional European medicine in the late middle ages but have always simmered below the surface as more of a folk-remedy than an article of professional use. The Hortus sanitatis (1485) recommends "Urtica mortua" as an anti-lithic (like the true Urtica), a
yellow dye for the hair and an external remedy for purulent wounds. The Archangels have continued to occupy a modest position in the herbalism of northern Europe, but are little used elsewhere. Maria Treben gives one of the more detailed accounts of Lamium found in contemporary literature. Properties. "The archangels are somewhat hot, and drier than the stinging nettles," notes Culpeper. Hence, they are "used with better success for the stopping and hardness of the spleen." Prepare a decoction of the herb in wine, apply it with spunges to the region of the spleen, or apply a hot plaister made from the herb. The spleen is the seat of the black bile, or melancholy, hence, Archangel "makes the heart merry, drives away melancholy [and] quickens the spirits." The leaves are astringent, therefore the Lamiums are traditionally used in hemorrhages and discharges, especially from the female tract. "Flowers of the white archangel are preserved or conserved to be used to stay the whites, and the flowers of the red to stay the reds in women." The warm, dry influence acts upon the blood to remove stagnation and bring rashes and heat to the surface, hence, Lamium is used externally on bruises. Specific Indications. Internal. Indigestion, stomach, spleen and intestinal problems. Skin eruptions and rashes. Ulcers and varicose veins. Scanty or burning urine, bladder trouble, serious kidney disorders and fluid retention around the heart. Intermittent chill, chill in the bladder and nephritis. Cirrhosis of the kidneys with renal dialysis threatening or already in place. Menstrual problems, especially of young girls; leucorrhea, hemorrhage. Sleeplessness. (Traditional sources, Maria Treben). External. Culpeper writes, "The herb also bruised, and with some salt and vinegar and hog-grease, laid upon an hard tumour or swelling, or that vulgarly called the king's evil, do help to dissolve or discuss them; and being in like manner applied, doth much allay the pains, and give ease to the gout, sciatica, and other pains of the joints and sinews. It is also very effectual to heal green wounds and old ulcers; also to stay their fretting, gnawing, and spreading. It draweth forth splinters, and such like things gotten into the flesh, and is very good against bruises and burnings. But the yellow archangel is most commended for old, filthy, corrupt sores and ulcers, yea, although they grow to be hollow." Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the leaves and flowers is made by pouring a cup of boiling water over a teaspoonful of the herb. Three cups a day. Larix laricina. Tamarack, American Larch. The Larch is native to the northern regions of Europe, Asia and North America. It is one of the last species at the tree line in the Sub-Artic. Although a member of the Conifer family, Larch has needles which turn yellow and fall to the ground in autumn, making it a deciduous evergreen. It is very slow growing and cannot compete with upland trees---hence it is relegated to swamps and the tiaga, but it will grow on upland soil if planted as an ornamental. The European species, Larix decidua, was known as Larch in England. The American species, L. laricina, was known by this name or Tamarack, a worn-down form of some American Indian word. Both are used in herbal medicine. Gerard summarizes traditional knowledge of Larch. "The Larch Rosin is of a moister temperature than all the rest of the Rosines, and is withall without
sharpnesse or biting, much like to the right Turpentine, and is fitly mixed with medicines which perfectly cure vlcers and green wounds," as a base. "All Rosins, saith Galen, that haue this kinde of moisture and clamminesse ioined with them, do as it were binde together and vnite dry medicines, and because they haue no euident biting qualitie, they doe moisten the vlcers nothing at all: therefore diuers haue very well mixed with such compound medicines either Turpentine Rosin, or Larch Rosin." The rosin or gum is obtained by boring a hole in the tree and applying a spout, from which the substance runs. There is a white, spongy mushroom which grows on the tree, which is also used in medicine, from the ancient authors onwards, much more extensively than the tree. When the puritans arrived in New England they recognized the Larch, and used it as they would have the European tree. Josselyn (1672) writes, "I cured once a desperate bruise. . . with an unguent made with the leaves of a larch tree and hogs grease, but the larch gum is best." Rafinesque (1830) reports that it produces "a fine balsamic turpentine, good for wounds." The Indians used Tamarack gum to seal up birch bark canoes, and also as a rosin to seal wounds and sooth inflammations. Used internally as a tea, it soothes bronchial and intestinal irritation. It was much used as a horse medicine: it improves the skin and cures "distempers." The little knowledge accumulated about the medicinal uses of Larch was summed up by Wood and Ruddock in 1925. "It is useful in jaundice, diarrhea, rheumatism, liver-complaint, and in cough-preparations." It is used in the early stages of colds, catarrhs, asthma and respiratory conditions. Larrea tridentata. Chaparral. Chaparral is a member of the Zygophyllaceae family, native of the desserts of the Southwestern United States and Central and South America. It is the source of creosote, and is sometimes called Creosote Bush. It was and is used by the Indians in herbal medicine. Dr. J. M. Bigelow, a sugeon with the U.S.-Mexico boundary commision in 1848, brought this plant to the attention of the medical profession. He noted that the external preparation was used for rheumatism, the internal for venereal diseases. In recent years it has become something of a "fad herb," used and over-used, but proving itself curative in enough cases to justify its reputation. It is principally used as a warming and stimulating agent to remove arthritic swelling and to "detoxify the liver." It has a modest folk-reputation in treating cancer, with one well substantiated case of apparent cure. It is supposed to work because it cleanses the liver. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Chaparral has a mild level of toxicity, causing liver lesions, dermatitis and lymphatic swelling. It should not be taken in large or persistent doses. Lavendula vera. Lavender. Lavendula officinalis. This famous plant is a member of the mint family native to dry, hot mountainous regions in the western half of the Mediterranean, especially in France, Spain and North Africa, but it is cultivated throughout the world. In warmer climates it is a
perennial, in cooler region it needs to be replanted from year to year. Lavender contains volaitile oils which are important in perfumery. Its use as a perfume far exceeds its slight use as an herbal medicine, but Lavender has long been famous in the places where it grows as a folk remedy. The plant and the oil were used for some time in professional medicine. Lavender was a folk medicine long before the ancient Greek authors on materia medica flourished. Dioscorides, Galen and the Arabic physicians give it prominence. It was brought to England in the 1500s. Gerard mentions Lavender growing in his garden (1597), but it was not yet widely known. By the time the puritans arrived in New England (c. 1630) it was an established favorite. They tried to grow it unsuccessfully (Jossylen, 1672). Properties. The flavor of the leaves and flowers is bitter and pungent, the temperature is cool and dry, the impression somewhat invigorating, like a cold winter day. Lavender flowers and spikes contain large amounts of volatile oils which are important in perfumery and medicine. The oil is often used in herbalism. Like its cousins, Sage and Rosemary, Lavender is a nervine which has an effect on the solar plexus, hence on the nervous system as a whole, and finally upon the brain. Like so many of the other solar plexus remedies, it acts to sooth the stomach, strengthen the nerves, settle the mind, cure mental depression and delusion, hysteria, giddiness and epilepsy. "The spirituous tincture of the dried leaves or seeds, if prudently given, cures hysterick fits though vehement and of long standing." (Salmon, 1709). Lavender has long been used as a wound-remedy. The volatile oils are antiseptic, cooling, anti-inflammatory and anti-convulsive. It is used in southern Europe for snake-bite. Maurice Messegue, the famous Provencal herbalist, gives an example from his boyhood. As soon as his dog was bitten by a snake, his father (the village herbalist) ran a half a mile to patch of lavender, returned out of breath with some of the leaves and rubbed them on the wound. The dog suffered convulsions during the night, but was well by morning. Messegue observed the local hunters gathering Lavender for their hunting dogs, who would sometimes blunder into a snake. Specific Indications. Stimulates the circulation of the brain. Dab the oil on the temples or forehead or let the patient smell the plant or oil; for dizziness, fainting, hysteria, severe headache, neuralgia of the head. Stammering. Rub the oil on the back or chest to eliminate congestion from the respiratory passages and quiet severe coughs, especially whooping cough. Influenza, bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough. Internally, the infusion or a few drops of the oil, for digestive problems; falty appetite and difficult digestion; gas and colic in the intestine. "A few drops of the essence of Lavender in a hot footbath has a marked influence in relieving fatigue" (Grieve). Rub the oil on painful, arthritic joints. The oil is placed on wounds, snake-bite. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Infusion in large doses causes griping and spasm in the intestines. The oil in excess caused convulsions, mental disorder and death. Lavender is contradindicated for internal use during pregnancy. Comparison. Lavendula spica, the other species of Lavender, is crosser in
appearance and properties. Leonurus cardiaca. Motherwort. Motherwort is native to Europe, but has become a common weed in North America. It likes to grow around garages, barns and places that seem a bit on the dirty side. Such is the habitat of many good healing herbs. It is a member of the Mint family lacking in the usual graces of that clan. No inspiring aroma emanates from the flowers, which develop into little prickers when they are mature. The leaves, which have a nauseously bitter taste, are the part used in herbalism. The name Motherwort indicates a traditional association with the mother (uterus) and pregnancy. Properties. The flavor of the leaves is bitter, the temperature cold, and the impression nauseous. Unlike many bitter plants, Motherwort does not seem to have an affinity for heat processes. The nauseating influence does, however, indicate a relationship to stomach problems. We gain more from an examination of the doctrine of signatures than the taste when it comes to Motherwort. The leaves rise up the stalk rhythmically spaced, alternating at 90 degree angles, indicating a connection to the heart and rhythm. Indeed, Leonurus is an important remedy for palpitation. The leaves of the mature plant look like the tongue of a goose. The plant was known to my friend Tismal under the name Goosetongue, and used as a stomach remedy. I believe Motherwort is a plant which can only be completely understood by women and I defer to my friend, Gayle Weigle, for an explanation of its properties. "The alternating, evenly-spaced leaves indicate a connection to the heart and rhythm, as you say, but they also relate to the cycle of menstruation, month after month, and to the passing-on of female wisdom from generation to generation. The knotty, prickly little flowers and receptacles look like little old grammas with shawls on." I hadn't thought of that. "My daughters and I were out in the woods having a ceremony and the Motherwort seemed to almost bend over closer to us and dance." Mrs. Antonette Matteson writes in The Occult Family Physician and Botanic Guide To Health (1894), "there is no better herb to strengthen and gladden the heart of the female." She recommends it in combination with Prickly Ash, "for quickening and regulating the circulation." That is a very sensible combination. Culpeper gives an extensive account of the traditional medicinal uses of Motherwort. "This hath a hard, square, brownish, rough, strong stalk, rising three or four feet high at least, spreading into many branches, whereon grow leaves on each side. . . two at every joint. . . of a sad green colour." But it is cheering and happy in its influence. "There is no better herb to take melancholy vapours from the heart, to strengthen it, and make a merry, cheerful, blithe soul, than this herb. . . . Besides, it makes women joyful mothers of children, and settles their wombs as they should be, therefore we call it motherwort. It is held to be of much use for the trembling of the heart, and faintings and swoonings; from whence it took the name cardiaca." The powder in wine "is a wonderful help to women in their sore travail, as also for the suffocating or risings of the mother." This last phrase would refer to nervous hysteria. Motherwort is also useful to "warm and dry up cold humours, to
digest and disperse those that are settled in the veins, joints, and sinews of the body, and to help cramps and convulsions." Specific Indications. Delirium tremens; typhoid state in fevers; chronic diseases with wakefulness, restlessness, disturbed sleep, spinal irritation, neuralgia of the stomach and head; feeble digestion, general debility; chorea, convulsions, nervousness from irregular menstruation; palpitation of the heart, associated with uterine disease, amenorrhea, with chlorosis, cachexia and an irritable, excitable, enfeebled state of the nervous system, spasms and harrassing bearing down pains, and morbid sensibility from uterine disease, pain in the pelvic and lumbar regions in females. Suppressed lochia from any cause (Ellingwood). Preparation and dosage. The bitter taste precludes the use of large doses, which are unnecessary. Prepare an infusion by pouring a cup of boiling water over a 1/2 teaspoon of the leaves. Dose of the the tincture, 1-5 drops. Leptandra virginica. Black Root, Culver's Root. Leptandra is a member of the Scrophularia family native to eastern North America. It was used by the Indians as a liver medicine. In the days when purgatives were considered the mainstay of medicine, Leptandra attracted the attention of colonial American physicians. It was first brought to prominence about 1780 by a Dr. Culver of Virginia who used it to purge his patients. It was adopted by the allopathic, physio-medical, eclectic and homeopathic physicians, but is not much used today. My Indian friend and teacher, Tis-mal Crow, related the traditional lore about this plant. When I showed him a picture of Leptandra he recognized it as "what we call Liver Medicine." It was a popular remedy when his teacher was young, but had not been used for along time. In the old days, when the Indians were having serious problems with alcohol, Liver Medicine was used to "wake up the liver," bringing it back into operation as the detoxifying center of the body. In this manner it helped break addictions and remove the pernicious effects of the abused substance from the body. Properties. Cook gives one of the most knowledgable accounts of the properties and actions of Leptandra found in medical literature. "This root, when fresh, is a somewhat acrid cathartic; but drying dissipates its harshness, and it is then an almost pure relaxant. Its action is mild and very slow---the cathartic result rarely being obtained from a common dose in less than ten hours, and sometimes not for eighteen hours. In this respect it is the slowest of all agents of this class. Nearly its entire influence is expended upon the liver, in distinction from agents which influence the gall ducts, hence it directly favors the elimination of bile, but not its ejection from the gall-cyst, on which account it is not a suitable remedy for jaundiced conditions. The stomach as an organ feels its impression; as is made known by a slight sense of nausea it usually occasions, and which sometimes is quite unpleasant and continues for several hours. The small intestines feel its influence distinctly, as is shown by the thoroughness with which it dislodges scybala and tarry accumulations in dysenteric and typhoid cases; but the lower bowel scarcely feels its action, whence it may depurate the liver fairly and yet not secure the elimination of sufficient bile to move the colon and rectum at all times. Its relaxing impression on the stomach is sometimes extended through the sympathic
system, and in rare instances to the circulation; but this is very mild, and not sought for. "The action on the liver is that for which leptandra is most valued; and its mildness, persistency, and reliability, make it superior to almost any agent of its class where hepatic relaxants are needed. In dysentery and diarrhea it is perhaps unequaled---not for any astringent action, as some suppose, but for removing the origin of the trouble by eliminating the bile and dislodging alvine accumulations. In typhus and typhoid cases, it is almost indispensable, and it is a hepatic of the first class in bilious, remitting, synochal, rheumatic, and all other febrile cases, so long as the liver is deficient in activity. While it secures the full action of this organ, and obtains a thorough elimination of bile, its final cathartic effect is mainly due to the biliary stimulation of the alvine canal; hence leptandra is a physic not liable to overwork the organism or induce any prostration. This fact renders it of peculiar value, both in the cases named, and in all other acute cases, so far as failure of the hepatic secretion is concerned. In chronic cases, it is equally useful in hepatic forms of habitual constipation for intermittents, dropsy dependent upon portal obstructions, biliousness other than actual jaundice, diarrhea and dysentery, and those skin diseases which so often have their origin in defective biliary secretion. "While the influence of leptandra is thus beneficial in so many cases, it must be employed with discrimination." It is contra-indicated in jaundice and even in most cases of biliousness. In conditions with much depression, as in old people or chronic typhoid or malaria, it needs stimulating tonics. "Persons with a 'cold' stomach and a tendency to nausea, will find it a sickening agent." Specific Indications. Torpid and congestive conditions of the liver. Acts on the liver tubuli to promote secretion of bile, cleanses the digestive viscera of accumulated matter and viscid mucus, stimulates intestinal peristalsis. Chronic hepatic torpor; hepatitis; non-obstructive jaundice; febrile conditions; rectal prolapse or hemorrhoids; and skin eruptions. Preparation and dosage. The root is dried, then prepared by decoction. Pour a cup of boiling water over 1/2-1 teaspoonfuls of the dried root and steep for 15 minutes. Dose of the tincture, 1-10 drops. Low homeopathic potencies, 1x-3x. Levisticum officinale. Lovage. Lovage is a member of the Umbelliferae which looks and tastes a little like celery. It is native to Europe, but widely grown in gardens. Lovage is a hardy perennial which is easily cultivated. The sweet, aromatic flavor recommends it for use in cookery and medicine. Grieve gives a brief history. "Lovage is one of the old English herbs that was formerly very generally cultivated, and is still occasionally cultivated as a sweet herb, and for the use in herbal medicine of its root, and to a less degree, the leaves and seeds." Properties. The leaves, fruits and roots contain bitters, resins and an aromatic volatile oil. Levisticum is similar to Angelica in taste and properties, but is considered inferior in medicinal potency. Grieve writes, "Lovage was much used as a drug plant in the fourteenth century, its medicinal reputation probably being greatly founded on its pleasing aromatic odour. It was never an official remedy, nor were any extravagant claims
made, as with Angelica, for its efficacy in numberless complaints. "The roots and fruit are aromatic and stimulant, and have diuretic and carminative action. In herbal medicine they are used in disorders of the stomach and feverish attacks, especially for cases of colic and flatulence in children, its qualities being similar to those of Angelica in expelling flatulence, exciting perspiration and opening obstructions. The leaves eaten as salad, or infused dry as a tea, used to be accounted a good emmenagogue. "An infusion of the root was recommended by old writers for gravel, jaundice and urinary troubles, and the cordial, sudorific nature of the roots and seeds caused their use to be extolled in 'pestilential disorders.'" Preparation and dosage. Culpeper felt that the seeds were more efficacious than the roots. Grieve says a decoction is made from the leaves, which has a very agreeable odour. Liatris spicata. Button Snake Root. A member of the Composite family native to wet places in eastern North America. The name Button Snake Root reflects its American Indian use as a snake-bite remedy. It should not be mistaken for Eryngium yuccifolium, which is also called Button Snake Root, but more appropriately Corn Snake Root, or Rattlesnake Master. Liatris is more commonly known in the floral industry as Gay Feather because it sends up a colorful stalk with button-like pink-red flowers attached. "This agent constitutes a most excellent tonic when the circulation is poor and there is an abnormal condition of the skin and kidneys," writes Fyfe. "It acts as a stimulant to all of the excretory organs." Liatris was used by the Indians to keep the kidneys open in snake-bite cases, like Eryngium. Specific Indications. "Dyspepsia when there is a torpid condition of the kidneys; nephritic diseases; dropsy; spasmodic conditions of the bowels; colic in children; calculous affections" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 30-60 drops is the usual dose (Fyfe). Ligusticum canadensis. Angelico, White Root, Nendo, Boarhog Root. This plant, native to the Southeastern United States, is a member of the Umbellifera family. It is akin to Ligusticum porteri, one of the great folk-herbs of the southwestern United States. Like that plant, Angelico gained an incredible reputation in folk-herbalism, but is almost unknown in professional medicine. All that has changed for Ligusticum porteri in the last several decades---it has jumped from a regional oddity to international fame---but its cousin Angelico is still barely known. There are at least two good reasons for this: (1) most of the older authors wrongly identified Ligusticum canadensis as an Angelica, and (2) it is rarer than wild Ginseng. White Root, or Nendo, was one of the most important plants used by the Indians of the Southeast. It was extremely rare, even before the European conquest, though it appears that in some places the Indians were able to cultivate it. In the account penned by Rev. John Clayton in 1687, an Indian states that his people sometimes went hundreds of miles without finding any but rejoiced when they
came upon it. Another important report was filed by Rafinesque (1828), who calls it "Angelica lucida." The only modern account I have been able to find is the one by Tommie Bass (Crellin and Philpot). White Root was used by the Indians as a medicine, culinary herb, delouser and attractant for fish and game. Rafinesque states that its properties were like a cross between Ginseng and Angelica. This is a fair approximation, since it was used as a sexual tonic, a digestive aid, and a fever remedy. Problems with nomenclature and scarcity kept the knowledge of Ligusticum from professional doctors, but its near magical reputation among the Indians and its use as a sexual tonic kept its popularity high among folk-practitioners. It is widely known among white and black folk-herbalists in the South. White Root is strongly pungent and aromatic, like Angelica or Ligusticum porteri, and also sweet and bitter, like Ginseng. This would make it a good intestinal tonic and explains its meteoric reputation for the removal of flatulence. The Rev. John Clayton wrote from Virginia in 1687 with an account of Ligusticum canadensis which is rich in personal experience. He called it Angelica. "Showing a piece of the root to a great Woodsman to see whether he knew it and could tell me where it grew, he seemed surprized to see me have thereof." The woodsman commenced to tell the clergyman about his own experience with the plant. "He kept an Indian once for some weeks with him; because he was an excellent Woodsman, and going a hunting. . . they came where some of this root grew; The Indian rejoycing gathered some of it, but was very carefull to cut off the top of the root and replant it; He then asked him why he was so carefull, whereunto the Indian replyed, It was a very choice plant and very scarce for they sometimes travelled 100 or 200 miles without finding any of it. He then asked Him what use it was of, to which the Indian answered you shall see by and by. After some time they spyed 4 Deer at a distance, then the Indian contrary to his usual custom went to windward of them, and sitting down upon an old trunk of a Tree, began to rub the root betwixt his hands, at which the Deer toss up their heads and snuffing with their noses, they fed towards the place where the Indian satt, till they came within easy shot of him, whereupon he fired at them, and killed a large buck." Rev Clayton noticed that the Indians called this "the Hunting Root" and that they often smelled strongly of the root. Other authors noted that they used it as a delousing agent. Once when Clayton took a piece of it out of his pocket a Virginian asked if he liked to fish. Clayton was puzzled. The man explained, "When we were boys we used to get some of it to lay out with baits to invite the fish to bite." This man knew it as "the fishing root." Clayton considered "Angelica" to be one of the greatest remedies in his experience. "It stops the Flux and cures it to a wonder; again it often loosens and purges the bodys of those that are bound and have the gripes especially if it proceed from cold." He carried it around on his person, for it "prevents many unhappy distempers." (This is a custom we so often find with Ligusticum porteri and Imperatoria ostruthium, the closest analogues to White Root). "I have reason to speak well of it, for it is to it, under God, that I attribute the saving of my own life. . . I take it to be the most sovereign remedy the world ever knew in the griping of the Guts and admirable against Vapours," i.e., gas, bloating, heartburn and heart pain
due to gas. "It is mostly called by those who know it in Virginia by the name of Angelica." Ligusticum porteri. Osha Root, Bear Root. This is one of the most important remedies to the Indian and non-Indian inhabitants of the Southwest and Rocky Mountains. It is generally known as "Bear Root" or "Bear Medicine." The Spanish name "Osha" signifies bear. The association with this animal indicates that Osha is a powerful healing medicine. The Bear Root of the Northern Plains is Lomatium (cf.) Osha was avidly adopted by the Spanish of New Mexico. They used it in cookery, herbal medicine and sometimes wear it on their person as a preventive against witchcraft, bad luck and communicable diseases. Because its range is restricted to the West, Osha was not widely used in herbalism and medicine until recently. Dr. William Cook rendered an excellent account of "Ligusticum filicinum" or "Osha Root" in 1898, but it seems not to have been noticed (Cook, 1898, 77). Southwestern herbalist Michael Moore has done a great deal to popularize the plant in recent years. His Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West (1982) was at one time the only commonly available source of information about Osha. A more recent source is Dr. Brent W. Davis, Major Herbs for Modern Times (1989). Properties. Osha possesses the pungent taste and aroma associated with the Umbellifera clan. This taste is considered an indication for remedies which act on the lungs and skin in Traditional Chinese medicine. Plants which are pungent are usually high in volatile oils, the mere scent of which activates the respiratory function. Osha Root is perhaps the archetypal pungent herb. It has been traditionally used to protect the lungs at the first sign of infection, or to provoke an exhausted, mucus-laden respiratory function back into activity. It is also used as an aperient to remove gas and spasm from the stomach. These traditional uses have been amply verified by modern practitioners. Cook gives a good summary of the virtues of Osha. "It expends the greater portion of its influence on the respiratory passages; a small portion on the genitourinary apparatus, and at the same time is warming to the stomach and carminative. It is used mostly in coughs, proving expectorant and antispasmodic in a desirable degree, allaying tickling in the throat, averting paroxysms of coughing, and overcoming capillary congestion in bronchitis and catarrh." Osha is indicated in patients who are either just coming down with an acute viral infection---cold, influenza, fever---or who have suffered from exhausting, debilitating respiratory disturbances, so that the lungs or sinuses are cloyed with mucus, the respiratory function is exhausted, and the cough reflexes are weak. The lungs are in a "flacid" condition. There is flacidity under the eyes, the mind is dull, the sinuses full. Usually the pulses under the first fingers (lung and heart) are flacid and easily compressible while the lower pulses are hard---even too hard. The patient feels tired. "I have low energy," they will say, or "low immunity." They catch colds easily, sinuses plug up, congestion fills the lungs. Sometimes they have asthma, from inability to promote expectoration, at other times a faint, occasional, dry cough. Poor appetite and indigestion may accompany this condition.
Brent Davis reports that "Osha is a specific for relieving problems of milk and milk products (e.g. cheese) allergies; especially excess mucous production, congestion of the intestinal lymphatics, and sinus/ear congestion." He also says that it relaxes and drains a congested pancreas. Specific indications. Mind dull; sinuses cloyed with mucus; reflexes slow; lungs clogged, cough reflex weak; loss of smell and taste, due to congestion; milk allergy; poor appetite; flatulence, bloating, and tension in the stomach, with loss of appetite and mild nausea; congestion of the intestinal lymphatics, pancreas. Onset of acute cold, fever or influenza. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The root is used. Care must be taken to distinguish it from Conium (Poison Hemlock), but as Osha only grows above 6500 feet and Conium below, there should be no problem. Decoction of the root, 1/2-1 teaspoonful of the dried root to a cup of boiling water. The tincture is widely available in herbal commerce. The dose is 1-10 drops, 1-3 times a day, as needed. Brent Davis suggests that in the treatment of upper digestive spasm, the dose be small (1-2 drops), but that in heavy congestion of the lungs, accompanied by loss of smell or taste, the dosage be increased until the patient can smell and taste the remedy. Sometimes he would go as high as 25 drops per dose. Formulae. One of the few formulas I personally have ever developed or used is a decongestant for cloyed, exhausted lungs made from one part each of Osha Root, Elecampane Root, Pleurisy Root, Star Anise and Orange Peel. Comparison. Angelica archangelica, Ligusticum canadensis, Imperatoria ostruthium, Lomatium dissectum. Lithrum salicaria. Purple Loosestrife. Lilium longiflorum. Easter Lily. White Lily (Lilium candidum) is a native of the Mediterranean, and has long been used in herbal medicine. It is sometimes called Madonna Lily and plays an important part in Christian symbolism and heraldry. Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) is native to China and Japan, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It was introduced into Europe in 1817, as an ornamental, and is now much more widely known than White Lily. The two have similar properties. In Chinese herbalism, Lilium longiflorum is known as a remedy for "lung yin deficiency." That would be a condition where the fluids of the lungs are drying out and there is evidence of active inflammation. This is a reasonable portrayal of the nature of Easter Lily in the bronchial sphere, but it is not an incisive picture of the deeper aspects of the medicine. Lilium longiflorum is especially useful in bronchial cases where an aspect of stagnation is present: where the mucus is tending to thicken, dry and remain, locking in with a low-grade febrile condition. These cases may also be viewed as falling under the category of stagnant mucus. I know of one prominent traditional Chinese herbalist who prefers this classification. Now it happens that "stagnant mucus" is also considered the cause of "soft, moveable tumours"---what would often be called cysts in Western medicine. It turns out the Lilium longiflorum is more or less specific for this condition. I do not believe that the true nature of Easter Lily was known until I published my first book,
Seven Herbs, Plants as Teachers. Here I described the use of Lilium longiflorum for removing cysts in the breasts and ovaries, and cleansing the female tract. It is the archetypral remedy for "stagnant mucus," whether in the lungs, or in the form of "soft, moveable tumours." The same uses are known for Madonna Lily. Culpeper notes that it treats "swellings in the privities." It is a respiratory and skin remedy, like its oriental cousin. Properties. The bulb is the official part in Chinese herbalism. It is high in carbohydrate content, therefore bland in taste. I don't think anyone would argue with the observation that the pieces look like chunks of congealed mucus. Lilium longiflorum is specifically called for when there is dried up mucus clinging to the further reaches of the bronchial tree. This gives rise to a deep, brassy cough. Often there is a prolonged, low-grade fever, sometimes accompanied by a generalized redness of the face. The over-all impression is one of "stuckedness," rather than yin deficiency or hectic fever. Because of it's affinity for soft moveable lumps, Lilium longiflorum has a particular affinity for the female tract. It is a superlative remedy for the removal of cysts from the breasts and ovaries, and has a generally purifying action on the female organs. It has a special affinity for the cervix and appears to remove dysplasic cells, if not neoplastic ones. It is not an appropriate remedy for fibroids, which would not usually be classified under stagnant mucus. The symptoms of the mind and sensorium lead especially to the selection of Easter Lily. I mentioned in my book a general correlation between purity/impurity issues in the Easter Lily patient. Clinical experience has provided some additional symptoms. David Milgram, D.C., of Flagstaff, Az., has found that internal doses of Easter Lily flower essence cured conjunctivitis in several of his patients. Some joint symptoms are indicated by the following case. A 24 year old woman came in for bronchial congestion. It was evident from the sound of the cough that there was dried mucus in the periphery of the bronchial tree. The tongue had a scummy coating. Lilium longiflorum flower essence cleared up these symptoms, as well as a deep, fluey ache in the knees and ankles. Here are a few other case histories. (1) A twenty-two year old woman had been afflicted with a bronchial infection for three weeks. She had recently quit her job as a stripper. The cough was deep and brassy. It gave the impression that there was implacated mucus in the farther reaches of the bronchial tree. She had a clear, luminous, pale skin, which at the present time was generally reddened and slightly full looking. Easter Lily flower tincture cured in 36 hours. (2) A thirty-eight year old woman was diagnosed with bronchitis. One week previously she came down with a fever which settled into the lungs and dried up the mucus. The intensity of the fever had subsided but she was left with a deep, brassy cough, slight fever and dried up mucus in the lungs. Easter Lily flower tincture cured within 24 hours. She long remembered this illness, and the remedy, because it came at a time when she was breaking up with her boyfriend, and decided not to sleep with him. (3) A twentythree year old man, father of an expected child, had "lumps in the skin" at the neck. They were broad, shallow and moveable. Lilium longiflorum flower essence
tincture cured completely in short order. He took it externally and internally. Cases confirming the use of Lilium longiflorum as a remedy in cysts have come in from many of my friends. Dr. Milgram had a particularly dramatic case. The patient was a woman in her mid-thirties who had been diagnosed in her late teens as suffering from "poly-cystic disease." She was told she would never be able to bear children. While seeing Dr. Milgram for chiropractic work, she asked if he "had anything for cysts." Maybe, he replied. He gave her Lilium longiflorum flower essence tincture. Three months later she reported that the cysts were gone and she was two months pregnant. She was rather mad about it for a while, but got used to the idea in time for the arrival of a healthy babe six months later. Specific Indications. Removes stagnant mucus; soft moveable tumours under the skin, in the breasts, ovaries and female tract; acne with lumps under the skin; congealed mucus in the periphery of the bronchial tree associated with fever, red face, coughing. Has an affinity for women. Preparation and dosage. Lily bulb is the official part in Chinese herbalism. A decoction is made by simmering an ounce of the pieces in a quart of water. I use a flower essence of Lilium longiflorum which I made myself. Three drops of the flower essence dosage tincture, one to three times a day, as needed. Response is usually prompt. Women with menstrual problems should take it for 7-10 days before the period, for three periods. It usually takes a few days, or three periods, to complete its cleansing action on the organism. Comparison. Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum) received a proving, and occupies a modest niche in the homeopathic pharmacopeia. It is also used in female problems such as extreme menstral cramps. It also is used for cysts, though it probably would not be as useful here as Lilium longiflorum. Garlic (Allium sativa) is suited to congealed mucus in the trachea and larger tubes of the bronchial tree, at the bifurcation of the tubes especially. Linaria vulgaris. Toadflax. This dainty little flower is a member of the Snapdragon family. It is native to Europe, but widely established elsewhere. The yellow flowers are noted by many people in lawns and roadsides during the second half of summer. Their colors suggest the name "Butter and Eggs." From a resemblance to flax or Linum they have received the names Flaxweed, Toadflax and Linaria. The stems were bound and dried, to make brooms. The flowers and leaves are mentioned from an early date in herbal literature, but little detail is given and today Linaria is hardly used at all. Properties. The yellow color of the flowers must have suggested the use of Linaria for jaundice and urinary problems. Gerarde (1633), summarizing the traditional sources, says that a decoction of the flowers and leaves "openeth the stoppings of the Liuer and spleene, and is singular good against the iaundice which is of long continuance" and "taketh away the yellownesse and deformitie of the skinne, being washed and bathed therewith." Generally, when the spleen is swollen there is chronic congestion in the lymphatics. At the same time, the bile can be congested and backed up. Decoction of Linaria also "vnstoppeth the kidneies and bladder," brining on urine "in those that pisse drop after drop." Culpeper seems to have learned about this herb in his youth and gives more
detail about it than other authors. "In Sussex we call it gall-wort, and lay it in our chicken's water to cure them of the gall; it relieves them when they are drooping." It is frequently used to cure dropsy. "The decoction of the herb, both leaves and flowers. . . doth somewhat move the belly downwards, openeth obstructions of the liver, and helpeth the yellow jaundice; expelleth poison, provoketh women's courses, driveth forth the dead child, and after-birth." "The juice of the herb, or the distilled water dropped into the eye, is a certain remedy for all heat, inflammations, and redness in them." This same juice or water "put into foul ulcers, whether they be cancerous or fistulous," directly or with a poultice, "cleanseth them thoroughly from the bottom, and healeth them up safely." If it be placed upon the skin, it "also cleanseth the skin wonderfully of all sorts of deformity, as leprosy, morphew, scruf, wheals, pimples, or spots." In Germany, an ointment of Linaria is used for hemorrhoids. Lindera benzoin. Wild Allspice. Native to swamps and wet places in eastern North America; used as a substitute for tea during the Revolution. Like many swamp-dwelling plants, Will Allspice has been used as remedy for intermittent chills and fever. Linum usitatissimum. Flaxseed, Linseed. Flax is an annual native to the Old World. The stems are grown for fiber, from which textiles are made. The seeds contains a large quantity of oil and mucilage which have been used in medicine since ancient times. Dioscorides said that Linseed has properties similar to Fenugreek, which is also demulcent and soothing. He notes that they both wash away and mollify inflammations or hot swellings, either internal and external. Linseed has continued to be used down to the present time, sometimes still in official medicine, but more often in health food stores. The seeds are soothing to the mucosa of the lungs and bowels, relieving irritation and inflamation, promoting expectoration of mucous and expulsion of stool. They are used for irritable coughs, acute inflammation of the bladder, urethra and lower intestines. They act mechanically, as a bulking and lubricating agent, to move the bowels. Weiss (1988) speaks very highly of Linseed in the treatment of chronic constipation, if they are used for a long time. When the seeds are ground they yield an oily paste which is further subdivided into a mucilage and an oil. The paste is used externally as a poultice for rheumatism and muscle-ache. The mucilage, called linseed cake or meal, is used as the basis for making a poultice. This does not use up the more valuable oil, but it is liable to smell unpleasantly after several hours. The oil, called Flaxseed or Linseed Oil, is a valuable nutritive agent. Gerarde gives an old formula which sounds very positive. "The seed of Line and Fengreek made into powder, boiled with Mallowed, biolet leaues, Smallage, and Chickweed, vntill the herbs be soft; then stamped in a stone morter with a little hogs grease to the forme of a cataplasme or pultesse, appeaseth all maner of paine, softneth all cold tumors or swellings, mollifieth and bringeth to suppuration all apostumes; defendeth wounded members from swellings and rankling, and when they be already rankled, it taketh the same away being applied very warme euening
and morning" (1633, 557). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The crushed seeds are more potent than the uncrushed. For constipation, 1-2 tablespoons in a little water should be taken, 2-3 times a day. They will go rancid in a week, so must be used within a short period. Linseed contains a small amount of prussic acid, but is not toxic in ordinary doses. Immature seed pods can cause poisoning. Liquidamber styraciflua. Sweet Gum. This is one of the most beautiful trees found in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. It is native from the Ohio valley southwards and widely planted elsewhere, on the West Coast and in Europe. Sweet Gum has a star-like seed and leaf, the latter resembling its cousin the Maple. The name reflects the fact that it exudes a resinous and adhesive gum. This was much used in Indian and pioneer medicine, but today is largely forgotten. On the skin. Cook (1868) gives a description of its external application. "The gum (resin) is stimulating and moderately relaxing, warming yet pleasant to the taste, and mild in action. It is used with lard and sweet oil to form an ointment for tetter, ringworm, scalled head, and similar scaly forms of skin disease." One author said it "rarely failed" to cure scabies. "The ointment may be used to advantage on indolent ulcers and fistulas, where it will secure fuller suppuration and promote granulation." Mucous membranes. The gum is also soothing to the mucosa. Dr. O. Phelps Brown (1867) writes, "As a remedy for catarrhs, coughs, and pulmonary affections generally, it is without an equal, although physicians generally do not use it in their practice." Cook combined it with Aralia (Spikenard) or Prunus serotina (Wild Cherry) in irritable coughs with congestion and debility. Preparation and dosage. This article is not commonly found today in herbal commerce. Liriodendron Tulipifera. Tulip Tree, Yellow Poplar, White Wood. This is one of the more handsome trees in the Eastern Woodlands region of North America. It looks somewhat like a poplar, but is a member of the Magnolia family. This explains the beauty of the flower. It has a somewhat yellow cast, also seen in the lumber, which gave rise to the name Yellow Poplar. Liriodendron was used by the Indians and the pioneer herbalists, but little in professional medicine. William Cook (1868), who usually proves himself to be an expert with the remedies of folk practice in early nineteenth century America, does not disappoint us in regard to this remedy. He is one of the few writers to give evidence of considerable experience with Yellow Poplar. "The inner bark of the trunk, and also that of the root, is medicinal," he writes. "It is pale yellowish, sparingly tinted reddish, light, a little fibrous, and of a pleasant aromatic, somewhat spicy-camphorous odor. It imparts its virtues readily to water and diluted alcohol, but is easily injured by heat. Its taste is mildly bitter and somewhat aromatic." It is not much used, as it is confused with other trees. "Many physicians, and most writes, confound this bark with populus tremuloides,
and others of that genus, because of the similarity of the common name, poplar." They are not related and have different medicinal properties. "The bark of the liriodendron is one of the mildest and least bitter of the tonics, chiefly relaxant and only moderately stimulant, but with no astringency whatever. While it improves the appetite and digestion to a fair extent, and for this purpose is unsurpassed in convalescence, its most valuable action is upon the nervous system and uterus. In nervousness, nervous irritability, hysteria, and chronic pains through the womb, it is an agent of the greatest efficacy--both soothing and sustaining. The menses are not influenced by it; but it proves valuable in chronic dysmenorrhea, as well as in leucorrhea, prolapsus of a mild grade, and the uterine suffering incident to pregnancy. By its influence on the nervous system it sometimes promotes the flow of urine; and it favors greater freedom of the bowels, without beingin any sense cathartic. . . . The mildness of its actionsometimes suggests inertness, but this is quite an error; for its gentleness increases its value as a peculiar nervine tonic, and makes it very acceptable to the stomach; though it is not an agent fitted to languid or sluggish conditions, or states of depression." Preparation and dosage. Cook preferred to preserve this remedy in sugar, as a syrup, with some wine. It cannot be heated without destroying its properties. The dried powder was also used. Lithrum salicaria. Purple Loosestrife. This colorful plant is native of the Old World, but now so widely naturalized in North America as to be a serious aquatic weed. Lithrum is barely mentioned, even in European sources, but a particularly useful account is rendered by Richard Hool, FNMH, a Lancashire herbalist. He states that it was discovered to be nearly a specific for all forms of cholera by the people of Lancashire, during an epidemic in the midnineteenth century. Loosestrife was little known, according Hool, but its efficacy in cholera was discovered in 1848, most of Lancashire. Afterwards it was well-known to the country people. Hool learned about it from his neighbors. He used it for diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera, but it was in "cholera and malignant cholera that its greatest value as a remedial agent becomes manifest." Indeed, in cholera, no matter the stage, "its action seems to be almost electrical." It acts almost instantaneously, showing the signs of a true specific. To prove his point Hool gives one of the more dramatic of his case histories. In July, 1868 he was selling herbs in a wholesale market when he was approached by a postal worker. A co-worker at the post office had come down with cholera three days previously, so serious he could not be removed from the office. The situation was progressing to a mortal conclusion. His friend came to the market, not out of belief in herbs but desparation. He had been watching Hool for some time and heard that his reputation was good. Hool recommended Purple Loosestrife. "If you use it according to my instructions I have no doubt but that it will cure him." The man offered to buy a few pennies worth, but as Hool could only sell wholesale amounts, he gave him some for free. Thinking more would be better, the man gave his prostrate friend too much, causing vomiting and much concern, but an hour and a half latter he was so well cured that he was back on his feet sorting letters.
When his friend returned to the market to tell Hool the good news there was a run on Purple Loosestrife. "His was a most serious case and the effects of the remedy were wonderful." Culpeper does not mention Loosestrife as a remedy for dysentery, but he also gives some uses based upon experience rather than traditional literature. "I do not know a better preserver of the sight when it is well," he writes. "Nor a better cure for sore eyes than eyebright taken inwardly, and this used outwardly." Loosestrife is "not a whit inferior" to Eyebright, having not only all the virtues of the other, "but some peculiar virtues of its own, found out by experience." These had been discovered by a "man of judgment, who kept it long to himself as a great secret" but shared the secret with Culpeper. The distilled water is a remedy "for hurts and blows on the eyes, and for blindness, so as the crystalline humour be not perished or hurt." It clears the eyes of dust "or any thing gotten into them," including cataracts. "It likewise cleanseth and healeth all foul ulcers and sores whatsoever, and stayeth their inflammations by washing them with the water, and laying on them a green leaf or two in the summer, or dry leaves in the winter." It is also good for the quinsy (tonsilitis) and quenches the thirst. Preparation and dosage. Make an infusion by pouring a cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the leaves and flowers. Lobelia inflata. How can we explain Lobelia? The experienced herbalist knows that Lobelia is an important and powerful remedy, but that it is quixiotic in action and difficult to describe. Even the most experienced herbalist can never predict exactly how it will behave in a given situation, but when correctly indicated, Lobelia will always do the job. In completing its work it will sometimes produce bizarre, though fleeting, sideeffects and aggravations. When not needed by the organism, it is thrown off, creating secretions and symptoms. Lobelia is a remedy which really only can be witnessed. It is the wildest and craziest article in the herbal materia medica, yet one which every herbalist must strive to understand and use because it is essential in many cases. Dr. George M. Hite aptly summarized the situation when he wrote in 1890, "Lobelia inflata is a remedy whose excellency is equal to it's nastiness" (Annual of Eclectic Medicine and Survey ). These difficulties are further aggravated by the controversies surrounding the introduction of Lobelia into herbal medicine. Its use by the Indians is not well recorded. The ethnobotany of the plant took a wild gyration from obscurity to infamy shortly after 1800, when a "root doctor" from New Hampshire, Samuel Thomson, introduced it into practice as a powerful antispasmodic and general panacea. By 1809 he had attracted notoriety and condemnation from the medical establishment for his cures of asthma and other disorders through the exhibition of this powerful agent. In that year he was imprisoned on the charge of murder by the use of Lobelia. After languishing in an unheated, urine-soaked cell with a child molestor, the case was brought to court, the charges were shown to be unfounded, and he was released without being allowed to stage a defence. Despite these facts, duly recorded in the judicial proceedings of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the charge that Thomson killed a man with Lobelia was repeated by one allopathic
author after another, and his name was slandered by medical authors from one end of the nineteenth century to another. At the same time, the use of Lobelia as an antispasmodic for the paroxysm of asthma was adopted by the allopathic profession, without giving Thomson credit for the discovery. The misunderstandings and literary free-for-all which resulted have never been resolved, and even today Lobelia is a poorly understand medicine in the literature of all schools, except the Thomsonian. The late Dr. Christopher was a member of this school, and his writings exemplify the traditional Thomsonian view of Lobelia. The archetypal "diffusive." Lobelia is so active that it is difficult to identify it with any particular disease process. It is better to understand Thomson's concept of "diffusion," and work from this basis. Lobelia was the archetypal "diffusive" in the Thomsonian system. Thomson saw the vital force as an actual substance that had to be spread out and evenly distributed throughout the economy. The nervous system, muscles and vital force had to be toned up and balanced from one area to another, forming a selfregulating totality. Disease resulted from a shortage or blockage in this continuum of energy. Agents which acted primarily through the nervous system, acted in a prompt manner, whereas agents which acted through absorption into the tissues acted slowly. The former agents were called "diffusives," because they quickly diffused throughout the organism. They tended to stimulate where there was shortage, and relax where there was blockage, bringing the system into a balance. Chief among these agents was Lobelia. Thomson wrote, "It clears all obstructions to the extremities, without regard to the names of disease, until it produces an equilibrium in the system, and will be felt in the fingers and toes, producing a prickling feeling like that caused by a knock on the elbow" (The Thomsonian Materia Medica, 1841). Although Thomson was not an advocate of the doctrine of signatures, he did note the resemblance between the seed-pods and the stomach. "This pod exactly resembles the human stomach, having an inlet and outlet," he writes. "From the inlet, it receives nourishment, and by the outlet it discharges the seeds." Thomson's followers were considerably more erudite than the "root doctor" from New Hampshire, so they gave more articulate descriptions of the actions of Lobelia. Ellingwood, writing almost a century later, expresses the idea thus: From my own personal observations and from the conclusions I have drawn from the observations of others, I would say that lobelia seems at once to supply a subtle but wholly sufficient force, power, or renewed vital influence, by which the nervous system and the essential vital force within the system again reassert themselves and obtain complete control of the functional action of every organ. From this influence, in a natural and sufficient manner, a complete harmonious operation of the whole combined forces is at once resumed, in some cases in an almost startling manner. Other agents stimulate, prop up, whip up or temporarily increase the force and power of one or another function, while this remedy with this peculiar power at once assumes control of the whole, and succeeds against all the opposing influences. Lobelia was adopted into conventional medicine as anti-spasmodic to break
the paroxysm of asthmatic attack. This use was taken over from Thomson (without giving him credit) in 1809. The alkaloid lobeline was used for this purpose well into the twentieth century. It fell out of use as more reliable agents came into use. An allopathic authority state, "Because its action is somewhat capricious and fleeting, it has not been well received." (Wilson and Gisvold, Textbook of Organic Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (1954). Homeopathic experience with Lobelia. Here is a case where the homeopaths botched the opportunity to acquire a good remedy. Lobelia was proven in 1836 by Dr. Jeanes, of Philadelphia, and latter by Noack and Trinks in Germany. Being school-bred doctors, the homeopaths rejected the testimony of Thomson, and copied the theories of the allopaths. These early experimenters latched onto the idea that Lobelia acted on the vagus nerve (or "pneumo-gastric," as it was then called) and missed the real insight which Thomson had into the "diffusive" properties of the medicine. As a consequence, homeopathy---just like allopathy---missed the fundamental understanding of the remedy. It is sometimes still used for asthma, but this represents only a fraction of its properties. The only good account of Lobelia I have been able to find in nineteenth century homeopathic literature is that of Dr. Jeanes, appended to C. J. Hemple's translation of Jahr's Symptomen-Codex (1848). This contains many good observations, characteristic symptoms, and case histories. Jeanes stuck to the allopathic concept that the vagus nerve was the center of action for Lobelia. However, he still had a working knowledge of the remedy. Boericke's description (1927) is quite misleading. This popular reference book may have spelled the end for Lobelia in homeopathy. "Langour, relaxation of muscles, nausea, vomiting and dyspepsia are the general indications that point to the use of this remedy, in asthma and gastric affections," he writes. Boericke has mixed the symptoms of relaxation with those of stimulation. Such a symptom picture is rarely encountered. I have used Lobelia scores of times, but only had one patient who fit this description. Lobelia is a nasty remedy for the medical author, as well as the practitioner. Thomson had it right in the beginning, but nobody cared to listen to this "root doctor" from New Hampshire. The list of characteristic symptoms given by Jeanes is quite useful, whether one is a homeopath or an herbalist, and should be used in place of Boericke's schema. I would agree with Jeanes that the following symptoms are fairly reliable indications for the exhibition of Lobelia. "Constant dyspnoea, which is increased by slight exertion, and aggravated so much by slight exposure to cold, as to form a kind of asthmatic paroxysm. A sensation of oppression and weakness at the epigastrium, extending upwards from thence into the breast, with or without pyrosis and cardialgia. A sensation of a lump or quantity of mucus, or of pressure, in the pit of the throat. A pain extending around the forehead from one temple to the other. Pain in the back about the lowest dorsal verteba. Pain in the left side of the abdomen, immediately below the short ribs. High-colored urine depositing a copious red sediment." Properties. The flavor and temperature of Lobelia are entirely overwealmed by the impression, which is sharp, shocking, and highly diffusive, so that a drop placed on the wrist is felt as a sharpness at the back of the throat, or vice versa. It is
not the flavor which produces the characteristic sensation of Lobelia, but an action on the nervous system. Lobelia seems to travel the nerves as fast as possible. Because it is both a stimulant and a relaxant, the therapeutic potential of Lobelia is extensive, but contradictory and complex. In order to offer the best possible account of this remedy, I have divided the conditions for which it is remedial into six basic groups. This may not cover all expressions of disease to which Lobelia is suited, but it helps to gain initial insight into this highly complex medicinal agent. These are: (1) Clearly observable spasmodic conditions, where the pulse is tense, wiry and spasmodic. (2) Oversecreting, hyper-relaxed and collapsed patients, where the pulse is feeble, and the secretions are freely flowing from the body. (3) Patients with suppressed secretions. The skin feels doughy and the pulse feels doughy (Scudder). (4) Patients with a wiry and fast pulse, a red tongue, fever, collapse, sweating, and loss of secretions. Prolonged heat and loss of fluids can result in spasm, inflammation and dryness. (5) Affections related to the vagus nerve; symptoms are usually spasmodic. (6) Conditions caused or aggravated by tobacco. These six conditions intermix, and more than one may be found in a single patient. Let's take a look at each one separately. Spasm. There are different kinds of spasms. The Lobelia spasm is extremely intense---even life threatening if the throat, heart or lungs are involved. What is characteristic about it is that the muscles tend to "torque up." The torsion in one muscle spreads to another, and on throughout the whole system, until the entire body is bent out of shape. As a diffusive, Lobelia "equalizes the charge on the muscles." It relaxes the entire edifice of torqued muscles, so that the whole organism can resolve itself back into place. In severe cases of some duration, it will be necessary to give the remedy for a while until the entire frame gets relaxed. This produces an overall feeling of prostration, which, however, is followed by unkinking and unwinding. Some of the most dramatic case histories result from the use of Lobelia to cure spasm. In one of my classes I was talking about Lobelia. One of the students was a massage therapist. The next day she was working on a regular patient. At the end of the session the woman to want to talk. Her husband was in great pain from what sounded like a spasm. They called him up. The pain was so great he was literally crying on the phone. They quickly went to the house where they found him writhing in agony. "It was like he was giving birth to himself," commented my friend. "I've had six children and I know what childbirth feels like." She thought there was a spasm in the latissimus dorsa. "I knew he needed Lobelia." She tracked some down and gave him 2 drops on the tongue and a few rubbed into the back. He experienced temporary relief, then the agony returned. She gave another dose which resulted in slight amelioration, then aggravation. The writhing agony seemed to be even worse and after a half hour he begged to be taken to the E.R. My friend went home and called me, worried that she had made things worse. It certainly sounded like a Lobelia case to me---maybe a kidney stone. I tried to reassure her, but what could I say? Lobelia has a mind of its own. She hung up the phone and a minute later the wife was at the door. "We got 5 blocks from the house and the whole thing blew over," she said. "Come see him now." He was sitting out
in the car like a newborn or a buddha, just beaming energy. "He looked wonderful, like a new born baby," commented the massage therapist. "We felt giddy, it was just like after a birth, when everybody's gathered around that new born child. . . . The whole thing did seem crazy." My student was quick to see that Lobelia would make a useful remedy in spasmodic labor. Scudder comments on this fact. "Lobelia is specific in difficult labor from rigid os, vagina, or perineum. It also stimulates the contractile function of the uterus, and thus strengthens the pains. This use of Lobelia will be greatly prized when known." However, the potential surprizes from the exhibition of Lobelia are enough to make the obstetric practitioner wary. Here's another case from my own practice. A 32 year old married woman, who appeared to be robust and strong, had been nauseated from the moment of conception so severely that she was forced to lay down all day long. After two months she and her husband decided on an abortion, but the nausea continued. After another month she felt severe abdominal cramping and thought her period might be suppressed. The nurse practitioner suggested that there were still clots in the uterus and wanted to go back in. The pulse felt like the end of the beat was chopped off, so I concluded that it was a spasm and gave one dose of Lobelia 6x. The period came so quickly that she bleed right on the chair. She was perfectly well within a day, and never needed another dose. Suppressed secretions. To judge from the literature, this seems to be a much rarer condition. Here is the single case history I have on this pattern. A 27 year old man who was retaining a great deal of water. He was of a robust and large build. Normally he was had an outgoing nature, but at the present time he was dragged down. The skin and the pulse felt doughy. Single drops doses of Lobelia in tincture cured him in three days. Scudder mentions the "doughy" pulse as a strong indication for Lobelia, but I have only run across it a few times. Hyper-secretion. This is a less common condition as well. Here is a case history. The patient was a middle aged woman of weak physical powers, thin physique, personality yielding and weak. She suffered from watering eyes and copious, uncontrollable perspiration. Was addicted to cigarette-smoking. Lobelia 3x potency controlled the sweating and cut the dependence on cigarettes dramatically. She did not quit, but she was much more healthy and smoked much less. Severe inflammation and dehydration. Lobelia is a remarkable agent in severe fever, where the fluids are drying up, the muscles are affected due to lack of lubrication, and there is tension and heat. Characteristically, the tongue is bright red and dry, sometimes cracked. In all conditions, the Lobelia tongue tends to display unequal distribution of coating and color. I have had some trouble finding good case histories in the literature, but have several from my own experience. Here is a severe case which Lobelia brought to a successful conclusion. The patient was a woman aged 53, suffering from relapsing bronchitits. She had been treated unsuccessfully by regular physicians with several courses of antibiotics. Dark around the eyes, chalky, sallow complexion, tongue bright red and dry (as if she had been sucking on a cherry cough drop---which she had not), thirsty, dry skin, wheezing, much phlegm difficult to raise, hot flashes (menopausal), edema in the ankles and waist. She was an addicted smoker. A sorry
case. I tried Calc. carb. 6x, which cleared up the hot flashes, Calamus , which cleared up the edema. Both temporarily helped the bronchial infection, but it still was not cured---in fact progressing. The tongue was still red and dry, which indicated that the infection was deep, and I was inclined to have her start up on the antibiotics again. She went back to a conventional physician, who diagnosed pneumonia, and prescribed antibiotics and prednisone. After two weeks on the last drug, she could hardly stand any more, and begged for some alternative. The wheezing was quite bad. I said, "Well, I'll give you the remedy that would have been official in the regular pharmacopeia before prednisone." I was thinking rather allopathically of trying to suppress the bronchial spasms, but this turned out to be the correct remedy. She took Lobelia as needed, up to three times a day, sometimes not at all. Stopped the antibiotics and prednisone. She slowly, but naturally, got better. After six weeks the tongue was a normal color and moistre, the complexion was much better, the eyes not dark, the wheezing slight. She still had not quite smoking. Patient occassionally noticed nausea from a dose of the tincture, after which she would wait for a while before taking a dose. Affections of the vagus nerve. Due to this affinity, Lobelia has a relationship to conditions of spasm in the bronchial tubes, diaphragm and stomach. It is remedial for some forms of bronchial asthma, bronchitis with wheezing, heartburn, nausea, and hiatal hernia. A number of the physio-medicalists, from Thomson down to Dr. Christopher, give cases of spasmodic asthma cured by Lobelia. Thomson mentions a woman in Newington, who had been unable to sleep lying down for over five years, without being attacked by an asthmatic paroxysm. She was cured after a few tablespoons of the tincture. Dr. Christopher described an asthmatic who was unable to lie down to sleep for over twenty years; he had to sleep sitting in a chair. One day his doctor was out of town and the patient was out of the prescription. In desparation he was brought to Dr. Christopher. After one tablespoon of the tincture he coughed up a big chunk of mucus and was completely cured (School of Natural Healing ). Jeanes gives a good case illustrating the use of Lobelia when there is spasmodic contracture of the stomach. A thirty-eight year-old married woman had chronic dyspnea. This was accompanied by the following symptoms. "Sensation of weakness and oppression at the epigastrium, and extending from thence into the chest. Burning in the stomach, and a sensation as if there was a burning lump in the pit of the throat, which appeared to impede swallowing and respiration. In swallowing, it seemed as if at this point something rose up to meet the food and obstruct its decent into the stomach. Frequent eructation of acid fluid with sensation of burning. Frequent vomiting of the food after meals, especially after eating warm food." She "had not known what it was to be without heartburn for one hour for the last year." The urine was high-colored, and deposited a copious red sediment. Pain in the left lumbar region of the abdomen. Lobelia in low potency produced a gradual but complete removal of the dyspeptic symptoms. Antidote to tobacco. Lobelia has been used as an antidote to the tobacco habit in herbalism. I have known dozens of people who have used Lobelia to help them quite smoking. It seems to antidote both the craving and the withdrawel symptoms.
It does not work in all cases and causes unpleasant symptoms in some. The active ingredient, lobeline, is still used for stopping cigarette addiction in modern pharmacy. Wilson and Gisvold explain: "A curious cross-tolerance exists between nicotine and lobeline, in which animals tolerant to the former also exhibit tolerance to the later. Based on this phenomenon, a suggested use for lobeline is an an aid in breaking the tobacco habit." Homeopaths have not adopted Lobelia as an antidote to cigarette smoking, but they did notice that the Lobelia patient is aggravated by exposure to tobacco smoke. I would like to enlarge upon this observation from personal experience. The patients are especially sensitive to the stale, stagnant smoke found in a bar or place where people smoke habitually. Some people are never healthy since they quite smoking. Lobelia probably assists these patients by restoring the proper internal secretions and relaxing the muscles of the thorax. Lobelia may also antidote other substances. Thomson wrote, "In cases where they have taken considerable opium, and this medicine is administered, it will in its operation produce the same appearances and symptoms that are produced by opium when first given, which, having laid dormant, is roused into action." In addition to being a general antidote, Lobelia also tends to heighten the effects of other remedies and substances. This is the sort of antithetical action we would expect of the agent. Thomson used Lobelia in compounds with other medicines, in order to bring out the effects of the more dormant remedies. Dr. Christopher used to say Lobelia "has brains," and directs the other remedies to where they have to go in the body. Tis-mal said pretty much the same thing. "Always plant Lobelia near where you sit and talk with people. It does much better where it can hear you talking." Despite my best efforts at classification, here is a case history which does not neatly fit any of the above categories. This again demonstrates the wide range and peculiarities of this medicine. The patient was a 60 year-old woman, who had been suffering from despair, fatigue and various digestive problems for many years. She was currently under the care of a chiropractor, who was working out kinks in the musculature of her neck, following a whiplash, which had been painful for many years. He also had her off amine-containing foods to reduce inflammation. Whenever she ate them her pain got worse, but when she didn't she felt like she was suffering from the "D.T.s." Feels angry over restrictive diet, very hyped, but agitated and very fatigued at the same time. Unstrung, jittery. Would be constipated but she takes a mild herbal laxative. Pulse fine, thin and wiry. Tongue: some coating at the back, swollen edges, one very red spot towards the front, off to the side. The spot on the tongue was about the only symptom that seemed really distinctive. The fatigue combined with jitteryness was also a possible symptom for this remedy, and the food withdrawel reminded me of tobacco withdrawel. Lobelia 6x, significantly improved the ability to cope, the neck pain and tension, and the "D.T.s." The fatigue was improved, but not removed. Preparation and Dosage. The seed-pods are the most potent part of the plant. These and stems are considered the official parts in herbalism, homeopathy and the U.S. Pharmacopeia. Thomson speaks of great fluctuation in the size of the crop, from year to year. The quality and properties of the crop also varry greatly, so that it
is difficult to find any two batches which have the same intensity. Some are relatively inert. This is just the sort of uncertainty we would expect from Lobelia. The bulk herb should usually be so active that it causes irritation at the back of the throat when the container is opened. The tincture should also convey this prickly sensation. Thomson prepared his tinctures with either vinegar or alcohol. I prefer the latter, though the acetate was often considered to be more potent by the Thomsonians. Lobelia is a very tricky remedy when the question of dosage is raised. Thomson and his followers used the famous "emetic" dose, but it is not necessary to produce emesis to get the curative effects of Lobelia unless one is using it as an emetic. Even if it is needed as an emetic, the dose should still be moderate. Scudder writes, "To obtain the curative effects of a Lobelia emetic, the remedy should be given in small quantities frequently repeated, as it can be absorbed from the stomach, so that emesis, when it does occur, shall be from the general influence of the remedy in the blood, and not from its local irritant influence upon the stomach. Many physicians fail to obtain the benefit they have reason to expect because of its improper administration; it is not absorbed, but simply irritates the stomach." Scudder used "one drop or less" as a stimulant dose. "In some cases where there is necessity for a speedy action, as in cases of angina pectoris or neuralgia of the heart, I give one to two full doses of twenty drops." I mostly use the tincture in single drop doses, no more than once a day. If the patient is suffering from a severe condition of spasm or fever, they may need a greater dose and repitition. It is also be possible to use the homeopathic potencies, but I suspect that the material substance possesses a more complete range of expression. Sometimes I have used the 3x, 6x, 12x or 30x, and I know of people who have used the 200c with success. It is virtually impossible to known in advance how a given patient will react to Lobelia, and what dosage will be appropriate. Lobelia works best if the patient can figure out the dosage for him or herself. Using 1-3 drops per dose will seldom bring on nausea or emesis, and is to be preferred when an emetic is not desired. Excessive doses of Lobelia can cause salivation, nausea and temporary spasm. I have seen two drops, taken fifteen minutes apart, provoke vomiting. That was what the patient thought he needed. Lomatium dissectum. Bear Root. This is one of a number of medicine plants known as "Bear Root" to various Indian tribes. It is closely related to Ligusticum porteri (Osha Root), also known by this name (Osha means bear in Spanish). Lomatium dissectum is generally thought of as the Bear Root by modern herbalists. It is a highly aromatic, pungent, warming member of the Umbellifera family, similar to Ligusticum porteri, Angelica and Imperatoria in properties. The Lomatiums, like the American Solidagos, are a difficult bunch in terms of botanical nomenclature. "They need an overhaul," says herbalist Halsey Brandt. There are about fifty members of the clan, not always well distinguished. Of these, Lomatium dissectum is the only one with a large, easily used root. This explains its emergence as the officinal Lomatium. Halsey suggests that L. dissectum might be
better placed in a separate genus. It was formerly classified as a Leptataenia. Lomatium dissectum is native to the Pacific Northwest, where it is an old Indian remedy. It was introduced into modern usage by Ed Alstat, of Eclectic Institute. It is used, in a general sort of way, for intransigent viral affections. I have used it successfully like Ligusticum porteri, as a remedy for bronchial and sinus congestion, with much heavy catarrh, exhaustion of mind and body. Lycopodium clavatum. Wolf's Foot Club Moss, Ground Pine, Wolf's Paw. Lycopodium is a small, dry plant common to the acidic floor of boreal pine forests in Europe, Asia and America. It has some slight use in Western herbalism as an antispasmodic. In Chinese herbalism it is considered a remedy for Wind-Damp (rheumatism and spastic contracture). The spores were used in allopathic pharmacy as an inert substance to coat pills. Hahnemann wondered if they really were inert, so he determined to see if they had some properties after dilution and potentization. His proving of Lycopodium added a valuable and unique remedy to the homeopathic materia medica. Lycopodium is a difficult remedy to understand. It affects so many internal organs and systems in such a slight but destructive manner, that it is hard to analyse exactly where the source of the problem originates or where the ultimate direction of destruction is headed. Boericke and other homeopathic authors indicate a preponderant influence upon the liver, stomach, intestines and kidneys. The psychological portrait of the remedy has been well flushed-out in homeopathic literature, but the exact nature of the organ-affinities remains to be understood. In Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine , Giovanni Maciocia describes a condition where lack of energy (qi) causes a lack of the production, dissemination and circulation of fluids in the body, so that tissues are dry, digestion is impaired, musculature wastes, and energy declines even fruther. "Fluids originate in the Stomach from the transformation of food and drink by Yang Qi, which also distributes the fluids throughout the body. This is a function particularly of Lung Qi, Spleen Yang and Kidney Yang. If both the Lung Qi and Spleen Yang are Deficient, the Stomach cannot generate the fluids, the Spleen cannot transform and transport them and the Lung Qi cannot disperse them. When the fluids cannot reach the tongue it becomes dry." When this condition appears, there will be additional clinical symptoms. "The dry tongue is also caused by Lung Qi Deficiency and there may be shortness of breath and a weakened voice. In severe cases, there may be accumulation of fluids in the abdomen and a dry mouth and tongue resulting from fluids accumulating in the Lower Burner and becoming depleted in the Upper Burner." This describes Lycopodium to a tee. To express ourselves in Western terms: the energy of the stomach gets weak, so that fluids and foods are not digested. The result is dryness of the stomach walls, gas and distention. Fluids are not taken up by the organism and not dispersed to where they are needed. Nutrients are also not assimilated, so that the flesh is undernourished. As a result, there is drying and withering of the tissues generally. The stomach, spleen, liver, lungs and kidneys are all affected. Unused fluids accumulate in the lower reaches of the body, giving rise to the characteristic pearThe Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks Matthew Wood - Page 231
like Lycopodium shape: withered above, edemic below. All the vital organ-systems are affected and undermined. "Thin, withered, full of gas and dry," Boericke aptly sums up. According to homeopathic literature, the tongue tends to be narrow, pale, withered and dry. In less developed cases the tongue is merely dry. I have also found the pulse to be distinctive. Usually over-all weak, but slightly taunt on the right wrist. This is identical to the typical Hydrastis pulse, but that remedy has a different tongue. The tauntness on the right side may accord with the traditional homeopathic characterization of Lycopodium as a right-sided remedy. One would expect more spasm on the right side with this pulse. The Lycopodium patient suffers from a general deficiency of energy. The condition progresses slowly, strength is insidiously subverted. Weakness and ineptness of mind and body occur. The memory fails, he feels stupid, at a loss, not up to challenges, uses wrong words to express himself, mixes things up, loses his confidence. Or again, the patient is intellectually keen, but of weak muscular power. Simultaneous with this, there is evidence of blood deficiency. The patient is malnourished and underwatered. Pale, sallow, withered and dry in appearance. Face sunken, with premature lines, so that he looks older than he really is. The muscles are weak, he has less power than he ought to, and they easily go into spasm. The Lycopodium condition centers in the stomach and solar plexus. The mental symptoms are the sort we tend to see when there is a weakening of the solar plexus. When the solar plexus is weak the circulation and ennervation of the brain is affected, because there is a reflex between the "brain of the stomach" and the "brain of the head." This results in weakness of the mind and memory, organs of sense, the nervous system as a whole, and the muscles. The stomach, which is dependent upon the solar plexus, is strongly affected. The nervous and muscular tone of the stomach deteriorates. (For further understanding of the stomach and solar plexus, see Hydrastis canadensis, Paeonia officinalis, Panax quinquifolium, Salvia officinalis, and Stachys betonica). Stomach symptoms are marked in the Lycopodium patient. Bloating, gas and fullness are common after eating even a little food. Because the nutriment is not assimilated, the patient is underfed and hunger soon replaces the feeling of fullness. This is a characteristic symptom. Nash gives a good description of it in Leaders in Homoeopathic Therapeutics, p. 60. "A feeling of satiety is found under this remedy which alternates with a feeling of hunger of a peculiar kind. The patient sits down to the table very hungry, but the first few mouthfuls fill him right up and he feels distressingly full; in a Pickwickian sense 'too full for utterance.' This alternation of hunger and satiery is not markedly found under any other remedy" There may be incomplete eructations; they rise only to the pharynx, there to burn for hours. As a result of poor assimilation, the tissues are poorly nourished and watered. The hair, tongue, and skin are dry. The vagina is also dry and there is a decrease in fertility due to poor nutrition and secretions. Male impotence and sterility is also possible. There may be inactivity of the bladder with slow, feeble urinary stream or incontenence. Respiration and projection of the voice are weak and the coughreflex is ineffective (deficienct lung qi). On coughing, expectoration is not sufficient; at the same time, distant muscles may go into spasm, in the calve, the foot.
Because the muscles are poorly nourished, they tend to go into spasm. Lycopodium is sometimes used for kidney stone colic. It works best when there are sharp, acute pain in a small area of the back over the kidney. It also seems to treat gravel formation (which may occur due to dryness?) Red sand in clear urine, passage of which diminishes the pains in the back or kidneys. The pains of Lycopodium have the quality of being sudden; bloating and spasm come and go suddenly. In traditional Chinese medicine, weakness of the muscles, resulting in spasm, is attributed to deficiency of the blood of the liver. The liver is responsible for smooth movement and stores the blood. When the blood is deficient the tendons and sinews are not lubricated and the muscles are not strengthened; the result is spastic contracture. When liver blood becomes extremely deficient it gives rise to "liver wind," or sudden, unexpected spasm. This condition is called "deficient liver blood unleashing liver wind." It is almost always associated with weakness of the solar plexus and stomach, and could also be considered a result of deficient stomach qi. Thus, we see various kinds of liver wind associated with stomach remedies such as Lobelia inflata, Paeonia, Stachys betonica and Verbena hastata. Specific Indications. Weakness of the mind and memory; spells and speaks words so that they are mixed up or the syllables or in the wrong order; senility; poor circulation to the brain; tendency to stroke. Weak voice; respiration weak; broncial affections with weakness and spasm; walking pneumonia. Gas and bloating in the stomach, immediately after eating; feels full while eating, ravenous a short time later; imperfect digestion and assimilation; wasting and drying of tissues; gurgling and disturbance in the intestines, especially on the right side, spreading to the left. Infertility; pain in the right ovary, spreading to the left; impotence. Kidney pain; kidney-stones; bladder distension, weakness, retention, sand in the urine, excessive dribbling. Weakness of the extremities; rheumatic pain; contracture; intense spasms of small groups of muscles which come and go suddenly. Symptoms worse from right to left, from 4-8 p.m. Preparation and dosage. Herbalists use the herb as the basis of their preparation. The mother tincture often works as well as the homeopathic potency. Homeopathy uses the crushed spores. The latter are considered to be inert until broken open. The high potency homeopaths made a big thing about Lycopodium being inert in the low potencies, but this is simply a myth. I have seen Lycopodium work in the lowest potencies. Boericke gives indications for the dosage which are more sensible. "For purposes of aiding elimination the second and third attenuation of the Tincture, a few drops, 3 times a day, have proved efficacious, otherwise the 6th to 200th potency, and higher, in not too frequent doses." Lycopus virginicus. Bugleweed. Bugleweed is a member of the Mint family native to North America. It is similar in appearance, properties and usage to Lycopus europea, but the uses of the latter have mostly been derived from the former. Lycopus was not much used by the Indians, probably because it does not have a prominent root. The Indians preferred plants with noticeable roots. Rafinesque (1830) seems to have been largely responsible for bringing Lycopus
into use in medicine, both in America and Europe. "The whole plant is employed," he writes. "It has a balsmaic, terebinthaceous smell, peculiar to itself, when bruised, which is stronger in the seeds. The taste is pleasant, balsamic, and slightly bitter." (Frankly, I think the taste is nauseating.) Rafinesque used Lycopus as a sedative to lower the pulse in cardiac and febrile diseases, and in conditions where there was bleeding. "It may be used in many diseases, and whenever it is required to quell inordinate actions of the blood, or even other fluids." This view of Lycopus as a remedy when there is tumultuous movements of the pulse and blood caught on among all schools in the nineteenth century. The early eclectics were strongly influenced by Rafinesque. They popularized the use of Lycopus by the medical profession. It was used by the leading lights of eclecticism, Dr. John King and Dr. John Scudder. It was introduced into homeopathy by Dr. Edwin Hale, who learned about its use from an eclectic. Today it is little used by either herbalists or homeopaths. Its use, should, however, be revived. It occupies a niche which no other remedy comes close to filling (except homeopathic Phosphorus, to which it is in so many ways similar). The low potency homeopaths proved Lycopus with other native American herbs in the late nineteenth century. The provings corresponded well with the established uses, and homeopathic literature differs little from herbal writings. Properties. The flavor is bitter, the temperature cold, and the impression loathsome and nauseating. The strong bitter flavor indicates an affinity to febrile processes. The nauseating tendency indicates that there should be an action on the stomach, but this is not borne out by the traditional literature. Rafineque captured the essence of the remedy, when he described its affinity to tumultous circulation and fevver. Dr. John Scudder picked up on the use of Lycopus as a general febrile remedy, as mentioned by Rafinesque. "Where increased frequency of pulse is dependent upon want of power," he writes. "We employ it in all forms of chronic disease with frequent pulse, and in the advanced stages of acute disease where there is great debility. No remedy is more certain in its action in these cases; and we will find that as the pulse is reduced in frequency, it is increased in strength, and there is a more regular and uniform circulation of blood." He concludes, "We not only have an improvement in the circulation, but every vegetative function feels its influence. Thus it improves the appetite and bloodmaking, nutrition and secretion." These are the conditions for which I would prescribe Phosphorus, which has a weak, rapid pulse showing no resistence to heat in the nervous system. These symptoms correspond to what would be called "yin deficiency" in traditional Chinese medicine---the fluids and nerves have been depleted by fever, leaving the system irritated and hyper-tonic. Lycopus is suited to patients who are irritable and nervous, with cardiac weakness and excitement, following debilitating fevers, accompanied by hyperthyroidism or occurring in other "yin deficiency" conditions. The characteristic symptom, in my experience, is the staring eyes, which are related to hyperthyroidism. In the early twentieth century it was the "stock" remedy for hyperthyroidism in homeopathy and eclecticism. Boericke cites this as a remedy for "morbid vigilance" producing insomnia. That's exactly how the eyes may look: "morbidly vigilant." These are the eyes of the hyperthyroid patient.
The Lycopus patient suffers from mental tension, nervousness, a hurried, tremulous manner. The personality is like the pulse---wild and tumultuous. The homeopathic authors especially liked the phrase "tumultuous" to express the action of the heart in the Lycopus patient. "Rapid, tumultuous heart beat," writes Cyril Boger. The pulse is "large, full, soft; doesn't synchronize with heart." Analysis of this remedy according to the system of Traditional Chinese Medicine brings out the connectedness of all these different indications. Lycopus is indicated in general yin deficiency fever, where there is irritable nervous system, nervous debility, hectic fever, and malar flushing. The pulse is rapid and tumultuous. Yin deficiency fever tends to percipitate bleeding, because the blood is agitated by heat. Like many remedies with an affinity for the circulation and blood, Lycopus also has an affinity for the heart. It is indicated in what the Chinese would classify as heart yin deficiency. This syndrome shares the tumultuous pulse, mental irritability and insomnia so typical of Lycopus. Specific Indications. Hyperthyroidism. Hectic fever. Deep-seated and chronic inflammatory processes. Preparation and dosage. Infusion is prepared by pouring a cup of boiling water over a half teaspoon of the herb. Dose of the tincture is 1-5 drops, 1-3 times a day in chronic conditions, once every 1-2 hours in acute or very hot conditions. The low homeopathic dilutions can also be used. I have seen good results from the tincture and 3x-12x potencies. Comparison. Lycopus europea. Ocimum basilicum. Sweet Basil. This well-known culinary and medicinal herb is a member of the mint family. It is native to southern Europe, the Middle East, and India. It has been used in the food and medicine of these areas from an ancient date. Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastus, and Plinius all give accounts of Basil. One of the popular ideas in the old authors is that it was an antidote to the bite of the scorpion. The name may come from the basilik, a mythological dragon that caused one who saw it to be burnt to a cinder. This evil being could only be destroyed with mirrors. Whether or not this has any relationship to the plant, the principal genius of Basil is to remove heat and toxin from the bloodstream, liver, portal circulation and intestines. Properties. The taste of the herb is pungent, warm and dry, somewhat similar to Hyssop. A full range of action results from the pungence, while opens the skin and lungs, removes gas from the digestive tract, and purges the blood of heat and toxin. Basil detoxifies heat and toxin through the skin by diaphoresis and removes mucus from the lungs, so that it is servicable in colds, flus and acute respiratory conditions. It stimulates the appetite and digestion, removing stagnant food and flatulence. On the deepest level, it detoxifies the blood, liver, portal circulation and intestines, removing toxic heat. Basil is one of several agents which improve the circulation and ennervation of the solar plexus, resulting in a general improvement in autonomic functioning, digestion and circulation to the brain (cf. Betonica, Salvia, Paeonia, Panax, etc.) It therefore promotes sensory, visual and mental clarity. The fresh juice is used externally for fungal infections on the skin. Brent Davis, D.C., is one of our principal contemporary authorities for the use of Basil. He noted that it was used to detoxify the body of chronic hashish
consumption in both North Africa and India. Later he began to see patients who, he realized, were suffering from the chronic effects of marijuana smoking. He began to use Basil with great success in these cases. This led him to draw up a protrait of the typical, chronic pot-smoker requiring Basil as a detoxifier. The patient suffers from a fear that their health is permanently compromised, about which they feel a great deal of emotional distress. They are, in fact, suffering from what Applied Kinesiology classifies as "neurological disorganization." The nervous system is incapable of self-correction, despite the right spinal manipulation they are gradually getting worse, they suffer a lack of musculoligamentous tone, or "ligamentous looseness," so that their bodies cannot hold manipulations. In addition, Dr. Davis recommends Basil as a detoxifier for removing medical and chemical drugs which sequester themselves in fat cells. About the same time that Dr. Davis' Basil formula appeared on the market, urine testing for drug use was introduced in American Society. This naturally led to the use of Basil to remove THC from the liver, so that marijuana users could pass their tests. A number of people came into Present Moment Herbs, where I was then working, looking for this product, or some product "they heard about." In one instance, a juvenile on probation failed a urine test but demanded for another one, "in order to make sure there wasn't something wrong with the first test." He was scheduled for another test five days later. Basil, 9-12 tablets of Dr. Davis' CTS formula, 3 times a day, and he passed. I have known of airplane pilots, policemen and ordinary citizens who have followed this proceedure with success. While I do not advocate the use of illegal drugs, I present these facts as a verification of the properties of Ocimum basilicum. Preparation and dosage. Fresh Basil can be prepared by infusion. Pour a cup of boiling water over a teaspoonful of the herb and steep for 15 minutes. The tincture can also be used. The dose is 5-60 drops, 3 times a day. Dr. Davis' CTS tablets (organic Basil with binder), is a useful product. Dose, 9-12 tablets 3 times a day, for immediate detoxification, 3 tablets 3 times a day for slow, long-term detox. Oenothera biennis. Evening Primrose. This pleasant little plant is a wildflower native to North America. Today it is widely cultivated in gardens throughout the temperature zone, and is naturalized in Europe. The fleshy roots have been eaten in Europe since the plant's introduction in the sixteenth century, so that it became an intimate part of the medicine and food of European peoples. Evening Primrose is a member of the Onogracaceae family, which includes Fireweed and Willowherb (Epilobium). The name Evening Primrose reflects the fact that the flowers open in the evening, remain open and slightly luminous at night and open the next day. "That the petals do emit light on a dark night is not fanciful," writes Millspaugh. "Still it is not due to a property of giving out spontaneous light (phosphorescence), but to a process of storing up sunlight during the day, and retaining it at night." Evening Primrose was used by the Indians for bowel pains, weight loss, to strengthen muscules, and as a poultice on wounds. These uses show that it has affinity for digestive and assimilatve conditions. The use of Oenothera in wounds was quickly taken over by white settlers. Peter Kalm wrote from Quebec in 1749,
"An old Frenchman, who accompanied me as I was collecting its seeds, could not sufficiently praise its property of healing wounds. The leaves of the plant must be crushed and then laid on the wound" (quoted by Erichsen-Brown). Millspaugh wrote in 1892, "About the only previous use of this plant in medicine was a strong decoction of the dried herb as an external application in infantile eruptions and as a general vulnerary." An appreciation of the internal properties of the plant developed more slowly. Although Evening Primrose did not receive a homeopathic proving, a poisoning quoted by Millspaugh shows that it could produce prominent symptoms in the nervous and muscular systems: 60 drops of the tincture produced extreme vertigo, semi-consciousness, loss of muscular power, numbness and peripheral prickling, rigors, occasional muscular cramps in the abdomen and extremities, and great exhaustion. These symptoms were followed by free evacuation from the bowels and kidneys. An affinity to the ennervation of digestive canal is demonstrated. More recently, Evening Primrose became the subject of extensive pharmacological research. The seeds contain an aromatic oil rich in linolenic and gamma-linolenic acids. The latter seem to play a prominent role in the metabolism of prostaglandins. They inhibit several allergins and stimulate the production of several hormones. The oil has been isolated and is sold as a medicinal substance, but its application is still largely theoretical. In practice, Evening Primrose oil has shown itself to be useful for some cases of pre-menstrual tension and menstrual pain. The following account is based upon traditional uses, rather than modern pharmacology, which is too often a theoretical discipline. Properties. Evening Primrose is one of a small number of herbs which fit the definition of a balsam. The plant possesses the volatile, aromatic oils which heal wounds and stimulate the ennervation of the solar plexus and the digestive tract, and the balanced taste which is characteristic of this group (see Melissa officinalis, Monarda fistulosa, and Hypericum perforatum). According to Paracelsus, the balsams perserve the life force and the flesh, and may be classified among the elixirs of longevity. Certainly, they are beneficial to older patients. Dr. R. Swinburne Clymer was one of the few old herbal authors who provided specific indications calling for Oenothera. He says the herb is indicated in patients who have consumed a faulty diet for a long time, resulting in the accumulation of toxins and waste in the digestive tract. This depresses the solar plexus and results in depression of cerebral functions, resulting in mental depression. (We often see this reflex from the solar plexus to the brain---Clymer is one of the few authors to note the fact.) Evening Primrose vitalizes the stomach, stimulates the digestion and strengthens the nerve reflexes pretaining to the liver and spleen. It is mild, however, and Clymer suggests that it be used in conjunction with other agents which more effectually remove waste materials. (Compare with Hypericum.) Specific Indications. Internal. "Soothing, quieting influence on excited nerve peripheries." Hyper-sensitive stomach, indigestion, uterine irritability, hysteria, hysterical vomiting, tenesmus, spasmodic cough, asthma with gastric irritability
(Cook, 1898, 85). "Gastric symptoms accompanied by asthma; diarrhea and dysentery; severe pain in the stomach after eating; difficult breathing of iritable and nervous persons; chronic indigestion and gastric irritability; chronic diarrhea; dyspnea or palpitation accompanied by cough, especially in nervous persons; vesical irritation, with frequent desire to urinate in hysterical females; tenesmus with bloody mucous discharges, accompanying or following typhoid fever; sallow, dirty skin; tissues full and expressionless; tongue dirty, very unnatural and large; patient gloomy and despondent" (Fyfe). "It has been found useful to allay irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane, and lessen the chances of serious mischief from the inflammatory action which preceds the ulceration of Peyer's patches, while it is argued that it may prevent ulceration if its use be begun in time" (Webster). External. The leaves laid on as a poultice, or the oil, have been utilized in burns, wounds, various skin lesions, eczema, and irritable conditions. Preparation and dosage. The infusion is made by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of the leaves and flowers. The tincture of the flowers is sometimes available in herbal commerce. Dose, 8-10 drops, up to 3 times a day. The purificied volatile oils are available in capsules of "Oil of Evening Primrose." However, the old time infusions and tinctures should not be scorned. Onosmodium virginianum. False Gromwell. A member of the Boraginaceae family native to banks and hillsides in eastern North America. It is closely related to Gromwell, or Lithospermum. Like that plant, False Gromwell has small hard seeds and is found in gravelly soil. These are signatures for its use in removing kidney stones. That it is homeopathic to renal exhaustion is indicated by Cook's observation that "a too free use of the decoction is liable to exhaust the kidneys." Although it is little known, I include it here because of a shortage in the number of good kidney-remedies available in modern herbalism. Cook is one of the few authors to give any account of this plant. "The root of this plant is demulcent, tough, and sweetish; brownish without, yellowish-white within, and flexible when dried. An infusion or decoction acts quite decidedly upon the kidneys, proving relaxant and mildly tonic, promoting a free flow of water, and relieving sub-acute and chronic irritation of the kidneys and bladder. The people in some sections ascribe to it almost miraculous powers in the treatment of gravel and dropsy. Of its soothing and moderately strengthening influence on the renal apparatus, I am well satisfied; but its solvent properties on the stone may well be doubted, though it will usually give relief to the irritation of the bladder in such cases." Ophioglossum vulgatum. Adder's Tongue. This is a small fern native to Europe, used since ancient times as a woundwort. The name ophioglossum means Adder's Tongue. Gerard says that the leaves, stamped and boiled in olive oil, produce a "balsam for greene wounds" that is not inferior to the "oyle of S. Johns wort," and may even surpass it. Anyone who has used St. John's Wort would have to appreciate such high regard from a competent author. Culpeper recommends the juice of the leaves combined with horsetail as a remedy for wounds or bleeding. This recipe was still much used by "country people" when
Grieve wrote in 1932. It was also considered good for sore eyes. The early colonists in New England found a variety of Adder's Tongue (Ophioglossum pusillum) which they made into an ointment for wounds (Ann Leighton, Early American Gardens ). Although it was apparently effective, Adder's Tongue did not catch hold and fell out of use in American herbalism. It was mentioned by John Monroe (1824), who practiced "physick" in northern Vermont, as a salve for fresh wounds, internal bruises and hemorrhoids. Orobanche virginiana. Beach-Drops, Cancer Root. This is a parasitic plant growing on the roots of Beach trees in North America, hence the name Beach-Drops. It is a member of the Orobanche family, all of whom are parasites growing on the roots on trees. They have no green foliage, but are nearly colorless and pale, low, fleshy, and covered with scales rather than leaves. This particular representative of the family has a "lurid-brown" color, which is suggestive of the most heinous deterioration of the flesh. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Dr. Hugh Martin, an empiric practitioner in Pennsylvania, used a "secret powder" with reputed success in the treatment of skin cancers. Chemical analysis showed that it included Arsenic trioxide (Arsenicum album), a remedy widely used by conventional doctors for the treatment of cancer since the time of Paracelsus. In addition, it contained a vegetable powder. The inhabitants of western Pennsylvania claimed that Dr. Martin collected Orobanche, and that it was the vegetable ingredient in this formula. As a result, this plant came to be widely known as "Cancer Root." Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, the first American author on materia medica (1804), wrote an open-minded account of Orobanche virginiana. Though he had not seen an undoubted case of cancerous growth cured by Dr. Martin's powder, he knew that they had a more positive reputation than the standard treatment (Arsenic). Cancer Root has not been used on a widespread basis in this affection since that time, and it is impossible to tell if there is any basis for the reputation. There is, however, a basis for its use in other complaints. "Every part of this plant is considerably astringent," notes Barton. "Judging by the taste, we should not hesitate to say, that the Cancer-root is a vegetable endued with considerable powers. It must be confessed, however, that these powers are much less obvious in the dried than in the recent vegetable." "Whatever may have been the vegetable which Martin used in combination with arsenic, it is certain that the powder of the Orobanche, or Cancer-rooot, has been of great service (in Philadelphia, &c.) externally applied to obstrinate ulcers, some of which had resisted the applications that are commonly made use of in such cases. It would be well to try the effects of this vegetable in those dreadful ulcerations (by some writers deemed cancerous), which are too frequently the consequence of the use of mercury, when it has been given in large quantity." These, Barton had seen cured by Orobanche. Cook, writing more than half a century later, says, "this singular herb has a popular reputation in the treatment of cancer, being used locally as well as internally. This repute is not sustained by experience; but the plant is a stimulating astringent, has a good influence in arousing indolent ulcers and arresting gangrene,
whence it may be employed to some little advantage in scirrhus [cancerous] difficulties. It may be used as a wash for aphthous sores of a low grade, and probably putrid sore throat; also in leucorrhea. An infusion used inwardly acts slowly on the capillary circulation, and usually arrests passive menorrhagia and other hemorrhages." Origanum marjorana. Sweet Marjoram. This is a member of the mint family native to Portugal, related to a wide variety of Origanums. It is an annual sown in gardens and commonly used as a culinary herb. Sweet Marjoram has a milder flavor than its cousin, Wild Marjoram, and it is recommended, therefore, that it be used fresh to season food. The two are considered to have similar medicinal properties. Oil of Sweet Marjoram is used as a medicinal, to stimulate blood circulation and remove ecchymosis in bruises and strains. Origanum vulgare. Wild Marjoram. A member of the mint family native to dry hillsides in southern Europe, Asia and North Africa, but naturalized in light soils in some parts of northern Europe and the Americas. It has a stronger taste, and is more active than its cousin, Sweet Marjoram. Origanum vulgare was used in Greek and Roman medicine. It was an important remedy for antidoting poisons, curing convulsions and dropsy. Culpeper summarizes the traditional authorities. "This is also under the dominion of Mercury," he writes. Such plants are usually aerating and mobilizing. "It strengthens the stomach and head much, there being scarce a better remedy growing for such as are troubled with a sour humour in the stomach; it restores the appetite, being lost." Cough, consumption, jaundice, scabs, itch, deafness, pain and noise in the ears. Maurice Messegue, an herbalist from southern France, where these fragrant, aromatic minty plants are so well appreciated in culinary and medicinal herbalism, writes about the properties of Marjoram (Sweet or Wild). It is an important remedy for the grief of disappointment in love, frustrated passion, and restlessness preventing sleep, but too large a dose can cause stupefaction. It can be taken as a tea, seasoning, gargle, vapor, bath or poultice. Properties. "The whole plant has a strong, peculiar, fragrant, balsmaic odour and a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, both of which properties are preserved when the herb is dry" (Grieve). The scent is so pleasant that it was widely used as a perfume before the advent of more exotic substances. A volatile oil is extracted from it which has the properties of the herb. It is so active that it was used as a caustic by farriers. There is a camphoraceous component in the oil. It is called oil of Marjoram, and must not be confused with oil of Origanum, which is distilled from Thyme. It is one of the best stimulating liniments (Cook). A few drops of the oil on cotton, stuffed up into the hollow of an aching tooth will relieve the pain (like Clove Oil). Specific Indications. Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, and mildly tonic. "A diaphoretic similar to monarda" (Cook). Nervous headache. Painfull swellings and rheumatism.
Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the fresh or recently dried herb. Oil. Osmorhiza claytonii et longistylis. Sweet Cicely. This dainty little herb is a member of the Umbellifera family native to the rich woods of eastern North America. It has an anise-like scent which is similar to many southern European culinary herbs, but unusual in the forests of North America. This probably explains why Sweet Cicely was a precious remedy with the Indians, but little used by the whites---they had many similar European plants in their gardens. The root of Sweet Cicely is used by the Indians as a gentle tonic for debility, indigestion, dyspepsia, poor appetite, weight loss, cough, and as a nutritive during pregnancy. It is applied externally on boils, cuts, sores, wounds, and sore red eyes. The Indians particularly liked the effect on the eyes. An old report says, "The root of the wild chervil is marvelous for the ills of the eyes, by dropping in the eye the water in which this root is steeped, in the Month of May when the vine is in sap." It was fed to ponys before the hunt, so that they would be stronger and catch the buffalo (Erichsen-Brown). Properties. The flavor of the root is sweet, the temperature warm, and the impression aromatic. It has a taste and smell like Anise seed, and is used by the Indians in much the same way. Sweet Cicely gently warms and settles the stomach, removing mild indigestion and flatulent colic, promotes the appetite, building up or reducing flesh by tonifying the appetite and digestion. It is used as a great preparative in pregnancy. The gentle aromatic qualities settle feeble coughs and promote the expectoration of mucous. Preparation and dosage. The tasty roots may be eaten raw or soaked in brandy at room temperature. Heat impairs their properties. Do not mistake this plant for its deadly relative, Poison Hemlock. Osmunda regalis. Buckthorn Brake. This rather beautiful fern in found growing in moist areas in the United States. The roots are gathered in the latter part of summer. Prepared in a fresh infusion they yield a very mucilaginous substance, which quickly forms into a jellylike consistency. This was formally mixed with brandy and commonly used for weak back and sprains in popular American medicine. Osmunda is a specific medicine for "diseases of the bones, from malnutrition. Weakness of the osseous structure, rickets, diarrhea and dysentery from local irritation in poorly nourished patients. . . . It is also useful in weak back, especially in those cases where, with weakness of the muscular structure of the back, there are symptoms of incipient disease of the spinal vertebrae. It has been used also in subluxations." It is useful in diarrhea and dysenterry, with acute or protracted fevers, with great weakness, and in convalescenese where these condition have prevailed. "It has been given in various forms of female weakness, particularly where there was severe leucorrhoea. Its soothing influence upon mucous surfaces seems to be remarkable" (Ellingwood). Chronic cough with profuse expectoration. Dyspepsia with slight diarrhea.
Oxalis acetosella. Wood Sorrel. A dainty little plant that grows on lawns and in shady woods. It is a member of the Oxalidaceae family, native to Europe and Asia, but widespread in the Americas. It is one of the most sour tasting plants available and has been used as a salad green. Since it is also cool and moist, it is used as a cooling beverage in fevers. The oxalic acid it contains is toxic in large amounts, and may be detrimental in small amounts to people of a gouty or arthritic nature. It was at one time applied to external cancers as a drawing agent. Oxydendrum arboreum. Sorrel Tree, Elk Tree, Sourwood. A tree native to eastern and southern North America, cultivated elsewhere as an ornamental. The flowers yield the famous Sourwood honey. It was an old Indian and pioneer remedy for edema, sometimes used by the eclectics, but seldom noted today in herbal literature. Like Onosmodium, I have included it because of the lack of kidney-remedies in modern herbalism. Ellingwood relates, "It is indicated where there is dropsy, especially in aged people, or general dropsical effusion, accompanied with loss of vital tone. Also where there is deficient renal action, accompanied with painful urination. Urinary irregularities of the aged." It increases the power of the heart and kidneys, tones relaxed capillaries, improves arterial tension, and benefits the general nutrition of the system. However, the exact indications for its use were not determined by the eclectic and botanical physicians. "It is not easy to define that class of cases of dropsy in which it is specific as in some it works beautifully and in others it is ineffective." Indications. Generalized systemic dropsy, or abdominal edema; anasarca, ascites, hydropericardium, pleuritic effusion, hydrocele. Weak action of the heart, with difficulty breathing. Urinary difficulties of the aged. Deficient renal action, especially with some painful urination. Unpleasant urinary troubles of old men, when due to prostatic and cystic disorders of an atonic type; painful micturition, scanty urine, meatal burning, and blood in the urine, the latter passing drop by drop. Prostatic disease, chronic enlargement of the prostate, with irritation at the neck of the bladder, urinary irritaion from other causes. Bowel disorders caused by a hyperaemic condition of the viscera (Ellingwood, Felter, Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. The leaf was used as a tea, presumably by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce or so, and steeping. Tincture, 1-60 drops. Paeonia officinalis. Peony. This is the common Peony grown in gardens. It is a member of the Buttercup family native to Europe. The name Peony comes from the name of a mythological Greek healer, Paeon, who is first supposed to have discovered the virtue of Peony root for lessening the pains of child-birth. Remarkable stories have surrounded the plant from the earliest times. It was said to be of divine origin, an emanation of the moon, and to shine during the night. The luminous round white flowers certainly look lunar. The association with the moon probably gave Peony a whole set of medicinal associations. The root was an ancient Greek remedy for "the divine sickness," "the falling sickness," or
epilepsy. Over this the moon had some dominion, for she is associated with lunacy and loss of control of the mind. Modern astrological authorities give the moon rulership over the stomach and solar plexus, and it is through these organs that she has an influence on the brain. Whether we believe in astrology or not, it is a fact that remedies which strengthen the solar plexus and stomach strengthen the nervous system generally, and the brain follows suit (see Panax quinquifolium, Stachys betonica, Lycopodium, Salvia, etc.) Peony was also used, as Gerard reports, "for those that are troubled in the night with the disease called the Nightmare. . . and melancholic dreames." Another old author states that, "If a man layeth this wort over the lunatic as he lies, soon he upheaveth himself whole" (Grieve). Its application in childbirth also has lunar associations. The older literature speaks of the "male" and "female" Peonies, a distinction based upon the appearance of the roots and flowers. These are considered two horticultural varieties, rather than different species. Another variation is seen in the flower colors, which are lunar white or dusky red. In China, Paeonia albiflora is used in herbalism. It is a native of Siberia and the Far East. Dioscorides stated that a Peony root, hung around the neck, cured the falling sickness or epilepsy. Galen, the principal advocate of rational medicine, was forced by experience to acknowledge the validity of this folk custom. "Once upon a time he saw a child of about eight years of age who had fainting spells. The child was wont to wear a peony root around his neck. One day this root fell off. Soon the child fell to the earth. The root was again tied around his neck and soon the child was healthy again." Galen experimented with the root and the child until he was convinced of the efficacy of the practice. "It was in this way that Galen came to understand the virtue of this root" (Macer). Culpeper says, "The roots of the Male Paeony, fresh gathered, having been found by experience to cure the falling sickness: but the surest way is, besides hanging it about the neck, by which children have been cured, to take the root of the Male Paeony, washed clean, and stamped somewhat small, and laid to infuse in a sack for 24 hours at the least, afterwards strain it, and take it first and last, morning and evening, a good draught for sundry days together, before and after a full moon; and this will also cure old persons, if the disease be not grown too old, and past cure." In the eighteenth century it was noted that Peony root tied round the neck not only helped the "fainting sickness," but also teething, nervousness, colic and spasm in infants. Goldsmith refers to these Peony necklaces in The Vicar of Wakefield (Grieve). Paeonia received a modest homeopathic proving which justified some of the ancient associations. It produced terrible nightmares in the provers. One of them noted, "At the time I was ignorant of the fact that both Dioscorides and Plinius had stated that nightmare could be cured with this drug." The most prominent symptoms produced were hemorrhoids, and it is for this complaint that Paeonia has found a niche homeopathic practice. Most of the indications listed below are taken from homeopathic literature: if we had to rely upon modern herbal writings we would have very little to include. Properties. The flavor of the root is at first sweet and then bitter. This points towards a tonical impression upon the stomach and digestion. The sweet flavor
builds the appetite and flesh by protagonism, while the bitter encourages the appetite and digestive juices by antagonism. The strength of the solar plexus is build up and the reactive power of the stomach is increased. The gut-level instinct and the ability to be down to earth are improved, the nervous system as a whole is relaxed and nourished, and the brain benefits through all these good things. In this manner, Paeonia has its influence over nightmare, thinking processes, nervous convulsions, epilepsy, and muscular spasms. By stimulating the solar plexus the portal circulation is enhanced, removing the tendency to hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Specific Indications. Rush of blood to the head and face; vertigo; nervousness. Terrifying dreams and nightmares. Hemorrhoids, fissures, and ulcerations of the anus and perineum; purple, covered with crusts, horribly painful at the passage of each stool. Pasty stool, with anal burning. Ulcerations of the lower parts of the body, limbs, rectum, also the breast; bedsores; varicosities. Faintness of the head, collapse, epilepsy. Teething, irritability, colic, spasm, nervousness, in babies. Spasm, tension and nervousness before and after childbirth. Preparation and dosage. The roots are dug in the fall, from plants atleast two years old. They are cleaned with a brush and cold water, but quickly dried off and placed in the sun. Dried roots should be brittle and thoroughly dried to the core. Pour one pint of boiling water over an one ounce of the powdered root (Grieve). Panax quinquefolium. American Ginseng. There was little use of Ginseng by American Indians. The discovery by Jesuit missionaries of an American Ginseng opened up an extensive trade with China, where the article was much coveted. After this it became an important source of income for the Indians and white settlers. Its use in America developed a little bit after that, but the genius of this medicine has genearlly eluded Western herbalists. The Chinese use Panax quinquifolium in dry and fluid deficient fevers affecting the lungs, where there is at the same time, general exhaustion, due to old age or depletion of the nervous system. In terms of traditional Chinese medicine, Panax is suited to conditions where stomach qi deficiency leads to stomach yin deficiency, and then lung yin deficiency. There is little history of the use of Ginseng in America, until recent times. However, the few references we have from early sources show that American doctors discovered the same properties in Ginseng as their Chinese counterparts. Dr. Jacob Bigelow (1812) wrote of his friend, Dr. Fothergill, who used it in "tedious chronic coughs, incident to people in years." That would pretty well fit the Chinese idea. "It consists of a lubricating mucilage combined with some degree of aromatic warmth," comments Bigelow. John Monroe (1824), a botanical doctor practicing "physick" in northern Vermont, also shows an understanding of the properties of Ginseng. "This is a great stomachic," he writes. The decoction of the root is good for those with "cold, phlegmatic habits; but hurtful in hot, bilious constitutions" (Monroe, 1824, 40). The first well-known American author to advance the use of American Ginseng was Dr. John Scudder, the leading light of eclecticism. "We have laughed at the Chinese for their use of Ginseng, which we have deemed inert, but I am pretty well satisfied that in this, as in some other things, they have the
advantage of us. A limited use of the article has given me a very favorable opinion of its influence." He cured himself of a lack of saliva with the root, then starting using it on others. Altogether, these scanty references pretty much cover the information in traditional Chinese sources. Properties. There is no need to resort to esoteric pharmacology to explain the actions of American Ginseng. Knowledge of its properties is available by a careful consideration of the taste. The flavor of Panax quinquefolium is sweet and mildly bitter, the temperature cool, and the impression slightly moist. The combination of bitter and sweet is excellent to stimulate the appetite and digestion. The dampness (which leds to fungal infection when the root is cultivated) indicates a relationship to moistre or its lack, in the digestive and respiratory tracts. Scudder considered a lack of secretion of saliva in the mouth, with nervous dyspepsia and exhaustion, to be the principle indications for the exhibition of Ginseng. "Its first use, and a very important one, is in the treatment of nervous dyspepsia. I have obtained more benefit from it in my own person, than from any other remedy, and I have employed it with others with equal advantage. It exerts a decidely beneficial influence in exhaustion of the brain from over work, and it is probable that its influence is as much in this direction as upon the stomach." The reciprocal relationship between the stomach and the brain is based on the fact that the stomach is so intimately tied to the solar plexus, the "brain of the gut." Agents which tonify the solar plexus definitely strengthen the brain (Stachys officinalis, Hydrastis, Lycopodium, Salvia, etc.) They also tend to ground the patient in the physical body and senses---a fact which also explains the use of Ginseng as a sexual tonic. Remedies which tonify the nerve force are more often required in old age and persons who have become exhausted. Deficiency of the nerve force in the stomach and solar plexus can led to a lack of secretion from mucous membranes, resulting in dryness of the mouth and alimentary tract, and also of the respiratory mucous membranes. Febrile processes can set in. Here is a pretty little case illustrating the usefulness of Panax quinquifolium from my own practice. The patient was a thirty-five year-old woman with a one year old child, currently nursing. She was the delicate, sensitive, fine-nerved type one associates with the homeopathic remedy Ignatia, but Pulsatilla had been her chief remedy. Now, however, she was totally exhausted and nothing worked. "I'm falling apart. . . can't fall asleep. . .feel dizzy, empty, no energy. . . nursing takes everything out of me. . . everything is going out of my body." Thirsty, "I have to have drink right away." Very hungry, "but I can't stand to eat." Heart palpitations, lips dry and pale, tongue red and slightly excoriated in the center, slightly swollen, scalloped and moist on the periphery, pulse full and slightly rapid with that nonresistant feel one associates with yin deficiency (depletion of fluids). Eyelids irritated, very tired eyes, yellow, brown and blue around them, yellow around the mouth, slight hectic flush on the checks. Sepia 30x and Passiflora produced no real improvement. Panax quinquifolium, a nibble of the root several times a day and "I feel like a warrior." Ecstatic about the remedy, prompt improvement. Specific Indications. Nervous exhaustion, brain fag; the results of overwork or emotional overextention. Lack of saliva; gastric derangements of nervous origin; nervous debility; loss of appetite. Dry mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
dry cough. Hectic fever; fever with lack of fluids and energy; malar flush on the checks. Preparation and dosage. The wild root is more efficacious as a tonic to the stomach, since the taste is more developed in wild specimens. The domesticated root is better for moistening the lungs, since it contains more fluid. "The effects of ginseng are not promptly manifested, as it is slow in its action" (Fyfe). "As its qualities are easily dissipated by heat, it should be used in substance or as a wine tincture" (Cook). Dose: a nibble of the root, once or twice a day, or several drops of the tincture. Papaver somnifera. Opium Poppy, Poppy Seed. The sap drained from the unripened seed-pod is the source of opium, but when allowed to mature the opiates dissipate. The seeds are harvested and used in culinary preparations---this is the source of poppy seed. The introduction of opiates into Western medicine is usually attributed to Paracelsus. It marked a turning point in the history of surgery, since an effective anesthetic was available for the first time. Hahnemann proved this interesting plant, and Opium has since occupied a distinctive niche in the homeopathic materia medica. Herbalists have recourse to Poppy Seed, though more commonly they use the related Corn Poppy or California Poppy when a mild, non-narcotic sedative is required. All of these plants are members of the Poppy family, along with Chelidonium and Sanguinaria. An interesting thread runs through the Papaveraceae. They have an affinity to deep spiritual imbalances. The Opium addict (and also the patient) has a deep apathy about morals and personal responsibility, while the Sanguinaria and Chelidonium patients apply too much force to the acquisition or use of spiritual gifts. These plants are vegetable incarnations of the doctrine of the four humours. Sanguinaria has a bright red sap and is the remedy for the sanguine personality; Chelidonium has a bright orange-yellow sap and is the plant for the choleric or bilious temperament; Opium has a bright white sap and personifies the tendencies of the lymphatic constitution. So far, I know of no member of the Poppy family with a black sap which would represent the melancholic humour. The doctrine of the four humours seems to refer to spiritual substances which stand behind outward physiological processes. The sanguine humour does not represent the blood per se, but rather the spiritual essence in the blood. Properties. Paracelsus noted that the seed-pod of the poppy looks like a head with a crown on it. This indicated that Opium was a remedy for the mind. The sticky, white, mentally-dulling sap of the plant, exuded from the head-like seed pod, offers a perfect signature for its use in obduration of the mind. White sap is a signature for cold (also see Lactuca virosa). With these signatures in mind, we find that Opium almost perfectly personifies the idea in traditional Chinese medicine of "cold mucus obstructing the portals of heart." This refers to a condition where the mind is occluded. Insensitivity and a tendancy to coma appear, the patient is generally dull, the pulse slow, the tongue and complexion pale. Cold mucus has invaded the heart, which "stores the mind or spirit." Specific Indications. Generalized insensibility of the nervous system; sluggishness,
drowsyness, heavy sleep, stretorous breathing, painlessness, and lack of reaction. The patient is apathetic, indifferent, emotionally and morally. Dullness, heaviness, dizziness in the head, with corresponding mental incapacity for any activity. Eyes dilated, insensible, staring, face bloated, swollen, besotted, dark suffused, hot, red, tongue paralyzed, making difficult articulation and swallowing. Respiration difficult, intermittent, unequal, stretorous. Abdomen hard, bloated, tympanitic, with obstinant constipation. Slow stream of urine. The pulse is slippery and slow--let us say, sleepy. A puffy, bloated, dusky face, with a suppressed fever and intellectual dullness of the mind calls for this remedy. Preparation and dosage. Opium is a controlled substance in the United States. Even the potentized remedy cannot be obtained without a medical license. I have used Poppy Seed tincture the few times I have needed the remedy. In this form it is widely available and seems to cover the symptoms mentioned under Opium in the Homeopathic pharmacopeia. Passiflora incarnata. Passionflower. A member of the Passionflower family, native to the southern United States and Mexico. Passiflora was used by the Indians as a poultice for skin irritations, boils and cuts. The white settlers and professional doctors used it as an anti-spasmodic and sedative. The whole flowering herb is used. The fruits edible and delicious. Fyfe summarizes, "Passiflora relieves irritation of the nerve centers and improves sympathetic innervation. As a result of this action a beneficial influence is exerted upon the circulation and nutrition. It has been extensively employed in various forms of convulsions, and usually with satisfactory results. In dysmenorrhea it exerts a relieving influence, and in neuralgia it has often proved useful. Passion flower has also been highly recommended in tetanus and the severest spasms of children." Scudder writes, "We have used specific passiflora, in from ten- to sixty-drop doses, well diluted and repeated every hour. From the failures we have had we believe that it does not do well when the tongue is dirty, heavily coated. But when given to a patient, young or old, with a clean tongue, it acts promptly and pleasantly." Specific Indications. "Delirium, especially that characterized by low muttering; sleeplessness following the excessive use of alcoholic stimulants; fretfulness of teething children; pelvic engorgement attended with severe pain; pain in the stomach which comes on an hour or two after taking food; pain in the head, with a sensation of great weight pressing upon the brain; pains in the abdomen and pelvis peculiar to pregnant women; cholera infantum, when there are great restlessness and spasmodic conditions; distressing insomnia caused by cardiac disturbance" (Fyfe). "Insomnia of infants and the aged, and the mentally worried, and overworked, with tendency to convulsions" (Boericke). As an anti-spasmodic, in whooping-cough, asthma, convulsions and spasms in children, tetanus. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Tincture, 5-60 drops, repeated every few hours. Toxicity. "That passiflora is not toxic is evidenced by the fact that it has been given in ten- and fifteen-drop doses every hour for six and eight hours, to infants less than one year old, without the slightest evidence of deleterious effects. It has
also been administed to the very sick and weak without any harmful action" (Fyfe). Petasites officinalis. Butterbur. A member of the Composite family native low, swampy ground in European woodlands, where it forms colonies. The pale purple-pink inflorescences crowding together to form mass on the flower stalk, the giant leaves form another mass as the plants crowd together. They are gray and wooly underneath. The name Petasites, meaning "broad-brimmed hat," refers to the leaves. It is a cousin of Coltsfoot. The medicinal reputation of Butterbur has developed very slowly. This is somewhat surprizing, since one would expect the unusual physical appearance to have stimulated interest. Plants with large leaves, and especially those with a wooly or velvety aspect (Coltsfoot, Comfrey, Burdock, Mullein), usually act upon the skin and lungs, promoting perspiration and aeration. Butterbur has been used as a diaphoretic to stimulate sweating, and as a cough-medicine like Coltsfoot. These uses have been inexact. The growth in wet places indicates a likely action on the lungs and kidneys, to remove excess fluids. Masses of leaves almost always indicate a relationship to the liver (Wild Ginger, Watercress, Liverwort, Celandine, Podophyllum). But all of these interesting signatures did not help Butterbur find a purpose. During the late medieval period Petasites gained a reputation as a remedy for the plague, as indicated by the names Pestilenzenwurt in German, and Plagueflower in English. This idea has not been tested in modern times, and the specific indications for its exhibition have been lost in the mists of time. Grieve observes, "One finds really very little either of evil or good assigned by the older writers to the Butterbur as compared with most other herbs." The traditional sources mention that it establishes diaphoresis and removes fever; cures shortness of breath; gout; epilepsy; sprains, dislocations and sore feet; burns, malignant ulcers and wounds. Butterbur proves to be the odd plant whose medicinal reputation has been established primarily by modern pharmacology. An active ingredient was isolated which relieves spasm and pain, especially in the gastric and hepatic tracts. It is sedative and slowly stimulating to the nerves of these areas, relieving inflammation of the stomach and duodenum, and relaxing the gall bladder. The pain of migraine headache (which is so often linked with gastric and hepatic problems) and slipped disks in the back have been moderated by the plant. Unfortunately, modern pharmacology has also established that the Butterbur contains the dangerous pyrolizidine alkaloids, which are an "invisible toxin," impossible to taste, but capable of seriously damaging the liver but taken persistently. The use of Petasitis has thus fallen into limbo. It seems that only the use of a homeopathic dilution would salvage something from this plant. Perhaps the folk-doctors were wise when they turned away from Petasitis officinalis. Petroselinum sativum. Parsley. This is a common vegetable and ornamental grown in gardens. It is a member of the Umbellifera family, but does not smell or taste very much like its cousins. It lacks the volatile oils and pungent properties which so typlify the aromatic members of this family. Parsley is the "dark green sheep" of the family. The name
Petroselinum, of which Parsley is a shortened form, was assigned at a very early date. It was one of several plants called selinon by the Greeks---Celery being another. Petroselinum means "selinon of the rocks." Perhaps because of its association with rocks, Parsley was dedicated to Persophone, Queen of the Underworld, and used in the funeral rites of the Greeks. When St. Peter succeeded Charon as the ferryman of the dead, Petroselinon quite naturally became "Peter's selinon." It was not at first used in cookery or medicine, being too closely associated with the dead, but the switch from Charon to St. Peter improved its reputation, and Parsley eventually came into widespread use. It soon obtained the sort of inflated status of mythological herbs, achieving a grandoise reputation as an antidote to poisons, which would surprize the modern person accustomed to finding a sprig of it on the side of his plate. It casts "foorth strong venome or poyson," comments Gerard. This idea may have to do with the fact that Parsley absorbs strong odours. It is still used in combination with Garlic, to remove the unpleasant smell. A more restrained view of the herb would hold, as Culpeper does, that "it is very comfortable to the stomach." Parsley is also used as a diuretic, "the seed is effectual to break the stone and the pains and torments thereof." Grieve summarizes, "Parsley has carminative, tonic and aperient action, but is chiefly used for its diuretic properties, a strong decoction of the root being of great service in gravel, stone, congestion of the kidneys, dropsy and jaundice." The curled leaves look somewhat like the pelvis of the kidney, as it drains into the ureters. A course of chopped fresh Parsley, two cups a day, for two weeks, will often remove bladder infection. Hahnemann considered a drop of Parsley tincture to be nearly a specific in acute gonorrhea (see The Chronic Miasms ). One does not find later homeopathic authors singing its praises in this complaint, but Petroselinum was given a proving and occupies a small niche in the homeopathic pharmacopeia. This provides a more specific set of symptoms for its prescription. "The urinary symptoms give the keynotes for this remedy," writes Boericke. "Burning, tingling, freom perineum throughout whole urethra; sudden urging to urinate; frequent, voluptuous tickling in fossa navicularis. Gonorrhea; sudden, irresistible desire to urinate; intense biting, itching, deep in urethra; milky discharge." Preparation and dosage. The fresh chopped herb is easy to infuse as a tea. One half of a bunch makes a cup. The root and dried herb can also be used. However, the fruit or "seeds" are the strongest part of the plant. They can be prepared by infusion; boiling drives off the volatile oils. Phoradendron serotinum. American Mistletoe. There are several Phoradendrons native to the United States. They are parasites growing on various trees. The American Mistletoes are members of the Loranthaceae family, which also includes the European Mistletoe. Phoradendron serotinum is found growing on deciduous trees, especially Tupelo and Red Maple, in the eastern United States, as far west as New Mexico. The various Phoradendrons probably have similar uses. Their properties are quite clearly related to the European Mistletoe.
The tensive appearance of the branches of Phoradendron suggests that it possesses the ability to relieve hypertensive conditions. We see the same signature in European Mistletoe and Ephedra. The Indians used Phoradendron for convulsions, paralysis, and asthma. The branches of the little parasites resemble a respiratory system. The eclectics used Phoradendron to induce labor. "As an oxytoxic this agent acts with much more certainty and promptness than ergot. It acts by stimulating the uterus to normal contractions, and does not, as does ergot, produce continuous or tonic contraction, so that it may be given at any stage of labor" (Fyfe). It is possible that it is an abortifacient; the Indians are known to have used it as a contraceptive. Specific Indications. "Insufficient action of the uterus; retained placenta of abortion; menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and all uterine hemorrhages, including post-partum; hemoptysis; diseases of the heart characterized by a weak action and low arterial tension; diseases of the brain and spinal cord, especially those in which congestion is marked; reflex convulsions of children when the paroxysms continue after the irritating cause has been removed; athma, palsy and the neuroses" (Fyfe). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Phoradendron is believed to be toxic. Unconfirmed reports of death have been crediting to eating the berries. Tincture of the stems, of which 20-30 drops is a usual dose, according to Fyfe. "The dose may be repeated in labor every twenty minutes until the desired effect is produced," he instructs. Comparison. The symptoms for which Phoradendron is remedial are similar to those treated by Viscum album, the European Mistletoe, but the properties of the latter have been much more widely investigated and verified by clinical practice. Phytolacca decandra. Pokeweed. A member of the Pokeweed family, this plant was used by the Indians for rheumatism, mastitis, skin conditions, and general cleansing---all the applications for which it is currently used. The white and black inhabitants of the southern and middle states, where it grows abundantly, adopted the medicine from them. Poke is still extensively employed in this area as a folk-remedy. The spring greens are consumed as a "spring cleanser." All parts of the plant are poisonous, producing harsh catharsis, dermatitis and inflammation of mucous membranes. The greens are prepared by boiling twice and throwing away the water. They stimulate and decongest the lymphatics, causing a detoxification and improving glandular activity. This makes them a mild, general detoxifier for people suffering from lethargy, sluggishness, sluggish lymphatic drainage, swollen glands and metabolic stagnation. They are particularly effective for lazy teenagers and older people who are growing tired. The Indians and pioneers considered Phytolacca greens and roots to be the remedy of choice in mastitis and breast cancer. The berries were used to fight obesity and fatty degeneration of the heart. All of these uses are documented with case histories in the literature of professional medicine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was given a proving by the low potency homeopaths, Edwin Hale and William Burt, which demonstrated the validity of the traditional indications. Poke can be effectively used as a lymphatic, glandular and metabolic stimulant in very
small material or homeopathic doses. The circumstances surrounding Burt's proving of Phytolacca demonstrate the fanaticism and controversy which raged in homeopathic circles in the nineteenth century. Hale and Burt were catigated continually for attempting to introduce native American medicinal plants into homeopathic use by old-guard followers of Hahnemann, particularly Constantine Hering. In the throws of a brutal proving of Phytolacca, Burt communicated to Hale his impression that the symptoms felt a great deal like diphtheria, and suggested that the remedy would be good for this disease. Hering assailed Burt's observations, probably because both of them knew it was an old folk-remedy for diphtheria. It turned out Burt was right. Phytolacca proved to be a superlative remedy in homeopathic dilution for this condition. It is still an important remedy for sore throat. This proving was somewhat more useful than others carried out by the low potency wing of homeopathy in the late nineteenth century. The feeling of the plant comes across rather well in homeopathic literature. Properties. In large doses the roots, berries and leaves of Phytolacca cause vomiting and purgation, followed by prostration, sleepiness, prickling and tingling in the nerves, vertigo, dimness of vision, cold skin, pain in the bowels and a feeble pulse. Large doses cause death. Continued doses can damage the chromosomes and cause cancer. The subtler homeopathic provings show glandular inflammation, congestion and swelling and inflammation and pain in the nerves. Poke roots were used in large doses as a cathartic in the early nineteenth century, the final days of the heroic era of medicine. This can produce toxic sideeffects and does not reflect the subtle properties of the plant which come out in the small doses. The Chinese species produces the same symptoms and has also been used as a harsh cathartic. This is one instance where the more subtle properties were known to the American Indians, but not to the Chinese. Phytolacca is a large perennial, five to ten feet high, with reddish, vein-like branches terminated in green leaves and strings of purple berries. The leaves and berries hang down in a limp manner. The red, purple and limpness, paint a picture of firey heat contrasting with sluggishness, or Mars opposing Neptune, as an astrologer once observed. This polarity runs through the medicinal properties of the plant. "The pokey remedy." According to folk-medicine, the key symptom calling for this remedy is "pokeyness." Phytolacca is called for when a person or an animal is "pokey." A lethargic, lazy, tired patient of lymphatic or glandular build. Heavy, flabby, large breasts, slow, pokey in movement. Lazy, heavy-set teenagers. Nursing mothers with large breasts, mastitis. Old people who are tired, worn-out, flabby, rheumatic. Boericke describes the mental symptoms of Phytolacca as "loss of personal delicacy, disregard of surrounding objects. Indifferent to life." (This is a paraphrase of older homeopathic sources). I used to puzzle over this. What did it mean? A veternary herbalist explained it to me: "It means dogs and cats shit and piss where they sleep." I guess that is what Boericke meant. Here's a case history which illustrates the pattern. The patient was a heavy-set teenage girl suffering from sore throat and lethargy during intense summer heat. I
was talking to her mother and I described the mental symptoms, as Boericke had them, and what my veternary friend told me. She exclaimed, "if Dora could shit and piss where she slept, she would! She falls asleep with a half-eaten chicken bone on the bed beside her." Phytolacca 12x, with a dose of Gelsemium 6x a few days later for heat exhaustion, cured in a few days. What was most astonishing to her mother was the change in attitude. The next morning her daughter actually volunteered to help do the laundry, and started picking up after herself. Her attitude was permanently altered for the better. The mental symptoms correspond closely with the physical symptoms. Lazyness is especially connected to the lymphatic system, because the lymph circulates in a slow, lazy fashion. Pokeroot cleans out the lymphatics and treats conditions in the glands. It is the remedy for conditions of lymphatic turgescence with evident dampness, and a languid, pokey pulse. It can also be used when there is high fever with swollen, painful glands, red, dry skin, and a fast pulse. The tonsils are swollen, dark red, or bluish red. Throat feels very hot, rough, narrow and swollen. This was an important remedy in the treatment of diphtheria in herbalism and homeopathy. Pokeroot has a special affinity for the mammary glands, and is an important traditional and homeopathic remedy for mastitis. Breasts swollen, inflammed, red, with sharp pains on nursing. Women with large breasts. It has been traditionally used for breast cancer, a usage confirmed in herbal and homeopathic literature. Dr. Dorothy Shepherd, in A Physician's Posy gives some interesting accounts of it's utility. These glandular problems are often accompanied by tingling, prickling, shooting pains in nerves. Especially is this the case in mastitis---nursing brings on terrible shooting pains from the nipple outwards. (Nerve pains are often found under lymphatic remedies, because dampness affects the synapses between the nerves, as well as the lymphatic structures.) The skin is also involved, because of lymph does not sufficiently drain and clean the exterior. Scabies, tinea capitis, sycosis, psoriasis, fissures, boils, abscesses, carbuncles, and ulcers have all found their cure in Phytolacca. Traditional Chinese medicine recognizes that qi or energy keeps the fluids moving. If there is a deficiency or stagnation of qi, dampness may develop. This describes the Phytolacca condition. There is lack of nerve force, apathy, lazyness, turning into stagnation, especially of the fluids. Stagnant fluids in turn block the flow of the qi, so that there are sharp, shooting, nerve pains. Specific Indications. "Enlargement, inflammation or pain in glands; mucous surface of the fauces full and of dark color, the tonsils swollen, throat dry or covered with patches of tenacious secretion or ash-colored exudation; depressed function or imperfect secretion; fatty degeneration of the heart [berries]. Locally: Threatened abscesses in glands" (Fyfe). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Pokeroot has been correctly banned for internal consumption by the F. D. A. It is safe in small material doses (Fyfe recommends 1-10 drops) and in the homeopathic potencies (3x-200c, and higher). Pimpenella anisum. Anise Seed. Anise is a member of the Umbellifera family native to the Mediterranean and
Middle East. It is cultivated somewhat more widely, but demands a fairly warm climate and long growing season to ripen the seeds. It is not botanically related to Star Anise (Illicium), but the two have a somewhat similar warm, sweet and pungent flavor. The aromatic seeds have been used since ancient times as a culinary and medicinal herb. They contain volatile oils. The seed or the oil extracted from the seed is used as a gentle carminative for the stomach, and as a expectorant. It is similar to Caraway and Fennel, both of whom are Umbellifera high in aromatic volatile oils. Dr. Rudolf Weiss ranks them on a continuum, with Caraway the most carminative and least expectorant, Pimpenella the most expectorant and least carminative, and Fennel in between. However, Pimpenella is further differentiated by the choice sweet flavor. This makes it more tonical in effect: it builds up the nerves, muscles and tissues by improving digestion and assimilation. Properties. The flavor is pungent and sweet, the temperature warm, the impression is a relaxing and soothing one felt especially upon the stomach. It is one of the most pleasant tasting of the aromatic plants. Like Wood Betony and Meadowsweet, Anise gently stimulates and relaxes the nerves of the solar plexus. Like other solar plexus remedies it has a history of use as a remedy for epilepsy and convulsion. Gerard says that Anise Seed "should be given to young children to eat, which are like to have the falling sickness, or such as have it by patrimony or succession." Specific Indications. Headache. Bloating, flatulence, hiccough, nausea and vomiting. Poor assimilation, weight loss, nerve debility, weakness. Convulsion and epilepsy associated with nervous debility. Hard, dry cough with difficult expectoration; persistent, irritable coughing, with weakness; spasm of the bronchial tubes; bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough, infantile catarrh (traditional). The oil is used externally to control and kill lice and scabies. Preparation and dosage. To make an infusion, crush the seeds just before use, to insure that the volatile oils are released. Pour 1 cup of boiling water over 1-2 teaspoonfuls of the seed. The oil is also used internally. Dose is 1-2 drops in some honey. Pinus strobus. White Pine. The inner bark of White Pine is an old Indian medicine for respiratory and renal problems. The pioneers adopted this agent as a cough remedy. Pinus strobus has never been proved, and is not listed in the U.S. Homeopathic Pharmacopeia. However, it was an important remedy in herbalism, and is still officinal in the regular U.S. Pharmacopeia. Properties. Ben Charles Harris points out the principle signature of White Pine: the viscid sap is analogous to the viscid, sticky, sap-like mucus. Pinus strobus is useful in just such cases, where there is a viscid, sap-like mucus which is difficult to raise. White Pine has anti-septic smell, indicating that it will penetrate into the deep recesses of the lungs, opening them up, promoting the destruction of pathogenic material, and bringing mucus to the surface. Pinus strobus should also be useful for infected conditions in the renal system, since it is antiseptic. Pinesol--The Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks Matthew Wood - Page 253
made from 60% pine oils---is used to clean bathrooms and outhouses. We also have an auditory signature with this medicine. The sound of the wind, roaring through the branches of the lofty White Pine, sooth the nerves. Anyone who has lain under a White Pine after an exhausting canoe trip can testify to this fact. There is something in it which opens the inner ear, so that one listens to the whispers of a quiet, peaceful, knowledgable world beyond the arena of everyday concerns. White Pine is a restorative to the exhausted nervous system and a stimulant to deeper, internal thought and reflection. Not having the benefit of a homeopathic proving, we are forced to develop symptoms from clinical experience. One pathogenetic symptom is listed below, as a general symptom caused by "pines," including the White Pine. In my practice, White Pine has cured the following symptoms. Sinus very congested, with green, gunky mucus. Terribly sore throat, better by swallowing or sucking on a lozenge. Hurts to breath, "like dry fire," from the nostrils all the way down to the throat. Pain in the teeth and nerves of right side of face, extending to right frontal sinus. Very irritating, like ants in the nerve, makes her crabby. Throbbing in the gums. Pulse weak. Mucus thick, viscid, yellowish, difficult to raise. Cough weak, short, dry, somewhat hard, unsuccessful. Tired, exhausted. The tongue coating dirty, yellowish, mottled, and unevenly distributed. White Pine is for those who think or talk too much, when they should sit back and listen. It is for those who have lofty ideals and thoughts, which get knocked down. Or again, it is for those who have cunning and dishonest thoughts, and need to get them straightened out. It brings inner peace by openning up the inner ear, to listen to the voice of the spirit, which comes like the wind in the trees. Preparation and dosage. The Indians used the inner bark of the tree. This use passed to the pioneers, and on to the U. S. Pharmacopeia. Some people make a preparation from the needles, which gives a nice, red tincture. I prefer this method as it does not damage the tree. The former approach, however, has the advantage of being based on the behavior of animals who showed the Indians how to use the plant. Piper cubeba. Cubeb. The berry of this member of the Pepper family, native to Java and Indonesia, contains volatile oils which act on the mucous membranes, especially of the urinary tract. Properties. "It is pleasantly aromatic, and of a warming but not disagreeable taste, slightly bitter and camphorous," writes Cook. "These berries are promptly and diffusibly stimulant, especially influencing the kidneys and bladder; but also acting upon mucous membranes in general, and moderately upon the circulation. Formerly they were used as a spice, but are no longer employed in this way. They are principally employed in gleet and sub-acute gonorrhea; but should never be used in the inflammatory stage of these or any other maladies." They are warmly stimulating to the stomach, increasing secretion and removing flatulence and dyspepsia. Like many stimulants to the stomach and solar plexus, they improve the circulation of the brain and spine, hence are useful in dizziness and weakness of memory. The volatile oils act on the mucous
membranes of the respiratory tract and have been used in chronic laryngitis and bronchitis. They pass off through the kidneys and bladder, where they have a sanative effect, removing catarrh and discharges, hence the use in gonorrhea. Cook concludes, "from having been praised inordinately they have fallen into comparative neglect." Specific Indications. "Excessive discharges, especially from the urethra; dyspepsia due to an atonic condition of the stomach; scalding of urine in women, and burning and irritation of the vulva; cystitis, after the acute symptoms have passed away; a sensation of cutting and constriction in the urethra after micturition; frequent urination with smarting tenesmus and passage of ropy mucus; inflammation of the prostate" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the berries. Tincture, 5-10 drops (Fyfe). Plantago majus. Plantain. This is a common weed, growing between cracks in the sidewalk and on paths well beaten down by traffic. It is an Old World plant, but has spread to all continents in the last few centuries. In North America and the South Pacific it has been named "Whiteman's Footprint." There are several members of the family, widely used in herbal medicine. The other species native to Europe (and now North America) is Plantago lanceolata. The source of psyllium seed, used as a mucilage and mild laxative, is Plantago psyllium. The Plantains are the type of widely available herbs which are a favorite in folk-medicine. They are important for the professional as well. Plantain has an ancient reputation as a remedy for inflammatory conditions. It has long been used to draw splinters, dirt, pus and infection out of sorry looking wounds. It is classified in herbalism as a "drawing agent," a distinction it shares with clay. Plantain is also used for various kinds of internal infections. It's use as a sedative in irritable cough goes back to antiquity, as does its association with infected gums and teeth. It has been used for relieving toothache, where the gums and roots are infected. Plantain has a distinct affinity for the nerves of the ear and teeth, and is therefore applicable in both earache and toothache. Whether by virtue of it's powers as a "drawing agent," or because it has a cleansing effect, Plantain has been used externally to cure rashes, poison ivy, cuts and infections, poisonous bites, and eczema. These uses were adopted by the Indians after the arrival of "Whiteman's Footprint." Plantago major was introduced to the homeopathic audience by Hale about 1870. It received a homeopathic proving shortly after, which demonstrated the validity of it's traditional applications. It was widely used in botanical, eclectic and homeopathic medicine at the turn of the century. Clarke speaks quite glowingly of this little plant, often ignored in homeopathic texts. "Plant. is one of the most useful of local remedies in homoeopathy." He says he has cured erysipelas, poison ivy, erythema, burns, scalds, swollen glands (especially of the breasts), bruises, incisions, bites and frostbite. Gums and teeth. There are many patients who are afflicted with infection about the roots of the teeth, which may or may not respond to dental surgery. Plantago has a remarkable ability to draw out the infected material. This use goes
back in eclectic, homeopathic and botanical literature. Ellingwood mentions it's use, "Where the teeth have developed sudden tenderness and seem to be too long from ulceration of the roots." He recommends ten drops of the 3x potency every three hours and attributes the insight to Hale. I have seen Plantain draw pus and infection out of the roots of teeth and the empty sockets in the most remarkable manner. Following the extraction of a molar, a friend of mine got a rapidly spreading infection extending from the socket up into the maxillary sinus, the nose and perhaps towards the brain. Only a few hours had passed and she was in excruciating pain. Dried Plantain leaves, rolled up and placed as a bolus under the socket promptly reduced the pain and several hours later brought away "huge gobs of pus resembling catapillors." Another friend had a tooth disintegrate on Saturday morning of Memorial Day weekend, when it was impossible to get a dental surgeon except at the emergency room---and even that promised to be tough. By the time I arrived her face was red, hot and sweaty, there was a shooting pain from the root of the teeth up into the brain and she was in excruiating pain. Hypericum and Plantain tinctures placed on a cotton ball or swished in the mouth relieved the pain, removed much infected material, and kept the whole thing managable until Tuesday monring. Large Intestine. The growth of Plantain along overused, dirty pathways is a signature calling for it's use in cleansing the large intestine. As a drawing agent Plantain draws stagnant material out of the folds of the intestines and as a fiber it gently moves the bowels. Psyllium Seed is used more commonly in this complaint. It is widely available in drug stores. Respiratory tract. Plantain has an affinity to all mucous membranes, which it cleanses and disinfects, just as it does the skin. For this reason it has been used for respiratory inflammation, but the effect is probably not due to an affinity with the lungs per se. I have used it where the cough gave the impression that there was something like a fine splinter stuck in the side of the bronchial tube or trachea, provoking the cough. A twelve year old girl had a dry cough from age three months, the cause of which could not be found. I thought it sounded like a splinter and gave Plantain, which removed the cough. Another man had a cough ever since he breathed in a lung full of exhaust fumes spewed into his face by a truck while he was riding his bike. Plantain tincture cured completely. External use. Plantain is usually classified by herbalists as a "drawing agent." This represents its properties well, for if placed upon a wound it will pull out splinters, pus, dirt, and infection. If placed upon an insect bite within twenty minutes, it will draw out the poison. The Indians used it to draw out Rattlesnake poison. To my mind, the archetypal injury requiring Plantain would be that suffered by a rider thrown from a motorcycle. Dirt would get into the wounds and would require a drawing agent. A friend of mine saw such a patient successfully treated by Addison Carlson, a old---now deceased---herbalist practicing in Minneapolis. "The guy's ankle looked like chopped meat. Everyday he juiced Plantain leaves and placed them on the wounds. They healed beautifully." Preparation and dosage. It is best to pick Plantain fresh and juice the leaves, for internal or external use. An infusion can also be made from the fresh or dried herb by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of leaves. The tincture can be
used in a dosage of 1-30 drops. For teeth and gum problems gargle. The salve is beneficial for external use. Podophyllum peltatum. Mayapple. This plant, which is also called American Mandrake, is native to the woods of eastern North America. It is a member of the Barberry family. In spring the plant produces a little fruit, hidden under the leaves, hence the name Mayapple. This fruit is edible, but the root is "a very effective poison which the Savages use when they cannot bear their troubles" (Sarrazin-Vaillant, quoted by Erichsen-Brown). The leaves also are poisonous. Podophyllum is antidoted by prompt administration of an emetic. In smaller doses the roots are a cathartic, used to purge the bowels, clean out the liver and gall bladder, remove worms, jaundice and inflammatory conditions of the hepatic and intestinal tracts. The early white doctors considered Mayapple to be the only reliable cathartic native to North America. It was included in the first Pharmacopoeia of the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1808. Physicians combined it with mercury, or eventually substituted it for that toxic substance altogether. In 1835 Dr. John King, the noted eclectic, first isolated the active ingredient, Podophyllin, which is still used in allopathic medicine as a cathartic internally, and externally as a caustic to burn off papillomas and warts. He recommened it for cases where the skin was bloated, sallow, pallid-yellow, or jaundiced, indicating hepatic torpor, associated with constipation. In these cases it is a specific acting according to the "law of similars" in the doctrine of signatures fashion, because Podophyllum has pallid, yellow, bloated looking leaves. Dr. Williamson, of Philadelphia, gave Podophyllum a homeopathic proving in 1846. The homeopaths used it on the principle of "like cures like" for diarrhea because the plant causes purgation. Podophyllum is also suited to conditions where there is alternating diarrhea and constipation, a primary symptom of gall-stones. Properties. The leaves and fruit have a pallid, yellow, bloated, jaundiced look which suggests hepatic properties. Indeed, the fruit hidden beneath the leaves looks just like a gall bladder hidden under the liver. The primary use of Podophyllum is to stimulate the torpid liver, gall bladder and intestines by moving the bile. In small material doses it is used for torpid conditions which bloated, pale yellow skin tone. In homeopathic doses it is used for diarrhea containing undigested food. The early physicians used Podophyllum rather indescriminately as a cathartic, but the more perceptive ones soon learned that it was only effective in specific cases, and detrimental when not indicated. Dr. William Cook writes, "formerly I employed it in every imaginable form, and in every variety of case where a cathartic was desirable, and that for several years; and, while its use may be appropriate in the atonic conditions above named, I have done far better without it in the last twelve years of my practice, than ever I could do with it. This experience is also confirmed by a number of elderly and skillful practitioners." Dr. John Scudder picked up the use of Podophyllum according to the homeopathic indications. "I prefer the trituration one part of Podophyllin to one hundred of sugar," he writes. "The specific use of Podophyllin in this form is to arrest increased mucous secretion from the small intestine and give it power to
perform its function. It will cure acute or chronic diarrhea with mucous discharges, and in some cases of cholera infantum it 'acts like a dream.'" He also used it with Hydrastis as a tonic to promote digestion and blood-making. The Gall-stone flush. The of surgical removal of the gall bladder as the primary method of controlling gall-stones, as is currently the case in allopathic medicine, is almost criminal, considering that the old doctors and modern alternative practitioners easily remove most of these concretions with variations on the "gall bladder flush." Surgery is always dangerous, even when it is routine. I had a patient whose father developed complications after gall bladder removal. He was in terrific pain for several months. Eventually it was discovered that the detached gall bladder had been left behind after surgery, was gangrenous, and death could not be avoided. Grover Coe, an eclectic, writes, "Of all the valuable properties pertaining to podophyllum, perhaps none is more remarkable than its power, in connection with olive oil, of removing biliary concretions. That it does possess this power we have demonstrated again and again. The cymptoms indicating the existence of these concretions are manifold, yet so well-marked that the diagnosis is not difficult. The ordinary symptoms indicating a functional disturbance of the liver, such as furred tongue, bad taste in the mouth, sallowness of the skin, eyes, etc., are usually present. The special symptoms are, in many cases, a seated pain in the right epidgastrium, which both internal and external means fail to alleviate; a feeling of distension or fullness in the region of the liver; bowels sometimes constipated, at other times diarrhea; but the most certain symptom is alternate diarrhea and constipation; severe pain in the head, accompanied with nausea and vomiting of bilious matter; sometimes the patient is attacked at night with a severe spasmodic pain in the region of the liver, with difficult respiration, and is only relieved by free vomiting, which requires to be artificially produced, as the spasm is generally so great that it will not take place spontaneously. Other symptoms, as emaciation, extreme sallowness of the skin, cough, sudden faintings, scanty and high-colored urine, etc., are sometimes present. Many cases of periodical sick headache are entirely dependent upon this cause." The basic course of the "gall bladder flush," as now administered by chiropracters, naturopaths, and others, is as follows. For three days the patient eats a limited diet or fasts, but eats plenty of apple and apple products. The high content of pectin in apples takes the edges off the gall stones and makes them softer, so that they move with greater ease through the cholecystic tract. On the morning after the third day the patient drinks 1/3-2/3 cup of olive oil, with a little lemon juice mixed in for palatability, and lies on the right side for 45 minutes. The olive oil causes the secretion of bile in a large flood, taking the gall-stones along. They appear in the stool like small jelatinous rice-grains. One flush is usually sufficient for a long time. As many as 75 stones have been counted in the stool. The old eclectics used Podophyllum mixed with the olive oil to release the bile. Specific Indications. Bloated, dull yellowish complexion; full, oppressed pulse; swollen tongue with yellowish or pasty coating. Dizziness of the head; dull, passive headache, with soreness of the eyeballs. Torpor, congenstion, and engorgement of the portal circulation, with tendency to hemorrhoids; pain and sensation of weight
in the hypogastrium; sluggish venous circulation, as shown by fullness of superficial veins; constipation from want of sensibility in the rectal area. Homeopathic: diarrhea of long-standing, green, watery, fetid, with hot glowing checks; during dentition, especially occuring in the morning. Externally: the tincture on warts and papilloma. Preparation, toxicity, and dosage. The tincture can be used in small doses (1/4 to 5 drops) for hepatic and intestinal torpor; externally for warts. The low homeopathic dilutions are used for diarrhea. Radix Podophyllum is toxic in large amounts, produces dermatitis and severe inflammation in the eyes. Polemonium reptans. Jacob's Ladder. This pretty little wild flower is native to rich bottomlands in the eastern woodlands of North America. It was used by the Indians and adopted from them by the pioneers, but did not flourish much beyond the folk-medical level, and it is only briefly mentioned in professional writings. Properties. The Indian name for Polemonium means "smells like pine," referring to the fragrance of the root. Like pine, it has antiseptic and expectorant qualities. The volatile oils act on the lungs, skin and intestines, to cleanse and evacuate impurities. Hence, it was used in pleurisy, bronchitis, fevers with suppressed perspiration, intestinal stagnation, and hemorrhoids. "Polemonium exerts a corrective influence in diseases characterized by unhealthy secretions, and in febrile diseases and in inflammation of the respiratory apparatus it is an efficient diaphoretic and expectorant. It also constitutes a desirable means of producing determination of blood to the surface" (Fyfe). Specific Indications. "Bronchial and laryngeal affections; coldness of the surface; dry and constricted skin; internal venous congestion; general langour" (Fyfe); hemorrhoids; pleurisy. Preparation and dosage. This remedy is no longer available in herbal commerce. Tincture, 10-20 drops. Comparison. Sambucus sp. Polygala senega. Senega Snake Root. A short account of this plant would begin in 1739, when John Tenant, a Scotch doctor visiting America, heard that the Seneca Indians had an infallible cure for rattle-snake bite. He managed to obtain the secret and was allowed to observe their use of the medicine in several cases. Tennant noticed that the conditions in which the Indians got the best results resembled broncho-pneumonia with pleuritic involvement. Thus, he introduced Senega as a bronchial remedy. His monograph on the subject was widely disseminated throughout Europe, and Senega became, for a time, a popular remedy. Linneus, after classifying it as Polygala senega, cured himself of pneumonia with the plant. It became a fad herb for a time, but after a while the hoopla died down and it was retired to a small niche, serving in a restricted number of cases of broncho-pneumonia. Modern pharmacology explains its action by the presence of saponins which cleanse the mucus from the lungs. Senega received a homeopathic proving which justifies the traditional uses. Senega is suited to cases where the pleura have been damaged following bronchitis or pneumonia, the lungs are glutted with thick, heavy, tenacious
mucuous, there is presistent inflammation in the lung tissues, the cough-reflex is weakened, infection is settled in, and there may be effusion in the pleura. The condition tends to relapse. The pulse is fast and hard according to the old homeopathic sources, indicating that heat is trapped in by cold or stagnation. This condition corresponds with what is called "hot mucus brewing in the lungs," in traditional Chinese medicine. The phrase very much fits this remedy. Senega is useful in old people with asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, where the heart is perhaps not that strong. The patient has to sit up in bed. There is shortness of breath, great accumulation of mucus, much rattling and wheezing. It is also suited to children, to those with constitutionally weak lungs, or persons who have never recovered from a severe bronchitic or pneumonic episode. In the half dozen cases I have treated with Senega, I used the tincture in single drop doses. All cases recovered, including one who had chronic problems lasting ten years after a bout of bronchitis. Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 1-5 drops per dose, 1-3 times a day; the low homeopathic dilutions, 3x-12x. Comparison. Like Asclepias tuberosa, Senega diffuses the lungs, but it is suited to hot conditions, instead of cold. Polygonatum multiflorum. Solomon's Seal. This genus is found in shady, moist woods throughout Europe and North America. The various members of the clan seem to have similar properties, despite slight differences in their appearance and habits. They are in the Lily family. True Solomon's Seal must be distinguished from the False (Smilacina racemosa). The latter has virtually no uses in herbalism. The root of Solomon's Seal is sweet and edible, and has been eaten as a food in both Europe and America. They would be quite tasty, but for a fibrous, leathery quality which impairs mastication. The berries, on the other hand, induce vomiting. The roots are the part generally known in herbal medicine, but the berries were once used as an emetic. Properties. The flavor is sweet, but leaving behind a faintly bitter aftertaste, the temperature is cool, the impression is chewy, moist and slightly mucilaginous. This rightly inspired the Chinese herbalists with the idea that Solomon's Seal is a remedy for convalescence from fever which has consumed the fluids and emaciated the flesh. The sweet taste is tissue-building and the cool, moist element is cooling to fever. Dr. William Cook, who also used the sense of taste, came to similar conclusions. He used it for irritated and weakened mucous membranes. An examination of the roots, with regard to the doctrine of signatures, yields additional information, which will be mentioned below. Mucous membranes. Cook gives one of the few knowledgeable accounts of the action of Solomon's Seal in this arena. "Its mild taste has created an opinon that it is nearly inert as a remedy; but in its own place it will be found among the most desirable articles of the Materia Medica. Its influence is expended slowly, and is chiefly directed to the mucous membranes; and it is soothing to these structures, diminishing excessive mucous discharges, and exerting upon them a gentle tonic impression. These qualities fit it for use in all sub-acute and chronic irritation and weakness of those tissues, where the system is not profoundly depressed, but the
local difficulty is with general feebleness and irritability. The local and general nervous tissues seem also to feel this soothing and strengthening action. The mucous structures of the vagina and uterus are particularly influenced by it; and it is one of the most desirable agents in all ordinary forms of leucorrhea, simple prolapsus, and female weakness in general. Its combination with suitable tonics will secure from the latter a more distinct influence upon the uterine organs, and I prize it very highly in all such conditions. Though not of itself sufficiently stimulating to meet very depressed cases, its association with such more postive agents as hydrastis and viburnum will obtain happy effects. It exerts a good impression on the kidneys, bladder and prostate gland; relieving them of lingering congestions and catarrhal discharges. Though little used with reference to its action uypon the lungs, it will be found a superior article in coughs during convalescence, and in chronic coughs with local feebleness, especially when the expectoration is rather free and the respiratory passages sensitive. In those cases it may be combined with such agents as prunus, lirodendron, and lycopus. It is a good soothing agent in irritable piles, where a decoction may be used freely; and may be used to much advantage in chronic inflammation and pain in the bowels, and in chronic dysentery. Very large doses will gently move the bowels." Joints and Bones. The roots are fastened together in little joints which, when broken, leave a sort of sigil on one surface---hence the name Solomon's Seal. When broken apart, the pieces of the root look like little joints and knuckles. (The latin name Polygonatum means "many angled"). This is a signature pointing out the use of Solomon's Seal for problems in which the joints, or "angles" of the body are involved. It strengthens ligaments, tendons, cartilage, joints and bones. The way the leaf wraps around the stalk suggests the way tendons and muscle sheaths attach to the bone. I was once asked by some chiropracters if there was an herb for "ligamentous looseness." I'd never heard of this condition. They explained that when an adjustment is made it will sometimes pop out because the ligaments are loose. The next day I happened across the following in Gerard. "The root stamped and applied in manner of a pultesse, and layd upon members that have been out of joynt, and newly restored to their places, driveth away the paine, and knitteth the joynt very firmely, and taketh away the inflammation, if there chance to be any." He adds, "common experience teacheth, that in the world there is not to be found another herbe comparable to it for the purposes aforesaid." I have verified this in practice. Solomon's Seal not only tightens the sinews in the joints, but also joins together broken bones. Gerard continues, "Among the vulgar sort of people in Hampshire, if any of what sex or age soever chance to have any bones broken, in what part of their bodies soever; their refuge is to stampe the root hereof, and give it unto the patient in ale to drink; which sodoreth and glues together the bones in very short space." They also give it to their livestock for the same purpose. External. "The fresh roots, bruised and boiled in milk, make a fair external application to bruises, light burns, lingering sores of an erysipelatous character, and other affections of the skin where there is a stinging sensation" (Cook). Preparation and dosage. The root is available in bulk in herbal commerce. "They yield their qualities to water and diluted alcohol; are much impaired by heat;
and undergo deterioration by long keeping" (Cook). Formulae. Cook gives the following recipe. "Bruised roots of Solomon's seal, three ounces; boiling water, twenty ounces. Macerate in a covered vessel, with a gentle heat, for an hour; then add caulophyllum and grated orange-peel, of each a drachm; in ten minutes strain and express, and add two ounces of Sherry wine. This is an elegant tonic preparation for monthly leucorrhea, especially when menstruation is somewhat painful. The wine may be omitted. Dose, two fluid ounces three of four times a day." Polygonum aviculare. Knotgrass. This is a common weed, originally native to Europe and Asia, but naturalized all over the world. It is used in both Eastern and Western herbal medicine. The common name (which is the same in China) refers to the knots where the stems branch, as does the latin Polygonum (many-jointed). The properties of this plant are but marginally developed in all traditions. Properties. The flavor is mildly bitter and the temperature cool. It is one of the few plants which is both astringent and succulent. The moistre and knottedness are signatures indicating that Knotgrass will remove moistre through the kidneys and take away swelling from the joints (Harris). William Salmon wrote in 1709, "Knotgrass is peculiar against spilling of blood, strangury, and other kidney affections, cools inflammations, heals wounds and cleanses and heals old filthy ulcers. The Essence for tertians and quartans. The decoction for colick; the [oleus] Balsam strengthens weak joints, comforts the nerves and tendons, and is prevalent against gout, being duly and rightly applied morning and evening." R. Swinburne Clymer writes, "Its chief influence is on the bladder, and it has generally been used for the removal of stones from the bladder even after all other treatments had failed. It is not given to prevent the formation of stones, but to dissolve stones already formed. For this purpose it is best combined with Shavegrass three of more times a day, either in the infusion or tincture." It contains a high amount of silicic acid, like Shavegrass. Indications. Promotes urination, relieves pain and cures cystitis; expels stones from the bladder and cures bloody urine; diarrhea and colic; expels parasites and stops rectal itching; tapeworm, hookworm, and pinworm; sooths damp skin conditions such as tinea, stops itching; removes swelling and pain in the joints (Salmon, Cylmer, Bensky). Preparation and dosage. This plant is not generally available in commerce, but it can be easily gathered. Both dried and fresh leaves are effective. Pour one pint of boiling water over 3-4 tablespoonfuls of the leaves to make an infusion. Polygonum bistorta. Bistort. As a gargle for inflammation in the mouth and throat. As a wound-remedy for the bites of venomous animals. A favorite remedy for diarrhea. I have found a neat little niche in my practice for Bistort. When the pulse has a "fallen apart" feeling, indicating that the internal visera need an astringent to pull them together, and the patient complains that they feel like they are falling apart, unfocused, unable to pull together the parts of their lives, Bistort will often prove to
be the remedy. This indicates a whole wider application for Bistort. Polygonum hydropiper. Water Smartweed. A widespread native of the Europe, Asia and North America, Smartweed is found abundantly in places which remain under water during the winter, hence near bodies of water during the summer. It is a member of the Polygonaceae family, which includes a number of plants with watery acid or acrid juices. Rhubarb would be an example of the former and Water Smartweed of the latter. It is called Smartweed, Bity Tongue, and other names because of its irritating, peppery, sometimes vesicating properties; it is called Arsesmart because it causes rectal itching. There are a number of different Smartweeds, native to the New and Old Worlds. They are used in a similar manner to Water Smartweed. Because of its highly stimulating, irritating and acrid properties, Polygnoum is used as a stimulant for a number of acute purposes. Acting on the respiratory tract, it incites sneezing; on the skin it induces perspiration; and on wounds it stimulates circulation and cleansing. Hence, it has been generally used in the incipient stage of acute affections: colds, fevers, and wounds. Gerard (1633) writes, "It is reported that the Dead Arsemart is good against inflammations and hot swellings, being applied at the beginning: and for greene wounds." The Rev. John Clayton (1697) reported of the Indians of Virginia, that they treated wounds first by sucking out the impurities, then by injecting the "biting Persicary" into the wound, and third by applying salve herbs in grease. John Monroe (1824) reports that "Biting Arsmart" is an "excellent herb, of which too much cannot be said." It "removes obstructions, helps the gravel; and in reent colds, is not exceeded by any other herb yet discovered. It is likewise a great preventive of fevers, if administered in season." Properties. The green herb has an intensely pungent, somewhat bitter flavor, a hot temperature, and a sharp, biting, stimulating, and diffusive impression. Cook gives an admirable account of the properties. "A warm infusion readily enlarges outward capillary action, securing a free and warm perspiration, and increase of expectoration, and a decided increase of the catmenia when this flow has been checked by exposure. An increased flow of urine sometimes follows, but cold preparations act most upon the kidneys. The warm infusion is of service in recent colds, the later stages of pulmonary congestion, in low typhoid, and other cases where there is distinct capillary congestion and a tendency to putrescence. . . . Gangrenous tendencies in diphtheria, carbuncle, frost-bites, etc. This infusion may also be used in painful and tardy menstruation, for which it is decidedly valuable; in flagging labor pains, with fatigue, it is a prompt and servicable article; and in uterine or pulmonary hemorrhage, it may be combined with a suitable astringent, and used to much advantage to sercure an outward determination of blood. It has been much commended in the pain and cramps of cholera; and is by no means an insignificant remedy---used internally and applied externally as a fomentation---in all crampings, neuralgic pains, and congestion of the adbdominal and pelvic viscera. Indeed as a fomentation in all acute forms of internal suffering, it is one of the truly valuable remedies; and exerts an antispasmodic power, of the more stimulating grade, that is of much benefit for most cases of hysterical neuralgia, when used internally either alone or associated with cypripedium or valerian."
Specific Indications. Regulates the blood; hence used in both metrorrhagia and amenorrhea. Produces---and cures---irritation of the mucous membranes, hence useful in upper respiratory complaints, gastritis, enteritis, and cystitis. Itching and burning of the eyes, nose, mouth and throat; frequent sneezing. Increased appetite and thirdt, nausea and burning of the stomach, rumbling and colic in the abdomen. Tensive pain in the back and legs. Suppression of menstruation from cold; amenorrhea due to atony. Smarting with urination, urging. Depression following the active stage of fever and inflammation. Harsh, inactive skin; suppression of perspiration. Preparation and dosage. "Owing to the impairing influences of age, the agent as procured from druggists is often nearly inert; but when recently gathered and carefuly cured, it will be found a remedy of very decided powers" (Cook). Polymnia uvedalia. Bearsfoot. This plant is a member of the Composite family native to eastern North America. It has "leaves the size of a man's hand, and very much resembling in shape the foot of a bear, whence its common name" (Horton Howard, 1833, 290). In the early nineteenth century a lay-herbalist in North Carolina began to use this remedy for "white swelling," or pale, edemic conditions. Her method was to medicate flannel with it, wrap the part and run an iron over it. Polymnia was adopted by the medical fraternity, who used the decoction or the tincture, both internally and externally. Dr. Scudder, the great eclectic, introduced it to the members of his school, and it is from them that we get the most clear indications for its use. Refer to Scudder's latter writing, Locke, Fyfe and Ellingwood for descriptive accounts. "Polymnia acts directly upon the spleen, and controls its circulation. It is employed in enlargement of the spleen from any cause with speedy reducing effect, and in chronic enlargement of the liver its beneficial action is prompty manifested. In chronic metritis, with hypertrophy [of the uterus], it is an efficient remedy, and in hypertrophy of the cervix uteri it has often proved a much needed remedy. In low inflammatory deposits, and impaired blood making, with tumid abdomen, it is also a remedy of curative power" (Fyfe). "Polymnia powerfully affects those parts supplied with blood by the branches of the celiac axis. It is the remedy for congestion of these parts. Given internally in small doses, and applied warm locally and well rubbed in it forms the most certain remedy for all splenic enlargement, and especially for 'ague cake.' It is a remedy for other glandular enlargements, and has favorably influenced the hypertrophied uterus. Dyspepsia, due to engorged vessels, and associated with a feeling of heaviness, sinking, burning, and fullness of the epigastric region, is benefited by it. It will remove low inflammatory deposits, chronic metritis, uterine hypertrophy, and sub-involution. Hepatic and pulmonary engorgements are conditions in which it should not be forgotten. Full, sodden, and inelastic tissues always indicate this remedy" (Locke). Specific Indications. Earache and deafness (Howard). "Enlargement of the spleen, with sensation of weight and dragging; flabby and sallow tissues, as in chronic splenitis; splenic enlargement from malarial influence; mammary abscesses;
intermittent fever; chronic rheumatism; sensation of fullness, burning and weight in the region of the liver, stomach and spleen" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 1-10 drops internal (Fyfe). Rubbed externally on the swollen spleen and abdomen. Comparison. This remedy is very similar to Ceanothus, except that it removes damp cold swelling associated with the spleen, glands and lymphatics, while Ceanothus removes turbid damp heat. Populus candicans. Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar. Populus balsamifera. This medium sized tree is a native of northern forests in America and Canada. It is distinguished from its cousin, Trembling Aspen, because of its golden leaves and bark. Trembling Aspen has white bark and silvery leaves. I think of them as the "sun and moon" remedies, though what this has to do with their medicinal properties, I do not know. They are members of the Willow family. It is sometimes called Balm of Gilead or Tacamahaca, after balsamic trees of the Middle East and Mid-America, respectively. The balm or balsam in the name refers to the sticky resin covering the leaf-buds in spring and fall. This resin is collected and made into a healing balm by American Indians. It is also collected by bees, with other resins from the buds of other plants, and made into Propolis, used by the bees as a "natural antibiotic." The properties of Balm of Gilead and Propolis are nearly identical. The Indians made a salve by boiling Balsam Poplar buds in bear's grease, or some other unguent. This was applied as a warming, dispersing, anti-inflammatory balm to rheumatism, gout, wounds, burns, tumours and swellings. It also has spiritual uses. The poles are used in building the sacred lodges of the Mediwiwin, or Grand Medicine Society, of the Ojibwe. The buds are used to improve dreaming. The medicinal uses were taken up by the whites. Balsam Poplar was used by lay and professional doctors. The buds, "heated in lard or other fat, form a stimulating ointment, which is of good service in congested wounds and bruises, indolent sores, and rupia; and Rafinesque commends it as a local application in chronic rheumatism" (Cook). Properties. The buds have an extremely sharp, bitter, pungent flavor, a warm temperature, and make a highly stimulating impression. Populus can. probably contains some salicin. These properties make it homeopathic to sharp, hot infected conditions of the lungs and larynx. Specific Indications. Irritation of the larynx and throat, loss of voice, sometimes associated with dust and mould allergies. Laryngitis with complete loss of voice. "Instantaneous voice-producer" (Boericke). Hot, raw bronchial infections, bronchitis. Preparation and dosage. The buds are almost unpalatable. A small dose of the tincture would suffice. The low homeopathic potencies can be used. Comparison. Propolis. Populus tremuloides. Trembling Aspen. This is the most common poplar in the northern and elevated reaches of North America. The fluttering of the leaves gives rise to the name Trembling or Quaking Aspen. The bark has a smooth white appearance, while the leaves are silvery and
green. The tree grows quickly and dies quickly. Poplar bark was used by the Indians as a tonic for the stomach, bowels, kidneys and heart. When Thoreau was canoeing in the north woods of Maine, his Indian guide commented that he knew of a medicinal usage for every plant they could find in the woods. To test him, Thoreau pointed to a Trembling Aspen and was told that it was good for "sore eyes." Some of these uses were taken over by the pioneers. Samuel Thomson, the founder of physio-medicalism, popularized Poplar bark among herbalists, and it was used by Wooster Beach, the founder of eclecticism. It is used it as a bitter tonic for atonic mucous membranes, especially of the digestive and urinary-sexual tracts, and as an anti-periodic in intermittent and malarial fever. Finley Ellingwood comments, "The older writers were enthusiastic concerning the tonic and antiperiodic properties of this drug. They claimed that it would replace quinine in the treatment of intermittency." Properties. The bark and buds have a sharply pungent and bitter flavor and a warm temperature, which makes for a highly stimulating and biting impression. They are better received by the nose, which takes in the resinous smell with pleasure. The resin stimulates the mucosa to greater activity, but is not used for its soothing influence on irritated surfaces (unlike Populus candicans). "When we use this remedy as a tonic or diuretic, we should never use it in cases accompanied with irritation," writes Ellingwood. William Cook writes, "It promotes appetite and digestion in all lax conditions of the stomach; and is one of the best tonics in sub-acute and chronic diarrhea, scrofulous looseness of the bowels, and that form of diarrhea which arises from laxity of the stomach with indigestion." It "is of peculiar value in all female difficulties connected with laxity, as it soothes while it tones, and is not liable to confine the bowels. Among both profession and people, it is a much-praised remedy for worms; but is of value only as a tonic in laxity of the abdomen. It acts gently on the kidneys, and is of service in chronic scantiness of urine and aching of the back; and it is highly commended in dropsy, but is there useful as a tonic. . . and not because of its diuretic action, though it always gives tone to the kidneys." It may serve as a general tonic. "Dr. Alter of Arkansas has given it for many years for swamp fever [intermittent and malarious conditions]. He also uses it in the irregularities of women. He thinks it acts somewhat as hydrastis in promoting a physiological action of all organs, and increasing the vital force within the system. It may be well given in conjunction with hydrastis. Dr. Alter used it very widely whether it was strictly indicated or not, and became convinced of its active therapeutic property" (Ellingwood). Digestive tract. "Indigestion, accompanied by flatulence and acidity; atonic dyspepsia, especially when there is great debility, hepatic torpor or emaciation" (Fyfe). Diarrhea, dysentery, with atonic intestines. Urinary-sexual tract. "Painful micturition, especially when there is scalding of the parts involved and a sensation of heat and burning in the urethra and meatus; suppression and retention of urine; tenesmic vesical irritation, especially tenesmus after urination" (Fyfe). Catarrh of the bladder, urine contains mucus and pus. Pain behind pubis, at end of urination. Bladder infection after operations and
during pregnancy (Boericke). Enlarged prostate. Leucorrhea. Uterine, vaginal and anal atonicity. Prevents miscarriage due to weakness and debility of fever. Fever. Especially indicated in post-febrile debility; protracted fever with debility and emaciation, hectic fever with night-sweats; intermittent and remittent fevers of a chronic and irregular character. Preparation and dosage. The inner bark is used. Ellingwood comments, "When first I began to use this Sampson among remedies of its class, I had to use decoctions of the bark---it was a nasty, bitter dose. How much better to use the specific medicine [clarified extract] in from five to twenty drop doses." If a tea is to be made, only an infusion is necessary, since the decoction is so strong. Portulaca oleracea. Purslane. This very common weed is a member of the xxxx family, native to Europe, but widely naturalized elsewhere. It is an extremely common weed or ground cover in cultivated gardens. "Purslane is commonly called foalfoot and is known in greek as adragnis. This herb is cold in the second degree and moist in the third degree" (Macer, 86). It is good for excessive, burning heat, blood dysentery, swollen eyes. Potentilla canadensis. Cinquefoil, Five Finger. An American plant which has been used in place of the following. Potentilla tormentilla. Tormentil. A member of the Rose family native to Europe, long used in herbal medicine. It possesses astringent properties common to members of this family, such as Agrimony, Avens, Raspberry, etc., and has been used in diarrhea and dysentery. The name Tormentil is derived from the Latin tormentum, referring to the tormented appearance of the jagged leaves (cf. Agrimony, Avens) or its use in painful complaints. Several signatures give us insight into the nature of Tormentil. The root yields a strong red tincture, which indicates its use in hemorrhagic conditions. Tormentil is used for internal or external bleeding, chronic diarrhea, blood in the stool, heavy menstruation, expectoration of blood, bleeding ulcers. Dr. Rudolf Weiss notes the connection between the environmental niche it grows in, and its medicinal properties. Tormentil inhabits wet, mossy, peaty ground and on the floor of pine woods where the soil is sandy and dry. What these two conditions have in common is a poverty of available water. Peaty water is highly acid and therefore difficult to assimilate. Tormentil acts as a drying astringent to remove superfluous fluids and blood. It is used internally for diarrhea, enteritis and colitis, and externally on ulcerations of the skin and aphthous sores in the mouth. The thirsty nature of the plant shows up in its former use to relieve thirst in diabetic cases. Mrs. Antonette Matteson writes in The Occult Family Physician and Botanic Guide to Health (1894), "I could relate many wonderful cures performed by the aid of this root, which have resisted the treatment of the physicians and their remedies, and oftimes given up as incurable. The most frightful ulcers of the legs have yielded to its use, which were considered incurable, as well as most scorbutic ulcers, fluxes, etc. Persons troubled with ague will find a strong decoction of the root
sweetened with honey one of the best remedies." Nicholas Culpeper writes, "Tormentil is no less effectual and powerful a remedy against outward wounds, sores and hurts than for inward and is therefore a special ingredient to be used in wound drinks, lotions and injections." Specific Indications. Sore eyes; sore throat, relaxed, ulcerated; canker-sores or aphthous sores in the mouth; diarrhea, dysenntery, blood in the stool, colitis; painful, bleeding hemorrhoids; leucorrhea. "One of the best remedies for bedwetting or urinary incontinence in women" (Brother Aloysius). Externally on ulcerations of the skin. Preparation and dosage. Decoction of the root, 1 tablespoon per cup. Tincture. Formulae. Compound powder of Tormentil, a highly commended remedy for diarrhea and dysentery, is made from 1 part each of Tormentil, Galangal, Marshmallow root and Ginger root (Grieve). Tormentil is used with Myrrh for ulcers and apthous sores of the mouth (Weiss). Prinos verticillatus. Black Alder. This small shrub is not actually an Alder, but looks like one and grows in the same places---on the margins of low, swampy ground in eastern North America, from Newfoundland south to Virginia, west to the Mississippi. It is the only native representative of the Holly family available the in northern reaches of Canada and the United States. Millspaugh writes, "This is another of the growing list of plants handed down to us by the aborigines [of America], who used the bark both internally and externally as a tonic, astringent, and antiseptic, and is probably as well known to domestic practice as any indigenous shrub. In intermittent fever it has often proved as generrally applicable as Peruvian Bark, and in such low typhoid forms associated with diarrha and in later stages, where ulceration and hemorrhage are present, it is a very valuable agent. In general debilitated conditions of the system after long fevers, where the body is depleted by exhausting discharges, it is also very useful, as well as in gangrenous affections and jaundice. Certain forms of chronic herpetic eruptions and ulcers are also benefited by its use as an external application. The berries are purgative and vermifuge, forming one of the pleasantest adjuvants in children's remedies, for the expulsion of lumbrici." The berries will produce nausea, vomiting, and purging. After one incident, the patient felt as if he had lost ten or twelve pounds, and his appetite and digestion were much better than usual." Specific Indications. "Atonic conditions of the digestive tract; cutaneous eruptions; diseases attended with great weakness; sores and ulcers; chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery" (Fyfe). Preparation and dosage. Black Alder is not generally available in herbal commerce. Tincture, 10-20 drops. Propolis. Secretion of the Honey Bee. In the spring and fall the buds of trees are covered by sticky resin. It collected by bees and processed into a substance called Propolis, a "natural anti-biotic." The bees place this substance around the mouth of the hive, so that in-coming bees have to rub against it. This lessens the opportunity for contagious diseases to enter the tightly
occupied hive. The name Propolis comes from the Greek "before the city," meaning the rampart which protects the gate of the polis. The properties of Propolis are almost identical to those of Populus candicans, the resinous bud of the Balsam Poplar. However, Propolis tastes somewhat better. I have used it extensively on the indications for Populus candicans. Properties. As a resin, Propolis acts powerfully upon the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. It has a special affinity to the mouth, which is the gate before the city of the body. It is an excellent remedy for laryngitis, an "instantaneous voiceproducer" like Populus can. In addition, it is the indicated remedy where the bronchial passages are deeply infected and there is a hot, raw cough. Propolis is particularly useful for patients who have allergies to mould. In the spring and fall, when there are mouldy leaves on the ground, especially if the air is damp, a certain number of cases are likely to appear which require the use of Propolis or Populus can. Sometimes the sickness begins after quilts and blankets have been taken out of storage for winter use; they have gotten mouldy since being put away. At first the patient experiences a sensation as if particles of dust were infiltrating the oral cavity and irritating the larynx. This does not always catch the attention, however, and the condition develops into laryngeal inflammation. Laryngitis is typical; it sets in with rapidity and tends to really knock the voice out. If the disease is not caught at this point it may develop into the deep, sonorous cough. I have often seen Propolis restore the voice in just a few seconds. Of course, the condition took some time to completely heal. A common side-effect of the use of Propolis is the appearance of bad breath, because the resin cleans the mouth out. The remedy would probably also be good for halitosis, when not dependent on some deeper problem. I have seldom given Propolis or Populus for chronic conditions, but here is a good case. The patient was a fifty year-old woman. Entry complaint: "candida and allergies." She was reduced to eating nothing but vegetables, since she was allergic to grains, dairy and sugars. Eyes had a dark, tired, sinusy look. Tongue had a stagnant, atonic, toneless appearance, flabby edges, slighty puffy, a few scattered whisps of a coating. Pulse was "muddled"---that was the only word I could find. Lack of energy. Better from exercize, walking. "Allergies so bad they effect my mind," she said. Causing inability to concentrate, drowsyness, dull feeling. Principly from grains, diary, sugars and moulds. Nasal discharge runny, clear. Bridge of the nose swollen, voice nasal. Headaches in the eyes. Sore throat, voice sometimes lost, from diary products. Very bad when the trees are budding. Very hot today, but this is not typical. Mucus in the lungs. Indigestion, gas, bloating, pain in the abdominal area, stool normal. Still menstrating---normal. Urine normal. We talked over the symptoms. The allergies caused the sinus and nasal problem. The lungs and digestion were involved after mucus dripped down from the posterior nares. So it appeared the nose and sinuses were really the source of the entire problem. The symptoms started after a course of antibiotics when she was four years old(!) Childhood was spent living in a "basement house" in a swampy area. Propolis , 1 drop dose as needed, improved quickly. Able to eat a more flexible selection of foods after two weeks. Felt almost completely cured in two months.
Preparation and dosage. Propolis works best when it is prepared as a tincture. A single drop on the tongue volatilizes throughout the mouth, sinuses and respiratory passages, doing its work promptly. The powder, capsules and lozenges are not as volatile, do not work as well and waste the product, which is expensive. It is unnecessary to give more than a drop per dose, a few times a day. Prunella vulgaris. Heal-All, Self-Heal. This dainty mint has low, creeping stems which send down rootlets which conjoin themselves into the ground, so that the plant spreads slowly outward, rooting itself anew, as it grows from the mother plant. The passage of feet over this low plant causes pieces to be carried to new locations, where they set down root and begin again. This ability to be broken apart, and then regrown, perhaps suggested the name Self-Heal. Prunella is native to woodlands and roadsides in Europe and Asia, but it is extensively naturalized in the Western hemisphere. It was not known to the classical authors, but was introduced into use from northern European folkmedicine during the Renaissance. It was widely used at that time, but lapsed from the inventory of professional medicine in the eighteenth century. The mild taste and constituents convinced professional doctors that it had little to offer. As Peter Holmes colorfully notes, "Selfheal joins the list of candidates contending for the strongest forgotten wound remedy prize." It continued, however, to capture the interest of folk-practitioners. The American Indians adopted it when it came to America. They discovered a new usage: taken before hunting, it was said to make the game stand out better against the foliage. Prunella vulgaris is native to China and finds a niche in traditional Chinese medicine. Properties. The leaves and flowers are the part used. They have a sweet, pungent and slightly bitter flavor, a cool temperature, and make a mild impression. The scent is faint but suggests something like clean laundry. The plant contains volatile oils, tannins, sugars, and cellulose. The volatile oils are cleansing and antiseptic. Prunella has a cleansing influence on wounds, sores and ulcers, and a general ordering influence on the system, so that it produces a condition in the organism which is condusive to healing. A discussion of the signatures, to follow, reveals the essential nature and properties of this worthy little plant. The Remedy for Self-Healing. The common English names for this plant are Self-Heal and Heal-All. Authors as diverse as John Gerard (1597) and Richard Katz and Patricia Kaminsky (1992) have seen in the name a reference to its healing virtues. In addition to the name, several properties point to the healing virtues of Self-Heal. The stems can be broken off and re-rooted easily. I think, however, that the faint, beautiful scent, suggesting something like clean laundry says it all. It not only indicates a cleansing influence, but an ordering, inventorying and reckoning, such as occurs at laundry-time. Self-Heal helps us to clean our "dirty laundry," throws the organism into greater order, establishes an psychological or biological inventory, helps us to become aware of hidden problems and makes a general cleansing and healing more possible. It is, like many of the balms (Melissa, Monarda, Hypericum), a general remedy condusive to all sorts of healing. Richard Katz and Patricia Kaminsky introduced Self-Heal into flower essence
therapy as a medicine to encourage self-healing. "Self-Heal flower essence is one of the most fundamental and broadly applicable remedies for true soul healing and balance. Its very name is exquisitely evocative of its profound qualities." They use it for people who don't take responsibility for their own healing, are overly dependent on external help, and lack in a fundamental spiritual drive to become whole and well (Flower Essence Repertory ). The two principal uses for Prunella in traditional European medicine are: (1) as a woundwort and (2) as a remedy for sore throats, swollen glands and tonsilitis. These uses, with the signatures which point them out, are elaborated by John Gerard (1597, 1633) and William Coles (1657). Writes Gerard, "There is not a better Wound herbe in the world than that of Self-Heale, the very name importing it to be very admirable upon this account and indeed the Virtues doe make it good, for this very herbe without the mixture of any other ingredient, being onely bruised and wrought with the point of a knife upon a trencher or the like, will be brought into the form of a salve, which will heal any green wounde even in the first intention, after a very wonderful manner. The decoction of Prunell made with wine and water doth join together and make whole and sound all wounds, both inward and outward, even as Bugle [Ajuga reptans] doth. To be short, it serveth for the same that the Bugle serveth and in the world there are not two better wound herbs as hath been often proved." It may be taken as something of a signature that the herb can be made into a salve without the addition of any other ingredient. Coles writes in Adam in Eden, "It is called by modern writers (for neither the ancient Greek nor Latin writers knew it) Brunella, from Brunellen, which is a name given unto it by the Germans, because it cureth that inflammation of the mouth which they call 'die Breuen,' yet the general name of it in Latin nowadays is Prunella, as being a word of a more gentile pronunciation." The German word brune refers to tonsilitis. Coles goes on to explain that this disease "is common to soldiers when they lye in camp, but especially in garrisons, coming with an extraordinary inflammation or swelling, as well in the mouth as throat, the very signature of the Throat which the form of the Floures so represent signifying as much." The small purple-blue flowers look like a tongue sticking out of the mouth, revealing the tonsils, he says. In traditional Chinese medicine Prunella vulgaris is used for "liver fire," "deficient liver yin" and "phlegm fire." In some conditions there is not enough yin, or fluid, to hold down the fire which is generated in the liver from imperfect metabolism, resulting in an upflow of heat. This results in sore, red eyes, worse in the evening (when the yin is lower), and sore, swollen glands in the neck. In other cases, the fire conjoins with waste fluids which have a thickening, lump-producing tendency. Hence it is used for lumps in the neck and groin, tonsilitis, scrofula, goiter and lipoma. Specific Indications. Wounds, sores and ulcers, internal and external, with or without bleeding. Internally for expectoration of blood, bloody diarrhea, weak digestion. As a gargle for inflammation of the throat, mouth, gums and roots of the teeth, foul breath, tonsilitis, swollen glands and cough. Externally as a salve, for wounds.
Preparation and dosage. The infusion is made by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of the flowers and leaves. A salve can be made for external use. Comparison. Ajuga reptans (Bugle). Prunus armeniaca. Apricot. This beautiful little tree is native to Central Asia, but entered the Middle East and Europe at an early date and is found throughout the world. It has been used as a food since the earliest ages, and sometimes as a medicine. Maurice Messegue (1979, 33) notes that his father used the fruit of the apricot for earache, sinus infections and hemorrhoids---exactly as it had been recommended by an Arabian physician, centuries before. An external compress of the fruit is used for earaches and sinus problems, a sitz bath for hemorrhoids. Messegue adds that apricot fruit is particularly suited for children, persons suffering from anemia or eye problems, rheumatics and intellectuals, but are countraindicated if there is difficulty with the stomach or liver. The fruit eaten raw is purgative. Boiled in oil, it is useful in diarrhea. Prunus serotina. Wild Cherry. This beautiful hardwood tree is native to the earthern woodlands of North America. The bark was one of most important medicinal plants of the American Indians. J. I. Lighthall, the "great Indian medicine man," speaks for many of the native herb doctors when he called it "one of the most valuable remedies" in the native pharmacopeia. The esteem in which it was held transfered to the white and black settlers of America. "No more popular bark of a native tree, excepting sassafras, is known to home medication," wrote John Uri Lloyd (1921). Wild Cherry was used in professional medicine, but did not attain the level of pre-eminence it held in folk-medicine. Wild Cherry and Chokecherry were originally classified together as Prunus virginiana, but this name was later limited to the Chokecherry, and Wild Cherry was given the new name Prunus serotina. In the older literature Wild Cherry is called virginiana, not cerotina. They have significantly different properties; the Wild Cherry containing an aromatic principle which the other does not. Edwin Hale introduced "Prunus virginiana" (Wild Cherry) into homeopathy, but it was never proved or extensively used by homeopaths. Clarke's Dictionary of Materia Medica gives one of the most extensive accounts found in homeopathic literature. He quotes Hale and a few scattered writers. One poisoning case given by J. I. Lighthall records some pathogenetic symptoms which show a homeopathic relationship to the heart. Properties. The bark of the Wild Cherry tree has an irritated, "histaminy" look which relates directly to its medicinal properties. Wild Cherry is suited to conditions where the histamin is over-excited and the tissues are irritated and red. In addition to the local irritation which this causes, seen in herpetic eruptions on the tongue and in the mouth, an irritated cough-reflex, and red, irritated skin of the face, this histaminic over-activity causes irritation of the blood vessels. This places an extra burden upon the heart, resulting in cardiac irritability and enfeeblement. The circulation becomes unequal in strength and distribution, there are local
congestions resulting in heat and cold. Wild Cherry should be seen primarily as a cardio-vascular remedy. It is similar to its cousin, Crataegus (Hawthorn), which is also a cardio-vascular sedative and nutritive tonic. This central focus is developed even further by a consideration of the taste of Wild Cherry. The flavor is a pleasant blend of sweet and bitter, the temperature is both warm and cool, and the impression is astringent. The combination of warm and cool is very rare; it emphasizes the relationship to febrile and circulatory processes. Wild Cherry bark acts upon the cardio-vascular system, equalizing the circulation and reducing the irritation and congestion which would encumber the heart. The combination of sweet and bitter indicates a remedy that is especially nutritive, as both these flavors stimulate the secretions of the mouth, stomach and digestive system. Bitterness is associated with the heart and circulation as well, since it reduces irritation and fever. The nourishing influence indicated by the sweet flavor is directed, as it were, towards the heart. This is joined by the astringency, which also tones up the heart. Prunus serotina not only reduces irritation but nourishes, tonifies and strengthens the heart muscle. It also acts upon the digestive system, stimulating the appetite, promoting secretions, calming irritation and tightening and toning the mucous membranes. Wild Cherry is also used for irritated, "histaminy" coughs, where there is much irritation in the larynx and pharynx, with an over-excited cough reflex. The connection to the heart is also indicated from a homeopathic standpoint. Lighthall mentions a case where a man drank a quart of the hot tea for a bad cold, resulting in serious cardio-vascular complications. "It broke the cold and came near breaking the man's life. The action of his heart fell to 45 beats per minute, and was very feeble in its character, and the man was completely prostrated and did not feel entirely free from its effects for three or four days." Prunus serotina is well comprehended against the idea of "heart fire blazing," a syndrome described in traditional Chinese medicine. This is associated with excitement and agitation of the heart and spirit, and symptoms of intense heat. The patient suffers from heart palpitations, thirst, ulcers and sores of the mouth and tongue, mental restlessness, agitation and impulsiveness, feverishness, insomnia, red face, and a bitter taste. The tongue is very red, the tip redder and swollen, with red points, coating yellow, and the pulse is rapid. Heat transmits from the heart to the small intestine, and from thence to the bladder, resulting in hot, dark, sometimes bloody, painful urination. Here is a case illustrating the relationship of Wild Cherry to heart fire blazing. The patient was a seven year old girl with sores all over her mouth and tongue, very red tongue towards the tip, sore throat, skin cool to the touch, irritable, burning on urination. Progressively getting worse over the last four days. Wild Cherry tincture, a few drops several times a day, completely cleared the symptoms in twenty-four hours. Notice the mixture of hot and cold symptoms in this case. I had another patient, a woman in her thirties, who suffered from a severe "herpetic" eruption of the mouth and tongue, many months in duration, with severely red tongue, redness of the face (centering around the root of the nose), great pain in the mouth, so much that speaking and eating were sometimes impaired. Prunus serotina gave prompt relief on the first dose, which in itself was encouraging, but I
did not hear back on its effect over the long haul, as the patient lived in central Wisconsin. General indications. Fyfe summarizes the properties of Prunus serotina as follows. "Wild cherry allays irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, the gastro-intestinal canal and the genito-urinary organs. In bronchial and lung affections it exerts an influence which modifies the cough, lessens the fever and increases the strength and appetite, and in atonic dyspepsia, with flatulence, it is a useful remedial agent. It is also employed with satisfactory results in diarrhea and dysentery. The conditions in which purnus is likely to prove an efficient medicament are characterized by feebleness." He also addresses the cardio-vascular condition. It is indicated in "irregular or intermittent action of the heart; heart irregularities in chronic bronchitis and anemia; convulsive action of the heart in men who are overworked." Digestive system. Sores and ulcers, heat and irritation, of the mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. "It gently improves appetite, digestion, and the general strength, it quiets nervous irritability and arterial excitement," writes Cook. "For chronic gastritis with indigestion, convalescence from typhoid and other low conditions, the irritable nervousness of hectic, and similar cases, it is not surpassed by any tonic." Dyspepsia with tendency to acidity, slow digestion, loss of appetite, and heartburn; diarrhea and dysentery; irritable stomach, with cough. Respiratory tract. It is useful in acute conditions where there is an irritated, "histaminy" cough. The cough reflex is over-excited but the patient is tired and worn-down. There is a condition of simultaneous excitement and exhaustion, hot and cold. It is also indicated in chronic conditions, when there is accompanying cardiac irritability and weakness. Circulatory system. Wild Cherry equalizes the circulation, removing tendencies to hot and cold and excitation and exhaustion. It is valuable when there is irritation and excessive ardour of the pulse. It is also beneficial when there is feebleness, deficiency and intermittency of the pulse, usually found in chronic cases where the heart is exhausted. The cold infusion was long used as a remedy for irregular, intermittent action of the heart, with deficient pulse. Clarke quotes a correspondent who wrote that Prunus was "especially useful in dilatation of the right heart, whether as a result of chronic bronchitis or of mitral stenosis." Fever. Because it harmonizes hot and cold, excitement and exhaustion, Wild Cherry is an important fever-medicine. It was this which the Indian doctors prized most. Lighthall related, "It is a good remedy for fevers, and for consumption where the patient is troubled with night sweats, and is fretful and nervous, and wakeful at nights." It is useful in "lack of muscular tone is patients recovering from fevers and other exhausting diseases" (Fyfe). The homeopath J. Compton Burnett also used it for digestive debility following fever. Folk doctors used it for scarlet fever. Preparation and dosage. "The inner bark on the south side of the tree is most efficient, from the fact that it has the sunlight to develop it and give it its full growth, sap, and normal condition," writes Lighthall. "Boiling the bark seems to desroy its medical virtue to a very considerable extent." Hence, the cold infusion is recommended. The dry powder can also be used, or a tincture made without heat. Formulae. An old Ojibwe heart tonic is made by decoction of 1 part Wild Cherry
bark, 1 part Trembling Aspen bark, and 1 part White Oak bark (Densmore). This makes a great deal of sense. The Wild Cherry calms irritation, nourishes and astringes, the Oak bark tones and astringes the veins, while the Aspen settles the nerves and stimulates cellular activity. Lighthall gives an old Indian formula for intermittent fever. "It is better in all cases of chills and fevers, or in other words, ague, to combine an equal part of dogwood bark with it, and commence twelve hours before the time for the chill, and take a big swallow of the cold tea every two hours till the time for the chill. I have known this preparation to break hundreds of cases of ague." Another Indian formula is Wild Cherry bark and Burdock root for skin conditions. Comparison. Wild Cherry is the American Indian version of Crataegus (Hawthorn), which is also a member of the Prunaceae family used in heart and digestive problems. Ptelea trifoliata. Wafer Ash. A small tree or large shrub found growing in moist places in eastern North America. It is a member of the Rutaceae clan, hence a cousin of Xanthoxylum (Prickly Ash). It was valued by the Menominees and Meskwakies used Ptelea as a sacred medicine and as a general remedy to season and bring out the power of other medicines (Vogel). The early settlers acquired some knowledge of the remedy when they used it as an indigenous substitute for Hops, which is slightly resembles in appearance and taste. It was adopted by physio-medical and eclectic doctors, and received a homeopathic proving. Scudder writes, "Ptelea is an excellent tonic, hardly surpassed in its general uses by any agent of our materia medica, if we except hydrastis. It may be employed in all atonic states of the stomach and upper intestinal canal when it is desirable to increase the appetite and digestion. It exerts a specific influence in some cases of asthma, giving present relief and affecting permanent cures." Weakness of the stomach can result in respiratory weakness and shortness of breath. Properties. "The bark of the root is used in medicine. It contains a large quantity of a peculiar, pungent, and sickening oil, on which the greater portion of its action depends. It acts as a stimulant and relaxant, slowly exciting the stomach and circulation, and expending a considerable portion of its power on the lungs. It is classed as a stimulating tonic, exerting a mild laxative influence, and employed with much praise in bilious intermittents" (Cook). Indications. Chronic disease, when there is a sense of constriction in the thorax and short respiration; reflex nervous disturbances due to derangements of digestion and assimilation; atonic stomach; lack of appetite; fullness and aching in the hepatic region, great distension of the liver, worse lying on the left side; mental confusion and despondency; head feels dull and stupid; scanty, red urine, depositing a red sediment (urates) on cooling; asthma, especially when originating in disorders of the stomach (Fyfe, Boericke). Preparation and dosage. Tincture, 1-15 drops (Fyfe). Pulsatilla nigricans. Pasqueflower, Windflower. Anemone pulsatilla. This plant, a member of the Ranunculaceae, is now classified as Anemone
pulsatilla, but it was universally known as Pulsatilla to the homeopathic and herbal authors of the nineteenth century, who established its reputation. The name Pasqueflower reflects the fact that it flowers around Easter. It sends forth a little purple and yellow flower, which, with the leaves, is covered with a fine down. Although close to the ground, the flower is said to blow in the wind, hence the name Windflower. The rest of the year the plant is hardly visible. This plant is a late addition to herbal medicine. It was not used by the authors of the classical and Renaissance periods. Pulsatilla was introduced into allopathic materia medica in 1771, by Dr. Antonius Stoerck, of Vienna. The plant grows in abundance on the dry hills around Vienna and must have caught the attention of the doctor. It was used, fitfully, for a generation in allopathic medicine, but passed into complete obscurity. Meanwhile, however, Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, latched upon the plant and it became one of the stalwarts of the homeopathic materia medica. Hahnemann had been a medical student in Vienna about the time Stoerck published his paper on Pulsatilla, and he probably learned about the plant from people who knew Stoerck and had some insight into its properties. It was, however, his provings and clinical experience which developed the knowledge of Pulsatilla into a medicine of reliable everyday utility. Hahnemann's account of the Pulsatilla constitution has remained the standard portrait in homeopathic medicine. "Pulsatilla will be found the more useful, the more the physical symptoms to which this plant is most adapted, are accompanied by a disturbed condition of the feelings, a tendency to silent grief, or to a sad and resigned mood, especially if, during health, the patient was of a benevolent and mild disposition, (even inconsistent and frivolous). It is, therefore, particularly suitable to lymphatic temperaments, and not very suitable to men of decision and rapid action, even when disposed to be benevolent. . . . Pulsatilla suits females with delaying menses, or when it takes them a long time to fall asleep in the evening, or when they feel worse in the evening. It is a good remedy for ailments arising from the use of pork." Homeopaths more broadly associate it with fats, not just pork. Indeed, Teste goes on to comment, "the general action of pulsatilla seems to correspond to the immediate or consecutive effects of fat food." Moreover, "Pulsatilla is particularly suitable to persons who, by the relative predominance of the adipose tissue in their constitution, by the whiteness of their disposition, and their fitful mood, exhibit all the marked features of the female sex." At any rate, it was particularly suited to the conditions to which women of the middle and upper classes of the nineteenth century were subjected: fatty food, lack of exercize and outlet for intellectual opportunities. Botanical physicians also used Pulsatilla. It is somewhat difficult to determine whether they had their knowledge from the older allopathic tradition or from homeopathy. At any rate, they developed a somewhat different picture of the Pulsatilla personality and the uses of the plant. Indeed, it would appear that they used it in an opposite sort of constitution, afflicted with an excess of nervous energy, but again with no outlet. Homeopaths may complain that this is mere palliation, and that the use of the material doses of Pulsatilla is evidence that herbalists are using the medicine to suppress rather than remove symptoms. Such is the argument of people who are theorists and receive their knowledge from books and
authorities. If they would use their own homeopathic potencies in such cases, as I have done, they would quickly discover that Pulsatilla does work for this kind of patient. We may turn to Dr. John Scudder for an elaboration of this side of the Pulsatilla constitution. "I value the remedy very highly, and am satisfied from an experience of twenty years in its use that I do not overestimate it." "In some diseases of women, in spermatorrhoea and prostatorrhoea, in heart disease, and some other chronic affections, we find certain head symptoms playing an important part, and giving a good deal of trouble. The patient is nervous, restless, has an active imagination for disease, a fear of impending danger, etc. These symptoms are very unpleasant, and not unfrequently prevent the curative action of remedies. Pulsatilla reaches them and gives prompt and certain relief. "I would not treat some cases of spermatorrhoea without I could employ this remedy. For with the unnatural excitement of the mind, no remedy would exert a curative influence. So in some cases of heart disease, the head symptoms are the most prominent and unpleasant features. Relieve the unpleasant mental sensations and dread of danger, and we have removed a permanent cause of excitement. "Though Pulsatilla is the remedy for nervousness, it must not be given with any expectation of benefit where the excitement depends upon irritation and determination of blood. In this case it will either exert no influence or it will be unfavorable. "The Pulsatilla exerts a marked influence upon the reproductive organs of both male and female. I regard it as decidedly the best emmenagogue, when the suppression is not the result of or attended by irritation and determination of blood; where there is simple suppression from atony or nervous shock, it may be used with confidence. In male or female it lessens sexual excitement. It does not diminish sexual power, but rather strengthens it by lessening morbid excitement." Pulsatilla fills a niche very similar to its cousin Black Cohosh, the principal female medicine of the Eastern Woodland American Indians. Both plants are used as universal menstrual and female remedies; for problems beginning with menstruation at puberty, problems incident to menstruation and pregnancy, and mental states coincident to these situations. There are, however, important differences. Black Cohosh is generally suited to a darker patient, with dark hair and eyes, a more magnetic disposition, with brooding and internalization, especially before the period, rather than frivolity or changeable moods. Sometimes I cannot tell which remedy to give, and have to experiment until one or the other shows itself to be specific to the condition. Indications. (Homeopathic literature). Mild, gentle, yielding disposition; inclined to tears; easily swayed, changeable. Gentle babies and children, who like attention, cry when sick and respond to sympathy; suffer from ear-aches, yellow dried mucus in the eyes on waking, but not active inflammation. Girls at puberty, difficulty establishing regular menstruation; gentle disposition. Adult women, changeable, yielding disposition; suffer from changeable, irregular periods, alternating happy and sad before the period. Diseases with yellow discharges; ripened colds with thick, yellow mucus. Intolerance of fats and oils; diarrhea. Likes
the windows open, or to be outside. (Herbal literature). Nervous, full of energy, with no place to discharge it, no outlet. Seems to be perched on the edge of her chair. Especially in nervous conditions associated with sexual conditions; menstruation, pre-menstrual tension; spermatorrhea, prostatorrhea; full feeling in the heart, with nervous tension, but without organic heart disease. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The material substance is desicating and toxic. Herbalists use it in small doses (1-15 drops of the tincture), but it is not necessary to use it in material doses at all because the homeopathic potencies will suffice. They can be used from the lowest to the highest, but generally the 6x-200c is sufficient and effective. Children with ear infections respond well to the low potencies, 6x-30c. Formula. There is no history of the use of Pulsatilla in combinations or formulas; it has always been used as a specific. Comparison. Pulsatilla nutalliana; Cimicifuga racemosa. A species of Pulsatilla is used in Chinese medicine for "damp heat in the intestines" (diarrhea). This is but a small fragment of the Pulsatilla picture known to the homeopaths. Pulsatilla nutalliana. American Pasqueflower. This is the species of Pulsatilla most common in North America. It is similar in appearance and properties to the European species. It received a homeopathic proving which indicated that it had similar properties. Like the European species, American Pasqueflower has mild toxicity. I made a flower essence of American Pasqueflower and have used it on occassion, when Pulsatilla nigricans was indicated, but the patient seemed to respond poorly to the homeopathic potencies. Pyrus malus. Apple, Crab Apple. The apple has long been considered a symbol of health. As an article of diet it can be curative in a number of conditions. It is seldom ennumerated among the medicinal plants, but it was one of Dr. Bach's flower essences. He provided a psychological profile for Crabapple which shows that it is a powerful healing agent. Ben Charles Harris ennumerates some of its medicinal uses of Apple in The Compleat Herbal. Harris points out that Apple, simply eaten as a food, can prove curative in a number of significant disorders. "The malic and tartaric acids, perhaps the apple's chief dietetic value, are a remedy for liver problems. These fruit acids also serve to neutralize the waste products of gout and rheumatism. Furthermore, unless waste products are removed from our bodies, the blood will suffer from these toxins. Cases of constipation and bilisiousness, however mild or severe, will be relieved by eating of a ripe and juicy apple an hour or so before retiring, and again in the morning." It helps settle the stomach, removing sour fermentation and hyperacidity. Bach used Crab Apple for people who were suffering from a sense of uncleanness. This comes up often in some physical conditions, as well as psychological ones. I have several times seen it do remarkable work in patients who were suffering from a skin eruption which they felt to be unclean. Bach says it is also a remedy for unclean wounds. "Being a cleanser, this remedy purifies wounds if the patient has reason to believe that some poison has entered which must be
drawn out" (Bach). The doctrine of signatures reveals why apple bark should have such an affinity to unclean skin conditions. The bark is often infected, scaling, fungal, and recovers poorly from wounds, which must be treated by the orchardist with care. Quercus alba. White Oak. Members of the Oak clan have been used throughout the world as astringents. The inner bark is high in tannic acid, making it one of the strongest of natural astringents. The species used will differ from place to place. In American herbalism the White Oak (Quercus alba) is the officinal plant. The bark of this tree looks as if stretched over the trunk and shrunken---as if it were astringent. Although the properties of Quercus alba are probably about the same as the officinal European Oak (Quercus robur), the history of usage is different and I have handled them as separate remedies. Properties. White Oak is usually classified as a "simple astringent," writes Cook. "But while this quality is predominant, it contains a distinct tonic principal of the slowly stimulating character." For this reason, it not only disciplines loose tissues, but gives them better permanent tone. As Ellingwood explains, "white oak bark is used locally, in decoction, for the general purpose of an astringent, but it is also tonic and antiseptic, and possesses specific powers." Its specificity comes out in relationship to broken-down and ruined systems. The patient requiring White Oak is like the mighty oak that has been broken down. Ellingwood writes, "The agent is of value in epidemic dysentery, acute and chronic diarrhea, obstinate intermittents, pulmonary and laryngeal phthisis [t.b.], tabes mesenterica, great exhaustion of the vital powers from disease, profuse, exhausting night sweats, colliquative sweats in the advanced stages of adynamic fevers, and debility, and severe diarrhea in sickly children, scrofula, gangrene, ulcerated sore throat, fetid, ill-conditioned and gangrenous ulcers, relaxed mucous membranes with profuse discharges, bronchorrhea, passive hemorrhages, relaxed uvula and sore throat, spongy granulations, diabetes, prolapsus ani, bleeding hemorrhoids, leucorrhea, menorrhagia, hemoptysis." Throughout these conditions we see a tendency towards serious break-down. Starting with the throat and working down, primarily through the alimentary tract, we may follow Ellingwood on the principal uses of White Oak, filing in here and there from other sources. "I have depended upon a decoction of white oak bark one ounce to the pint of boiling water, to which I have added after straining, a dram of boric acid, for all ulcerations of the mouth or throat, both in the early stages and in many chronic cases. It is surprising how many simple early throat troubles this will abort, and how frequently it will prevent suppuration in tonsillitis. Combined with Yellow Dock, it has cured for me the serverest cases of nursing sore mouth that I have had, after other lauded remedies had signally failed." Other authors have used Oak by itself as a gargle in aphthous sore mouth, putrid sore throat, and diphtheria. A mild tea will sometimes settle an acid stomach. Its principal use is to tone the intestines. "In severe epidemic dysentery, a strong decoction of white oak bark, given internally, in doses of a wineglassful every hour or two, the bowels being first evacuated by a cathartic of castor oil and
turpentine, has effected cures where other treatment had proved of little or no avail." When given internally in diarrhea and dysentery, "it should be combined with cinnamon or another astringent aromatic." It is useful in cases where nutrition is compromised due to the poor condition of the intestines and the severe loss of fluids. Tabes mesenterica, marasmus, scrofula, "and diseases attended with exhaustion, baths medicated with white oak bark, accompanied by brisk friction, have restored the waning powers of life." Ulcerations of the bowels, prolapse, hemorrhoids, anal fissure. It also acts on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, when they are in a state of break-down, hence its use in tubercular cases. "In pulmonary and laryngeal phthisis a very fine powder of the bark may be inhaled." It pulls the tissues together and establishes healthy recuperation, stopping uncontrollable bleeding and discharges. Herb Success Stories (1980, 35, 97) mentions a number of impressive case histories where White Oak bark used alone cured serious conditions. One woman wrote, "My teeth had all come loose, and my mouth was becoming misshapen. The dentist told me that he was going to have to pull all my teeth and probably do some surgery on my jaw. I got started on white oak bark, packing it around my teeth at night and rinsing my mouth out with a tea solution made out of the white oak bark in the daytime. Within three or four months my teeth were all solid. As I was doing this I reshaped my mouth with my hand, pushing the teeth back until they were all perfectly spaced and solid in my mouth. I didn't have to have any surgery." Another woman related, "I'm a firm believer in white oak bark. I have had problems with varicose veins since I had my first baby. I'm on my feet an aweful lot, and these veins used to erupt and become like little red prickly dots that itched like fire. I took vitamin C and vitamin E for years, but sometimes I had absolutely no relief. So I went to white oak bark. I had hemorrhoids too. I used the white oak bark and didn't ever have to take sitz baths. I took four white oak bark doses in the morning and four in the evening, and I don't have hemorrhoids or varicose veins anymore." She helped another woman with similar problems. "A woman, about seven months pregnant, heard aboutt how herbs had helped me. She thought she wasn't going to carry this child, which was her sixth. She had enormous varicose veins dangling like grapes. She was a thin woman. I suggested to her to take sitz baths with the white oak bark and to take heavy internal doses. So she did. She wrapped her legs, and in a week she was no longer with the wraps and was carrying the baby beautifully. She had no more pain and no more problems. She delivered the baby. Then a year later she had another baby---you know, people never learn. She used the white oak bark, and it carried her right on through." She also treated "a large woman who's in the restaurant business and is on her feet a lot. She's never without white oak bark." Specific Indications. Internal. "Acute and chronic diarrhea; profuse nightsweats; relaxed mucous membranes with profuse discharges; passive hemorrhage; relaxed uvula; bleeding hemorrhoids; leucorrhea, menorrhagia and hemoptysis; dysentery" (Fyfe). External. Ointment, poultice or cheese-cloth moistened in decoction of the bark. Hemorrhoids, prolapsus ani, anal fissure, varicose veins, illconditioned ulcers, gangrene, weeping eczema, loose teeth and gum disease, leucorrhea.
Preparation and dosage. The inner bark yields its properties to water, and to a lesser extent in alcohol. A decoction is made by boiling one ounce in a pint of water for 15 minutes. Tincture, 10-15 drops is the usual dose. Quercus robur. English Oak. The common oak of Europe, Quercus robur, has been used since antiquity. It is an astringent with properties similar to the White Oak. Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen mention the Oak. Mattioli (1563) recommends it for fluxes of blood and semen, spitting of blood, stone in the kidney and bladder, blood in the urine, suppresion of urine, flooding menstruation and vaginal discharge. Culpeper says it "is one of the best remedies that I know of for the whites in women." It is still used in German medicine as a topical astringent. Rudolf Weiss recommends it as a compress in weeping eczema, especially when associated with ulcers on the legs, contact dermatitis in the early, weeping stage, inflammatory eye conditions and inflammed hemorrhoids. Most of the uses of Quercus alba and robur enumerated so far depend upon the tannic acid contained in the bark and other parts of the tree, almost some mention has been made of an intrinsic tonic influence. A more subtle concept of properties of Oak was developed by Johann Gottfried Rademacher (1777-1848). He removed the astringent tannins by distillation to produce a "spirit" or essence, which he called Quercus glandium spiritus. He gives an extensive account of its use, which I have appended below. This remedy was picked up by the innovative English homeopath, J. Compton Burnett (1849-1900), who developed further ideas about its use. A later English homeopath, Dorothy Shepherd, published an account of her experience with Burnett's indications in A Physician's Posy. Finally, Quercus robur is the oak which Dr. Bach collected and used as his flower essence. The mental state associated with the tree by Dr. Bach fits well with Burnett's idea of its use. The story of the development of Quercus robur as a remedy is both entertaining and educational. It illustrates how it is possible to develop knowledge about a remedy through purely empirical means, such as careful observation and deduction, rather than from pharmacology, homeopathic provings or any methodology. Rademacher comments that good spleen remedies are hard to find. One might expect the oak, being an astringent, to be a good remedy for the spleen, because that it is organ associated with prolapse. However, Rademacher found out about the remedy by accident, "in a wonderful way," as he says. Burnett provides a translation in his Diseases of the Spleen: Many years ago (I do not remember the exact time) a working carpenter, who had previously lived in Credfeld, came to seek my advice for his bellyache, which was of long standing. According to his own statement, he had long been under Sanitary Councillor Schneider in Credfeld, who was not able to help him, and so sent him to Professor Gunther in Duisbery. Ten journeys thither were likewise in vain. I tried my usual remedies for seemingly such cases, but to no good; and as I noticed he was a good cabinetmaker, and dabbled a bit in upholstery, I told
him it would be a good plan if he were to hire himself out to a country squire as joiner, thinking that the food of the servants' hall would suit his sick stomach better than the beans, black bread, and potatoes of the master carpenter. The good fellow followed my advice, and lived with a squire for many years; and I heard nothing more about him. Finally, he married the parlor maid, and settled here in this town as a joiner. One day when visiting his sick wife I remembered the old story of his bellyache, and wanted to know how it then was. "All right," said he, "I have not had it for years." It seems that a local surgeon, being one day at the squire's, told him to get some acorns, and scrape them with a knife, and then put the scrapings into brandy, and leave them to draw for a day, and then to drink a small glass of this spirit several times a day. He did as he was advised, and was forthwith relieved, and very soon entirely freed from his old trouble. Rademacher knew enough about the barber-surgeon to know that he could not tell him much about the remedy, so his investigation of the medicine took a different course. As I had in the meantime become much more cunning, I questioned the joiner himself afresh as to the kind of his old pain, particularly as to the part of the belly where the pain was last felt when he had had a bad attack. He was in no doubt about it, but at once pointed to the part of the belly nearest the left hypochondrium. So I very shrewdly suspected that the abdominal pains were really owing to a primary affection of the spleen, in which notion I was strengthened by remembering that the best pain-killing hepatic and enteric remedies had done him no good. To get as soon as possible to the bottom of the thing, I set about preparing a tincture of acorns, and gave a teaspoonful five times a day in water to an old brandy drunkard, who was sick unto death, and of whom I knew that he had suffered from the spleen for a very long time, the spleen being from time to time painful. He had likewise ascitis, and his legs were dropsical as far as the knees. It occured to me that if the acorn tincture were to act curatively on the spleen the consensual kidney affection and its dependent dropsy would mend. I soon saw that I had reckoned rightly. The urinary secretion was at once augmented. . . the tension in the praecordia became less and less, and this hopelessly incurable drunkard got quite well, much to the surprise of all who knew him, and, honestly speaking, much to my own surprise also. Having thus put the spirit of acorns to such a severe test. . . I went further, and used it by degrees in all sorts of spleen affectons, and that not only in painful ones, but in painless ones, in the evident ones, and in those of a more problematical kind. Gradually I became convinced that it is a remedy, the place of which no other can take. More particularly is it of great, nay, of inestimable value in spleen-dropsy. Rademacher assigned about one third of all dropsies to the spleen, the remainder to the kidneys and heart. In this he agrees with traditional Chinese medicine. The spleen is intimately intertwinned with the lymphatic system, hence
with stagnation of lymphatics and lymph fluid, and with sagging of venous structures. Rademacher found that the tincture worked best if it was distilled, so that the astringent principle had been removed. It was clear, therefore, that it was a deeper, more essential property of oak which was important. He also made some interesting observations about its effect on patients: Certain few people feel, as soon as they have taken it, a peculiar sensation in the head, lasting hardly a minute or two, which they say is like being drunk. With a few people, particularly with those who have suffered from old spleen engorgements, diarrhea sets in after using it for two or three weeks that makes them feel better. It seldom lasts more than a day, and it is not weakening, but moderate. Hence it is not needful either to stop the acornwater, or to lessen the dose. Compton Burnett read these statements and realized that Quercus had the potential to be a homeopathic remedy for drunkeness. "When we regard it from the pathogenetic side as producing. . . a cephalic state resembling alcoholic intoxication, and then from the clinical side as having cured an abandoned drunkard, it looks very much as if we had a remedy homoeopathic to alcoholism." And he went on to prove that this was the case, giving several of his case histories, in his inimitable literary style. "Colonel X., aged 64, came under my observation on January 15, 1889, broken down with gout and chronic alcoholism, and pretty severe bronchitis. Heart's action irregular; liver and spleen both enlarged; and he complained bitterly of a gnawing in the pit of the stomach. His gait was unsteady and tottering, his hand quivered, and altogether; he was in a sorry plight. The poor fellow had lost his wife, and had for a good while tried to rub along with the aid of a little Dutch courage, in the shape of nips of spirits, for which he was always craving. Severe windy spasm; no sugar, no albumen." Burnett put him on 10 drops of the spirits of acorn, three times a day. A month later, "he is chirpy again, and has no craving for whiskey." Months afterwards, he heard that the colonel was in fair health and still free from the craving. Burnett was treating another patient for necrosis of the nails and a weak heart, when the patient confessed that "he thought he took too much sherry in nips. " Burnett thought him like the colonel. "He was never intoxicated. . . but still never free from the effects of his nips." Again, 10 drops of the spirit of acorn was given in water, morning and evening. "This brought out a good deal of gouty eczema of scalp, poll and backs of hands," but the drinking was controlled. The wife of another officer wrote Burnett for help with her husband. He denied drinking, but "I can always tell by the look of his eyes; they are so yellow, and puffy underneath." Cured with a month of Quercus. It would not be necessary to quote any further cases from Burnett, but his diction is so entertaining that I find it hard to stop. In addition to being a fine homeopath, he was the father of an eminent novelist, Dame Ivy Compton-Burnett. We see where she got some of her skill. So, to let us continue. "A noble Nimrod, about 40 years of age, a very free liver, and plagued with attacks of gout, came under my observation in the spring of 1891 for varicose veins of the lower extremities,
starting originally, it seemed to me, from an enlarged spleen, which was seemingly left after typhoid fever. Knowing his mode of life, and on account of the spleen, I gave him Quercus for a month, 10 drops at bed time, and then noted 'He likes his medicine, as it keeps his bowels very regular.'" It improved the veins, disposed of some rings under his eyes, and hot feet. "A country squire, from the shire of Moonrakers, bachelor, 60 years of age, was accompanied to me on October 3, 1893, by his brother, resident in London. This gentleman was so very ill that his case was regarded as quite hopeless. He was not capable of stating his own case, and hence his brother did it for him. Patient was flushed, and in much pain over the eyes and in both rib regions. Stooping caused very great pain, worse in the left hypochondrium. Both liver and spleen notably enlarged. He is exceedingly nervous, very depressed, glum, taciturn, and moved to tears by almost anything. He could not walk without support, on account of his great giddiness. His breath was in the highest degree disgustingly stercoraceous (merdeux ), so much so that I very nearly vomited when examining him. He was personally unknown to me, and I had no history of him, but that smell of breath is an unmistakable sign of the chronic tippler." He was quite sober, "but took frequent nips, particuarly when confined to the house by wet weather." (Worse from damp tends to indicate the spleen). After one week on Quercus his symptoms were dramatically better, the breath normal, and in six weeks he went home "perfectly well." And Burnett gives one more case, but I might as well let readers obtain his little books, Diseases of the Spleen and Gout and Its Cure, wherein all this is written. As an unconventional homeopath, Burnett's work was often read with interest, but ignored. However, one physician who picked up on his work on Quercus was Dr. Dorothy Shepherd. In A Physician's Posy she gives a selection of her own cases, justifying Burnett's indications. She confirms that Quercus is singularly suited to sherry-tipplers, who are never really drunk, but never free from the influence. Shepherd had a sympathy for female patients, and observed that it was an especially suited to middle aged women who were lonely and took to the bottle in place of companionship. The cases she gives are, however, those of men--and ones very much like Burnett's. There was the "traveller in spirits, broken down in health," the "black sheep of a well-to-do family. . . down on his luck and disappointed with life," and "that dear old sinner, the once brilliant actor," etc., now "a repulsive specimen." The last patient gave up the spirit of acorn because it ruined his taste for brandy and sherry. Shepherd also gives a case which was merely splenic, not alcoholic---"a retired army man who suffered from bouts of a special tropical intermittent fever, which had produced an enlargement of the spleen." Nat. mur. 6c cured the intermittent and Quercus cured the swollen spleen. Next in line to teach us about Oak is Dr. Edward Bach. He may have heard of Oak through homeopathic channels, but his knowledge of the plant came from his own attunement to its psychological qualities. According to Dr. Bach, Oak is suited to patients who fight against their disease and problems, for years even, feeling hopeless but never giving up, and never conquering. "The illnesses of this type are where much balance is lost, mental and physical. Mental, such as severe nervous breakdowns, or such types of insanity which can be described as completely unbalanced (where there is great loss of control); and the same in the bodily state,
where the patient loses control over parts of the body or its functions." This certainly sounds like some of the above cases. The Oak mentality should not be thought of as separate from the physical symptoms mentioned by Rademacher, Burnett and Shepherd, but as the psychological analogue. Oak is suited to strong patients who are broken down by long-suffering and serious ailments. Although they have a strong personality, they become boughed down. "The mighty oak is broken down." The pathology centers around the "spleen" organ-system. In traditional Chinese medicine the "spleen" is said to be responsible for "holding up" the tissues and organs. In the Oak patient, not only the organs, but the personality fails to hold up. The strong integrity we associate with the Oak is lost. The personality and organs prolapse. The following case history, from my own records, demonstrates the unity of the physical and mental symptoms. The patient was a forty-six year-old man who was suffering from pain in the right side, above the pelvic bones, but well below the area we would associate with the liver and gall-bladder. The pain seemed to be in the viscera or intestines. It was not appendicitis. He had swollen glands in the inguinal crease and edema extending down most of the right leg, and around both ankles. There was much pain and swelling about the right knee, where there was an eruption with dry skin and itching, covering an area about the size of the palm of his hand. There was several smaller patches on this and the other knee. The eruption felt hot and dry. Some swelling and eruptions on the knuckles of the left hand. When he was ten, the patient feel from a horse and ruptured his spleen. The organ was removed to prevent him bleeding to death. The present symptoms had been developing over the last half year, since his best friend died, his business expanded, he was working 12 hour shifts on his feet, and he moved his family and household to a different city. He was a strong personality, little given to worrying about his health. At the beginning of the whole trouble he had experienced an uncharacteristic urge to drink, which he acted on for about a month, but which went away. The tongue was swollen about the sides, pale towards the front, purple towards the back, and covered by a fine yellow sticky coating. Lips were a little bluepurple. This was clearly a case where the "spleen" organ-system was not functioning. It was not "holding up the organs," and the blood and lymph were stagnating due to poor ciculation. There was probably some intestinal prolapse. The descriptions of both European and White Oak seemed to fit. I recommended Oak flower essence internally, White Oak bark externally in a bath, Cleavers tincture internally, and Cleavers herb externally per bath. The Cleavers was for local lymphatic reabsorption, the Oak for the source of the problem. The patient reacted quickly. He felt much better after a few hours and most of the symptoms, serious as they were, had disappeared inside three weeks. Some homeopaths will probably say, "how do you know whether it was the Oak or the Cleavers that did the job." I know which did what, because I know those plants. My information is not based on theory, but on years of observation of plants, patients and cures. Homeopathic theory causes one to loose confidence in one's own perceptions of organic processes, but herbalists walk a different path. Specific indications. The following symptoms are derived from Rademacher,
Burnett, Shepherd, Bach and my own experience. Intoxicated feeling, giddiness, trembling hands, fluttery nervousness; nervous breakdown; mentally and physically broken; alcoholism. Face flushed; rings under the eyes, puffy and yellow. Tongue thickly coated and foul, stercoraceous breath. Tongue and lips purple or blue. Swollen spleen and liver; pain in the left side; dyspepsia, stomach-ache; constipation; anal fistula; varicose veins. Edema of the lower extremities. Gout; eczema. Preparation and dosage. Rademacher made his remedy by scraping acorns, soaking them in alcohol and distilling the essence, or spirit, to remove the tannic acids. The flower essence could probably be used just as effectively for physical and psychological problems. Ranunculus bulbosus. Buttercup. Ranunculus ficaria. Pilewort, Figwort, Lesser Celandine. The "Lesser Celandine" is not botanically related to the true or Greater Celandine, but bears a superficial resemblance and was confused with it by the ancient authors. It is called "Figwort," because of the resemblance of the roots to a fig, and "Pilewort" because of its resemblance to a nodulated hemorrhoid. It was used, not only for piles, but for nodules or swollen glands in the neck, hence it is cited in the old books as a remedy for "King's evil" or "scrofula." These old terms encompass lymphatic stagnation and swelling, among other things such as goitre and tuberculous glands of the neck. Culpeper comments, "Behold here another verification of the learning of the ancients, viz. that the virtue of an herb may be known by its signature. For if you dig up the root of it, you shall perceive the exact image of the disease which they commonly call the piles." Culpeper also treats us to a rarity---a case history from his own experience. "With this I cured my own daughter of the king's evil, broke the sore, drew out a quarter of a pint of corruption [pus], and healed without any scar at all in a week's time." Properties. Contains vitamin C and saponins, hence its use in scurvy and cleansing. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Ointment is produced by macerating Ranunculus in lard at 100 F. Rhamnus frangula. Rhamnus purshiana. Cascara Sagrada. This small tree or shrub is native to the Pacific Northwest. It was one of the last members of the Buckthorn family introduced into medicine, but was the best and the most lasting. It is still official in the U.S. pharmacopeia---which is not an easy accomplishment for an herb. The Buckthorns, or Rhamnaceae, have long been used as cathartics and laxatives. The less severe and more reliable properties of Cascara sagrada have won it the foremost place in herbal medicine. Cacara sagrada was introduced to the medical profession in 1878, by Dr. Bundy. Reading his account we appreciate the subtle properties of the plant, not just the superficial reputation it has obtained as a purgative. Dr. Bundy explains its
action on the organs and tissues, and the type of patient it is particularly beneficial for. "It acts upon the sympathetic nervous system, especially upon the solar plexus, stimulating the nutritive and assimilative forces, increasing the digestive processes generally. It acts upon the secretory system in a marvelous manner, especially where the secretions are deficient and perverted, and this seems to be one of its special indications." Bundy then launches on a discussion of constipation which is most useful to the considerate reader. "Constipation depends upon the nature of the diet, deficiency or a faulty composition of the intestinal secretions, disordered glands that pour their secretions into the intestines, impairment of muscular power, which leads to a deficiency in their propelling power which may result from nervous or mechanical influences, congestion of the portal circulation, normal secretion of intestinal juices interfered with, deficiency in biliary secretions of a healthy character, congestion of mucous membranes of intestines, and last ans the most frequent, constipation which has been caused by resisting the calls of nature from carelessness or circumstances that prevent obedience at the proper time." Ellingwood elaborates on this description. Cascara sagrada is "especially indicated in torpidity or atonicity." It restores functional activity of the intestine and stomach, increasing peristaltic action and secretion. It also acts in catarrhal conditions to rectify excess secretion. Cascara sagrade "is not a cathartic in the common acceptation of the term, but by restoring normal function. . . bowel movement of a natural character follows. It does not mechanically liquify and empty the intestinal canal, but it restores normal elasticity and tone to the relaxed structures, and natural vermicular motion and peristaltic action, esercising a direct influence upon muscular structure of the intestinal walls. It materially influences the venous and capillary circulation of the entire intestinal tract, thus proving of much value in hemorrhoids." Ellingwood explains that smaller doses are actually preferrable to larger ones, because this tonifies the intestines to cure the constipative condition, whereas the large dose causes catharsis and weakens the bowel. "If a single dose, so large as to produce a cathartic effect be administered, subsequent small doses will prove insufficient to restore tone, and the constipation will remain unless the large dose is constantly repeated. If a dose of from two to ten drops in a proper vehicle be given, three, four or five times daily for many days, even if the constipation does not at firest yield, the effects after a few days are usually salutary. There is a normal movement in the morning and the habit of regular evacuation can be soon fixed." As improvement continues, decrease the dose until it is just a drop at a time. Medium doses are efficient in gastic or intestinal catarrh. "It is a useful remedy in many cases of chronic indigestion and in chronic disease of the liver. It has been used in cirrhosis with the best of results. It is useful in jaundice with deficient excretion of bile, and corrects catarrh of the bile duct. It is useful in diarrhoea, subacute or chronic, depending on deficient liver action, and upon catarrhal and atonic conditions of the intestinal tract. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Fluid extract or tincture, 1-10 drops per dose, 1-4 times a day. Not recommended for pregnancy; causes griping and constipation in large doses.
Rheum officinale et palmatum. Turkey Rhubarb. Rhubarb was introduced into medicine over a thousand years ago by Arabian physicians, who used it as a purgative for the bowels. In some instances it is used to purge out constipation, in others to remove heat and inflammation causing loose or dysenteric stools. Rhubarb contains both purgative and binding properties. Hahnemann gives him opinion of the traditional uses: "It has been misused, sometimes (and indeed very frequently) for senseless scouring out of the intestinal canal." He gave it a homeopathic proving in 1825 which was, by his own account, short and incomplete. This showed that it would both cause and cure diarrhea, and it has been used for his complaint in homeopathy. The deeper properties and genius of the remedy have not, however, but brought out in homeopathic literature. The fact that Rhubarb contains oppositeacting constituents suggests that its true action is not just in diarrhea, but also in constipation, and even more importantly as a tonic which corrects tension on the intestinal tissues, and tones the alimentary tract. Generally it has been used in a superficial manner for purging, but the more sophisticated herbal doctors understood its deeper, tonifying and balancing capabilities. The medicinal Rhubarb is different from the domestic garden vegetable (R. rhaponticum). It was, at one time, shipped from China through Russia, and from there to Istanbul and St. Petersburg---hence, the name Turkey Rhubarb. It is identical or similar to the medicinal Rhubarb used in Traditional Chinese medicine, and the uses may be compared to advantage. Properties. The flavor is bitter and sour, the temperature is cool, and the impression is astringent and mucilaginous. It contains a volatile oil, tannic and gallic acids, and bitter principals. Rhubarb contains opposing constituents which have opposite actions, depending upon the dose. "In small doses it is constipating by reason of the tannic acid which it contains, and stomachic through a bitter principle. In large doses it is laxative in consequence of the cathartic acid which is one of its chief constituents" (Fyfe). These two properties can be used synergistically. Wooster Beach wrote, "It operates, first, by evacuating the intestinal canal, and then gently astringing or restoring the tone of it. Upon these singular properties combined (purgative and astringent) depend its utility in dysentery and diarrhea." It has three distinctive applications: (1) as a tonic to the stomach and intestines, (2) as an astringent antidiarrhea remedy and (3) as a purgative. Scudder gave specific indications for its use. "In small doses rhubarb will prove an excellent tonic, strengthening the functions of both stomach and intestines, giving improved digestion. In indigestion, with some diarrhea, of a papescent character, it will be found a good remedy. "In some cases it will prove our best remedy in the treatment of obstinate constipation. The cases are those in which there is an unnatural sensation of constriction in stomach and bowels, and contraction of the abdominal muscles. I prescribe it in these cases in doses of ten drops to a large glass of water, on rising in the morning. In the severer cases it is associated with thorough fatty inunction over the abdomen, and friction. "I employ it as a restorative, where there is special need of increased nutrition
of nerve tissue. It is thus associated with the preparations of phosphorus, and with cod-liver oil." "Rhubarb in very small doses, frequently repeated, is a most excellent remedy in vomiting caused by irritation of the stomach. It is also useful in nervous irritability which is manifested by restlessness and convulsive contraction of muscles" (Fyfe). Specific Indications. "Irritation of the stomach, with nausea and vomiting; tongue elongated and reddened at tip and edges; diarrhea; when the abdomen gives evidence of tenderness on pressure; sour-smelling discharges from the bowels; weak digestion and dyspepsia, with tendency to diarrhea, especially in children; juandice, especially when the digestive power is weak" (Fyfe). Nausea, tension and cutting pain in the abdomen. "Pappy, sour smeeling stool; its evacuation is followed by shivering, and after its evacuation there occurs revewed urging with pinching (constriction) in the bowels. Frequent uringing to sool, whereupon a thin pappy, foetid stoool occurs, with cutting in the abdomen and immediately after its evacuation feeling of tenesmus--in spite of every effort nothing will come away, although the urging to stool is still present---whereupon after some time an evacuation takes place" (Hahnemann). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The leaves are poisonous; the stalks are used as a food; the root is the made used in medicine. Tincture, 1-20 drops. Rhus aromaticum. Fragrant Sumach. The Rhus or Sumach branch of the Anacardiaceae family has world-wide distribution. The many members have diverse properties. R. toxicodendron of North America is the familiar Poison Ivy of dermatitic fame. The Japanese R. vernix is used to make one of the finest natural black lacquers (which also sometimes causes dermatitis). R. coriaria, of southern Europe and the Middle East, is free of toxicity and admired as a culinary and medicinal herb in Arabic countries. The word Sumach is Arabic in origin. Several North American Sumachs (R. typhina, aromaticum and glabra) also have no toxicity, a nice taste and have been used in medicine. Properties. Millspaugh writes of R. aromaticum: "The tincture obtained is the most transparent and lightest in color of all the species of Rhus here mentioned. It has a beautiful clear, crimson color by transmitted light; a decidedly terebinthic odor; very astringent taste, and strong acid reaction." Cook says that Rhus aromaticum is a nervine tonic with astringent properties, soothing and strengthening to the urinary organs in particular. "For eneursis it has been found of exceptional value, allaying the vesical sensitiveness and giving tone to the muscular structures. Numerous reports of cases show it to be effective in that troublesome weakness, effecting a cure in most patients. When it has failed, the cases seem to have required an addition of some such general tonic as scutellaria. It is a desirable associate of agrimonia, epigea and other agents of this kind" (Cook, 1898, 99). Preparation and dosage. Rhus coriara. Coriar's Sumach.
European Sumach. Gerard. The seed. "The seed of Sumach eaten in sauces with meat, stoppeth all manner of fluxes of the belly, the bloudy flix, and all other issues, especially the white issues of women." The leaves. "Boyled in wine and drunken, do stop the laske, the inordinate course of womens sicknesses, and all other inordinate issues of bloud." Preparation and dosage. Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumach. This member of the Sumach clan is distinguished by its smooth bark. It has red, sour berries, like Staghorn Sumach (Rhus typhina ), which make a tasty drink and yield a black dye. It grows throughout much of eastern North America. Dr. William Cook differentiates between the virtues of the leaves, bark and berries. "The leaves are a very pure astringent, of the same soothing character as the leaves of hamamelis, but much stronger and more drying. They may be used for the same general purposes as the hamamelis; and also make a good wash in light cases of aphthous sores. They are seldom used, but deserve much consideration in leucorrhea, and prolapsus, spongy gums, capillary hemorrhage, and other cases where a reliable local astringent is needed." "The bark of the root is a stimulating astringent, of tonic action and moderately antiseptic powers. Its chief action is upon the mucous membranes; and is of much greater power than is generally supposed in laxity of the bowels, chronic and camp diarrhea, and intestinal hemorrhage. Acute and sub-acute diarrhea are cases in which it should not be employed; but in camp diarrhea, and other cases of liquid and offensive stools, an infusion is of much value for giving due tone to the mucous structures and fullness to their capillary circulation. Also of superior excellence as a wash in foul leucorrheal discharge and chronic prolapsus; and a gargle in aphthous sores, in diphtheria, and scarlatina, and in mercurial sore mouth. It may also be applied in powder to flabby and ichorous ulcers, and those of a phagedaenic tendency, but not to sensitive or dry ones; and I have found much benefit from it in phagedaenic chancres and buboes. As an astringent, it acts upon the assimilative organs much as myrica does; and may be added to tonics in the treatment of scrofulous maladies with diarrhea; and in constitutional merucrial and mercurio-syphilitic maladies, may be used with alterants." "The berries, or more properly the hairs which cover the fruit, are of a very pleasant though rather transient acid taste, moderately stimulating and astringent. They act on the kidneys as well as mucous membranes; are of service as a gargle in quinsy, and mild forms of sore throat and aphthous sores; are sometimes used as a drink in bilious and bilious remitting fever; and have been commended as a good remedy in diabetes, though probably not on good grounds." Millspaugh adds that the berries, when smoked, are said to antidote tobacco. "A gum exudes from the bark on its being slit; and this is a soothing and demulcent remedy, which promises to be of service in irritable bowels, kidneys, and lungs." Preparation and dosage. Infusion of the berries. 2 teaspoonfuls to a teacup, several times a day. Tincture, 1-10 drops.
Rosemarinus officinalis. Rosemary. This aromatic perenial shrub is a member of the Mint family native to southern Europe. It is widely grown elsewhere, in gardens. In the north it is grown in pots which are brought inside during the winter. Rosemary has an extremely ancient reputation in folk-religion as an herb for remembrance. It was used from ancient times down to the Renaissance as an emblem for fidelity between lovers, and as a memorial for the dead. Ann of Cleves is supposed to have worn a wreath of Rosemary at her wedding---hopefully she was able to forget her marriage quickly. Shakesphere mentions it several times. "That's Rosemary, there's for remembrance," says Ophelia. The leaves and oil were used as a natural antiseptic and disinfectant to fumigate rooms. It was an indispensable article of the well stocked house-hold, prompting Culpeper to note that it was used both for physic and civil purposes. Such a plant was, of course, used from the most ancient times in medicine. It is mentioned by Dioscorides, Galen and many of the ancient writes. The Arabic physicians considered (or still consider) it to be one of the most valuable items in their materia medica. It was mentioned in the Renaissance herbals of northern Europe. When we come to Gerard we find him quoting the traditional authorities and following his source, Rembert Dodoens. There is not much here that shows personal experience with the plant. But it is different with Culpeper. Our astrological author gives an excellent account of this plant, which quickly isolates the organ-affinities, the effect of the remedy and its consequent medicinal properties. The traditional uses are thrown into order about these guidelines. "It is an herb of as great use with us in these days as any whatsoever," he writes. "The sun claims privilege in it, and it is under the celestial Ram." We may follow Culpeper throughout, adding comments and details where necessary. Rosemary is "very much both for inward and outward diseases, for by the warming and comforting heat thereof, it helps all cold diseases, both of the head, stomach, liver and belly." Here is another remedy that acts upon both the stomach and the head, or upon the solar plexus and hence, through the nervous system, upon the brain (cf. Stachys, Panax, Lycopodium, Paeonia, etc.) By warming and stimulating the solar plexus, the nerves are brought into greater sensitivity and activity, the stomach is stimulated, the gall bladder and digestive secretions, the functions of the "belly" in general. The circulation and ennervation of the brain and head is then improved, leading to better mental function and cranial health. As a warming and drying herb, Rosemary "helps all cold diseases." Properties. The flavor is strongly pungent and slightly bitter, the temperature is warm and dry, the impression stimulating and diffusive. All parts of the plant contain volatile oils which are stimulating, antiseptic and aromatic. Says Culpeper: "The whole plant has a fragrant and aromatic smell: it is lighter and more delicate in the flower, and stronger in the leaves. The taste also is warm and aromatic, and not disagreeable." Stomach. The stimulating volatile oils found in Rosemary act upon the stomach to increase secretion, remove gas and renew function. They make their impression upon the solar plexus, and hence upon all the ennervation and
circulation of the abdominal viscera. "It is very comfortable to the stomach in all the cold maladies thereof: helps both retention of meat, and digestion. . . . It is a remedy for the windiness in the stomach, bowels, and spleen, and expels [wind] powerfully." Rosemary was used by Dioscorides and Galen to remove jaundice. By improving the ennervation of the solar plexus, the reflexes stimulating the gall bladder are strengthened. Head. Anything which strengthens the solar plexus, "the brain of the stomach," acts by reflex upon the brain and head by promoting nerve activity and circulation. "The decoction thereof in wine, helps the cold distillations of rheums into the eyes, and all other cold diseases of the head and brain, as the giddiness or swimmings therein, drowsiness or dulnesse of the mind and senses like a stupidness, the dumb palsy, or loss of speech, the lethargy and falling-sickness, to be drunk, and the temples bathed therewith. It helps the pains in the gums and teeth. . . causing an evil smell from them, or a stinking breath. It helps a weak memory, and quickens the senses." Extremities. By increasing ennervation and circulation generally, Rosemary extends an influence to the extremities. The limbs are stimulated, congealed blood is removed and sensation is improved. Hence, this remedy is used to remove cold conditions from the limbs, including the stiffness and soreness resulting from undue muscular activity as well as that from arthritic conditions and bruises and strains. The oil, or an ointment, is "singularly good to help cold benumbed joints, sinews, or members." Oil of Rosemary. For all these purposes, the oil distilled from Rosemary is often used. "The chemical oil, drawn from the leaves and flowers, is a sovereign help for all the diseases aforesaid, to touch the temples and nostrils with two or three drops for all the diseases of the head and brain spoken of before; as also to take one drop, two, or three, as the case requires, for the inward diseases; yet must it be done with discretion, for it is very quick and piercing, and therefore but a very little must be taken." Rosemary oil can easily be made by the lay-person. Take a quantity of the flowers, put them into a glass jar, put a fine linen open the mouth, turn it upside down, into another glass jar and set in the sun. "An oil will distil down into the lower glass," says Culpeper. It is to be "preserved as precious for divers uses, both inward and outward, as a sovereign balsam to heal the diseases beforementioned." Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Make an infusion of the leaves by pouring a cup of boiling water over a tablespoon of the leaves or flowers. Keep the pot covered, so that the volatile oils do not escape from the vessel. Oil from the flowers is made, as per above. Observe the cautions as to dose mentioned by Culpeper. Another approach is to take a bath in water which contains tea from Rosemary leaves. Rubia tinctoria. Madder. This is a member of the Rubiaceae (or Cleavers) family, native to southern Europe. It has been used in Europe since time immemorial as a red dye and as a fodder for animals. Madder is such a strong dye that when taken internally it will color the bones, urine and milk red. It acts strongest on the bones nearest to the heart. This
property naturally led to its use as a blood remedy. Indeed, Rubia tinctoria (or in eastern Asia, R. cordifolia) is one of the most important blood-medicines of the Greek, Arabic, Ayurvedic and Chinese doctors. The use of Rubia tinctoria in modern European herbalism has fallen largely by the wayside. This is unfortunate, since we have the testimony of diverse medical traditions agreeing on the same basic applications. Properties. The roots have a bitter flavor and a cool temperature. Whether it was binding or opening debated by the European physicians, all the way down to the Renaissance. "It hath beene disputed among the learned," says Gerard, "whether it doe binde or open; some say both." He personally had been racked over the coals by a prominent physician on this question. "I was content to be examined vpon the point, what the nature of Madder was, because I haue written that it performeth contrary effects." He says that Madder is both binding and opening, since it cures both hemorrhage and congestion. It returns the blood to a healthy norm, whether it be too thick or too thin. Drawing upon the diverse medical traditions of many cultures, we find singular agreement in the employment of Rubia. It is used to cool and detoxify the blood, removing local inflammation and blood-infection, stopping the tendency to hemorrhage caused by heat and excitement in the blood, while also breaking up stagnant blood and hard immobile masses. It is capable of dispersing both benign and malignant tumours. It even expels kidney and gall stones. It stops diarrhea and the "bloody flux" (dysentery with bleeding), yet opens the kidneys and removes stones. It decongests the liver and the spleen, when the blood is too thick and stagnant or the lymphatics are stagnant. Because it acts upon the blood, it is especially serviceable in menstrual complaints. One Roman practitioner used it to prevent miscarriage. Because Rubia enhances the flow of the blood to various parts of the body, it is beneficial for the treatment of injuries, and has been used for bruises, strains, sprains, broken bones and the fever accompanying them. "It stencheth bleeding, mitigateth inflammations, and helpeth those parts that be hurt and brused," says Gerard. Specific Indications. Normalizes the blood. Heat in the blood, resulting in toxic skin conditions such as scruf, herpes and carbuncles. Bleeding caused by heat in the blood: vomiting of blood, nosebleed, coughing up blood, blood in the stool, uterine hemorrhage. Stagnation of blood, especially in the chest, flanks, liver and spleen, causing pain. Kidney and gall stones associated with circulatory congestion. Female problems: amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, menopause, suppression of the lochia. Local traumatic injuries, bruises, broken bones, joint pain. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Large doses color the bones, urine and milk red, but are not toxic. The decoction of the roots is the officinale preparation. Rubus idaeus. Raspberry. This is the common Raspberry found in thickets, fields and open woodlands in the northern and central parts of Europe, Asia and North America. The sweet fruit has long been used as a food, while the leaves have served as a tasty beverage and
medicinal tea. It has been a folk-remedy since time immemorial, and remains so today. Properties. The flavor of the leaf is sweet, the temperature is cool and the impression is astringent. These very simple attributes indicate that it is a sweet, nutritive tonic and mild astringent. It acts on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to tone and astringe while building up the the tissues through nutrition. The Indians put this to use, making of Raspberry leaf a tonic tea for pregnant women. The intestines and uterus are tonified, the mother and baby are nourished, and the labor is generally made more comfortable. Raspberry leaf tea is also used to correct painful, crampy, profuse menstruation. Like its cousin, Blackberry, it is used to check diarrhea, dysentery and even cholera in infants and children. As a mild astringent, it also has been used to help clear the eyes of infection. Preparation and dosage. The usual preparation is made from the leaf, though the root, stalk and berry has all been used as well. The leaves are infused in water and drunk warm or cold. Rubus villosus. Blackberry. This cousin of the Raspberry is used in a similar fashion, but it has a warmer temperature and more astringent impression, hence it is used more for diarrhea and dysentery and less as a nutritive tonic. In the old days, "Blackberry cordial" was a common household article used to treat diarrhea in children. The roots "are used in chronic dysentery and diarrhea, and in sub-acute forms with decided relaxation," writes Cook. "As an injection in prolapsus [uteri] and leucorrhea with laxity, prolapsus ani, bleeding piles, and colliquative diarrhea; and as a wash to apthous sores, bleeding gums, and other hemorrhages. Combined with pimento or similar aromatics, they are good in passive uterine hemorrhage and excessive menstruation." "The fruit of the blackberry is one of the most grateful kind to weak and irritable stomachs ;and may be used freely to the greatest advantage in diarrhea and bilious laxity of the bowerls in summer. It alone is often the only corrector of the bowels needed; though when the stomach is quite sensitive, it shouls be crushed and strained, so as to remove the seeds. It is frequently made into a blackberry cordial." Rumex acetosella. Sheep Sorrel. This is an agricultural weed growing on light soils. It was native to Europe and Asia, but is spend throughout the world. Garden Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) is closely related. Both plants are eaten as a pot-herb and used as a medicine. They have a similar sour taste and properties. The Sorrels have been used since ancient times as food and medicine. Gerard (1633) lumps them altogether. He says they are cool and sour, suited to the treatment of fever, a hot liver and digestive disturbance. They are seldom used today, except as a fad remedy for cancer. One of the few modern authors who shows experience with Sheep Sorrel is Maurice Messegue. After its introduction into America, Sheep Sorrel was used by the Indians as a food and medicine. The Ojibwe
called it Sour Leaf. Sheep Sorrel is an old folk remedy for cancer. Dr. Horton Howard wrote in 1833: "This remedy has been kept a secret, and the knowledge of it sold at a high price." He then gave several case histories of external tumours cured by "Sorrel Salve" Wood and Ruddock (1924) refer to Sheep Sorrel under the name Oxalis acetosella. They note that it is a celebrated remedy for cancer. The juice of the green herb is to be expressed, then evaporated in the sun until it is the proper consistence to make a plaster, then applied and renewed once or twice a day. Numerous cases of cancer have been cured with it." Boericke (1927) mentions Sheep Sorrel under the name Rumex acetosa, as a remedy for epithelioma and cancer. About this time Sheep Sorrel was discovered by a Canadian nurse, Rene Caisse. She asked an elderly woman in a hospital what kind of scars she had on her breast. The woman said that when she was young she was diagnosed with breast cancer. She and her husband had no money for an operation. An Ojibwe herb doctor treated her with a formula containing Sheep Sorrel. The cancer disappeared. She passed this formula on to the interested nurse. Caisse altered the formula slightly and called it Essaic (a reversal of her name). Operating out of a clinic in Bracebright, Ontario, she treated over fifty thousand people during a forty year period ending with her death in 1978. Many of them were cured of undoubted cancer. The Essaic formula contains Burdock Root, Slippery Elm, Turkey Rhubarb and Sheep Sorrel. There is no doubt that the agent which fights cancer is Sheep Sorrel. Burdock is a lymphatic and blood cleanser which assists in the removal of waste products, Slippery Elm is a tissue nutritive and rebuilder and Rhubarb is a mild laxative which empties the so-often-stagnant bowel of cancer patients. They work well in concert, but their is no doubt the cancer fighting properties should be attributed to Sheep Sorrel. Interested readers can refer to the account of Rene Caisse given by Gary L. Glum, D.C., in Calling Of An Angel (Los Angeles: Silent Walker Publishing, 1988), or the interview with Dr. Glum by Elisabeth Robinson in Wildfire (6:1), the journal of the Sun Bear community, entitled "Essiac: Nature's Cure For Cancer." Properties. The flavor is sour, the temperature cold, the impression strongly astringent. The sour flavor is due to the presence of oxalic acid and soluable oxalates. In large and continual doses, oxalic acid can damage the heart, but seldom is enough eaten to prove dangerous. Gerard comments, "Sorrell doth vndoubtedly coole and mightily dry; but because it is soure it likewise cutteth tough humors." About the medicinal properties, he writes, "The iuyce hereof in Sommer time is a profitable sauce in many meats, and pleasant to the taste: it cooleth an hot stomacke, moueth appetite to meate, tempereth the heate of the liuer, and openeth the stoppings therefor. The leaues are with good successe added to decoctions which are used in Agues. The leaues of Sorrell taken in good quantitie, stamped and strained into some Ale, and a posset made thereof, cooleth the sicke body, quencheth the thirst, and allayeth the heate of such as are troubled with a pestilent feuer, hot ague, or any great inflammation within. The leaues sodden, and eaten in manner of a Spinach tart, or eaten as meate, softneth and lossneth the belly, and doth attemper and coole the bloud exceedingly. The seed of Sorrell drunke in grosse
red wine stoppeth the laske and bloudy flix" (Gerard, 1633, 398). Maurice Messegue (1979) recommends Sheep Sorrel as a coolant for hot fevers and has an affinity for the digestive and urinary tracts, so that it is useful for clearing obstructions from the stomach and intestines, for hemorrhoids, ulcers of the mouth and throat, loss of appetite. He uses it externally for heat conditions such as herpes and acne, abscesses and ulcers. The roots and seeds are especially useful for stomachache,colic, diarrhea and dysentery. In traditional Chinese herbalism the sour taste is associated with the treatment of conditions where heat penetrates deeply, to the level of the blood, fluids or liver. This conforms with the above account by Gerard. The list of diseases Dr. Glum gives for Essiac includes stomach ulcers, diabetes mellitus and cancer. These conditions often arise where there is heat in the blood or fluids. Glum also used it for low thyroid, which occurs in an absence of heat. Wood and Ruddock mention its use for kidney problems and fevers. Evidently, therefore, Sheep Sorrel both reduces and increases heat processes. From a holistic standpoint, it should not be given for cancer, diabetes, lupus, thyroid, kidney infection, etc., but for the pattern to which it is suited. Here's a case history from my own practice, which demonstrates the utility of Rumex acetosella in the treatment of a low grade hectic fever. The patient was a thirty-four year married woman diagnosed with lupus. She was married with three children, the marriage going very poorly when I first saw her in the fall of 1991. Her health was very precarious. She had been suffering from lupus for over ten years, had a recent flare-up and fell into an almost somnabulent state of apathy and exhaustion. We treated her with various remedies such as Phosphorus, Arsenicum, Yellow Lady's Slipper, and she was much improved within several months. In the fall of 1992 she had another flare-up of lupus, but this time the symptoms were more clear-cut and she was in relatively healthy shape, so we felt there was a very good opportunity for healing. Symptoms started as "a virus," with swollen glands throughout the body, neck, axilla, groin, etc., mild congestion, heat and boils on the spine. This was superceeded by the butterfly patch on the face, typical of lupus. In her case the skin was red and inflammed, over a dark, yellow, tawny base. Mind and eyes somewhat dull, tips of fingers cold, forehead warm, profuse debilitating sweat the day before. The pulse was weak, slightly rapid and non-resistant, which indicated a hectic or yin deficiency fever, settled in the spine. Tincture of Rumex acetosella, two dozen seeds in brandy. Improvement was rapid and complete, without relapse. Both traditional Chinese and American Indian medicine says that "heat in the blood" and "congealed blood" conditions predispose a patient towards cancer, and that this condition can be treated by treating those folk-medical categories. Sassafras has already been described in this context as a remedy for congealed blood and cancer. Like Sassafras, Rumex acetosella may be used as a preventative (though it cannot be sold for internal consumption, remember). Rene Caisse had innumerable case histories demonstrating the effectiveness of Essiac in the treatment of cancer, though Dr. Glum says these were destroyed by the Canadian government after her death. Horton Howard provides a few case histories from an entirely different
period in history. Of course, we cannot be sure that the cases he reports were really cancer, since they were diagnosed in the 1820s, however, it would be difficult to think of any other etiology to explain the following case. The most dramatic cure was of John Pegg, of Randolph Co., In. He had a tumour under the right arm-pit, "attached to the main tendon of the arm," which grew from the size of half a pea to fill the entire armpit, forcing the arm up and protruding foreward. It was surgically removed, but grew back even faster. It was blistered with cantharis and arsenic, with no improvement. In this condition, Pegg went to see Daniel Kindley, a "botanic practitioner." By this time the part extruding was the size of two fists and as hard as wood. Kindley used many Thomsonian remedies, which reduced the tumor by one half, but still did not cure. Late in the fall they tried Sorrel salve. This "reduced the tumor faster than any thing which had preceded it." Unfortunately, winter came and Mr. Pegg only had enough salve to use it sparingly until spring. After gathering more Sorrel and applying it, he was cured. Horton Howard also recorded several cases of external cancers on the fingers and hands cured by Dr. Daniel Butler, of Marion Co., Ohio (Howard, 1833, 2:278, 382, 393). "The fresh leaves bruised and infused in cold water make a good cooling drink in fevers, and are valuable in scurvy; but on account of the oxalix acid it contains, it should not be taken in too great a quantity. Sheep-sorrel has recently been discovered to be one of the most superior remedies for the cure of kidneycomplaint" (Wood and Ruddock, 1924, 580). Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Sheep Sorrel should not be used for an extended time, due to the oxalic acid which creates the sour taste. However, it is frequently used in salads or prepared by an infusion as a medicinal tea. The leaves can be made into a salve, or prepared in alcohol, as mentioned by Gerard. Rumex crispus. Yellow Dock Root. This is an extremely common plant, found in a wide variety of climates, from deserts to swamps, north to south, east to west. Because of it's availability, it has been used extensively in folk medicine. It is an old remedy for "cleansing and building the blood." From this source it entered into botanical medicine, eclecticism and homeopathy. Rumex received a homeopathic proving and characteristic symptoms have been established, upon which it can be prescribed as a specific remedy. "The rusty plant." Rumex is high in iron and sulphur. Because of this, it quickly gets "rusty." The green leaves will be attacked by little spots that look like rust, while the whole plant turns a rusty red as it goes to seed in mid-summer. Rumex is well-suited to patients who are similarly "rusty." The skin gets irritated, with rusty, red patches here and there. The same thing happens in the mucosa. This results in the ticklish cough which is so characteristic of Rumex. It also influences the condition and behavior of the bowel as well. Poor movement of stool results in a mild sort of constipation. Rumex has an affinity for the ileo-caecal valve (Michael Moore). It tends to stay open or closed, leading to stagnation of stool, poor reabsorption of bile salts in the ileum, and gas and bloating on the right side of the abdomen. With the constipation there is often stiffness of the lower back (Dave Milgram, D. C.) Due to the poor reabsorption in the small intestine, the Rumex
patient tends to get a build of bile salts in the circulation, producing the rusty spots on the skin which are so typical. These rusty patches are especially characteristic of the Rumex patient, though we do not always see them. It is this symptom which probably prompted herbalists to call Yellow Dock Root a "blood cleanser." The term is almost meaningless in terms of specific pathology, but designates an unhealthy condition of the skin due to lack of nourishment and lubrication. The plant is high in iron, which would seem to associate it with the blood even further. Yet, it cannot truly be a remedy for anemia or blood deficiency, because the characteristic symptoms show dryness and redness, instead of pallor. It is better classified as a remedy which lubricates the skin and mucous membranes. When the root is harvested, strands of fungal growths will be found clinging to it. Even when cleaned or tinctured, the root still has a "mouldy" taste. Paul Nash, D.C., of Minneapolis, uses of Yellow Dock Root in patients suffering from intestinal candida, in which there would be evidence of disturbance in the symbiotic relationship of organisms to the intestinal walls. I have verified this also. Homeopathic literature dwells particularly upon the affinity with the respiratory centers. Dr. George Royal writes, "We doubt if there is a remedy in the materia medica whose indications are as clear as those of Rumex for disturbances of the respiratory organs. We never heard any other word than tickling used to describe the sensation." The cough is set off by the least influence, by cold air passing through the trachea, and is ameliorated from lying quiet with the head, (ie., mouth and nose) covered, perhaps with bed-cloths. It is particularly used when there is a teasing, tickling dryness in the larynx, trachea or larger bronchial tubes, provoking an irritable cough. This cough is often chronic, because it is based on an inherent dryness of the tissues, and resists superficial treatment with allopathic drugs. Preparation and dosage. Rumex works well in material doses, the bulk herb, the tincture, and the lower homeopathic potencies (3x to 30x). Ruta graveolens. Rue, Herb Grace. A small shrub of the citrus or Rutaceae family, native to "sunny and open places," as Gerard notes, on slopes and mountains in southern Europe. It can be grown further north, as an annual, in gardens. "It prospereth in rough and brickie ground, and among ashes." Rue has been used since the most ancient times in European herbal medicine. It was mentioned by the Greek and Roman authors: Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Plinius, and Galen. During the middle ages it held a prominent place in the folk-medicine and Catholic folk-religion of Europe. It was at this time named "Herb Grace." It was considered something of a universal antidote, but was specifically used by rabies, epileptic seizure, hysteria, inertia of the intestines, hemorrhoids, eye-strain and weakness of the eyes. Ruta has somewhat toxic properties, being irritating and rubefacient on the skin, and irritating and nauseating on the stomach. A nineteenth century British herbal relates that Rue was "useful in feverish complaints, promotes perspiration and removes noxious material; in headache, nervous and hysteric complaints, weakness of the stomach and pains in the bowels, suppressed menses, and if taken for a long time it benefits epilepsy. The
expressed juice benefits nightmare" (Green). Ruta had fallen into complete obscurity in professional medicine when Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, took it up. He was always on the look-out for toxicology reports and Ruta had its share. He gave it a proving which brought out 287 symptoms and published an account in his Materia Medica Pura (1825). "This powerful plant, hitherto almost only employed in haphazard fashion by common folk as a domestic remedy, in indeterminate cases, acquires considerable importance [from its proving]," he wrote. Clarke commented, "Hahnemann's proving shows how largely the old uses were founded on a homoeopathic relationship." However, "the vulnerary. . . power of Ruta does not appear to have been known before the provings were made." The provings showed many symptoms suggestive of strains, sprains, bruises, blows and contusions. Since that time, Ruta has found an obscure niche in the homeopathic materia medica revolving around its affinity for sprains and strains. Ruta has, however, deeper visceral affinities which were not brought out in the homeopathic provings. These were developed by Dorothy Hall, N.D., an Australian herbalist, in her fine book, Creating Your Herbal Profile (1992). This, combined with the homeopathic pathogenesis, and a general consideration of traditional uses of Ruta and its botanical cousins, brings out the true genius of this important medicine. Properties. The leaves have a flavor which is pungent with a sweet, insipid undertone, the temperature is hot and dry, and the impression is nauseating (in substantial doses) and diffusive (in small ones). The juice can be hot, corrosive and irritating on the skin and mucous membranes. The northern representatives of the citrus family, Ruta and Xanthoxylum, possess the volatile, stimulating properties of the southern members, but climate has made them more vehement in their expression. We find them too intense for culinary use; indeed, they are very unpleasant to the palate. All members of this family possess stimulating properties which cause them "scatter qi" (to use the Chinese description) or diffuse energy and substances throughout the body. Thus, Orange Peel is used in Chinese and Western herbalism to stimulate the removal of mucus and invigorate the cough reflexes. Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum) was used by Samuel Thomson as the great "diffusive" for the nervous system: it equalizes the change on the nerves. With Rue we have an influence which is also diffusive, but upon the circulatory system. This is brought out by Dorothy Hall. "When any circulatory adjustment is called for, it is advisable to balance both veins and arteries together to avoid change in one causing uneven rhythms in the other," writes Hall. "Sluggish venous return may put an unnecessary loading on kidneys and heart, and this becomes more of a prolem if a too high arterial pressure is also present. One half of the blood going too fast and the other half too slowly means that pressure 'walls' will occur, with the risk of rupture of vessels both minor and major." Rue acts on the venous circulation to promote strong and regular pumping of the venous blood supply back to the lungs and heart. It regularizes the pressure gradients between the arterial and venous blood supplies, so that there is equality. This protects the capillaries and veins against rupture, takes the burden of unequal pressures off the heart and ensures a more equal circulation,
protects the kidneys against undue pressures and ruptures in the delicate capillaries of the nephretic vascular, removes tensions which inhibit breathing and keeps the portal circulation from getting stagnant. In this way it protects against vascular accidents, hemorrhages, strokes, heart attacks, kidney damage, asthmatic breathing, intestinal stagnation, prolapse, hemorrhoids and varicose veins. These conditions cause or aggravate high blood pressure in some patients. Ruta also contains agents which equalize the coagulating properties of the blood. "Rue contains Vitamins P and K, supporting the clotting and anti-clotting substances of the blood so that clots are not dangerously or inappropriately formed, but there's no unstoppable haemorrhaging either. Blood viscosity is balanced when these two mechanisms are also in balanced partnership. Two unusual organic acids, caprinic acid and caprylic acid" have a protecting and lubricating influence on the continous movement of blood-platelets through the vasculature, discouraging unnecessary clotting, while making them available at sites where hemorrhage takes place. It is clear from the cases mentioned below, where the remedy caused a detoxification of purple material out of tumours, that Ruta will remove excess venosity, both internal and external. Hence, it is useful for varicose veins, hemorrhoids, portal stagnation involving the intestines and liver, macule degeneration of the retina of the eye, and cancer where there is an element of excess venosity. Ruta has been used in all these conditions successfully. Dorothy Hall mentions in The Book of Herbs (1978) that the root system raying out from the stalk looks strangely like the vasculature of the eye. Ruta has long been used to clear the eyesight, removing blood-shot eyes and excess venosity in the eyes. When the above actions are compared with those of the great diffusives--Lobelia (the archetypal diffusive), Xanthoxylum (the closest botanical analogue to Ruta) and Capsicum (another diffusive acting on the blood)---we see that Rue belongs in the special category of "diffusives" discovered by Samuel Thomson. He did not know this herb, but it is an admirable addition to his class of diffusives. By combining the insights afforded by traditional uses, the homeopathic pathogenesis, clinical experience, Dorothy Hall's insights, and an understanding of the nature of diffusive remedies, we can develop a comprehensive view of the many facets and underlying genius of this marvelous plant. Ruta is a diffusive agent which equalizes the circulation, removing imbalances between the arterial and venous circuits, at the same time equalizing the clotting/anti-clotting constituents of the blood supply. As a diffusive, it rids the body of coagulations of blood and lymph, hard tumours caused by blows to joints and bones, stretches and strains to tendons and excess venosity. Through the musculature and the circulation it acts upon the deeper visceral organs. Any organ subject to straining may be directly influenced through the muscles, while any organ subject to unequal pressure gradients exerted by an unequal blood supply will be influenced through the circulation. Ruta has been found particularly useful for strained eyes, weakness of vision, heart and circulatory problems, tension in breathing, bladder, intestinal and uterine problems due to strain or stagnation. There are also symptoms of burning, corrosion, skin eruptions and aggravations from cold and damp, showing an affinity for damp processes. Homeopathic literature is rich in case histories. Temple Hoyne, Clinical
Therapeutics (1879-80), gives a complete selection of the case histories found up until that date. Most of the homeopathic doctors used Ruta because of some relationship to strains or sprains. The clinical picture could be filled out somewhat, based upon Dorothy Hall's enlarged view of the remedy, but she did not provide case histories. I have given a few from my own case notes. Mind. The homeopathic provings and clinical records developed a thumbnail sketch of the mental traits of Ruta. The patient suffers from a tendency to be quarrelsome, contradictory, cross, and suspicious. "Imagined he was always being deceived." Personal dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety as from a troubled conscience. Slowness of conception and frequent absence of mind. Dorothy Shepherd has gone much further to develop a mental and constitutional portrait of the Ruta patient. He suffers from anger and frustration, which he has a hard time expressing, leaving him ready to explode, functioning under stress and strain, which he does not handle well, and has a helpless feeling, fearing that someone will get the better of him, or make fun of him. The patient "may show a reddened back of the neck, when embarrassed or made to look foolish, reflecting a surge in cerebral blood." Constipation and hemorrhoids are common. The female patient may suffer from pelvic congestion before a period, with pressure and bloating, relieved by the onset of menses. "Both male and female 'Rue' will be lucky to avoid varicose veins in the legs at some stage." The most extreme cases develop a need for adrenalin rushes, to release emotional and physical tension, further wearing down their systems, co-workers and families. Eyes. The use of Rue for weakness of the eyes goes back to the classical authors, and was verified by the homeopathic provings and clinical experiences. The homeopaths determined that the eye problems were usually the result of straining the eyes, by working in poor light, or doing fine work. Most experienced homeopaths could provide a few case histories demonstrating its virtue in this regard; here is one collected by Temple Hoyne from Dr. F. H. Foster. "Miss M., aet. nineteen; for several months has been unable to use her eyes for reading, sewing, or fine work of any kind, wihtout a great deal of pain; the pain would usually commence inside of twenty or thirty minutes, and would be located not only in but over the eye-ball, running backward into the temporal region; she also complained of considerable burning and smarting of the eyes; if she persisted in using her eyes after the pain began, a considerable hyperaemia of the conjunctiva would soon be produced, which would be perceptiable for some hours, even after she ceased work. These symptoms always came on sooner and were more persistent if the eyes were used by artifical light; at first they would disappear as soon as the work was laid aside; but latterly they would remain some time." Examination revealed nearsightedness, but "there was decided objection on the part of the patient to use glasses, notwithstanding they allowed her to use her eyes with perfect ease. As she was anxious for some remedy to be tried, Ruta was prescribed, though with not much hope of success." Inside of a week she reported that she was able to use her eyes a longer time without pain, and persistent use of the remey for a month cured her completely. Heart and circulation. These symptoms have not been brought out to any great extent in homeopathic literature. The pathogenesis produced a sensation of
fullness in the chest, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations with anxiety. However, the view presented by Dorothy Hall far surpasses these meagre notes. The following case history, from my own practice, started out as the routine sort of arthritic/tendonitis complaint that one commonly associates with Ruta, but the general constitutional condition of the patient showed an affinity for the sort of vascular problems mentioned by Dorothy Hall. The congestion of the head, noted by the patient herself, the pulse and the facial reddening (seemingly caused by capillary turgescence) suggest circulatory imbalance. The patient was a thirty-eight year-old woman who was suffering from what was diagnosed as carpal-tunnel syndrome. She experienced fairly constant numbness in the left wrist, hand and fingers, which had been getting worse during the last 3-4 years. Although she was right-handed, her profession did not require the use of her hand particularly, and there was no evident reason why she should have this condition. She had never suffered a blow or sprain to the area, that she was aware of. My friend Kathy Thorngren, who is a considerably better therapist than myself, had tried unsuccessfully to find a remedy, so I did not consider this to be an easy case. One of my students had provided the patient with Prickly Ash tincture, which slightly helped. In addition to this condition, she had a marked facial reddening, with puffiness around the eyes, which had a somewhat red and irritated look, although they did not burn or itch. She suffered from allergies, which resulted in sneezing, cold-like symptoms, wheezing and asthma. She was able to control this by periodically stinging herself with Nettles. The facial redness had started as a single patch of dry skin which enveloped her face. Lips dry, tongue slightly dry and very red-carmine in color. Pulse low, hard, difficult to feel and indistinct. Forehead and skin generally seemed clammy. Pressure in the head. "I always feel like my head, if you squeezed it, it would pop." She had a strong, almost loud, forceful voice. She also suffered from "problems with mental clarity," which I failed to question her about. The fact that Prickly Ash helped but did not cure, and that she was better from Nettles (which Dorothy Shepherd says is the natural compliment of Rue) suggested Ruta graveolens. A few drops rubbed into the hand caused a lifting of the numbness to a considerable extent, while a few drops internally temporarily removed the facial reddening. She also wanted Iris versicolor, from the report in my book. On these remedies, she slowly improved until both the redness and the numbness were substantially improved. The puffiness around the eyes and difficulty breathing were also cured. By a strange coincidence, the next day I had a patient with carpal-tunnel syndrome of the right hand, facial reddening and a low, somewhat hard, indistinct pulse. Cured also with Ruta tincture. Sexual-urinary tract. Unequal pressure gradients in the circulation cause congestion of blood in the kidneys. Straining of the muscles of the bladder and urethra cause urinary disorders. Collection of corrosive fluids in the bladder also produces symptoms corresponding to the Ruta state. "The urinary symptoms are quite well marked, viz.: after micturition he feels a pressing in the bladder without any more urine being emitted; involuntary emission of urine at night in bed and in the day time during motion; frequent uring with discharge of green urine; frequent nocturnal enuresis; gravel" (Hoyne). Congestion of blood; straining of the muscles, tendons and ligaments of the uterus; and corrosive, irritating fluid discharges,
produce conditions in the female sexual tract which correspond to the Ruta pathology. "Ruta has cured profuse, irregular, feeble and too early menstruation, followed by mild leucorrhea; also corrosive leucorrhea after suppression of the menses" (Hoyne). "Mrs. H., thirty-six; suffered for a long time with constant urging to urinate and could hardly retain her water; when that feeling occurred she had to hurry to the water-closet; if she forcibly retained the water, she could not pass any afterward, and suffered very severe pains. Gave twelve powders of Ruta 1, every evening a powder. Cured. Dr. A. W. Koch" (Hoyne). The patient was a thirty-three year-old woman, who had been suffering for two years from a corroding vaginal discharge. Injections of corrosive silver nitrate had aggravated the problem. She then came to Dr. Marweg, who tried homeopathic polychrest remedies (Pulsatilla and Phosphorus), without success. Then going more carefully over the case, the patient "told me then of a fall she had had, with painfulness in the chest, as if there were a hard knot, and when it disappeared leucorrhoea set in with involuntary green urinating, but of which she was cured." He then gave Conium 15, which produced burning, corroding pains in the thighs, lassitude, a heavy feeling in the body, as of lead, dissiness, bruised feeling of the bones, a blur before the eyes, feeling of prolapsus ani, recurrence of the green urine, "only the pain in the chest was missing." He then gave Ruta 6, which also caused an aggravation, then 1 drop of Camphor (as an antidote to the whole train of remedies). Finally he gave Ruta 3, two drops, and she was "well on the fifth day" (Hoyne). Dr. Robert Cooper used Ruta, as an arborivital remedy (something like a Bach flower essence) for cancerous swellings. "It certainly acts strongly on deposits of scirrhous material in both the breasts and in the vagina and sometimes lessens the size of these" (quoted by Clark). Certain types of cancer are associated with excess growth of venous tissues. Ruta should be especially adapted to some of these cases. It is another remedy for stagnant blood leading into cancer (cf. Sassafras). Digestive tract. The stomach is a large muscle, hence, straining of the gastric muscles and ligaments due to injury may result in gastric problems. Corrosive, irritating conditions of the mucousa of the stomach and digestive tract are caused--and cured--by Ruta. "Ruta 200 cured dyspepsia where a man could not eat lean meat, but could eat fat meat and drink milk; lean meat caused troublesome itching on body; he had strained himself across the stomach carrying a heavy load. Dr. E. A. Farrington" (Hoyne). It seems likely that Ruta is, like some of the other diffusive remedies, a stimulant to the ennervation and circulation of the solar plexus, and in this way strengthens the whole digestive canal. This is why Ruta was considered an effective remedy in epilepsy (cf. Wood Betony and the other solar plexus remedies). There is also a direct influence upon the intestinal tract which was long noted in traditional literature. Congestion of blood in the portal vein results in intestinal torpidity, prolapse, inactive anal sphincter, constipation, hemorrhoids, toxaemias, pressure on the heart through the return circulation, stagnation of blood in the pelvis, uterine torpidity, varicose veins, and menorrhagia. Straining of the muscles of the intestines contributes to some of these problems. Hard, dry, scanty stool, with unsuccessful urging, or involuntary release of stool (especially on bending over)
may result. There is much flatulence. Dr. Edward Rushmore cured a prolapse of the anus which came on with a very difficult stool with one dose of Ruta 900 Finke (Clark). Dr. Spooner had a similar and more detailed case. "Mr. N., twenty-seven; nervous temperament, dark hair, blue eyes; has been troubled with prolapsus [ani] for years; it is a family complaint; has frequent, lumpy, slimy stools, at times bloody; much flatus; stools often unsatisfactory, passing nothing but flatus; empty eructations and distended abdomen; feces often escape while bending over; weakness in lumbar region; frequent urination; prolapsus always occurs when at stool, and at times without stool; usually has four or five stools a day. Ruta 200, one powder every morning. Cured in two months" (Hoyne). Extremities. The homeopathic provings demonstrated the utility of Ruta in many conditions corresponding to pulled tendons, sprains, strains, bruises. Clinical experience showed that Ruta had an affinity to the flexor tendons particularly, and that it was suitable in hard swellings resulting from blows to the periosteum and nerves, hence ganglions. Inflammation of the periosteum, "occasioned by an external injury, particularly when accompanied by erysipetalous inflammation, suggests this remedy. In fact, it is of benefit in all injuries of the bones and deepseated joints, when the pains are of a pressive and bruised character. Mechanical injuries of the tarsal and carpal joints, or rheumatic paralysis of these joints" (Hoyne). Most homeopaths could give several case histories demonstrating the utility of Ruta in sprains, strains and bruises. I had a patient with a hard swelling on the left Achilles tendon, resulting from a blow, which made walking uncomfortable. Ruta 12x, a few doses a day, produced a reaction so intense that purple streaks rose up the leg as the swelling lessened. She was completely cured in two weeks. I had another patient where a skin rash and purple coloration appeared as the tumour decreased in size. The patient was a twenty-one year-old man who was attending music school. He was a left-handed guitar and piano-player, suffering from a severe swelling and pain in the left thumb. The poor digit had been stressed by extensive over-use, a sharp blow and a hyper-extension. It was noticeably swollen and hard over the meta-carpal. I had him put on Ruta tincture for the severe swelling, take Rhus tox. 12x internally for the likely tendonitis, and follow up with Verbena hastata tincture externally for the hyper-extension. Rhus tox. momentarily reduced the pain, but he had to put the Ruta on repeatedly to remove the swelling. After a month and a half purple streaks appeared in the flesh and the tumour went away. He continued the Rhus and started on the Verbena for further improvement. Here's another simple case collected by Hoyne. A man, on getting out of a car, slipped and bruised his shin, injuring the bone. The "affected part became red, swollen and painful; there were present flushes of heat, anxiety and dejection. Arnica produced no relief. Ruta 12 produced immediate improvement and completed cure. Dr. G. M. Ockford." Here's a collection of cases given by Hoyne under the heading of rheumatism. He says it is "one of the most useful remedies in this affection, especially when the pains are aggravated during rest and in damp and cold weather, ameliorated by motion; pains as from a blow, fall or a if crushed, aggravated by touch, or bending the affected joint; rheumatic paralysis of the carpal or tarsal joints; sad, depressed
disposition." "Robert H., aet. fifty-three; since five weeks severe rheumatism of right wrist and in both feet from the heels to the end of the toes; has been confined in bed for a month; puffy swelling about the insteps and he had sour sweatings." Dulcamara and Rhus tox. were given without relief, but Ruta cured promptly. Dr. J. H. Nakivell. The following case would be somewhat difficult to classify, but Hoyne placed it under rheumatism. "For twelve days pain below right scapula, worse in evening after exertion, by deep inspiration and by moving right arm; better by pressure and lying down, especially on right side; the pain extends over a spot as large as the palm; when severe, extends to a corresponding spot on left side." Ruta 100 (Jenichen) cured in one dose. Dr. E. W. Berridge. Dr. Oran W. Smith was treating a woman for rheumatism of the lower extremities with Ruta 3. "A ganglionic swelling, as large as a chestnut, developed itself upon the right wrist. . . . Rheumatism disappeared as the ganglion developed, and the latter disappeared soon after the patient ceased to take Ruta." This was, perhaps, too low a potency. It was also suitable in some cases of arthritis or rheumatism. Hoyne lists a few case histories under sciatica, which might just as well be placed under rheumatism, including the following from his own practice. "Mr. P., aged forty-two, has suffered more or less for three years with sciatica; always worse in damp or cold weather; when the pain comes on, he walks about all the time, and complains that the incessant walking tires him out." A few doses of Ruta 200 cured. A patient came to see Dr. Henry Miller, complaining of chronic rheumatism, "mostly of the right sciatic nerve; downward-shooting pains; stiffness; worse before storm, when sitting, on first moving, and during damp weather; better from dry heat." Rhus tox. 30, ameliorated the pains, but did not cure. Two weeks later the patient returned. "Shooting pains from back down outside of left thigh, and sometimes down sciatic nerve on first moving or on rising up after sitting; hamstrings, chiefly the outer, feel shortened and sore; rest well at night." One dose of Ruta 30 soon cured. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The leaves are made into a tincture, which can be used externally or internally in small doses. The homeopathic potencies, low to high, can be used. One needs to keep an eye out for aggravations as this is a very active diffusive remedy with irritating, corrosive properties on the skin and mucousa. Formulae. Dorothy Shepherd considers Nettles and Rue to be a natural combination. Comparison. Xanthoxylum americanum, Capsicum annus, Lobelia inflata, Arnica, Rhus tox., Aesculus glabra and hip. Sabal serrulata. Saw Palmetto. This small palm grows along the coasts of Florida and Georgia, forming masses which increase in density towards the ocean. The berries are high in oils and sugar, providing a much needed food for animals when they appear in the spring. The Indians also eat them. They were first introduced into medicine as a remedy for catarrhal affections by Dr. J. B. Read, of Savannah, Ga., in the late nineteenth century. It was quickly found, however, that they were close to a specific for swollen
prostate. They have a wider relationship to nutrition of glands and irritated mucous membranes. Saw Palmetto was given a homeopathic proving on two men and two women. One of them was a twenty-three year old woman who experienced considerable breast-enlargement and general positive weight gain. Another prover, Dr. Freda Langton, was horribly tortured for three months by her proving. "I had come to have but one desire in life---to find the antidote, and so stop the action of this drug." Silicea finally did the trick. Sabal serrulata is used in homeopathy for the same indications as it is used in herbalism. Properties. "The berries are at first exceedingly sweet to the taste, but in a few seconds this is followed by an acrid, pungent sensation that spreads to the fauces, nasal mucous membrane and larynx. This is in turn succeeded by a feeling of smoothness in all those parts, as if they had been coated with oil" (Hale). The lubricating sensation is actually produced by saponins, not oil. According to the standard methods of evaluating a remedy by taste, Saw Palmetto should be nutritive (sweet), while cleansing the mucous membranes (soapy), promoting digestion and secretion, removing gas and mucus (pungent). "There are two distinct methods of using Sabal in diseases of women, the physiological and the homeopathic," writes Hale. "To illustrate: You have a patient, thin, poorly nourished. She may have been once robust with active reproductive functions but from depressing causes has imperfect digestion, flatulence, constipation, scanty menses, acrid leuocrrheoea, mammae shrunken, no normal sexual desires, and perhaps a bronchial cough. In such cases appreciable doses are decidedly indicated." In irritation and congestion of the ovaries and breasts, however, the dose should be homeopathic. Ellingwood adds a point from experience. "An exceedingly important use for this remedy that I have not been able to find in the books, is its use for sterility. In simple cases where there is no organic lesion on the part of the patient, this agent has an excellent reputation for restoring the ovarian action properly and assisting in putting the patient into an excellent condition. One conscientious reliable lady physician assures me that in five definite cases, pregnancy has followed the use of this remedy where sterily was pronounced previously, and thought to be incurable." Mental indications. During her painful proving, Dr. Langton received valuable insights into the kind of mental state Saw Palmetto would cure. "I wished to be let alone, the mind seeming to be concentrated on self and personal suffering. I had a clear picture of those women who seem unable to get their minds off personalities, who think and brood continually upon their pains and aches, to the exclusion of all other matters; and, indeed, if they have as many as I had at this time there is no lack of cause for this self-attention. Sympathy did not make me worse, as in Natrum mur. ---it made me angry. It was bad enough to suffer without having to answer questions and receive attentions. Like the poor animal who crawls away to die alone, I felt that I, too, would gladly do the same." Hale commented on this, "It is well known that a few days before the menses, when they are painful, the woman is peculiarly irritable. So also are men when some urinary or sexual disorder is impending." Physical indications. Poor nutrition of the glands, especially sexual, with
impoverished blood, difficult assimilation of food, flatulence, constipation, neuralgic pains; enlarged prostate, wasting of testicles, underdeveloped breasts, loss of sexual desire and fertility. Irritation of mucous membranes; salpingitis, ovaritis, puerperal fever, irritated respiratory passages, whooping cough, laryngitis, cough of tuberculosis, aphonia, acute nasal or bronchial catarrh. Preparation and dosage. Dr. Freda Langton had extensive clinical experience with Saw Palmetto. "I have used it in five-drop doses, four times daily, till relief, then in the 1x dilution for some time, with interval of rest from one to two weeks, then going on with the remedy. The dilution will often give greater relief in the headaches than the larger doses. It seems much like Passiflora, however, in requiring appreciable doses in most cases." The tincture and lower homeopathic potencies are used, 1x-6x. Salix alba. White Willow. The history of willow comprizes an important chapter in the history of modern medicine, as it terminates in the discovery of aspirin. Ancient peoples must have noticed that chewing a sprig of willow would cure sores in the mouth. Over the centuries the White Willow, native to Europe, came to be used for various irritable states of the tissues, from sores to sexual irritability. The strongly drying quality of the plant was noted by the Greek physicians. "Galen says, the flowers have an admirable faculty in drying up humours." Hence, willow was used to dry "sharp salt distillations from the head" and lungs. It was also used to dry up or staunch bleeding. "Both the leaves, bark, and the seed, are used to stanch bleeding of wounds, and at mouth and nose, spitting of blood, and other fluxes of blood in man or woman, to stay vomiting, and provocations thereunto" (Culpeper). However, when given for too prolonged a course, willow will cause irritation of the mucous membranes, leading to the production of sores and running "humours." All of this is rather interesting, because aspirin also dries up "dampness" and irritates the tissues. The modern chapter in the history of willow began in 1757, when the Rev. Edmund Stone wrote to the Royal Society to describe his success treating intermittent fevers with dried willow bark. Stone suggested that the willow was effective because it grew in damp places, where people contracted damp humours which lead to intermittent fevers. (We would now say that they contract malaria through the bite of a mosquito living in swamps). This led to the widespread use of willow as a remedy for intermittent fever. It was soon discovered that it not only cured some types of fever, but relieved the rheumatic pain or flu-like soreness incident to such fevers. In time, willow came to be used for arthritic pain more than it was used by intermittent, malarious fever. This also conformed with Stone's theory, because arthritis was attributed to dampness according to the humoral theory of medicine. The word rheuma is Greek for dampness. Stone's theory was discarded by science, of course. The direction of modern research was moving toward an explanation based on chemistry. In 1837, salicylic acid, the "active ingredient" of Salix was isolated. Within fifty years it was synthetically reproduced: the product was called "aspirin." Although salicylic acid had been isolated at an early date in the history of
organic chemistry, there still is no adequate explanation for why it works. Perhaps the good Reverend's suggestion is still the best. Salicylic acid is commonly found in plants which grow in damp areas (Salix, Populus, Filipendula, Spirea, etc.) It may serve an important purpose in the vegetable economy, removing excess dampness. Introduced into the human system, it may produce the same effect. Properties. White Willow has a moderately bitter flavor, a cool temperature, and a strongly drying impression. These properties suit it admirably to use in fever and irritation of tissue. The bitter flavor calms irritation and fever, but also promotes secretion from the mucosa. The cool temperature is beneficial in fever. The drying impression removes dampness, which is often a cause of irritation in the tissues. In large doses Salix alba causes irritation of the mucous membranes, running sores, ulcers and bleeding, but in small doses it cures these symptoms, removes excessive dampness, rheumatic soreness and cures fever. Cook writes, "The chief use made of it is for chronic diarrhea, atonic forms of dyspepsia with looseness of the bowels, passive hemorrhages, atonic menorrhagia, and scrofulous maladies with curdy diarrhea. It has been used to moderate advantage in mild forms of intermittents accompanied by general laxity of the tissues; but is not such a strong nervine stimulant as cinchona, though less exciting to the system and better borne by the stomach. At present, the bark is not used thus; but its preparation salicin is largely employed for agues. Externally, it is a good application for bleeding surfaces, indolent scrofulous ulcers, and aphthous sores; and as an injection for low forms of leucorrhea, is among the very best." Dr. Edward Bach used a species of willow (Salix vitellina) in his flower essence work. Willow, he says, is necessary for those people who have suffered through trials in life, think they deserve better, and become embittered by the experience. They are snitty and irritated, thinking people have not given them a fair shake, or again, loss interest in things which previously gave them satisfaction. Willow leaves or seeds were used, as Culpeper says, to stay "the heat of lust in man or woman, and quite extinguish it, if it be long used." This use was also known to the late nineteenth century botanical and homeopathic doctors. Perhaps the traditional use of Willow in immoderate sexual desire and irritation of the sexual parts could be explained by Dr. Bach's work. Loss of interest in things which once gave satisfaction, with growing irritation, may lead to sexual irritation. Indications. Mental irritation, bitterness and tiredness. Physical irritation, pain and exhaustion. Dry, running or bleeding sores of the mucosa and skin; diarrhea, ulcers, menstrual irritation, pain and bleeding. Fever, intermittent chill, arthritic pain. Sexual irritation and immodesty; ovarian pain. Preparation and dosage. The dried bark is used in capsules, by decoction, or in tincture. Use a small dose, in order to determine that the remedy is suited to the condition. Rev. Stone recommended a drachm of the dried bark (about a teaspoonful). Comparison. Filipendula ulmaria, which also contains salicylic acid and is also good for irritation and rheumatic pain. Salix nigra. Black Willow. This is the most common native willow of North America. It has properties similar
to the European species, but is more bitter. It may be slightly more antiseptic than the White Willow. Scudder notes that Salix and salicylic acid are much over-used in intermittent fever, and that they are not very successful. They are suited only to cases where there is marked rheumatic pain. He says of Salix nigra specifically, "There is a class of cases in which the salix is a very decided antiperiodic, and if these can be distinguished, the remedy will be valuable. I believe it is in those in which there is increased secretion from mucous membranes, and especially where there is the septic tendency, marked by fetid discharges, foul tongue, etc. In typhoid disease it may be employed both as a tonic and antiseptic, using the smaller dose." Salvia officinalis. Garden Sage. This well known culinary herb is a member of the Mint family native to southern Europe, but widely cultivated in gardens. It has long been used in cookery and medicine. Sage is added to rich foods and meats, such as pork, duck, goose, or vension, to improve the taste and make the fats easier to digest. It can also be added to cheese, sauces and bread. Sage is a mild tonic to the digestive tract when taken as a food. Although it is not a proven homeopathic remedy, the volatile oil is known to have caused epileptiform seizures, making Salvia homeopathic to nerve problems. This justifies the traditional uses in stroke, paralysis and trembling. Salvia is included in the homeopathic materia medica by Boericke, on empirical grounds. Although there is no homeopathic proving, a survey of the traditional uses brings out an extensive account of symptoms. When the organ-affinity to the solar plexus is understood, all these symptoms fall into place, we see the genius of the remedy running throughout, and the comprehensiveness of the traditional accounts. Sage therefore can be prescribed on specific grounds suitable to homeopathic or herbal use. Sage can best be understood as a remedy which acts as a mild, stimulating tonic to the solar plexus, like Wood Betony, American Ginseng, Vervain or Peony. In this way it strengthens the stomach, nervous system and brain. Remember that in traditional Western energetic medicine the solar plexus, stomach and brain are all connected (ruled by the Moon). From traditional Chinese medicine we learn that a deficiency of the qi of the stomach (which is pretty much equivalent to the nervous strength in the solar plexus), can lead to a deficiency of yin or fluids, because the stomach qi helps transform fluids, maintaining the fluids of digestion and of the mucous membranes generally. Hence, all of the above remedies act first as tonics to the nervous system, and second for lack of secretion, fluid deficiency, and fever. Finally, they act upon convulsions and nerve problems resulting from high fever, contracture of the muscles and sinews, and weak circulation and ennervation of the brain. Wood Betony is best for building up the nerves, American Ginseng as a qi and yin tonic, Sage as is a good stimulant to nervous strength, but is a very strong remedy in hectic or yin deficiency fever, and Vervain is strongest in high fever, convulsion and contraction. Properties. The flavor is pungent and bitter, the temperature warm, the impression aromatic, diffusive, stimulating and astringent. All of these properties
occur in a mild degree and therefore the taste is pleasant. It possesses aromatic volatile oils. Like so many pungent herbs Sage acts on the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts. The volatile oils sooth the mouth, throat and tonsils, removing phlegm from the lungs. It is an important remedy for sore throat, tonsillitis, inflammation of the gums, tooth pulp and tongue, ulceration and receding gums, loose and bleeding teeth. Sage also mildly stimulates the circulation and nervous system. Therefore, it is useful in atonic conditions of the stomach, intestines and lungs, where there is debility, loss of appetite, hectic fever and loss of fluids through perspiration, diarrhea, spermatorrhea, salivation, or excessive lactation. It strengthens the ennervation of the solar plexus, resulting in increased nervous tone of the digestive tract, the central nervous system and the brain. Thus it is used for paralysis, trembling limbs, cramps, disorders of the spine, weak nerves, and as a preventative for stroke. Maria Treben says it is the only plant besides Lavender that will relieve night sweats. (The student of traditional Chinese medicine will see that this is a great remedy for yin deficiency). Grieve quotes an old French saying: "Sage helps the nerves and by its powerful might palsy is cured and fever put to flight." She goes on to say that Sage tea "is a valuable agent in the delirium of fevers and in the nervous excitement frequently accompanying brain and nervous diseases and has considerable reputation as a remedy, given in small and oft-repeated doses. It is highly serviceable as a stimulant tonic in debility of the stomach and nervous system and weakness of digestion generally. It was for this reason that the Chinese valued it, giving it the preference to their own tea. It is considered a useful medicine in typhoid fever and beneficial in biliousness and liver complaints, kidney troubles, haemorrhage from the lungs or stomach, for colds in the head as well as sore throat and quinsy and measles, for pains in the joints, lethergy and palsy. It will check excessive perspiration in phthisis cases, and is useful as an emmenagogue. A cup of the stong infusion will be found good to relieve nervous headache." Culpeper says that "Sage is of excellent use to help the memory, warming and quickening the senses." This is because of its influence on the solar plexus, nervous system and brain. He mentions the use of a gargle made from Sage, Rosemary, Honeysuckle and Plantain, in water or wine, to wash sore mouths and throats. Grieve says, "the principle and most valued application of [Sage] is as a wash for the cure of affections of the mouth and as a gargle in inflamed sore throat, being excellent for relaxed throat and tonsils, and also for ulcerated throat. The gargle is useful for bleeding gums and to prevent an excessive flow of saliva." Sage is also used externally on sores, wounds and bruises. As an astringent is stays bleeding, the volatile oils are antiseptic, and the diffusive, stimulating effect on the circulation breaks up congealed blood. Preparation and dosage. The leaves yield a considerable portion of their properties in water. The longer they are steeped the more bitter and astringent the preparation becomes. Half an ounce of leaves can be infused in a pint of warm (not boiling) water for ten minutes to bring out the volatile oils. This preparation acts stronger as a stimulating tonic. Half an ounce boiled for half an hour will bring out the bitter, astringent property. This acts better on fever and problems of fluid
economy. Formulae. As a general tonic to the stomach and brain combine Sage with Wood Betony, Sage, Gota Kola, American Ginseng. For night sweats and hectic fever combine Sage with Lavender, Skullcap, Bugleweed or Motherwort. For ulceration of the gums and mouth, Sage and Plantain. Sambucus canadensis. Elder. Elderberry is a small bush, common to pastures and light forests. One species (Sambucus nigra) is native to Europe, while two are found in North America. One of these (S. racemosa) has red berries when ripe, while the other (S. canadensis) has purple fruit. All three have been used interchangeably in herbalism. "Our species is not sufficiently distinct from the European," writes Millspaugh. The European species has received a homeopathic proving. Sambucus canadensis is considered officinal in American herbalism. "In domestic medicine this plant forms almost a pharmacy in itself," writes Millspaugh. The Indians said that the inner bark, cut upwards, was emetic, while it was purgative when cut downwards. J. I. Lighthall says the difference is due to the size of the dose: "in large doses it will vomit, and in smaller ones act as a gentle purgative." The flowers can also be used in more than one way. "Take the flowers and make a hot tea, and give it freely, and it will produce sweating," writes Lighthall. "Take the same amount and give it cold, and it will run off on the kidneys." The berries taken internally are used as a blood tonic, but the inner bark made into a salve is used to break up congealed blood and swellings. Peter Smith says a cold decoction of the stalks is a good remedy for boils, because they "cool the blood." The pith was used as a moxa by the Indians, and the hollow stalk has been used as a smoking tube. The homeopathic provings established indications which are more exact than what we find in traditional lore, but the genius of the plant is still not well understood, and it is not often used in homeopathy. The account given by Boericke shows that he was acquainted with the remedy, and gives a valuable symptomology to go on. I am indebted to herbalist Chris Hafner, of Minneapolis, for teaching me about the genius of Sambucus. He says that it is suited to conditions where there is stagnation of blood and fluids, so that there is both a blue and swollen aspect to the complexion, skin or part involved. He also pointed out the relationship to infants. Elder is a highly "tubular" plant, and seems to strengthen the tubular structures of the body, so that it removes effusions of fluid and blood. It has a special affinity to the conditions of infancy, childhood and old age. Such patients have weak musculature, the tubular passageways of the body are easily encumbered, the transportation of fluids and blood may not be taking place. It is useful in fever, where there is blue and pale complexion, dry, reddish skin, or mottled red and pale plumpness of the skin, indicating stoppage of the sweat pores. It is a remedy for fever with dry skin and suppressed perspiration, where the blood and fluids stagnant towards the interior and need to be brought out to the surface. It will help "open the periphery," bringing on perspiration and relieve fever. Elderberry is suitable for various lung problems, where the aeration and diffusion of the respiratory channels are weak, fluids build up, and the blood becomes carbonized and stagnant. As a vulnerary, it is useful in bruises where there is edema as well as
ecchymosis. All of these uses are noted in traditional European and American Indian medicine, and hold true for either Sambucus canadensis or nigra. Properties. The flavor is sweet, bitter and pungent, the temperature is cool, and the impression is both heavy and insipid, and yet kind of airy. The hollow tube of the stalk, filled with a light, airy pith, points us to tubes, as the seat of remedial action. Sambucus has an action on circulation of blood and fluids, clearing out the lungs, channels of perspiration, and strengthening kidney secretion. It is suited to patients with a complexion which is both bluish and edemic, showing the presence of stagnant blood and fluids. Respiratory tract. Remedies which diffuse the lungs bring perspiration to the surface and clean out the channels of perspiration. Sambucus is indicated in some patients where there is excess perspiration, and in others when the skin is dry. The fever originates in problems with the blood or fluids. If the former is the seat of the affection there may be stagnation of blood and fluids in the interior, producing a blue complexion and cold, clammy sweat. Blood. Heat may enter into the blood, causing low grade, septic fever, boils and skin eruptions. If the fluids are trapped in the interior there may be edema, clammy skin or lack of perspiration. If the fluids are invaded by heat, there may be excess perspiration thrown off, debility, burning pains, hectic fever (up and down temperature). All of these conditions tend to intermix, to some extent, as the following case shows. The infant remedy. Just as Chamomilla is the "baby remedy," Sambucus must come up for consideration as the "infant remedy." It is particularly well-suited to the problems incident to that stage of life. The baby is easily frightened, starts with fear, is not easily placated, is apparently sensitive to impressions, which frighten. "See images when shutting the eyes," says Boericke. The child wakes with a sense of suffocation about midnight, frightened, cannot breath. Face blue and clammy, or dry with heat and redness. Suited to the sniffles of infants; nose dry and stuffy. The child cannot breath when at the nipple, due to stuffed nose. Sweating during the day, dry heat of the skin at night. Extremities cold, blue, swollen. Parturition. Elder was never used as a pregnancy remedy in the Old World, but it was used in this capacity by the Eastern Woodland Indians. Reports in the old literature say that Elder was reserved for particularly difficult cases, where other remedies had failed, and the life of the mother and infant were at stake (ErichsenBrown). Surprizingly, this usage did not come over into pioneer practice or nineteenth century botanical medicine. Acting on this tip, I used Sambucus with success in a difficult pregnancy. The patient was a twenty-three year old woman, just starting into the eighth month. The baby had stopped moving, and in alarm, she went to the hospital. The fetus was still alive, but she was frightened, having lost her first child to SIDS. I didn't meet the patient, but worked through her sister. She said that the patient was blue around the eyes---also remembering that her sister had been born a blue baby. Patient was craving oxygen and felt like she needed to go into labor, but was too weak. Probably the baby was inactive because it was not receiving enough oxygen. There was another scare---she went to the hospital again---the baby was still alive. We waited a week, then gave Elderberry flower tea (Sambucus canadensis). Though
barely dilated, contractions started while she was drinking the tea and six hours later she was the mother of a healthy baby boy. Preparation and dosage. From folk traditions and pharmacological differences, one would have to consider the possibility that the different parts of Elderberry act in different ways. I have a preference for the flowers, which have a nice smell and are not as active as the bark and leaves. This would be the American species. I have also used the low homeopathic potencies. This would be the European variety. Sanguinaria canadensis. Blood Root. Blood Root is a strange and mysterious plant. It fits into a special category in American Indian medicine, reserved for plants which convey powerful medicine lessons on the interior level. It is often difficult to move these perceptions into the present era, because modern people do not experience reality the same way. Yet, the effort is valuable. It bridges cultures and rescues a small part of something precious that would otherwise be forgotten. As for myself, the endevour to put the mysterious virtues of this plant down on paper is rewarding, if for no other reason than that it justifies the system of knowledge of the Indian Ancestors. Blood Root teaches us a lot about this ancient wisdom because it personifies the properties of the blood, in it's most deep and esoteric nature. For the Indian people, Blood Root reaches to the root of the blood, teaching them what it is, and how it enters into their life. As a remedy, it rectifies problems which arise from a misunderstanding or misuse of the recondite power of the blood. Actualization of the Blood. For ancient, shamanistic people, the blood is the vehicle of the Ancestors. Some intuition of this is still carried on in the English language, when we speak of "blood lines," or "it's in my blood." The Ancestors are not a concept, they are the real genetic, geographical or adoptive ancestors. They live in us, make us human, make us who we are in terms of our genetic and predetermined capacities. Discovering who we are in a fulfilling, true sense, ties us into them. Through those of us in incarnation in the physical world, the accumulated knowledge of the Ancestors, the people of previous ages, enters into the fabric of present day life. In following our destinies we actualize them, as well as ourselves. If we are aware of their presence, our activities possess the dignity and power that the old Indians possessed. If we are conscious of them, they are happy, and their emotions live through us. This is not a parasitic or unhealthy relationship, but one which is balanced, kind, loving, generous, wholesome, meaningful and fulfilling to the participants at both ends. The Indians were sometimes criticized as "pagans." The Indian Ancestors were sometimes mistaken by Christian missionaries as a pantheon of gods. This is a misunderstanding by a culture which has only the most crude concepts of spiritual reality. In Catholic countries, the debacle has not been as severe, since the Ancestors of the Indian people were easily translated into the saints of the Catholic church. They are, in fact, the same thing. The Ancestors, or Grandfathers and Grandmothers, are not gods. They are not worshiped. They are, however, an indispensable part of religious experience. It is not possible to pray to the Creator effectively, without an interaction with the Ancestors, according to Indian beliefs. This is because we who live now are in debt
to those who have gone before us, who have struggled and fought battles for the dignity of the human spirit, and so that we could exist. They made us who we are, and we cannot communicate completely with the Creator, without honoring those who have helped us, seen and unseen. God does not allow the suppression of ideas, feelings, peoples, and generations. He does not let the knowledge of an older generation fall "out of fashion." In connecting up to the Creator, and to our spiritual sources and heritages, we must honor the Ancestors, the saints, as he does. The Ancestors are not necessarily our genetic ancestors, but a community of beings who have spiritually-genetically contributed to our appearance and development as individuals on earth. Some of them were never incarnate as human beings---in the sense that we think of finite human beings in the body. They might be classified as mythological, archetypal or folk-loric beings---Spider Woman, Old Man Turtle, the Sun. The herbs and animals native to the place we were born, or grew up, are Ancestors. "We made your limbs and bones," says the medicine plants. "Therefore, we are your Ancestors." Certain Ancestors are identifiable, actual, persons who once existed on earth. Some of them are our actual genetic ancestors, and some adopt us due to a similarity, sympathy, or love, between them and us. Some ancestral ties are acquired through harrowing feats of spiritual warriorship and shamanic initiation. The Ancestors are not just any old people who have died. Rather, in dying they went through a profound spiritual transformation and came through purified. In order to be in contact with them, we must also go through death, but while we are still in the body. We must be spiritual, as they are. By spiritual law, they are not allowed to be in contact with us, nor we with them, unless both parties have gone through this spiritual catharsis. This is where the chief problems arise in the interface between us and them. The Ancestors bequeath or correspond to medicine gifts, heritage gifts, spiritual truths, knowledge, wisdom, power and meaning. All of this is regulated by spiritual law. If we cannot be spiritually responsible, we will attempt to aggrandize ourselves through the misuse of these gifts---and persons. If we do this, we become warped, perverted personalities: great in some way, but too intense, inappropriate, abusive--towards people and spiritual knowledge. I call this kind of person the "fallen initiate." They are not evil, but they are time-wasters of a consumate degree, a bother to true spiritual seekers. No one can seek the spiritual knowledge, and it cannot seek the aspirant. In the fullness of time, the door is opened. Some try to pry open the doors of the spirit, some are born with gifts which they squander on self-aggrandizement, some receive gifts only to fall from their high ideals. These people will have to walk the path of the "fallen initiate." Where this situation is remedial, Blood Root will sometimes assist. It plunges to the depths of the blood, in which the presence and gifts of the Ancestors reside. Like other members of the Poppy family, Sanguinaria is suited to patients who suffer from a lapse of moral standards. Just as Opium is suited to the soul who has become spiritually apathetic, Sanguinaria is suited to the person who is too willfull in the pursuit or utilization of spiritual advantages. Most people are unconscious of the Ancestors. Only when one has gone through a spiritual last judgment, a death to the old self, can this connection arise.
Some people are, however, born with the connection in place. Their challenge is to remain true to this realing, without selling out or being destroyed by the material world. It will be for them a death and rebirth just to be faithful to their truths. Once the fertilization of Ancestral wisdom in the human being has started, it has to go to completion. This transformation has been called the "actualization of the blood." During this change, the blood is transformed. I do not known exactly what the change is; it is mentioned by some of the more sophisticated esoteric writers such as R. J. Stewart, The UnderWorld Initiation and Rudolf Steiner. The spiritual gifts, perceptions, spiritual-genetic patterns, the Ancestors, who were previously latent, are actualized. If this opening is stopped along the way, a mixture of personal and transpersonal energies will combine and the "fallen initiate" syndrome sets in. This has been called "incomplete actualization of the blood." This is the condition to which Sanguinaria is remedial. The sanguine temperament. Although such a concept of disease is virtually unknown in contemporary conventional or alterative medicine, getting in trouble with the Ancestors is one of the three or four primal diseases recognized in traditional, tribal and folk-loric medicine. It was still hovering around when Hippocratic medicine was being developed, and enters into the composition of that system. One of the four humours is the blood. This is associated with the "sanguine temperament," which is described as suffering from an "excess of blood." The motto of the sanguine temperament was expressed by the Nuremburg Chronicle (1492): "our nature is full of blood, and therefore we are full of joy and carelessness." Here we see the inspired, but misguided and spiritually careless or over-abundant personality, in whom the process of actualizing the blood is disturbed. In Hippocratic medicine, sanguine diseases are those which cause excitement of the blood, resulting in pounding arteries, headache, hemorrhagic tendancies and mental over-excitement. They were treated by blood-letting (which would probably dampen anyone's spirit) and certain herbal medicines. The plant. Sanguinaria is native to the rich, damp, shady forest-floors of the primeval woodlands of eastern North America. It is not an uncommon plant where the original forest has been fairly well preserved. The leaves are deeply lobed, and have a mysterious---I would even say---an occult and ominous look. They are mottled by slight indentations which give it a livery look, similar to the leaf of its cousin, Chelidonium. The sap is blood-red in both the herb and the root. The pale, white-pink flowers are one of the first to come up in the spring. They open with the sunrise and increase until noon, then start closing and finally withdraw at sunset. All of these traits are relevant to the medicinal properties of Blood Root, illustrating once again the validity of the doctrine of signatures. Sanguinaria has an affinity for the liver and the blood. It is suited to migraine headaches which begin in the morning, increase towards noon, and subside towards nightfall. These headaches are worse from activity (sanguinous excitement), and better by rest. One of the most important roles of the liver is to control the excitement of the blood. In order to tie in this fact, we will have to refer to a concept from traditional Chinese medicine.
The Liver Stores the Blood. One of the functions of the liver, according to Chinese medicine, is to store the blood. This ancient observation, which carries over from the primal, shamanic period of Chinese medicine, has been verified by modern science. During the night, while we are at rest, the blood withdraws back into the liver, but during the day, blood is exuded out, into the body, sanguinating the system, so that the activities of daylight may be undertaken with more energy and spirit. This function is personified by Sanguinaria. Although "inability to store the blood" is not considered a syndrome in Chinese medicine, it describes the Sanguinaria pattern. The red sap inside the lobular leaf is like a picture of the liver storing the blood. Chelidonium personifies the bile produced by the liver; it has the livery leaves, though filled with a bright, orange-yellow sap. Bile is connected to intuition in Chinese medicine. Both of these remedies, Sanguinaria and Chelidonium, are suited to migraine headaches. There are similar, but significantly different symptoms. Sanguinaria is suited to sanguine, red-faced patients, in whom there is an over-willfulness, preceeding the headaches or acting as a general factor, requiring a return to darkness and bed (so that the liver can store the blood). Chelidonium is suited to patients who often have terrible sensitivity to light, bringing on the migraine. They are like those who look too intensely at the light, too wilfully using their intuition and interior faculties for spiritual perception. As a result there is a dulling of the senses, pallor and yellowness of the complexion, white to yellow coating on the tongue, going up to the tip (indicating mucus confusing the Heart, or mind). These are the headaches which would be classified as "gall bladder headaches," in traditional Chinese medicine. That is to say, they proceed from the occiput, across the temples, to the frontal eminence (up the gall bladder meridian). These headaches seem to be intimately tied up with the use and storage of blood and bile. Herbal and homeopathic literature. The profound understanding of Blood Root held by the Indians did not transfer over to the white settlers. They learned simply of it's use in bronchitis. It's application is quiet "narrow," as Ellingwood noted. It is useful in "harsh, dry cough with relaxed tissues of the pharynx, larynx and bronchi, with a sense of constriction and constant irritation and uneasiness or tickling in the throat." The phrase "relaxed tissues" would caught the eye of a well trained nineteenth century physician. It indicates a state where active inflammation has subsided into a chronic torper and low-grade inflammation. Sanguinaria is not called for at the onset of bronchial inflammation, but in sub-acute cases where there is relaxation of the tissues, inactive expectoration, and a lack of nerve force. There tends to be a burning stuffiness in the chest or burning in the trachea. The highly pungnet flavor indicates that Sanguinaria will stimulates the lungs to greater activity. The raw, excoriating property which accompanies this pungency suggests a homeopathic relationship to raw, burning conditions of the respiratory tract. Sanguinaria has a limited sphere of use in homeopathy. It is chiefly used as a remedy for migraine headache. The pain usually ascends from the occiput, up over the head, settling over the right eye, more occassionally on both sides or the left, or in the temples. The patient wakes with the pain, which get worse until the middle of the day, then better as the day passes, with relief at night. The migraine is often
accompanied by blurred vision and nausea. Pains are better from inactivity. Lying in the dark is best. The bronchial symptoms have also been described in detail. Mental symptoms have not been brought out in homeopathic literature, but I have frequently observed that the headache follows or occurs with over-intense selfexpression. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. Sanguinaria is harshly acrid and excoriating in material doses. Even a single drop of the tincture can cause an effusion of blood to the head, resulting in headache. I use a single drop of the tissue, placed on the nerve plexi at the wrist (Pericardium 5), and the 6x and 30x homeopathic potencies. Sanguisorba officinalis. Greater Burnet. This widely distributed member of the Rose family is used in both European and Chinese herbalism for flux, hemorrhage and diarrhea. It is not much used in American herbalism, but American soldiers were reported to have drunk the tea before battles during the Revolution, in order to cut down on bleeding from any wounds which would occur. The name Sanguisorba comes from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to staunch. It is related botanically and medicinally to the Alchemilla clan of the Rose family and is native to the Old World. The agreement of European and Chinese authors on the properties of Sanguisorba officinalis is so complete that we need not tire overselves over doubts about its properties. However, when we go back over the literature of Western herbalism Sanguisorba or Greater Burnett must be distinguished from Pimpinella saxifraga, or Lesser Burnett. The two plants are not even in the same family, but they have similar properties and uses, and are not always distinguished in the literature. Properties. The flavor is bitter and sour, the temperature cool, and the impression is astringent. The blood-red flower heads and astringence were taken as signatures of an anti-hemorrhagic property (cf. Anchusa, Ceanothus, Hypericum). Sanguisorba cools the blood, removes heat, and restrains hemorrhage caused by fever and vascular excitement. It has a particular affinity for bleeding from the lower orifices (cf. Capsella). Sanguisorba is used for bloody stool, bleeding hemorrhoids, dysenteric inflammation of the bowels, uterine bleeding, leucorrhea, vomiting of blood and nosebleed. Applied externally Sanguisorba stops bleeding and seeping of fluids from wounds, cuts down on the tendency to infection, promotes the generation of new flesh and consolidates the wound. It is applied to cuts, sores, ulcers and burns. In a Chinese study, an ointment made of 30% roasted Burnet root and petroleum jelly was used in 109 cases of eczema or similar conditions. It gave excellent results in almost half the cases and good improvement in almost all the others. Similar results have been obtained from soaking in a decoction of the herb. Preparation and dosage. The leaves and root are both used, the former gathered in July, the latter in autumn. From these make an infusion, decoction or ointment. Sanicula europea. Sanicle. A member of the Umbellifera family native to Europe. The name Sanicula comes
from the same root word as sanitation, and refers to the idea of making progress, or healing. It was mentioned by Dioscorides and Plinius, and had become one of the most famous woundworts by the medieval period. Sanicle looks similar to Lady's Mantle, and the two are sometimes compared in the older sources, but they are not botanically related and Sanicle is actually a much hotter and more toxic herb. Its affinities lie more in the direction of conditions where there is toxic heat. It removes mucus from the lungs, stomach, and intestines. Sores of the neck, inflammation of the gums with foul breath, spitting of blood, liver pain, blood in the urine, internal bleeding. Sanicula marilandica. Sanicle, Black Snake Root. This is a member of the Umbellifera family native to rich woods throughout eastern North America, as far west as Colorado. It is closely related to the Eryngiums, and like them is one of the "Snake Roots," used by the Indians. Properties. "The root is mild in action, diffusibly stimulating and relaxing, leaving a moderately tonic impression. Used in warm infusion, it promotes perspiration and diuresis fairly, and sustains capillary circulation and the nervous peripheries; and may be used to decided advantage in recent colds, and typhus and other low forms of fever. By its action on the nervous system, it sustains patients nervously depressed, and restless, and has been much praised in the chorea of early life" (Cook). Measles, painful menstruation. "The Indians regard this as a sovereign remedy for rattlesnake bites. They take a handful of the roots and boil them in about a pint of water and drink it in divided doses in the course of a half-hour. At the same time they prepare a decoction of the leaves, and apply to the bitten parts. It is universally regarded as a great blood purifier and often taken as spring bitters. It is also valuable for the cure of hives, sore throat and croup. It has been very successfully used in St. Vitus's dance and intermittent fevers. Dose of the decoction from half to a pint taken during the day; of the powdered root, from half to teaspoonful three times a day, according to age. It is excellent to quiet and strengthen the nerves" (Wood and Ruddock). Sarracenia purpurea. Pitcher Plant This plant grows in northern bogs, depleted of minerals and nutrition. It has, as a result, evolved a mechanism for feeding on insects. The leaves form long, pitcherlike tubes, the bottom of which is filled with water and rotting material. Insects land or fall inside, get trapped and digested. This is indicates the direction in which its affinities lie. Dr. O. Phelps Brown writes inThe Complete Herbalist (1867), "these pitchers will hold nearly a wineglass full, and are generally filled with water and aquatics, which undergo decomposition, or a sort of digestion, and serve as a nutriment to the Plant." This is its signature, he relates, making it "very useful in dyspepsia and other gastric derangements, chlorosis [anemia] and all uterine derangements. This same peculiarity belong to all plants having pitcher-shaped leaves." Interpreting the signature another way, Sarracenia is useful in conditions where there is stagnation, inactiving and rotting material. Hence it was found to be
useful in smallpox and toxic, eruptive fever, where the eruption indicates septic, deteriorative conditions. It stimulates the kidneys, promoting increased urination and cleansing the blood, stimulates the liver and the secretions of the digestive tract. The Indians use this plant to improve memory, another form of retention. Preparation and dosage. This plant is rather difficult to obtain and seldom found in herbal commerce. The leaves can be made into an infusion or tincture. In acute conditions, the usual dose of the tincture is 5 to 10 drops every one to three hours (Fyfe). The flower essence is available from some sources. Sassafras officinale. This shrub or small tree is a member of the Laurel family native to the southeastern United States. It was one of the most important remedies used by the Indians of that area. They used it as a tasty beverage, a warming tonic to remove arthritic pain and the cold of winter, a rejuvenant for old people, and a remedy for bruises and stagnant blood. It was adopted from them by the earliest settlers, exported back to Europe, and came into widespread use. After enjoying the reputation of a "wonderremedy" it slipped into obscurity, and is now once again used principally as a tasty drink and general warming, stimulating and circulating tonic. This remedy is still used by the Indians remaining in the area where Sassafras grows. It would only be appropriate to start our study of it with the Indian perspective, which was explained to me by Tis-mal, a Hitachi trained by Pottawatomis in Michigan. "For us, bad blood is a matter of serious concern." Anytime a person falls down or suffers from a contusion stagnant blood remains behind which, left for a period of time, will percipitate into toxic materials that result in the appearance of cancer and chronic disease. Septic wounds and infections have a similar influence. Sassafras is the principle remedy used to remove "bad blood" when it first appears with an injury, when it accumulates due to poor circulation in the aged, or when it appears for some other reason. (It is interesting to note that the Chinese have exactly the same idea about "stagnant blood" being a cause of "hard tumors" and eventually cancerous growths). As early as the sixteenth century, Spanish settlers in Florida adopted the use of Sassafras and reported its merits back to Europe. In 1574 a Spanish physician, Nicholas Monardes, wrote a treatise on the use of the remedy. According to the humoral method of analysis then in vogue, Sassafras had warming, drying properties. Monardes concluded that it was a remedy for cold and damp conditions, such as flatulence, rheumatism and some kinds of fever. It was at one time rumored to be a specific for syphilis. This led to a fallout in its popularity, since no one wanted to be suspected of being a syphiletic. Gradually Sassafras lost its reputation as much of a specific for anything. Jacob Bigelow, writing in 1819, stated that the "bark and wood of the sassafrass were formerly much celebrated in the cure of various complaints, particularly syphilis, rheumatisim, and dropsy. Its reputation as a specific in those diseases, particularly the first, has fallen into deserved oblivion, it is now recognised only as a warm stimulant and diaphoetic." While its reputation as a specific diminished, the use of Sassafras as a general
tonic grew. This seems to be more in keeping with its properties. Sassafras tea, taken over a long period, warms and stimulates the system in a gentle, but persistent manner. It has an affinity for the organs of digestion and assimilation, so that it acts tonically by improving these functions, as well as circulation and diaphoresis. There is no homeopathic proving on Sassafras, but the following observations might constitute the beginnings of a pathogenesis. Benjamin Smith Barton, the author of the first treatise on American Materia Medica written in English, gives a toxicological symptom. "I knew a women in whom an infusion or tea of the root of the Sassagras always induced an oppression at breast, with sighing, and depression of spirits," he writes. "She was a stout, and seemingly very hearty woman. She informed me, that a lady of her acquaintance was affected in the same way by this tea" (1798, 21, 47). I would also like to report a pathogenetic symptom. It seems that my experiences with things are usually of a more bizarre character, for some reason. A woman of my acquaintance smelled oil of Sassafras and shortly after experienced a red, non-irritating rash about the mouth. Then she remembered that her nick-name as a child was Sassafrass, "because I had such a sassy mouth." Remedies which stimulate the lips and area around the mouth usually have a strong affinity to the digestive and assimilative functions. Properties. The flavor is pungent and sweet, the temperature is warm, and the impression is diffusive, stimulating and pleasant. Sassafras contains volatile oils which aerate the lungs and remove wind from the stomach. Passing through the kidneys, they stimulate renal function. The sweet taste indicates an affinity for digestion and assimilation. The stimulating, diffusive properties remove stagnant blood. Peter Holmes gives a good break-down of the properties of Sassafras. Based upon its taste, Sassafras is: (1) a warm, pungent agent used to open the respiratory tract and skin, promote perspiration, and remove cold and tension; (2) a warm, sweet and pungent herb with volatile oils which stimulates the appetite, digestion and assimilation, and removes flatulence; (3) a warm, pungent and stimulating herb which removes cold from the joints, mildly resolving chronic arthritic conditions; (4) a diffusive, warming stimulant that removes blood stasis, with or without edema; and (5) Sassafras gently promotes renal and cystic functions, helping to remove stones, edema and cystitis. Sassafras is suited to older patients, where there is moderate cold and stagnation, arthritis, flatulence, stagnant circulation, poor tissue building, and kidney function. "Aged people will find this a very useful remedy for all aches and pains consequent upon the loss of vitality with declining years," writes Mrs. Antonette Matteson in The Occult Family Physician and Botanic Guide To Health (1894). The use of Sassafras as a bruise-remedy achieved a level of prominence among white lay and professional practitioners. The oil was often used as a direct application, or a poultice of the root bark. Cook thought this to be the most promising use for Sassafras. "The powdered bark will be found of much value in bruises and congested swellings; and combined with mullein, makes a superior appliance in swollen face, chronic abscesses, and similar cases," writes Cook. "Under
such circumstances, it both relieves the suffering and promotes the absorption of effused materials." Here is a case history from my own records which demonstrates the use of Sassafras as a bruise medicine. I had a patient that fell down a flight of stairs, bruising her back and resulting in unconsciousness and hospitalization. The tongue was pale and purple, the extremities blackish-blue and swollen, the veins throughout her body were generally swollen and purple, the mind and eyes seemed as if behind a veil, facial complexion blue-black. I tried Arnica and Sambucus, which I knew better, then tried Sassafras. The effect was immediate and powerful, clearing the mind in less than a minute and improving the whole condition in a short time. She used the tincture internally. A short time later I had another case, a woman suffering from the chronic effects of a blow to the mid-back suffered ten years previously. She also had the blackish-blue complexion and the appearance of "eyes as if behind a veil." Several remedies had already helped her; the Sassafras was very important at this particular juncture, restoring acuity to the eye, improving the complexion, and generally sense of "falling apart." Sassafras seems to be suited to the blackish-blue bruise. Let us compare this with the other bruise-remedies. Arnica has a blue-red complexion or bruise indicating stagnant blood and inflammation; Carbo vegetabilis has a blue-yellow stagnation indicating old, stagnant clots of blood which remain long after the injury; Sambucus has blue swollen injuries; Conium maculatum has an extremely black, almost gangrenous looking bruise, found in the very elderly who have very bad circulation and nerve force. I believe that the black tinge of the Sassafras injury indicates exactly what the Indians say: the bruise is tending towards the production of "bad blood," or harmful waste products. Both Sassafras and Conium are used for cancer. The relationship of Sassafras to cancer has been complicated by the senseless sort of research typical of modern people who are completely out of touch with nature. Tests conducted several decades ago showed that when one of the active ingredients, safrole, was injected into rodents in massive quantities it stimulated the formation of cancer. As a result, Sassafras was taken off the market by the FDA. Such testing methods have since been discredited. Other tests have also shown that people who drink Sassafras on a regular basis have a lower incidence of cancer than the surrounding population. (Perhaps the presence of materials which cause cancer in large amounts remove the tendency to cancer when given in small doses). Indications. Older patients, with poor circulation, cold, stagnation of blood, flatulence, arthritis, weakness, edema. Complexion blue-black; injuries which are blue-black. The cancerous diathesis. Preparation, toxicity and dosage. The bark of the root is prepared by infusion with hot water, or cold maceration over night, rather than by decoction, since it is "rendered almost worthless by boiling" (Cook). The tincture should be prepared without the use of heat. The oil is used as an external stimulant for blood stagnation or cold rheumatism. It can be used internally, in doses of 1-10 drops. Although cancer research on safrole has been discredited, Sassafras is banned for sale for internal consumption by the F.D.A.
Satureja Hortensis. Summer Savory. This widely cultivated garden plant and culinary herb is a member of the Mint family native to Europe. It has an odor and taste similar to Thyme. "This herb is seldom used in medicine, but is quite an efficient aromatic stimulant. A warm infusion induces perspiration, and is useful in recent colds, incipient fever, measles, and painful and acutely obstructed menstruation. It is also a good carminative. The better method of using it, is to combine a drachm of the leaves with an ounce of asclepias tuberosa; or it may be associated with angelica and anise for colic and flatulence" (Cook).

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The Admirable Secrets of Herbs, Roots & Barks ________________

A Practical Materia Medica of Western Herbal Medicine by Matthew Wood

or are elaborations of his followers.

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