A Finite Volume Method for Solids with a Rotational Degree of Freedom Based on the

6-Node Triangle
W. an
!
"# M.A. Wheel" and $. %in
&
'. De(artment of Me)hani)al *ngineering# +ni,ersit- of Strath)l-de# .lasgow# +/.
&. De(artment of Design# Manufa)ture *ngineering and Management# +ni,ersit- of Strath)l-de#
.lasgow# +/.
! )orres(onding author# email0 wen1e.(an2strath.a).u1
Abstract: A finite-,olume 3FV4 )ell ,erte5 method is (resented for determining the
dis(la)ement field for solids e5hi6iting with in)om(ressi6ilit-. The solid is dis)reti7ed
into si5-node finite elements and the standard si5-node finite-element sha(e fun)tion is
em(lo-ed for ea)h element. 8nl- )ontrol ,olumes around ,erte5 node of the triangular
element are )onsidered. For )onsidering the material in)om(ressi6ilit-# a )onstant
h-drostati) (ressure as an e5tra un1nown ,aria6le within ea)h element is assumed. The
for)e e9uili6rium in two (er(endi)ular dire)tions and one in-(lane moment e9uili6rium
e9uation are deri,ed for ea)h )ontrol ,olume. The ,olume )onser,ation is satisfied 6-
setting the integration of ,olumetri) strain as 7ero within ea)h element. B- sol,ing the
s-stem )ontrol e9uations# the dis(la)ements and rotations of the ,erte5 nodes and the
h-drostati) (ressure for ea)h element )an 6e o6tained and then the dis(la)ements of the
midside nodes )an 6e )al)ulated. The simulation results show that this FV method
(asses the (at)h tests and )on,erges to theoreti)al results under mesh refinement for
material 6eha,iour in)om(ressi6ilit-.
Keywords: Finite Volume Method# :ontrol ,olume# Verte5 )entred method# Rotational
degree# ;n)om(ressi6ilit-.
'
1. Introduction
Finite element 3F*4 method has dominated solid and stru)ture anal-sis for man- -ears#
while FV method has 6een su))essfull- used for fluid d-nami) anal-sis. 8,er the last
fifteen -ears# some (rogresses ha,e 6een made for em(lo-ing FV method for solids and
stru)tures. A(art from the a((li)ation of FV method to elasti) <'-6=# elasti)-(lasti) <>=#
and (late anal-sis <?#@= for )om(ressi6le materials. FV method has also 6een a((lied to
large deformation )om(ressi6le and near-in)om(ressi6le h-(erelasti) material
anal-sis<'A#''=. For in)om(ressi6le material deformation anal-sis# a three-node and
four-node element has 6een used for anal-sis &D elasti) media 6- using the )ell )entral
FV method <'&=# a 6i-linear dis(la)ement field was assumed within the 9uadrilateral
)onstru)ted 6- the )onne)tion of )ell )entral and adBoining edge nodes# and also the
)onstant h-drostati) (ressure within ea)h element. Mi5ed form FV method was also
(resented for &D and CD and also fra)ture (ro6lems with in)om(ressi6le linear elasti)
materials <'C=# the non-(h-si)al stresses os)illations near )ra)1 ti( was eliminated. FV
method that in)luded the Allman degree of rotation for C-node<'D= and 6-node FV <'E=
anal-sis for &D elasti) (ro6lems were (resented# some ad,antages ha,e 6een
demonstrated for some )ases. ;n this (a(er# a mi5ed form FV )ell ,erte5 method is
(resented for determining the dis(la)ement field for solids e5hi6iting in)om(ressi6ilit-.
The similar dis)reti7ation method with linear strain distri6ution si5-node triangle
element as <'E= is used. To in)lude the rotation degree of freedom# the midside
dis(la)ements are re(la)ed 6- its neigh6ouring ,erte5 nodes<'6=# and the )onstant
h-dro-stati) (ressure within ea)h element is assumed although there is no diffi)ult- for
the assum(tion of a linear distri6ution of h-drostati) (ressure within ea)h element. The
&
for)e e9uili6rium in two (er(endi)ular dire)tions and one in-(lane moment e9uili6rium
e9uation are deri,ed for ea)h )ontrol ,olume. The ,olume )onser,ation is satisfied 6-
setting the integration of ,olumetri) strain as 7ero within ea)h element for small strain
elasti) (ro6lem. The total num6er of the for)e and moment e9uili6rium e9uations (lus
the num6er of ,olume )onser,ation e9uations is the same as the num6er of the total
un1nown ,aria6les due to the s(e)ial )onstru)tion of the :V. B- sol,ing these
e9uations# the dis(la)ements and rotations of the ,erte5 nodes and the h-drostati)
(ressure for ea)h element )an 6e o6tained and then the dis(la)ements of the middle-side
nodes )an 6e )al)ulated. ;n se)tion &# formulation for dis(la)ement# strain and stress
filed will 6e gi,en# and also the )om(ensation e9uation related with material
in)om(ressi6ilit-. The )onstru)tion of s(e)ial :V and the s-stem e9uations are gi,en in
se)tion C# and the test (ro6lems will 6e followed in se)tion D# and the final se)tion is the
)on)lusions.
2. Formulation for displacement, strain and stress fields
The si5-node triangle element is )onsidered for the dis)reti7ation of the &D
in)om(ressi6le material (ro6lem. The same formulation for dis(la)ement and strain
field within ea)h element as <'E= are used in this (a(er and are summari7ed as
following0
2.1 Displacement fields
The dis(la)ement )om(onents# u and v# within a si5-node triangular element are0
{ }
T
y xy x y x
y x v
y x u
& &
'
4 # 3
4 # 3

'

'

b
a
3'4
C
Where { }
T
a a a
6 & '
... a and { }
T
b b b
6 & '
... b are )oeffi)ients. B-
a((l-ing e9uations 3'4 at e,er- node of the triangle# gi,es0
{ } u
A
A
b
a
1
]
1

'

'
'
0
0
3&4
Where { } { }
T
v v u u
6 ' 6 '
... ... u # and u
i
# v
i
# are dis(la)ement )om(onents of
,erte5 nodes 3for iF'#&#C4 and midside nodes 3for iFD#E#64 along 5 and - dire)tion
res(e)ti,el-.
For the introdu)tion of rotation degree of freedom of ea)h ,erte5 nodes# the midside
node dis(la)ement will 6e re(la)ed 6- the neigh6ouring ,erte5 node dis(la)ements and
rotations. The relationshi( )an 6e re(ressed 6- the transformation matri5 T#
{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ }

uv T T
v v v u u u v v u u u T T
C & ' C & ' C & ' 6 ' 6 '
... ...
3C4
Where
i
# 3iF'# &# C4 are rotations of the ,erte5 nodes of 6-node triangle# and matri5 T
)an 6e found in <'6=.
With the use of relationshi( 6etween strain and dis(la)ement# the dire)t strain
)om(onents
xx

# yy

and shear strain xy

are
{ } [ ]{ }

uv
x y
y
x
x y
y
x
xy
yy
xx
u T
A B A B
A B
A B
b
a
B B
B 0
0 B

'

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

' '
'
'
0
0
3D4
Where A is a )onstant matri5, the )om(onents of ,e)tor
x
B
and y
B
are )onstant or
linear fun)tion of )oordinators 5 or -# and A#
x
B
and y
B
)an 6e found in <'E=.
B- using the )onstituti,e relationshi( 6etween stresses and strain and the h-drostati)
(ressure # the stress )om(onents are
D


{ } { }

'

+
1
1
1
]
1

'

A
'
'
A A
A & A
A A &
p
G
G
G
xy
yy
xx

3E4
where G is the shear modulus# p is h-drostati) (ressure. ut 3D4 into 3E4# gi,es
{ } [ ][ ]{ }

'

+
1
1
1
]
1

A
'
'
&
&
'
p
G G
G
G
uv
x y
y
x

u T A
B B
B
B
0
0
364
3. ontrol !olume and t"e e#uilibrium e#uations
3.1 Control volume for cell vertex ! procedure
8ne differen)e 6etween F* and FV method is that e9uili6rium e9uations must 6e 6uilt
on ea)h indi,idual :V for FV# under the )ell )entre FV (ro)edure# the :V is the same
as F* element# while for )ell ,erte5 FV (ro)edure# the :V is )om(letel- different from
F* element. There are some wa-s to 6uild :V for )ell ,erte5 FV (ro)edure.
8ne method to )onstru)t :V for )ell ,erte5 FV (ro)edure is to )onne)t the middle (oint
6etween neigh6ouring nodes and the )entre of the element to form a multi-side )om(le5
sha(e :V. 8ther method was (resented in <'>=# some (osition of the (oints needed to 6e
)onne)ted to )onstru)t :V was o6tained 6- trial and error method. ;n this (a(er# due to
the introdu)tion of rotational degree of freedom# s(e)ial :V as used in <'E= was
ado(ted. Figure '3a4 shows the t-(i)al :Vs 3)onstru)ted 6- dotted lines4 around a
,erte5 node A and B inside and on the 6oundar- of the model res(e)ti,el-.
Assuming the total num6er of ,erte5 node and element are GndH and GneH res(e)ti,el-#
thus the total numer of the s-stem un1nown ,aria6les will 6e GC!ndIneH. There are two
for)e e9uili6rium e9uations along (er(endi)ular dire)tions and one moment e9uili6rium
e9uation for ea)h :V# so the total num6er of e9uation related with for)es and moment
are GC!ndH# and it is less than the total num6er of un1nown ,aria6les. Therefore# the
E
)om(ensation e9uation has to 6e 6uilt. The in)om(ressi6ilit- )ondition for ea)h element
)an 6e used for this (ur(ose.
Figure ' T-(i)al :Vs and inner stresses. Solid )ir)le# o(en )ir)le and small triangle
re(resent ,erte5 nodes# midside nodes and geometri)al )entre of F* element. 3a4 :Vs
around the inside ,erte5 node A and 6oundar- ,erte5 node B 364 inner stresses on one
of the segments of the (rofile of :V.
3.2 orce and moment e"uilibrium e"uations
To o6tain the for)e and moment e9uili6rium e9uations for ea)h :V# the resultant for)es
and moment ha,e to 6e integrated along the (rofile of ea)h :V. From formula 3E4# it
)an 6e seen that stress )om(onents within ea)h :V is linearl- distri6uted# so the
resultant for)es and moment )an 6e integrated anal-ti)all- along the (rofile of ea)h :V.
For one t-(i)al segment of the :V shown in Figure '364# the )oordinators of an- (oint
along the segment )an 6e e5(ressed as
6
5
:
-

S
$$
$$
%$
$%
3a4 364
A
B
8
D
:
D

'

)os
sin
# y y
# x x
C $
C $
3>4
where the angle 6etween the normal of line :D and the 5-a5is is

and the distan)e

from (oint : to is #.
B- integrating e5(li)itl- the stresses )om(onents along the (rofile of ea)h :V# the
resultant for)e )om(onents
x

and y

a)ting in 5 and - dire)tions are.

[ ][ ]{ } p # ds G ds ds G
CD
uv
#
x
#
y
#
x
CD
%x
CD CD CD
! )os sin 4 sin )os & 3
'


+
1
]
1

+


u T A B B B
3?.'4
[ ][ ]{ } p # ds ds G ds G
CD
uv
#
y
#
x
#
y
CD
%y
CD CD CD
! sin 4 sin & 3)os )os
'


+
1
]
1

+


u T A B B B
3?.&4
The resultant moment a6out the origin of the )oordinate s-stem is0
[ ][ ]{ }
[ ][ ]{ }
p xds yds
xds G xds xds G
yds G yds yds G &
CD CD
CD CD CD
CD CD CD
# #
uv
#
x
#
y
#
y
uv
#
x
#
y
#
x
CD
%'
! 4 sin )os 3
sin 4 sin & 3)os
4 sin )os & 3
' '
'



+ +
1
]
1

+ +
1
]
1

u T A B B A B
u T A B B B
3?.C4
B- summari7ing all the resultants for)e and moment along the (rofile of ea)h :V# the
e9uili6rium e9uation for ea)h :V )an 6e written as following0

'

'

1
1
1
]
1

C!
'
C!
y
C!
x
C!
C!
C!
C!
C!
&p
C!
&
C!
&v
C!
&u
C!
yp
C!
y
C!
yv
C!
yu
C!
xp
C!
x
C!
xv
C!
xu
&
F
F
p
'
!
u
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

3@4
Where
C!
x
F
#
C!
y
F
and
C!
'
&
are e5ternal for)es and moment a)ting on the :V.
3.3 Compensation e"uation for incompressibility
For linear elasti) material# the in)om(ressi6ilit- of ea)h element )an 6e e5(ressed as
>

+
!
yy xx
d! A 4 3
3'A4
For sim(li)it-# the strain )om(onents at the )entre of the triangular element were used
for a6o,e formula 3'A4# therefore#
[ ][ ][ ]{ } A 4 # 3 4 # 3
'

uv
c c y c c x
y y x x y y x x u T A B B
3''4
*a)h element has one )om(ensation e9uation and one un1nown h-drostati) (ressure
,aria6le.
3.( system e"uations
:om6ining formulation 3@4 and 3''4# the s-stem e9uation )an 6e assem6led as
following0

'

'

1
1
1
1
1
]
1

0
&
F
F
p
'
!
u
0 ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
)
'
)
y
)
x
p pv pu
&p & &v &u
yp y yv yu
xp x xv xu

3'&4
where
{ } { }
T
ne nd nd nd
T
p p v v u u ... ... ... ...
' ' ' '
p ' ! u
{ } { }
T
)
'np
)
'
)
ynp
)
y
)
xnd
)
x
T
)
'
)
*
)
+
& & A ... A ... ... ...
' ' '
0 & F F
3.,. -oundary conditions
For )on)entrated (oint for)e or moment a)ting on ea)h :V# the- )an 6e dire)tl- (ut into
the right-hand side of e9uations 3'&4. For distri6uted stresses on 6oundaries# resultant
for)es alone 5 and - dire)tion and moment to the origin of )oordinator )an 6e easil-
integrated along the (rofile of :V# then the same (ro)edure as )on)entrated for)es and
moments )an 6e used. The stiffness matri5 of the whole stru)ture shown in e9uations
3'&4 is a singular matri5# dis(la)ement and rotation 6oundar- )onditions ha,e to 6e
?
a((lied to the e9uations# the standard (ro)edure as the treatment of dis(la)ement
6oundar- )onditions for F* )an 6e used. That is# let the diagonal element of the stiffness
matri5 )orres(onding to the i
th
)onstraint as one# while the others in the same row as
7ero# also let the i
th
element of the right-hand side ,e)tor as the e5a)t ,alue of the
)onstraint. B- sol,ing the modified *9n. 3'&4# the ,erte5 dis(la)ements# rotations and
h-drostati) (ressure )an 6e o6tained# after whi)h# using *9n. 3C4# the midside node
dis(la)ements )an 6e )al)ulated. From *9ns. 3D4 and 364# the strain and stress field )an
6e determined su6se9uentl-.
). *umerical test results
Four &D (lane strain 6en)hmar1 (ro6lems with in)om(ressi6le material 6eha,iour were
)onsidered. The first and the se)ond e5am(les are isotro(i) (late under sim(le tension
and sim(le shear# the third one is )ase of a s9uare (late su6Be)t to (ure 6ending. The
fourth )ase is an infinite long tu6e su6Be)te to internal (ressure. The ,alue of materialHs
shear modulus# G# is )hosen as '.A.a. For ea)h )ase# the )al)ulated results were
)om(ared with that of theoreti)al results.
(.1 Test 1 and 2: simple tension and s.ear of a s"uare plate
An infinitel- long s9uare (late with the length and width of &m!&m su6Be)ted to sim(le
tension stress '.AMa is shown 6- the solid lines in Figure &. A 9uarter model is
anal-sed and the model is dis)reti7ed into four different si7e 6-node triangle elements.
The dotted lines in Figure & show the e5(e)ted deformed mesh. The )al)ulated results
show that the )onstant strain field is e5a)tl- (redi)ted. Figure C shows the initial and the
deformed mesh of an infinitel- long s9uare (late with length and width of 'm!'m
@
su6Be)t to sim(le shear. As the sim(le tension )ase# the solid and dotted lines re(resent
initial and deformed mesh. From this figure# the e5a)t deformation sha(e is o6tained.
(.2 Test problem 3: #"uare plate sub/ected to pure bendin0
The third test e5am(le# shown in Figure D 3a half model4# is an isotro(i) s9uare (late
with length &.Am su6Be)t to (ure 6ending loading and the linearl- ,ar-ing edge normal
stress is gi,en 6-
A
&
4 & J 3
1
y
1 x
x

3'C4
Theoreti)al results of the dis(la)ement )om(onents are as following

'

1
y x
)
u
1
xy
)
u
y
x
& &
A
A
&

3'D4
where $oungHs modulus )22G3144 is and FA.E.
'A
5igure & deformed and undeformed
mesh of a (late su6Be)ted to sim(le
tension# magnif- fa)tor 'eE


Figure C deformed and undeformed
mesh of a (late su6Be)ted to sim(le
shear# magnif- fa)tor &eD
B

.



A

:

-
&$a A . '
A

Figure D A thi)1 s9uare (late su6Be)t to (ure 6ending
Figure E To( right )orner ,erti)al dis(la)ement )hanges with the num6er of di,ision
along 5 dire)tion
Figure 6 To( right )orner hori7ontal dis(la)ement )hanges with the num6er of di,ision
along 5 dire)tion
The half (late model is tested using a )onsistent refinement of a regular mesh with the
same num6er of di,ision along 5 and - dire)tions. The 6oundar- )onditions are0 The
hori7ontal dis(la)ements and in-(lane rotations along left edge are 7erosK the ,erti)al
dis(la)ement at the middle (oint of the left edge is 7ero. Figure E shows the )om(arison
6etween the )al)ulated and theoreti)al results of ,erti)al dis(la)ement of to( right
)orner under mesh refinement. From this figure# it )an 6e seen that the )al)ulated results
''
Top right corner V displacement varies with Nx
-2.8E-06
-2.6E-06
-2.4E-06
-2.2E-06
-2.0E-06
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 2
Nx
V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

d
i
s
p
.
!

m

"alc#lated V
Theoretical res#lts
Top right corner $ displacement varies with Nx
1.4E-06
1.8E-06
2.2E-06
2.6E-06
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 2
Nx
%
o
r
i
&
o
n
t
a
l

d
i
s
p
.
!
m

"alc#lated $
Theoretical res#lts
)on,erge to the theoreti)al results. Figure 6 shows the results of the hori7ontal
dis(la)ement at the to( right )orner# similar trend as Figure E )an 6e o6ser,ed although
the hori7ontal dis(la)ement )on,erges slower than that of ,erti)al dis(la)ement.
(.3 Test problem (: 5nflation of an infinitely lon0 tube under internal pressure
Figure >3a4 is a s)hemati) drawing of an infinitel- long tu6e3a 9uarter model4 su6Be)ted
to internal (ressure# the tu6e material is linear in)om(rensi6le material with shear
modulus 'AA.A.a. The anal-ti)al solution of radial dis(la)ement is
r
r
r r
r p
G
u
o
i o
i i
r
& &
&
'

3'E4
Figure > ;nfinitel- long tu6e su6Be)ted to internal (ressure. 3a4 a 9uarter model with
loading and 6oundar- shown# 364 the undeformed 3solid line4 and deformed
mesh3dashed line4# solid and em(t- )ir)le re(resent nodes atta)hed to undeformed and
deformed mesh res(e)ti,el-# the num6er of di,ision along the radial and hoo(
dire)tions are all D# dis(la)ement am(lifi)ation fa)tor is6eD.
'&
3a4
364
A
B
:
D
Figure ? The relati,e error ,aries with the num6er of di,ision along radial dire)tion
Figure @ The )om(arison 6etween numeri)al and anal-ti)al results
The tu6e inner and outside radius are A.'m and A.Dm res(e)ti,el-# the internal (ressure
is '.AMa. The s-mmetr- 6oundar- )onditions were a((lied for the line AB and :D#
and the rotations along these two lines are all )onstrained. Figure >364 shows a the
undeformed and deformed mesh of a s(e)ial )ase with the num6er of di,ision along
radial and hoo( dire)tion are all D. From this figure# the a5i-s-mmetri)al deformation is
o6ser,ed. Figure ? shows the relati,e error of the inner 6orn radial dis(la)ement
against the num6er of di,isions along the radial dire)tion. With the mesh refinement#
the relati,e error 6e)omes smaller and smaller. ;n Figure @# with the di,ision along
radial and hoo( dire)tion of C&# the )om(arison 6etween the numeri)al and anal-ti)al
results of radial dis(la)ement (rofile along 6oundar- AB is (resented. ;t )an 6e )learl-
seen that the (resented method )an gi,e good results.
+. onclusions
'C
0
'
10
1'
20
0 10 20 0 40
Number of divisions along radial and
hoop directions
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

e
r
r
o
r
relative error
2.E-0(
4.E-0(
6.E-0(
8.E-0(
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24
Radial distance of the points to the
centre of the tube
R
a
d
i
a
l

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
,

m
theoretical res#lts
calc#lated res#lts
Si5-node triangle element with high order dis(la)ement field was used for )ell ,erte5
FV (ro)edure to ta)1le the &D (ro6lem with material 6eha,iour in)om(ressi6ilit-.
:onstant h-drostati) (ressure within ea)h element was assumed. With s(e)ial
)onstru)tion of :V and the re(la)ement of midside node dis(la)ement 6- neigh6ouring
edge node dis(la)ement and rotations# the total num6er of un1nown ,aria6les e9uals to
the total num6er of for)e and moment e9uili6rium e9uations. The 6en)hmar1 test
e5am(les shows that the (resented FV method )an (redi)t the )onstant strain field
e5a)tl-# and )an also (redi)t the linear and more )om(le5 strain field with the mesh
refinement
,eferences
<'= ;. Demird7i)# S. Mu7aferiBa. Finite ,olume method for stress anal-sis in )om(le5
domains. 5nternational 6ournal for 7umerical &et.ods in )n0ineerin0 '@@DK 3-0 C>E'-
C>66.
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Figure )a(tions
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