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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924068095417
TO
THE REY.
DR. ISAAC M.
WISE
AUTHOR
GRAMMAR
OF THE
ARAMAIC IDIOM
CONTAINED IN THE
BABYLONIAN TALMUD
WITH CONSTANT REFERENCE TO
GAONIC LITERATURE
BY
C.
LEVIAS
CINCINNATI
tTbe JBIocb iPubUebind and ptinting
I
Company
1900
PKBFACB,
The literature on the grammar of the idiom of the Babylonian Talmud is very scanty. There are only four works which
8. D. Luzzatto published in 1865 a short sketch Talmudic idiom intended as a handbook for his students.'' This excellent little work, though not quite satisfactory when judged by our present standards, will always retain a certain
require mention.'
of the
and, on the whole, correctly explained by In 1879 Dr. Gr. Ruelph published his inaugural dissertation, Zur Lautlehre der aramaeisch talmudischen Dialekte.
which the author discusses the comparative This work is a valuable contribution to Talmudic phonetics, and it is to be regretted that the author has not continued the subject. In 1888 Dr. A. Rosenberg published a dissertation, Das aramaeische Verhum im babylonischen Talmud, which is a good, though not exhaustive, exposition of the verbal forms in the Talmud. Lastly, in 1895 Dr. Liebermann published his inaugural thesis: Das Pronomen und das Adverbium des babylonisch - talmudischen Dialektes, a work incomplete and a mere compilation. Besides the above works, Noeldeke's excellent Mandaic grammar, although not bearing directly upon our subject, contains many valuable references to the Babylonian Talmud, and has been of great help
I.
Die Kehllaute,
in
Columbia College, containing the treatises tibjO ]tip 13>150 Q^nni D^HCS These MSS. have some words and Alfasi's compendium of HlS^i
I also
made use
of the
Talmud MS8.
,
.
in possession of
,
" Notes de grammaire Jud6o-Babylonienne," R:J., I., 212-221 and 1 Cf. also J. Levy, M. Lewin, AramHische SprilchwOrter und Volkssprilche, pp. 24-28. ^Elementi grammat. del Caldeo-Biblico del dial. Talm. Babilonese, Padua, 1865. Germ, translation by M. S. Krueger, Breslau, 1873; Engl, translation by J. S. Goldammer,
;
St.
Petersburg,
1880.
VI
PREFACE
vocalized.
Whenever
that vocalization
is
referred
to,
this
is
expressly stated.
than would otherwise have been possible. This, however, does not imply any claim to having succeeded in restoring the original
vocalization.
Some
owe
to
my
esteemed teacher. Dr. Paul Haupt, Professor of Semitic languages in the Johns Hopkins University.
INTKODUOTION.
The Babylonian Talmud is written partly in Hebrew and The latter is a dialect of upper Babylonia,
partly in Aramaic.
still
spoken in the eleventh century/ and is closely akin to the We find no special name for this dialect, it being generally spoken of as ri''53'1!!<l or ''^"lij; 'Slfib an appellation used
Mandaic.^
,
Aramaic dialects.^ The Babylonian Talmud, or, more precisely, the Babylonian Gem&r&, was committed to writing about 500 A. D., but did not
its final
receive
is a
It
over a period of
(200-500).
Earlier
from Meghillath Ta'anith and from encyclicals of the patriarch R. Gamliel II. All these belong to the Palestinean Aramaic, and
1
Cf. C. Levias,
AJP., XVI.,
sq.
8,
note
4.
c/.
p. 340.
is
Jepheth
which
probably a
mistake for JCUuJyftJI SJU the language of the Pharisees. His compiler in the
renders
it
TtCyH
'D
Vide D. S. Margoliouth's note on p. 7 of his edition of said by D''!31 11105 commentary (Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series, I.). R. ^emah GaOn in his answer with reference to Eldad, quoted by Epstein in his edition of Eldad ha-D&ni, p. 7, says
Diiffib bt^-iiB'^
piriba
20.
imx
TiD-na
D13l"in TlIBb
74)
ef.
Maimonides
in his
ch.
is
TllS 5017
"^I'ly as used
P. 64) by QlJinn 1^71 bSX. DunaS, in his Aramaic of the Targumim 1111)3 plSb while Parchon calls also Bibl. Aramaic D15i"in The author of QniBn *1SD calls Bibl. Aramaic nowm^nn dad. sba, nbia, nno), now I'ais iTcb (rad,iyD),now i:5imD ;iib (rad. *7*in HBD) or IJIIIID 'b (rad. 1T3i)' An anonymous writer in Arabic calls our
rendered by Falaquera
(niTan
miM
maTOn
>
dialect 111323
his
Nabatean
classes
(.cf.
E. Levita in
Ms
preface to
llQSnfTa
Targum Onkelos,
of
pseudo-
]11Bb as opposed to the l^blBlll yVCOb of the Jonathan and of the Talmud Babli as Targum Jerushalmi and the Talmud Jerushalmi.
1
bM
It
INTRODUCTION
style.
To an
and some proverbs. To a later period belong minor additions of the Saboraim and Geonim.^ As might have been expected from the compilatory nature of the Talmud, its language is not uniform, but shows traces of various stages of development. Originally, the dialectical and But in chronological variations must have been quite marked. course of time these differences were smoothed down by later scholars, familiar forms and expressions being substituted for rare ones, and dialectical characteristics have thus largely been
obliterated.
Such
treatises
studied in the schools and therefore were not subjected to the pro-
much as other parts of the Talmud. Here Tamid, Me'ila, Temura, Nedarlm and Nazir, especially the two last mentioned treatises. They are marked by older forms of the possessive suffixes "ji5~, "pj''~; "|in~, "jin^ for
cess of obliteration as
belong,
among
others,
^i-,
^T-, Ti-,
S|!T'-;
KIH
Vbtl and
,
xnpDX
remains
"''^''53
J^HFlX
''T'"'!
Ti''
undecided,
who spoke
of
it P
)n*lS^''
well,
or
"'biJ^I
proper.
Kbtl"'!
,
as such in the
In some places dialectical expressions are specially mentioned Talmud. A collection of such expressions has been
in his Fremdsprachliche
Leipzig, 1869.
1 For editions of tiie Talmud c/. Rabbinovioz, b? 1MS1Q in Vol. VIII. of his Variae Lectiones. Literary and methodological introductions have been written by H. L. Strack, Einleitung in den Talmud, 2d ed., 1894, and M. Mielziner, Introduction to the Talmud, Cincinnati, 1894. The last mentioned work is indispensable to a proper under-
TTabnn HDSHn
INTEODUCTION
J.
The lexicography of the Talmud has been treated of late by Levy in his Neuhebrdisches und chalddisches WOrterhuch, Leipzig, 1876-1889; by A. Kohut in his Aruch Completum, Vols. I.-VIII., Vienna, 1878-1892, Supplement to Aruch Completum, New York, 1892; and by M. Jastrow in his Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, London and New York, 1886, sq. (still unfinished) The text of the Talmud is in a very unsatisfactory condition and a critical edition of it is much to be desired. An invaluable
contribution to textual criticism
is
Mischnam
et in
Talmud
Babylonicum, Vols. I.-XV., Munich, 1867-1886. A critical edition of the Talmud is not to be expected in the near future. The preliminary work required for such an underthe completion of the work begun by the late Rabtaking binovicz, and critical editions of the early commentators and
epitomizers
will require
some time. For the present, the edihandy form and esthetic garb, with
very
such
much
to
be desired. M. Friedman' and Professor H. L. Strack.'' It is also to be hoped that the various languages and dialects contained in post-biblical Jewish literature be also separately
treated lexicographically.
was in the main the spoken language of the time. This is evident from the numerous proverbs and other haggadic elements recorded in the Talmud. But the scholastic terminology is essentially an artificial product The vocabulary contains a number of words of the scholars. borrowed from the Persian, but very few words of Greek and Latin. The few words of classical origin occurring in Aramaic
The language,
as
it
has come
down
to us,
phraseology are probably borrowed from Palestinean literature, and did not belong to the language of the people.' Its orthog1
" Babylonischer
The treatises
of the
'AbOth,
Proc. of PMF.,
INTEODUOTION
is
raphy
in the
is
ground
750-1138)
To
this class
belong the
of
rTinbiinZJ
Another version
was published by
"jiX^ XI'^lTIJ
I.
by A. Neubauer in MedicevalJewish
I., 4,
Oxford,
1887) and the Aramaic t]''iisan riia^^SPl for the literature of which cf. Z. Frankel, Entwurf einer Geschichte der Litteratur
der nachtalmiidischen Responsen, Breslau, 1865, and J. Mueller,
D^iiitari nin^TiJnb
nns^j
of the
Berlin, i89i.
Gaonic literature shows the influence of this is especially the case in the forms of the possessive and enclitic personal suffixes, and in the retention of
nun
and
participles.
Cf.
Dalman,
; ; ,
I.
Talmud, the number same as in Hebrew. 2. No vowel-signs are used in the Talmud. Traditional pronunciation employs the whole variety of vowel-sounds found in the Masoretic text of the Bible. biliD is rare, the prefer1.
Letters.^
of letters,
Vowels.
and
in the
^"l!
or p1"'M
Numerals.
numerals,
400.
3.
The
used for
for
i^-l: are
100-
Compound numbers
12, lb 34,
pfl
;
jip 123.
600, "IH
are expressed
,
500 by
700, irn 800, nn 900, pmm etc' When the letters are used within the text with numerical value they always have the sign of
abbreviation ( 6) IT'S ,28; 'j 3; tT'bp 185.' pagination, the sign of abbreviation is omitted.
: , ,
When
used for
Heading of Numerals. 4. When the number consists of one or of two letters, the names of the letters are read, Thus, 'j
is
, ,
not read
U^flbri
or nbpl
"pTIJ
which
SJ^H
it
so
^'*1.
H'la-l
248.
For the names of the letters cf. Hamburger, Real-Eticycl. f. Bibel u. Talmud, Supplem.^ Grammatlk." Notice also the usual pronunciation of the following names of letters AUeph, Gimmel, DaUed, 5Stt, TSth, Yftd, Kflph, Lammed, Sammekh, QJaddlq (Berliner, for yif 49 has "l^b for Beitr&ge zur hebr. Gram., 22), Qllph. TG., ed. Harkavy, 26
article "
IJ
TKlb ("/. Samaritan Labad, Petermann, Gram, sam., p. 2, written ni<nb Munk, TM. 10) The forms of the names of the letters Col. MS. (Meg. end) yoc. bl2'^5 SG. has ST for IS"!
, ; .
my
In later Hebrew thousands are expressed by units with dots over them. Thus S 2000 H 5000. Numbers from 500-900 are expressed in Masoretic writings by the In writing, the final letters are always written on the left V^ = 903. final letters "I-V
1000
;
In MSS.
we
Thus
^("1^21
or
I.
[5
vowel signs
Diacritical Signs.
5.
ifij'l
and
The end of a section is indicated by a double point (I).^ The same sign marks the end of a quotation from the Misna at the head of a section. The employment of this sign is not always consistent. Minor subdivisions are not marked. 6. A word not written out in full is followed by a slanting
do not occur in the
text.
Thus,
'"I
'523
i<n53a
If
is
Thus,
.
"l"n
Tr"52,
b"ap, for
"Sa"]
tn
"jb
y^Jiaa
Sp
used as numerals (3) or of the letters of the alphabet. Thus n"bl, b"X:"'j, ri"^3, q"bK 'Aleph, Beth, Gimel, Daleth, to
distinguish
are employed to
mark
letters
them from
~[bi^
thousand,
IT'S!
house, etc.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
Vowels.
cated by
1
:
^^2K they
''"'iTiJsb
The vowels o, 6, 6, u and m are invariably indiI shall hill; ^tSVZ death; ""^Inlii^ another (f.); said; S"12^3 man. The mater lectionis is sometimes
bit:pN!
"1
7.
as second stem-consonant:
8. mater lectionis
go up;
I'^'l'pS;
"^
&, e, i, i
and
by the
1^350 thou
t\'')2
I shall
they say;
died;
"^"Ht,
if; T'T'!^
or P^T go thou.
But the is sometimes omitted. This is generally the case with words common to both Aramaic and Hebrew; e. g., DblE/O pays;
T23"iS'p
quently by
or a,
when
final, is
marked by H
less fre-
Inter-consonantal a or (3 is seldom indicated by i< never by H This is the case in MSS. and later literature more frequently than in the printed text: i<tl3b52 queen; NSTS
evil,
bad;
b5D''5TD
T
.
;
is
about
to die;
nb"''ffiSl
..
For the etymology of the term cf. C. Levias, AJP,, xvi, 28-37, and Am. Joubn. of Sem, Lang, and Lit., XIII., pp. 79-80. 2 In MSS. one point is sometimes used instead. 3 In MSS. we find frequently instead of the stroke a dot on the last letter. * S to mark 1"1JJ is found only in Nn^ he will be, SHP she will be, which belong to MiSnic Hebrew. 5 Cf. also Levy, Neuh. Wb., s. v. TT'T.
13]
she cooked;
TXyiX'^'l'')^
ORTHOGRAPHY
X^SS she
is
able;
full.
tT^/JN;
is fit;
The
Exceptions are "|t553 = "113 "2 it from from; and verbs with a guttural as third stem-consonant, and consonantal 1 as second stem-consonant, in order to mark the a- vowel: "iNITJJ^b let him
10. nriS
is
jump;
"IX-lTO
goes about.
di and di,
'''
11.
The diphthongs
, :
when
soul;
final,
are generally
indicated by ^X
rarely
!a':XJ5
seldom by
''Si'iri
when
inter-consonantal,
\Xrr'''^T\3.
by
'''
by ^K
''^^^2j^i
rejoice
my
last (f.);
stands.
a
11
:
contraction
XiIJII'^l
of
tread-
ing;
Jipll'JI
exactness;
is
i<51lT2i
tDT'A
13.
Vocal sevd
"'tT'Tfl
e. g.,
T'3.'''$
do,
man,
tarrying,
running about.
This
is
espe-
and and other verbs, and was probably pronounced According to Dalman,'' the Sabbioneta edition as a full vowel. of Onkelos and the Masora of that Targum frequently vocalize the prefixes of the imperfect and infinitive of ''"U verbs with i followed by ddghes of the first stem-consonant, or, in case of To this he remarks resolution, by e, by analogy with yy verbs. in a note: " The tendency of the forms q^tal, q^tul to pass into qittal, qittul, is also elsewhere to be observed (c/. Barth, Nomcially the case in the imperfect, at times also in the infinitive
participle of ^"iy
^
inalbildung, 196).
Mere lengthening
this I
may
Sapplr,
55 a)."
To
(c/. Safir, 'Eben would add, that in the recently disvocalization we find i, e, or a for vocal
all.^
It seems, there-
that
is
the development
of
Judeo-
Aramaic
1
Cf. C. Levias,
HehalUe,
Nachgel. Schriften, V., Hebr. part, p. 7sg. 2 Orammatik des jild.-pal. Aramiiisch, % 70, 3. 3C/. Friedlander, PS4., XVIII., March, 1896, p. 90.
11.
PHONOLOGY.
A.
CONSONANTS.'
14.
j,
General Bemarks.
judge: 5
e.g., -^
:
"'1
:
this,
Kjp'^
As in the cognate Aramaic dialects and o; e. g., c' XT2J2^'n honey, 5531^" and beard. m represents both
13
J^S'^ImX
;
another
e.
gr.,
dnn
!><^^ti
to sign; nUtt" to
break
represents Js and Ji
:
Jo
S^tiyti tosfe,
reason,
iX'd'O to
be unclean; io
,
mountain.^
y represents
a
:
and
e. g., p.:
IJ^^TS rzjfg'
ii'ab:?
(/o
!S;1:l"iW rai;e?i,
Ka*'? cZowd,
befall,
bb?
to en^er,
in; (jo
T23
nJ>''S
egffir,
J^J or
3>^!!^
to
happen,
^^2 disease.
(but
"iD
Xnil3''"i!!<
(also XPC"!}*)
a certain meal
to compel,
"iW
in
fo 6e satiated, J^jpiu
lip,
Satan
Kri^SiJir /la^red
fo /lafe),
!*<3ffl
fo burn,
a certain bird;
doubtful.
In other cases
yy
:
it
appears as C.
TsTCi
represents ^^ and
^,
e. g.,
rilnS to
open,
to die,
Tl'iIJ
to
drink; ^^
^in
In the few
other dialects.
Pronunciation.
15.
all
The
probability, differ
But
I.,
Cf.
Haupt, ZDMG.,
is
BA.,
249s3.;
41sg.
This word
v^
is
infixed as that in
V'ltyV or
top
This
is
the Arab.
(^
bocfc, Assyr.
{Iru
Heb.
high.
C/.
tlie
iV^
y33
hill,
^3
,
back. For a similar change from Arab. Y\"S to Aram. Y'J? / Arab. V^J" > Fraenkel, Fremdw., 42.
17]
tion of
CONSONANTS
some of the sounds seems to have varied. This is evident from the variations in spelling and from the transcription we find in Arabic for Aramaic loan-words.'
Gutturals.
16.
H by
^ by
or
all
and y by c
The pronunciation
The words
17.
As appears from
the
Talmud (Meg. 24
The
retention
b,
M. Q. 16
the
b,
Ker. 8 a), the Babylonians did not properly distinguish the gutturals
in
their pronunciation.
is,
of
various
gutturals in script
in
Hence,
find
not transparent,
we frequently
^'T^'!!
phonetic spelling.
Thus, in
"iHT to be cautious,^
"Tlfl
one another,
buD
Tl for ety-
mological
i^TIJ^B^tt
.*
In
Jj^bliJ^X
pounded grain,
!!^
Hm23"'!!<
name of
a canal,
a kind of fish,
Tl
we have
it.
f or
we have
!!<
.
as well as 5 for
In
^<^^^
l!^
:
tfyS,
,
For
n we
have X or y in
XIS
turn; while
b,
for y
KHH
(Col. MS.,
Meg. 12
S^y
alongside of KS5<) thicket, ^siK twigs, W^'I^U^ bulrushes, a. fr. Of. Noeldeke, loc. cit.j also Nestle, Marginalien u. Materialien,
p. 69.=
The fact that post-vocalic ? is pronounced as a vowel shows even more clearly that the retention of the gutturals is in many Thus W2'Sp is pronounced t4imo. This cases merely graphic.
points to an earlier
1
i^^Q'^tJ
just as in Assyrian."
Fraenkel, op. cit.. Introduction. Noeldeke, MG., 58. 3 This word has nothing to do with "IHT to shine, but metathesis, cf. Earth, ES., 3, 4 (IBIn and p'a).
Cf.
2
Cf.
is
^ the Arab. \
v^
For similar
''
also Harkavy's note, p. 356, oi his edition ot the TG. similar promiscuous use of the gutturals is found in Phenician (Sohroeder, Ph6niz. Spr., 79sg.), Samaritan (Uhlemann, Imt. lingu. Samar., I., ISsg.), Neo-Syriao (Noeldeke,
i Cf.
6
NSG.,
6
56sg.),
and
Palest.
Aramaic (Dalman,
op.
cit., 44).
, , ,
,
In the same
way Hebrew words like nbyiO ITOX'SD a'^iyH I'CiTq bSiJ'a and pronounced mAilo, mfiimor, mSiriv, mfiimod, m4ichol. But HD^yp
>
m a r 6 ch o.
The pronunciation
change
of accent.
of the above
is
in spite of the
Thus, maim(5rlm,
maich61Im, maim6dOs.
; ,
10
Palatals.
II.
PHONOLOGY
''
[1^
18. Initial
nounced i< to judge from a few cases where Si is actually written and from the fact that after the precative b the prefix of the imperfect, even if it is followed by an a-vowel, is frequently
dropped.
Ned. 30
b, li^'^j'^i
B. Q. 113 b;
Din''
for
is
to sit, ySlIJb
let
On
him pass.
as consonantal
by doubling it. 19. J and i like 3,1,3 and tl had a double pronunciation as mutae and as spirants. 3 is transcribed by the Arabs generally
as _.
liS';
,
sometimes as ,v
is
liJ",
ji
is
generally c
sometimes by
_,
or
is
So we
Talmud
^bp^S
and
"bp"]:)
shepherd's
t^PSp^p
cf.
= iSri23"l3
J is
properly noddle;
j'^UJ
and
plllj
to
jump,
.
written promiscuously.
Lingiials.
lAj
.
20.
''1
is
rendered in Arabic by
T by o
by <y
like
''I
^ by
In traditional pronunciation T
.
is
pronounced
could he
like C
t2 is
"1
not distinguished in
modern pronunit
The
T
Sibilants. % 21.
rarely
(j^
.
is
D and
TC
TO
are
(_^
iS is ,jo
and
ji
In the Talmud
is
while the other sibilants are at times used indiscriminately. Thus, X^pB and S;pS street-well (V. L., B. B. 8 o) iiibtJ^pns
;
Sn^^ri-'K rows, F.
MS., B. B. 12 a;
,
^^I^**'
i<1CN
S11I5<
crcejy^r,
T^D
biiuls,
28 5;
!!5VC3>,
^'':i5>
and
iiFl'ffi"'"l!S!
a certain meal;
pC?
and
"p"]'!??
to tread.
[J
Labials.
i_j
,
2 by
1
22. Si is rendered in Arabic transcription by ^_, sometimes by ^ 1 and a are rendered by , and \
.
cit., 86,
and
l2'=l"'i<,
SO.,
232,
26]
3 by
CONSONANTS
11
sometimes by (^
11 is
With
words where
the
Talmud
retains
But 3 and
11
^ and S
are sometimes
written indiscriminately.
"'"inS
""STCSIS
and
''3^113 a species of
tamed doves,
and
""^ISS
excrements,
Ddghes and EdpM. 23. The rules for the pronunciation of nSSHji as tenues, or mediae, and as spirantized are about the same as in Hebrew and Syriac; but the following may be noticed: a) Unlike the Syriac, H5i^jn has no daghes after a diphthong;
b)
e. g., S<ri';a,
13''^^.
The n
when
c)
that consonant be
ciation; '
g., *^'
ssniTiJ,
TT
xrnpTna, t'.:
i^"'n3i<, x^jfio,
:-
tt:
TT
d) 3
t'.:
is
Papa and
to
"'
'BB Papi.
Changes of Consonants.
their analogy.
Gutturals.
^"13>
24.
S changes
Thus,
pels,
C^p
'&''T\
Also in the Pa"el and Ithpa"al of verbs K "y stands, tl'^'^S listens, t\'^'')2 dies, T'''2 hinds, ~|''^3 comfeels pain,
b"'''?
enters,
b"'''T2J
asks,
,
T'^iTfl
he
etc.,
left,
omitted, T'TlTZJi^
remained.
The forms
55
ffi^^
D'^i^j^
are
The
and
in
J^^i^K
interstice,
r!(5i5
Verbs Wj have passed entirely into verbs ''"0 25. n changes to 1 or in J^blj 5<b^3 he, she, lit. this one In the last two ( 177), i<1p to he blunt, t^iri to be astonished. phonetic change. Win than cases we may have metathesis rather
remainder.
'^ ,
may
i^'^i^^T
.'
26.
T\
appears frequently as
;
iXS,tl foliage
of a palm,
;
Arab,
1
^o^
vi^
i^J^H a proper
name = X3^n
Cf.
Syriac Q-*oai
= ooiom and
Palestinean
iTl^'i'^X
= nStlift Dalman,
.
12
II.
PHONOLOGY
cf.
[27
Sometimes
it
Tin
to
16, 17.
inter-
changes with a
27. y regularly
changes to
'$')\^
i<
when
in the
same word:
^^
In
to
there
is
another
jy6 hyena.
Cf. also
17.
"Irtj
to laugh,
we have
j for ?
Whenever
!?
corresponds to Arab.
^JO it
=
p
c
!'
its
Verbs
yb
"b
it'OTIJa,
T
,
Palatals.
K53T253
( 18), with i
j,
^W
It
couple, the
becomes
as
,
changes perhaps to 1 in
.
.
"Ijlfl
send.
But the
latter is
In
"'SX
X
,
"'S'^^IJ^Sl
''D''T2"lp
vetch;
i<!n'';3i^p
dealers in vegetables;
^^vyT^^
^tTlipTp
in the
balls,
cakes.
texts is probably
30. Intervocalic
changes to
55
n^-.
for
HN^^b
the Libya?!,
*H;'nln3,,
*!J5;n^b.'
in verbs:
n>{^tDn''i<
she
was
b.
healed, Keth., 62 b;
^iH^^Tviif.
"^
But generally
Dentals.
occasionally
^T
T
intervocalic
is
Arab.
c>
and
j,
but
,
corresponds to ^ Thus, '^T then, now (182), n^T to slaughter'; i^iXl^n, KS'^;;! loss; ^}yc,
it
appears, even
when
if^brj
dripping;
Syriac
j
K^3'''^
K^3^T
twigs;
SOn'^'IT
Cf.
n\^\ii = jl'-iSn t,
,
Hebrew
nbS^n may
original.
2
Assyrian equivalent,
may be
For
is
this
41;
op.
cit., p.
change cf. Bibl. Aramaic tSjP'IX earth; in some dialects, cf. D. H. MtOler, Noldeke, MG., 66; Munk, TM.'j?. 44, u. 127. Ethiopic SaqOqavja, o cry,
lament,
a Saph'el of *qOqaua
to howl,
= ^-^OyO
it is
One
is
German "koiken"
also
although
diifloult to see
Cf.
p2"l3
3 1
BG.,
,
ed. princ.
= ^22^
almond.
cast bubbles.
C/. 36.
Similar
the interchange of
T and
Hebr.
Cf.
IpW
Syr.
]r^
Cf. Jaeger,
Mllller, Inschr.
63.
CONSONANTS
36]
tion;
13
6ee,
t:'t.-
In Kl
If^'^
Arab.
1^
^
,
( 185)
it
corresponds to
In the following examples we have not an interchange of b and ^ but a rare syntactical use of T which can be paralleled in Assyrian: ^'l^'^a''! ^^h does it not mean to say, Col. MS., Zeb. 50 aj &()5D''S'7 ''"iblri'l i^l^T'l'] '"'liril and oxen for ploughing and dates for trade, Sabb. 19 h.'^ In the first example there may also be dissimilation due to the preceding llJ^b .'
,
32.
tS
but occa-
sionally
it
interchanges with
thus, ^112
and
^ti'a
In ybtJ
it
to limp.*'
:
33. dadianj
n sometimes
interchanges with 1
,
InHFTiljS the
Bag-
%21.
Liquids.
''ItlS
let
him
he, for
TT'lH sufficient
Kfi^lb
,
a,
for
b^VTQ
.'
Latin
.
nummus,
ITllIl
coin.
5
Cf. also
36.
85.
changes to ^ in
.
Jj^SlC'^l
fowler.
Compare
'i2,
,
also 'HSp to
"IS son,
is
similar change
would be in
tlSl
;
daughter,
if
"1
but this
doubtful.
Final
a.
changes to
in DTn23553 he
makes water, O.
simply
"I
36.
"I
appears frequently as 1
This
may be
a
to
graphical error.
9
^
But
9
change of
Cf. also
Arab.
V^S
alongside of
J^f^
piBriS
niSlbbl
tor n^S'inb'l,
and
'^b
inJater literature:
ibid. 373.
Srai^ =
3 The stock example for the interchange of 5 and 1 has always been HTX = 5TS But from the fact that the word occurs only in two forms, iJ'^Tt? and ^"TS ^^ both genders, and only in the sense of the present, and used only in the set phrase H'^TOI^IOb fc^^TX and only in a metaphorical sense, it is evident that such use of the word is only a piece of school-wisdom, based on a wrong interpretation of a biblical passage. A root Tr&5 is a mere fiction of our lexicographers. Later Hebrew literature abounds in parallels of a similar kind. Suffice it to point to HDyS *o disclose, 1!SS2p end, and 35 tlSJlllfl grief. A full collection of such words would be of considerable interest.
'
* Cf.
may
"\iJ and
,,
14
1
is
II.
PHONOLOGY
[3"^
change may in some cases be phonetic. The physiological kinship between n and 1 seems to be the same as between 5* ( = 5 ) and
attested in living speech/ such a
"I
changes to b in
T.
Tibn
tivo,
'^G'b'n
c/.
twelve (136).
37.
On
interchange with T
31.
^^
;
to
make
Arab.
KTISI
to
heat
is
T^3
through, cross,
is
38.
D stands
for
uo
in i:iD to
to
wait,
hope for.
to
On
the
cup corresponds
Arab. Ill
to
examine a
wound.
The
latter is
connected with
vo
an ulcer).*
For its interchange with other sibilants cf. 21. 39. ^ interchanges with other sibilants (21), with a It stands for Arab, u* in "]"l2 to he in need, "iSl to he ( 32). few, yay to press together,^ y^iS to cry, shout = fr''^^
^y^
to cast huhhles.
1
121.
For Ethiopic
,
cf.
"l
Pratorins in SA.,
I.,
p. 45.
From an
original
)S.<flJ all
2 p
.
and
as second stem-consonant,
which appear
3
can be derived.
Cf. also
Hebrew DT3
6<J soil
(')
locust
'
-'
-r
;
"
^'i^'H book,
>--<*
rT'llST
with ^jH'"^
..'I
' ".?
,
pi.
Cf.
Fraenkel, op.
cit.,
The developis
ment
of
to
collect, to
5\La-OT book
similar to
thatin i.jLXJ
from ^_/-0
sew together.
C/. later
and
nSiiC to
p. T\"''psq.).
V_j1.a5
*
^IDiO (Targ.)
find in
^^0
a. v.
Assyr.
96,8:
50).
Interesting variants to
131D we find
in the Targ. to
Psalm
cf.
Levy,
TWb.
^30
to Arab.
yyO
ISin and
'ISITC
to an Arabic by-form
Similarly
we
find
Hebrew
"13TB grain
= Arab. 5wO
5
Earth, ES.,
44]
40.
worth.
'ffl
CONSONANTS
interchanges with
in
"^12)52
,
15
bplT
,
T\
in
bplH
to
weigh,
be
With
In
]1L^)2
,
''ti'U
to
wash.
Labials.
41.
.
2.
On
interchange of
1 with
53
and 3
.
cf.
22.
for 1UJ''a
for
iJ^S^p"!?
= Hebr.
42.
1
:
3i|p"iy
53
Arab. i^yijS53
Assyrian
i^'^'l^lX
appears sometimes as
!!<D''Sl'1''112J
1
53
sometimes as
3
'iby upon,
.
wes^/
cypress.^
changes to
in
lltlfinf Aph'elof -nn to return, B. Q. 81 b, and in "Si^Plip^ melting, Sabb. 110 6y in the plural endings of pronouns, nouns and
verbs.
It stands for
1
.
in
!S53t5*lS
terebinth.
!^'^"l1
43.
11
Initial
""I
words:
Wau,
woe! alas!
In
all
proper (alongside of
it
''bl!*''),
rose and
its
other cases
DOUBLING.
44, Doubling takes place in traditional pronunciation about the same way as in Syriac:
a)
in
As
e. g.,
To show a double consonant; e. g., ''S3 5<53!!< As compensation for an assimilated consonant;
,
e. g.,
iXC\'^
d)
As compensation
^1p_
e. g.,
''p?
(182).''
artificially a short
To lengthen
word;
e. g.,
^WB
mouth,
e. g.,
SSIBi'
tongue, Arab.
,jUJ,
g) Doubling is retained at the end of a word in Ri^ thou, in the pronominal ending of the participle, ri'^53S thou sayest, and in
S"!
1
S*l
{cf.
.*
amurrd
^55 V T
for
S^I^S
stands
to see
may
also be connected
of proper names in the old versions and in Josephus e.g., Saddflk, Abessalam, Abennto, Annftn, for pIS,
shows us a Dl5^llS.
py
or
Wn
may have
pS
{=
'j3)
+ 01^ or 13
H.
16
II.
PHONOLOGY
[^^
dialects, resolution of
Resolution of Doubling. 45. To judge from the cognate doubling must have frequently taken place.
when the vowel changes its quality, from pT)! to ''^'2. or from nflS to yaj? not otherwise. Insertion of a Liquid. 46. Inseetion op Consonants.
a)
b) '
a
i:
KTiaaK
nut.
Hflli^
Karn T
:
'
feast; ^
t:-
pot;
^'^53
-:-
xt:-:
ray, Pers.
c)
bPS
to shake, to
let
blll"l5
to
^^"1123
hang down,
to
TliS'lS
i<ril2;3'l3
or i<rniJp"lp shepherd's
Note.
inserted
:
In words
all
of foreign origin
Tlj
seems to be similarly
;
^pT233 he searched,
l!<33T2J^b<
saddler,
Assyr.
askapu = Arab
oo
A
cf.
Assyr.
iskaru
= ikkaru^
X13S peasant,
before a /c-sound.
Insertion of tl 47. tl is sometimes inserted in short words in order to make them triconsonantal. Thus 'uTiy!^ fathers,
SfiaK bond-maid;
(i/'^ba), XtlpD mint;
^tlttii
the status of
"'nbir
end; Snil^pK
Insertion of a Semivowel. ^
or
'^
4:8.
is
ending of
]J<n'~
to
avoid an hiatus.^
assimilation.
49.
consonant
may be
In the
latter case
may
1.
Complete Assimilation.
50.
reciprocal.
J?
The
is
progressively
in
frequently
Fleischer in Levy's Diet., IV., 484 6. Cf. Sachau, Skizze des FelllcM-Dialekts von Mosul, p.
Cf.
15.
50]
CONSONANTS.
17
Thus, tZTiH^ was said,
was forbidden,
fl''b''^'n
nSFlJ^
he sighed,
Ht.'lUTliii.
was
said,
"''OTTIH
was
to
healed,
cheer oneself
6,
Col.
MS.
''alDi''i*b),
on the spot, at
word the
HS"^!"!
is
not doubled.
IWa
whence for
T
y^V/Z
from
"]X
^2
a proper
name
for Jti''^^^
2.
is
regressively
assimilated
(eds.
in
"jilS'^J^
ttet/,
''Sil
/^ese,
']in'1'^a
A,
Z.,
10
6),
!lln''bFn2353
you
726);
'^!J2i'^i^
fo cm/ to pieces.
is
assimilated in
!!<WD53
6a/A
(orig.
i<ln^Sa
90);
6, i.^'CpbTil]
itrin 6etoM;;
a certain dish
(^iS^nmS).
is
assimilated in STirT^ij^
was done.
3TI3*:=sabbu
= sab'u.
452!!^
Similarly
mne, V. L. Taan. 13
6,
for
tissue tis'u.^
^m
ihid.
5.
hyena, for
(27). '^a^^ ( = '?^'i<) Ool. MS., Zeb. 6 a6, 14 6, "^a^n 20 6; ''^''50 i6id. 18 6. By progressive assimilation i^^Sa
b is assimilated in
,
many forms
,
of the verb
;
pbO
to
,
go up,
J^np^T
ascend: p&^b
pS^n
for pbp'-b
pbD"'!;!
in
assimilated in
goat,
!!<3113,J5
Pi;^
thou,
l^FlllJ
,
'y\T\'i^
woman,
KSiSl
of,
/ace,
"]3&/.p
Ji-ry
^w/e,
t/ear,
oil
account
V. L. Pes. 3
6,
in verbs i"S
and in verbs
is
sixty;
t/e
^rs/,
assimilated in ^t3^p2
the ban,
ts
M. Q. 17 ay
(553
T\T\^^
//lere
tl^X)
553^b
ttere
or
'^'5^5
?s
tiot
(=!j53 n^i?
^^);
before
:
by analogy, before
10.
all
consonants
"iifN
Cf.
C/.
10, 1
AEV.,
10 1.
18
II.
PHONOLOGY
[51
^'T^TT^ they
was
was persuaded,
Assyrian
made profit,
9.
':;
is
tamgaru;
N and
S^bS'^TiK
with prothetic
salamtu.
Partial Assimilation.
ti, ::
51. a)
"S
is
partially assimilated to
in Xy^^t: Arab.
{^^^), ^?^^
Assyr.
tanners,
H^'^Sy pot,^
b) j
is
a measure!'
-Q
assimilated to
in
J^ri^j^lJT
in
i^'jiuJii
joist,
;
gusuru.
S to
and M
glass,
Heb.
ri-'S^jT
a certain bird,
c)
ri
to ^ in
i4rii2;^"l3
twist, ^'V'^'p
T
is
:
partially
assimilated to
verbs T"2
out transposition
it
a.
To
)!am
name
To " To p:
of a place.
To S
in Xp'^^ti excuse,
verbs 2"S
T(^1ti2"'!!5
was necessary,
Js^^^C^p
"iJti^K he grieved.
a.'
SD^'Elp small,
d) D
is
""^"^li
proud,^
or ^Z'uZ
Reciprocal Assimilation.
,'
52. o)
Here belong
^fSTs'l
";;
,
(92), Hebrew
to
.
TjC"2
and
j"/3
first
assimilated to
then 5
But they may also be T In X"Il7 outfit, Assyr. gubatu, zubatu, two parallel forms. dress, 2 is assimilated to '2 then to T 3 becomes 1 nZ"^ to prepare still occurs as variant to 'l^T
Similarly iSSTS for
iJtStlS
bundle.
ITI
Cf.
Cf.
Fraenkel,
69.
;
nTa^ay
something to
white.
to
taste,
ifXT^S Jiunk,
ib^DDy
concervs.
8
In later literature
"237
Cf.
131:3
Cf.
In later
Hebrew
*']T''1t3
or '^01113 is in form
(JwLle
"
to be out of
"
I
mind.
moaning
cf.
'X'Ti''
"
.-:
w^-y.AA/!
I
to he insane.
33, 51.
Cf.
Barth, ES.,
55]
6)
CONSONANTS.
19
sonant.
tT'"l3l3
The
pro-
DISSIMILATION."
of
53. In words containing two identical or similar sounds one them is usually dissimilated when the word is in frequent use. 1. b dissimilates to T in SFlb'^B'lB pepper, Col. MS., Meg. 7 bj
D
to
(^177);
mixture of
,
to T in
J^Tba^S
)
;
slice,
but the
stem
may be yCH
5<ri''bS'^^'.2
lohite
and
black.
2. 5
dissimilates to ^ in "p^ri
"iTl'^n
two (but
ti,1i^jT\
second)
rocket.
3. 4.
i^b''5'iii T ; -
1 dissimilates to
T\
in nj^rT'IjS the
Bagdadean.
To
b in
ln''3'"iTi
ants.
5. tJ
Ht2''t3iSl.
VANISHING OF CONSONANTS.
54. a)
Initial consonants.
is
dropped
in
~tr\
S^n
otie,
S^^M another,
to go.^
D
D
of i^lnS to
come and
blS^
"S
dropped in some forms of the imperative Qal of verbs following the analogy of the imperfect.
is
55.
b)
i^
is
'pbil those,
from
1''bs
SH.
;
It quiesces
form, from
StT''15<l'iFl
ii'T^ wild
also
head,
especially
in J4"S
verbs.
It is
elided
nX~ (82).
iiri";
,
n
!n
is
syncopated in
in
riD^n
(124).
Kln^TB
quiesces
"'JH^
sprout,
a certain bird
= Assyr.
aharsanu,
It is
1
or
ahursanu,
''iTliri
syncopated in
beneath, below.
Cf.
Cf.
Cf.
Haupt. BA., I., 3; W. B. H. (Hebraica, I., 231). Haupt, AEV., XII., 17-20; W. B. H. {.Hebraica,
I.,
22i sq.).
JO*
Hebr.
O J
,
In
liriD
Arab, ^^^^ji
yO
Syriac jj.
ll-
20
II.
PHONOLOGY
[56
second stem-consonant
to visit,
'p'^l
to stick in,
IW
.
to be
awake (secondary
Dp^S
C|W
:
to double, to do. a,
Arab.
Col.
.J^^
It quiesces also in a
a,
few verbs
$'"2
'13''7J
MS., Zeb. 60
in 1t:^T small,
It is
to
and
t\.
from
^t25>T = ^riyT
e.,
syncopated in
in the
compound numerals
In
"jiS
eleven,
twelve, etc.
(136).
we wow/.
5<1^T
Col.
for "|5?^.
upon ( 174). g'", separate elements g or then the The g in this case first became u were lost.' Perhaps belong here T2J31I3 and TZJUlTZJ ?
57. J is lost
in
"I
M. MS., Sabb. 80
from
^1233123
a.
,
in
the
compound H'lra
W^'^iS! i" say.
is
/J
^S),
and in
trim the
Q. 48 ay
vine, B.
I3''53lp
D is
b;
"p^O M.
MsVb.
makes water
ear.
[sibi)
in
1
59. 1 is
dropped in
III.,
312
that
J({D1^>5
T interchanges with
then
i{3^!!
= iJ<5"^K
) .'
In KrTlT
sorb-biish, ior
mr}1J
1
60.
o)
Final consonants.
,
and
"""b
.
V'b
and
The appears in a few forms, especially before and J are generally retained, but are treated in a few verbs and nouns like !!^. Thus, !!<5rt = r!3j to rumble, V in !!<''55 mint, i^'^'yifi. argument, "T2 to break, "'Hti to sink, "^13 to
t\
"^3113
to slant,
"'pTIJ
to sink,
^'^^'^{)2t^\ti^
to
have
is
Cf. also
Fraenkel, op.
cit.
2 3
For a change of
Perhaps also
cf.
Praetorius, BA.,
I., 44,
and Maclean,
for
106.
in the Palestinean
proper
name ijnbl
Nrilbl
child, as in Syriac.
But
it
may
also be a shortening of
Nnb'^X
or contraction of
Snby^
, ,
67]
61. ^ quiesces in
CONSONANTS.
21
some forms
of the imperfect
,
!!*'^^ri,
l/^a^5 fo say.'
and imperaIn
H. MS., B. M., Asherj perhaps also in "'W-iJ^ is superfluous, but'this may be ''ri''."'^ (M. MS., Sabb. 64a)." 62. b is dropped in some forms of blS^ to go: i^TiS; he went,
iX^W he sent,
locked,
86 a; in
M. MS., B. M. 101
MS., Pes. 110 6;
h,
103
let
6,
Col.
"TIS:
he goes. Col.
''T
''T''?
him
go,
Mem.
2 a;
go. Col.
fo/oes,
MSS. Sukk. 52 h.
Tl"iri
,
"'"iri
,
63.
'^Dri
D is
,
h, M. MS., A. Z. 3 a; In ^bp for ^tp light. dropped in the dual and plural of verb and noun,
h!'
In
^yQ
he took, Qidd., 81
two,
,
'^TH^IZ
two hundred,
^^'C!A
they say,
''S
between,
"3
for 13
^"l
"iv
The ^ for '^; )!&2 for 1^5^: (90). loses its 3 only in one case: rniS71''b
may
is
64.
m
lute
M. MS., Sabb. 43 h. dropped in J^IS^'H for ll^'^'l (159).' dropped in ""S house, ISSlIJ Sabbath, week/ in the absohe caught,
is
-I
state
of
is
feminine nouns:
"'^rilJli
or
"'^fllS
another, ^n5H
to
matrimony;
it
do
late,
Sabb. 119
to heal him,
85
6,
65.
'2
is
86
66.
a,
apocopated in ^n again, b^Tlip bleio, MSS., B. M. Rasl Taan. 24 a; ^D5 marnes, "Col. MS., M. Q. 3 6,
"03 Col.
MS., Zeb. 5 a. 53 is dropped in many forms of D^p to stand: ^p''i5, ^pTI ilp^b, ^p^5; ilp stand thou. Col. MS., M. Q. 25 6, M. MS., Sanh. 95 a; "-Sp", iXp^ stands; iHTy^ I stand. Col. MS., Zeb. 19 a, 5''pi7J I explain, ibid. Pes. 90 a; lri''ln''pi>5 1 explained it, ibid. M. Q. 25 a. Here the suffixed forms are derived from the apocopated forms. 67. JJilfia is^rillS desolaTkansposition of Consonants.
-^t;.t:.
;
Sb^S^P
1
itrp^li
&5;n^3
shuttle;
and
others.
Of.
SiaS
says, 'Anan,
to
''<* is
,
quoted by Harkavy in MWJ., 1893, p. 225. perhaps an Aph'el of bti?. For the development of meaning
ef.
Hebrew
3
nbyH pEn
and Syriao
34.
IJIJ)
i Cf.
C. Lovias,
AJP., XVI.,
22
II.
PHONOLOGY
B.
[68
ImAle. Pathah.
Xnffljl
iXTQ"^^
first
VOWELS.
68. Original
in closed
and intermediate
time,
meat, KDpTT
Satan,
istbT'^ foot,
is
"I
or a guttural:
"ly'^S
e.
g. i"l"'p
h,
hroiight near,
lessened, B. Q.
51 hj
vexed Qidd. 70
Ned. 62 a;
lii'TQ
separated himself.
Sot. 4 h;
fT'Fl'')n"'b
him lower
it,
Sabb. 67 a;
him
cool her
off,
hast bought, B.
sellest,
M. 51a,
a,
59 b;
IT'iilTa
ibid.
72
fl^"iri&
breakest down, B. B. 4 o; in
^bp^a"! //la^ he shout,
&y'"'biDS''i<b to
the perfect
fl^^'S'lS^
make
69. Original long y53j5 at times changes to Usually so when a has arisen in consequence of the quiescing of an N bS'^Fl, ^'J^n, b^rn, bir:3 15J''52 CSrj from original bSSri*, 'll^Nn*, b^kri*, bSMib*, 'l/i'j^'a*^ WXa* '(primae (or t).
:
Long Qdmeg.
rily
'Xn, 'i(^);
kip^'l
/lead
for'^TSt^'n*;' ^bpi?^a
inf.
of
^pS
18 6;
^^^Jj-'M fo s/wd^/,
H6r. 12 a;
?iei,
"'^""'13
from
"ni"!
to return,
B.
^nn^-^ri
wj/ii/e,
^naS^n
6ZacA;, "na"]
M. 73 a; and other
^rT'^p^-'-JJ
words
like them.''
"'p^T
sraaZZ,
^p"'';'!"'^
M. MS.,
Pes. Ill b;
"ton"''!
32 a;
'!Z5''j''it
M. 70 a;
,
man.
,
So
for
"-bitsp
''bicipH
"'bitipnx
'
'bitapns
in the plural
is
V"
A
Some
kind of imal6
diphthongization (80).
of these forms may be regular by-forms. Barth takes the ending Ipl to be identical with the pronominal element we find in tlie Ethiopic pronoun ie'etl {ZDMG. 46, 688, u. 1). In Mandaic this appears as tS (Noeldeke, MQ. 154) in Palmyreau it has the form Htl (Hal6vy, Mahbereth, p. in Arabic
'
15^"
is
'
^
So
n"0)
form
'
IS^
'
'
"^"^
^^ would
imrj ?
It
in appears
only in adjectives.
is
in
pronounced
!,
such forms as
,_*
are pronounced ramS, cf. also the transcription of Aramaic 8, op. cit., XVII.). For a similar change in Amharic, cf. Praetorius,
by Arabic d (Fraenkcl
p. 23.
Amhar. Sprache,
73]
VOWELS
23
Obscueation of a. 70. The obscuration of & to o, so Hebrew, is rare in the Talmud. t5''i3n study, *l5''^lni''P^B your weekly lessons, Ber. 8 bj Nlninil myriads, K. MS., Sanh. 2Qa {his); ^'V2 my lord, P. MS., Ber. 586.' The nominal ending dn is at times obscured to 6 or U under the influence of the n. iXiW^'^ dried ears of corn; KjiTn!J( bed-room, XDVOj
characteristic of
trial.
Vocalic Epenthesis.
com. and the
apocopated.
contracted
2.
or
71.
The
final
vowel
3.
of the first
masc. plur. of
Thus,
qat(a)l(a)tl
becomes
*lbt3p
qat(a)lait,
IT'bpp
or
and
.
q(a)t(a)let,
q(a)t(a)llt,
tT'btip
becomes q(a)ta"l contracted to q(a)t5l bittp (232, 243).' The pronominal suffixes akhi thine (f.), akha thine (m.) and ahi his, become a*kh, a*kh, a^h and contracted, T|t, tjT Ht. The last form ahi for ahu or ihu, is due to analogical influence. An equivalent form ihu became by transposition uhi (c/. ""(IttX his father) and in analogy of the latter such a form of ahi was formed. Influence of Consonants on Vowels. 72. The quiescence of one of the consonants H 1 n )! y, or T lengthens the preceding vowel. Thus Xa"'X I say (for '-ia5<X*) K^"^1 her head (for nuj>^^*) ''jp he went (for ^jp* = sagir); inrj to do (for nayp); XDa for"nia it rumhledj"-''jp^'p for ''Dp'l^'p worms. The same is the case when any other final consonant disappears;
Similarly, the perfect
,
q(a)t(a)lu
"i
as XpTT, SyJ3,
i^nt^^'^I,
for bpTi:
rnrS,
inS-'^J
]i^if''
^yn"ii<
73. The neighborhood of an 5? sometimes produces imalfe: four, ^x^^n eleven {=^y^iian), x^an^5 (? isyn-^K),
(
Ip'^rmj
rt,
On the other hand, 1 and the gutturals m, itma). y change a preceding short vowel e, i, or ic, to a: IS son (nn), 7tl"in two, (l^n*), ^)Tb he says, {^p^)*), ^T^ knows,
'y is late, "I52i^
t^jiS
for
i.
But
i<3''7-N
h.
and
X5?''2i2J
I was
satisfied. Col.
MS., Meg^ 7
.
Of.
I
"iTa BG.,
, .
407, 417.
;
Still
Cf.
TG. blHD T
2
ed. Cassel, 41
s.
JJTatSi T
t
the T In some cases may simply denote VIDp not 05171 ibid. 41, and G. Hoffmann, ZDMG. 32, 737.
.
Jastrow,
v.
HUD
reads Nidd. 56 a
^133
*in2!il
But
1.,
this is a mistake.
As
is
person for
24
II.
PHONOLOGY
['^^
74.
The neighborhood
ii
times a (or i) to
(or o).
This phenomenon
is
more frequent
^412^3
'
man
honey,
iCS^IS,
vine,^ ^"B^tH
a, ^b^Xi
leaven,
i^nT^in date-palm,
l^bb^li^
a weaving, Sabb. 58
shade,
wine-pressing,
the
m^Byi^ rain-shower,
lnn^3 Pers.
i!i,T'^'y\Q
grain of seed,
IS^b'^T'l^i*
young
to he difficult,
Yeb. 40 ay
Note.
to
In
katah,
a certain dish.'
+ mimation.
D^S mouth, we have an original nominative ^Q In the first syllable of 5<b^T"l^>5 we have an attempt
.
75.
Some words
,
fluctuate in
their vocalization,
form.
or
and it is impossible to tell which is the original Thus iidm web appears also as ^bm HTb^Tifi i^Fibm
,
ribm, and'sipym;
t^b^'^iS
,
Jf^bS^l^
,
Nl^W
'y??/,
appear also as
and similarly many other words.* Shortening of Long Vowels in Closed Syllables. 76.
5<n"l^'^
This
from rinS
i^'iria
,
also qualitatively in
1'''l5p^
most marked in the case of V'2'p as it differs Ashkenasic pronunciation. Thus, p'12^ are pronounced J^'^tlS
is
,
.
Compensatory Lengthening.
ing takes place in
Nb''/J53
77.
(77, 90),
{
'Q^'^5<
= fim^_; c/.77), f^^r^J its branches, M. MS., Pes. 111b, for n^S^ = n^Sp of eds.; ^T'^n', for ^211 = ( 119) rr-D^b"'';'!'^ that they may lift him up, 2 M' MS., M^ Q. 28^6, for f^'^i^b'l'n i^lSiS star (through an intermediate kakkabu);
(=Arab.^t), !^T^^
liar,
;
n
or
;^
i^FTllSiiir!
''b5''3
partridges;
)XPb^''ii
)!d'l'^1
chain;
Ss^/JTIJVJJ
sesame; ^XZ'Wt or
)X^'T''^
fly; i^^b^lb
palm-branch;
iii'^nij'iuj
67-ides-
78. Short
,
u
o
is is
heightened to o in a
1
final syllable
bbp!!<
btOpD
Long
It
3 i
must be remembered that some of the forms with u may be by-forms. Noeldeke, MG., 17 sq., ZDMO., XXII., iS5 Dalman, op. cit., 65. Cf. Fraenkel, Fremdw., XVII. G. Hofimann, LCB., 1881, Col. 416, 1882, Col.
Cf.
;
320.
Cf.
Noeldeke,
ilfG., 15.
SG. Hoffmann,
ZDMG.
Bar Hebraeus
gabbS
80]
VOWELS
This
;
25
is
sometimes pronounced U as in Western Syriac. the case in infinitive forms ''b^tip ''b^tOp etc.
, ,
regularly
in the
pronouns
and pronominal
the letters ^iT
suffixes
"WK
I'iSK
V]T}^
C|^p
vowel b^tip (71); in the names of frequently in the plural endings of the verbs
is frequently pronounced i: and in a few other cases; e. g.,
Final
''ty^'^^
e,
B,
if
they, Tl'in,
Tlin, new,
etc.,
^Tl'Ti'^^.'l
his wife,
lit.
Diphthongs.
tion; while in
is
79.
.
is
''
the latter
are
pronounced as H or S
house,
iXTi^'^lp'S, last,
!i<125l)'^
pronounced baitho, bathraitho, but N^1t2 roast, ing, )Xp^'\/\ exactitude, tavyo, dafso, dafko.
Diphthongization.
times to
at.
tread-
80. The vowels t, e, a, change someThe vowels 6 and il to au. That an original diphsick,
'^V^}^
M. MS., Sabb.
she committed
was
satisfied,
B. Q. 113 b;
adultery, Sanh. 106 a; b""^^ clear, Sabb. 23 a 'Aruch; p''^^ pounded, Bega 14 bj t\'"''b connected, ^u\\. 11 a; ^'''^'2, bound up, b''''3 measured, ibid. 105 b; '''T'';^ are bound up, B. M. 24 b, 108 bj -pITO 34) H. MS., B.B. 8 a. !!<D^^'q grit; "p^lTO ( = b^I'lS
,'
^^b''|'ys<
''i^C'liri!!^
ibid.
124 bj
i^S-'^Sri
cover,
MSS.
B.
M. 49 b; Ki^^ip i
M.
rT'ri^';E)b
YQma'83
6; '^"'^^^V or ST'^lby
iqwu him.
Col. MS.,
suffixes ^D'^7
and
B.
ilt-!^7.'
b)
d:
kind of dove;
as long
M. 83 a;
1
'
n''5n''"'52'^!J5
Pes. 1116.
Cf. 'Il'll
,
IDIT
26
c) u, 6:
JiSIViIJ
II,
PHONOLOGY
Kfflll'H
[81
passage, habitj
SS^bbll'^
''^^^'^'2^
pinnacles;
skein J
thorn)
'}!lT\'''JT\^^'^
{ = 'AT:r"rfi-^) food;
iiplll exactness.
Transposition of Diphthongal Elements. 81. The elements of a diphthongized vowel are sometimes transposed, the a-vowel
or
?(.-
vowel.
first
last are
''T'^21
,
orchards; ^1'^^^,
t
'
:
U^inh'^T,'^ i^l'iWii^T
tt-:.
tt-:t:
plural
't n^^;iiri^3 fine linen shirt; )iC^^W2 5<^Xin7J poker; IT^'-t: 155^T''"'t3 Iti-It:-tt;-; tt; tt;proud fool; i^Tr"'";^ J^m^M proper name; X^VCS (n'-siba,
i<5"'T"!^t:
rich
landlord;
,
T:
i<D"'"'T^^t:
tt;:
armory;
,
1^TCV\T\'''2
nisiaba),
^:X^p^p;
XJ^'^I'S,
(nasSra),
(sah6r).'
Jt^'bllTIJ
,
^SlJ^j^^lp,
^S^Kp^lp,
Xi?^;"I^T2:
(sariqa),
"iTirToJ
Akin
to
this
is
''3Xbi>5inzJ
(Syr
.\|^ ^)
lewd
woman (=ny3i!n).
CoNTEACTiON OP VowELS.
to a.
-first,
sometimes
X^Sp
This
!!<"^ri!3
is
t:t
silk,
X3''|)"inp
the
Adiabenean, X2^b the Libyan, X'T'II," ^ tt:t t Nehardean (Keth. 54 a, a. e.), X"2^X the
M.
Q. 12 6), X'^Sp
It T
if
(
^
it
mean
Itt t '
the Cypriote,
Xb^yb above,
T
Snnb T ;
= "i52>a)
Col.
MS., Zeb.,
passim.
Note.
as
^Luzzatto's objection
falls to
nXS''"liS!
it
.
XSX
Rabh of ArekhQ,^
stand for
and explains
lecturer.
In
such a case, however, we should rather expect the word to be For although such forms may be found in X5"1X not Xi'''1iS; the Targumim cf. e. g. Levy's Diet, on the Targ., s. v. "115
,
they may, in every case, be explained as scribal errors, or as learned affectations. And even if the word could be grammatically defended,
case in the
it
its
know
of no
Talmud) speaks against its being in general use, and could not have stood the wear and tear of an ignorant populace
Cf.
IC/. MiSnic (SBB), D1';B, D1';S5S, OS^'^^B, and i^ni'lDp. 'arftnu, hi'alAuu, for zir&nu, hllftnu.
2
3
last words,
side is to be understood.
64c.
85]
through centuries.
explains that
tall,
VOWELS
It will,
27
^_^ by
'^'V'^
which
is
generally taken to
mean
ivell-
but which
halanced, thinker.
may
certain,
as a passive participle.
Nobody would
mother tongue; hence, any explanation offered must be based on the form tt5"'"lK For other explanations of the name cf. Muehlfelder, Babh, p. 1, note; Goldammer's note to his English translation of Luzzatto's grammar, 64; Kohut, Aruch Completum, s. v. t]i''"1&5 Weiss, Zur Geschichte derjUd. Trad., III., 147, note 3; HehdMg, ix, 18 sg. 83. Diphthongs are usually contracted in verbal forms: au
ciation of their living
.
contracts to 6; ai, to
g, I
(or d).
'''^Tpn
D"'!niX
he placed,
'y(r\''^3,
"tfil^
they
taught,
'Tfl
sees,
''bri
hangs,
Col.
throwest,
you asked,
we want,
and
MSS. passim,
In nouns:
^J5''^)h
i^ray,
M.
MS., Ber. 28
a,
others.
!!4b"'T1^X
young
gazelle,
ilJltl'^l''] his wife. In qatl and qatal forms it sometimes contracted, but quite as frequently uncontracted. The later state is probably due to subsequent diphthongization
Syriac pi^^a^;
is
(80).
veil,
Thus
Km
olive,
i^niS death,
house,
X^^''^
Xln''"'a
(and t;-^
xn"'a)
t---'
t:-
t;-
arms, xbli'n
t;-
tucket.
ai{^Q,)
''TB3^M
men,
"'iii^
stones, 'h'Q
words.
Retention op Disappeaeing and Insertion of New Vowels. In some cases original a in an open 84. Pretonic Qameg. syllable before the tone is lengthened to a, as in Hebrew. Thus 84111133, Assyr. gasuru, joist (the variant ISIlTUS corresponds
for
to Assyr.
"'Tri;
gusuru);
!!<Tin/J
MdhQzQ,; '^'t'\ or ^TNJl proper, fit, MS., Meg., vocalizes hz), for '^:p
?I''"l2 J{ji/J53 money; 1^1231353 Magian} Other in open syllables are sometimes short vowels 85. retained and probably lengthened. This is especially the case
T)^"i2i
necessary, for
1 C/.Targumio pra, tylHtt, l^Vy^O), Nnnit2p,> "^TrQ- Most of these nouns are evidently loan-words in which an effort is made to retain the original a sound. Cf. also
Syriac
Hebrew
, ,
,
loan-words.
28
II.
PHONOLOGY
[86
^pi^?b
let
let
them do, B. B. 156 a; nb'^'ffia she cooked, Ned. 66 b; ]TpTiS^b let him redeem us, Sanh. 105 b, and others.' H'lllJ' deed; 5t'nt2''T2 (But c/. document; Slnnb"'i2 megrim; S<D^i3 cluster of dates.
92.)
vowels are sometimes found which differ from the Thus, the preformatives of original in whose places they stand. the imperfect Pa"el take e or i: b''^p''J:< '^''"Jl^ri the preforma-
86.
New
and yH stems: e. g., D^p""?!, niTl lli^nTl a nominal form like KFTiaiP entirely new is the vowel in X^T''iK (orig. abzar), Hl'^D"'!!?; berry. 87. A number of words, especially verb-forms, take a protives of the imperfect
, ;
Qal in
''"^
TlTlJiJ^
he drank,
p''nTrJ*
'
he kept
Pes.
17 a;
'
"^^X
he was
objected, B.
M. 110 a;
'lkm')i.
Tt'p^V}'^^
a/ iP^U^ drink
ye,
Sabb. 41 a;
7 a;
"T'^K
(80,89); K'a'IS^ blood. 88. In some cases a vowel is prothetically added to words whose first consonant has a full vowel. In such a case the vowel
of the original first syllable
will
is
frequently dropped.
^"i55<
they
him,
dwell,
M. MS., Taan. 25 a:
Cf. 91. Loss OF Vowels. 89. Original short vowels have been dropped in all probability to about the same extent as in the
cognate dialects.
X2n3S became
,
"irt5i<*
and then
"^J^,
The
1
loss of
In
became MS^
is
exceptional.
In
Hebrew
is Ithpe'el.
in tbe perfect
differentiated ortbographically.
may bave been influenced by Cf. also Hommel, BA., II., 357.
; ,
93]
the enclitic pronouns T~
fect,
is
VOWELS
sometimes found for
final
if.j''';
29
in the per-
The
H in the 3d masc.
plur. of the
(v.
71).
is
very rare.
The
is
gener-
suffix, rarely
so in the possessive
vowels of the 2d and 3d sing, and the 1st dropped in both possessive and objective suffixes.' Also in "iClf^ became had, J"'K committed adultery, XXl''^ when, m^Si there is, the final vowel is dropped. Syncope of Vowels in Consequence of Resolution. 90. Resolution of doubling with syncope of vowel is found in KmiJri
109).
The
final
plur.
are generally
now
(U^nizin), i^DtJ
whence {]^
(b^tD'C
"pj)
;'
-j^j)
b'^'a-liH.
on account of
of Word.
Syncopje of Vowel in Consequence of Prothetic Lengthening 91. The addition of a prothetic vowel frequently
produces syncope ( 88) XS'lpX leaf; Sjb^X a kind of alkali; mSiiA (KriB) bread; XS2 "^(J^Ks'lS) matting; 5<np^ {t^t\'^T\) The same thing wrought metal. Cf. ~C'S< and "|rX (89).
:
is
^iJ^'i^S
Syncope of Vowel in Consequence of Segholatization. 92. written document; ""jiT^ ''12ij''5< men; )Xrt\b^ Xlti'iT 5<1t:"ii:
, ,
Jennys megrim;
aCTZ.V
TT
,
''j'>2'r\
"'J'cn
eight;
,
"pflbri,
"pFlpW
thirty;
many
others.
Accent.
93.
The
decide.
2
Cf.
Tunisian Arab.
sCf.
Hebrew
ffi
for
mnln. "T 1;
:
"Q for
"T
(.b'n'<12
Ps. 69:9);
,
WlByi2 from
,
his people
.
29.
Cf. also
liSyi,.
p^p?n ^"0^2^
for I'lSy'l
p^| H
,.
III.
MORPHOLOGY.
A.
PRONOUNS.
a.
PEBSONAL PRONOUNS.
94. a)
S3S< Ij
fjit,
PS
rarely
MS,
"j^S^'S
thouj ^tl^S,'
-|!im,
,
S^H
;
he; 'tV^,
^''t}
she;
rarely
WniX/we;
rarely
6)
rarely
^IMS,
TOS/npS^
m,
ye;
^tirS,
they,
masc.
References: SIS I, isfed. 5 a, 44 6; B. B. 59 6; a. fr. 15S we, Ned. 56 a, Ber^ 56 1; a. fr. SDniS MJe, B. B. 164 a, Sanh. PS thou, Ned. 5a, 21 a; 11 ah (taken from Biblical Aramaic). a. fr. MS i/iort, Ned. 91 6, Taan. 29 a; Sabb. 30 a; B. M. 26 &, 396, .109 6; a. e. -j^inS ye, Ned. 50 6, 55 a; a. fr. WS ye, Sanh. 109 a. '12^ ilPST Wia^ i/^m a^e thieves; WS1 SDS / awrf ye, Col MS., Pes'." 110 a;' sin^layj^n S^n ^nS i^ zs'^/e w^o did, etc., M. MS., B. M. 78 a. ^MWt/e, B. M. 'eds. 37 o. ^^--'S^j ^MS 2/e yourselves. MS 2/, Pes. 110 a (V. L., a. 1., n. 20). MS PDS ye yourselves, B. M. 'T SDS1 ye and I are seven; !15"'^S^B (V. L.,'Zoc. cii'). Pes. 110a 37a" nS ye. H SDS1 PIS ye and I are five. ^iT^S he, Ned. 55 a; a. fr. S^tl he, it is, B. B. Ilia; Ned. 51 a, 55 a; a. fr. "i'T'S s/ie, Meg. 14 a; Nidd. 72 6; a. e. ^flp^S they, masc, S'^n s/ie, it is, Ned. 23 a, 50 a, 91a; a. e. Ned. 20 6; a. fr. 'y\T^ they, masc. and fem., in older language, Keth. 23 a; Ned. 42 6, 52 6; Naz. 47 6, 57 6, 64 6; Taan. 18 6; B. B. 165 6; Ber. 50 a; B. M. 104 6; a. e. "^np^S they, fern., Ber. 44 a; Keth. 2 6; a. e. 95. The demonstrative pronoun t^S^S is at times used as a personal pronoun for the third person plural of both genders. Gf. Keth. Ill a, Meg. 16 a, ^ull. 53 a, Bekh. 5 a. 96. In our editions there occurs once the pronoun sbllD he, she. '^HS SbllSI riS thou and she are relatives, B. M. 67 o; in older texts it must have occurred more frequently; c/. Sbl131 SjS I and he, Aruch Compl. Nid. 25 6; Sblljl ^H'S he and she, ibid. Kohut, Ar. Compl., s. v., has also the variant sb''^5 Gitt. 68 6.
'
Col. MS.,
Mog.
16 a, vocalizes
IrTlX
30
101]
PEONOUNS
is identical
31
originally to her, the
The word
with
ftblli
"^
.
or
t^htT'2
having changed to 1 or The dative fern, came to be used for the nominative of both genders. Cf. Xbtl'^i = rT'br!''5 M. MS., Sabb. 156 5, and 11, Ian, I, we, in the Ohaldeo-Pahlavi for 'ana, 'anan.
,'
97. The forms Sin-'i*, ^ri^Vi, ^HrX, Tim, are shortened from i<!in^>* ^-^n^S ]'T\T^ ,' HD'^J^ the first' element ^ rx f being demonstrative elements 'S 3-|-''5<.' The forms iXTl, HTl
,
Enclitic Personal Pronouns. 98. The pronouns of the and second persons are generally joined enclitically to the participles, and rarely to adjectives, so as to form, with the latter, one word. They are then shortened and assume the following forms
b.
first
MASCULINE.
Singular.
1-
Plural.
a-
S5(7)
[.]{-),
a.
[f-),
|8.
IS.
m-),
iX^i"-)],
'
X3(7)
ri(-)
[]X-), ]X^-),
XSH],
^^t^t^{-),
-3(7)
^jn(-)
2.
a.
/?
a.
/3.
[^(^7)], n(7)
i^n(-),
^n(f
99. Of the feminine, only the second person sing, is found in a few examples: ""b tiT'CiS! thou art forbidden for me, Sanh. 20 o; "^b nnsra wHt thou' marry me? Keth. 816; In"l2l153 wilt thou lead? ibid. 63 a; lnX"'33 thou collectest payment, ibid. 43 b. 100. The forms under a are used with verbs whose final radical is a consonant; those under /3 with ''"b verbs. The forms
in brackets occur only sporadically.
to the
by
S^nia
1 On the various etymologies suggested for these pronouns, cf. Fuerst, Lehrg. d. aram. Id.,p.2Slsq.; Stipteld, ZKM.,II.,12isq.; Boettcher, Heftr. Cfrom., 869, 2; 'Soeldske, Mand. Gram., pp. 68, n. 3, 92, n. 1 Duval, Gram. Syriaque, p. 168, n. 2 Wright, Comp. Gram., pp. 98, 106; Dillmann, Gram. d. aethiop. Sprache, p. 267; Merx, Gram. Syr., p. 167; Levy, Neuh. Wb., s. V. ^nS Jastrow, Diction., a. v. S. For the Neo-Syriao forms ahu, ahi, anhi,
; ; ;
cf.
Guidi,
2
ZDMG.,
Cf. also
p. 17.
In later literature:
p1^
we,
HG.
IHSS
Ke,
lOi;
^iriS (masc),
ibid. 208l'jrii?
MV.35; ^JnlS
HG. 394
32
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[102
102. In consequence of the promiscuous use of the pre3 and b with the third person masculine, the first person plural adopted by analogy a similar usage. As a result of this, both forms, the third person masculine singular and the first person plural, became indistinguishable. To remedy this, the enclitic personal pronoun was sometimes attached to the latter. ]T^Tb let us consider, Sabb. 30 6; j^bl2^3^b let us abolish, Col. MS., Zeb. 38 o; "jSW let us infer,\hid. 106 h. 103. Rosenberg' sees in forms like i5Dp''p'i5< (Sabb. 83 a, B. M. 86 a, a. e.)., Njpa^">5 (Sanh. 29 a), and" ND^-'niS (Sabb. 121 6), forms of the perfect with an enclitic instead of a constituformatives
tive
pronoun.
This
is
forms like S^^lSCn as composed of the respective verb and the singular prob5"l/P"^n noun of the second person " n!j5 " with apocope of final " n ." The second element is rather the objective suffix of the third per-
104.
,
cit.)
need
it;
cf.
)XD--h
= Punz we
be observed that not only do the suffixes for the singular and the plural nouns show a promiscuous use, but the
105.
It will
The genders, moreover, sometimes interchange, though much more rarely.' This circumstance seems to be due to the
entiated.
fact that
some
become worn
out,
have
lost their
and
forms.
is encountered by the student in person plural for the same person in the an expression of modesty or of generalizing is
which
indefiniteness.
That plural
'n'b "^"t'C^l
"'^SD
u'^j~1
and I [we)
'
B.M.
lo,
8 h; n>!;C"'2 iS^b'^
Tab}tud, p.
of the
pronouns
in other
languages
cf.
Botloher, op.
cit.
878.
108]
jSK for
KD^!;
PEONOUNS
33 28 b;
^^b (j"'l3pi53 S^b
I {we) am
not
a Persian,
b;
^jif.
eds. ibid.
I (we) should
not explain
it,
Pes. 90 a;
50S
pTn
spit
out,
yilp^p
1076.'
This use of the plural promiscuously with the singular has misled
even such
the
first
,
men
as the late
erroneous theories.
Thus Levy assumes a paragogic nUn person singular; and Noeldeke explains such forms
of the
iJ^S^btJp
mud,
as scribal errors.
of ^"b verbs or are plurals used as singulars, or are causes, they are certainly legitimate formations,
c.
due
to
both
Possessive Suffixes.
107.
'
34
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[109
rela-
First person:
a,
XHi^
Q. 20
my
6,
M. Q. 12
X2l
Gitt.
70a,"Sabb. 66
my father, M.
Ber. 39
grandmother, B. B. 125 ah; ^^S my son, Ber. 5 h; inS my daughter, ^ull. 95 6, Keth. 54 a, 109 6; flFl'']^ my wife, 'B. B.
my
132
my
to
my
and bring them to my house, Qidd. 22 6; i4;p'lia'''i'iy Xfl-'a "b from my house to the college, Ned. 59 6.- (in the parallel passage Ber. 55 a we have ''S<T''3T2J*lit for Kfl^S). K/3p''l ^Ktt what is that before me? i. e., how do I come
bed, ibid.; S5tT^3p ^np"'t353H1
to that?
s. V.
On
,
X^ap,
"
!ri52p
= "j53p
Wb.
to
1S53D
T T
I.
2.
Third person:
iti'^iTS
S^HriK his
(thy)
wife
is
going
die, Ber.
56 a; iXTilTlp
5^'in "-XSp^J
'trii'^db *inD"'bp|P
B. B. 36;
rise
is
D-'Xpn
KSK
KS-'J*
up
K^3j
T
;
ivhose
husband
6awd! is as small as
6; IXl^j
K3ST2J!ni3''I T T ;
:
whose hus-
the
first
person sing,
is
sometimes omitted
1!a
my
T2JS5 'i^'in
^'^'Dfrom me,'B. B.
ad
1.
n. 4,
my soul, rejoice my soul, ibid. 68 6; 142 6, M. MS., ibid. ^Lag. 226, ibid. 15 6, V. L. Er. 53 6. In the last passage as an example of the
there is and
ln''b
Galilean dialect.
111.
differ
fl'^ii
there
is tiot,
of their
suffixes
^JStT'S
am, Ned. 81 a;
siSSn^i*
Pes. 50 a;
M. MS.,
we are;
Yeb, 116
is,
are; n-'^^X
a, ^Sp-n^X Pes. 87 6, ^iS^in^X ibid. M. MS., you B. Q. '46 6; !inpr\''K they' are, R. H. 20 a, a. e.,
"jID'-nK
,
jinDri^X, Tarn. 5 a;
Me'l'la
6,
14
;
18
6, a. e.; 'tT1iT\'''b
Er. 46
6,
Pes.
6.'
87'6; "ibid.
'
M. MS.
he
is
^n^;'pri"^b
gebu 14
inini?
absent, Keth. 22 a, a.
belongs to legal
style.
In i{ ^fT^S we are,
assumed
verbal,
more
117]
d.
PRONOUNS
Objective Suffixes.
Singular.
>,
35
112.
Plural.
,
I.e.
-^ri,
15(7)
xr7
,
i5''7
15- 15- 17
, ,
i''7
,
2.f.
'
)
'
,^3^7 ,1^137
^^^1
rt7,^n-,^n-,^n7,^7,w^7
3.
,i^3^7
m.^
^n^7
3. f
.
113. The
and
in the
is
This
h,
that he swallow
tlfl''
it,
Ned. 50
is derived from the from a form like TlVr'^bj.l where the commentaries have ybm
suffixes
clear
in two words.
1''-,
115.
K3''"" cf.
fl"'37;
for tlT~,
But it may also be a mistake X3S = stood for of the copyists: "TiT 'nr in3''; the sign of abbreviation was omitted and then written XS^ ^flS''"" is so vocalized by the Col. MSS. The Tflj"'! shows the presence of the enerthe Targumic
.
getic nUn.
B.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
to a nearer object, or to the subject
r'n
'.''ITt
XD'H
IS'^I
1?!) this,
that
fern,
TTT
:
coi.
ms. "xn, -
i'^T^tl,
:
rbn, T
I
..
"T
'sn, (^3nH, - -:
-flan,
1
rbn). T
I
..
fem.
x^nri, 'qn,
(t;^^).
com.
Plur.com.
tjSn, t|rX
36
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[11^
""n^^
those, is
119. Eefeeenoes: 'y\ (j+'l) Gitt. 85 5, a. e.; -(""^ Ber. 38 6, B. Q. 99 h, Sanh. 31 o, Keth.lTa^'SSt. 35 a, a.e. "plH (j+'^'l+Sr)), Ker. 25 I, Keth. 103 a, Me'ila 12 h, and frequently in Ned. and Nazir. X;i ( = -|'^), Gitt. 85 5. "D^ (+?^)> ^eth. 22o, 89 5; Gitt. 85 5/ B. M. 15o, 18 a. in (]+xn),'Col. MS., Zeb. 89 a. Xh (contracted from S'ln) frequent! SJ^'in (XT+SH), Ned.
53 a,'55
a, a.
e. H'H Ned.
755!
41^0,
Sabb. 52
5, a.
e. "'^Jin
('^'i+xn).
Jl^iy
M.'eOa, Bekh. 455. "Sn properly an adverb; MSS. Men. 3 5; ''iH bS all
Pes. 535, B.
'
(-S^^S+Xn),
this,
Ber. 20 5;
"Sn iS^bS without this, "'in b^t:a5< because of this, frequent. 'KH. frequent. ^ran ('(ih+^ri), frequent. il^in ( = ^3n = ^npn, with compensatory lengthening (v. 77), "^S^'J ^j'^'^n ^ull. 11 o, eds. ]"'bn (('bsi+i^n), Tarn. 11 a, B. M. 90 a," and' frequently in
Ned. and^Nazlr.- -pbi* (,+b!!*=Hebr. n>5<), B. M. 15 a, 67 5, 110 a; Taan. 17 5; b" B, 38 a, 63 a; Keth. "87a. Only in legal ''1'$ = 'j'''in), properly a singular, Gitt. 315, 45 5; Men. style. ( 34
5, a. e.;
"^SHN
5. "i^jH',
TF.,
p.
25. "j'^bn,
frequent.
'3^'^
(l^+'i^tl)
a.
e.' "^S-"q or
B. m'. 86 a, Zeb. 43 5, 5ull. 90 5. i^^nn (i^'^n+Ji^n)',' (^3+Y'^), frequent. t]n or Tjn (t]+l!<n), frequent. T^-^n (69), M. MS., Pes. 1115. ^T^^ (!]+1+''!^), frequent. 1]3n (^+-n, 119),
Me ilS
155,
a. e.'
120.
Forms
in parentheses
are of
rare
occurrence, and
The
"7
final in
19,
demonstrative pronouns
1)
is
Semit. Verbs, p.
note
^tj
^SH^ would be hoe, hi, tibi. In the latter form he sees the construct state of the absolute 1*13^. That ^ represents here the 2d person is, however, not necessarily the case, since one and the same pronominal element may represent
^^
he translates hie
tibi,
haec
tibi,
different persons.
Cf.
ZDMG.,
1875, 172.
;
"^TT},
'^\'''''i}-
HO.
TOb,
491
^Jlin
;
ibid. 381.
I^H
Letter of Condol. of
Sam. Ha-Nagld
to R.
^anan'el, Oear
,
II., 68
1in
ibid. 226.
Cf. for
Hebr.
JfF.
Targumic s^jis
25.
Harkavy,
55:-.
'
. ; ,
124]
PRONOUNS
37
121.
written.
E.
g.,
pn
,
which marks the length of the vowel, is not XFi^n, s-'n5n=rT Rn, KFiyilJ S5n, HH
,
122. i^rt i^^n Si"^?! sometimes unite with a preceding word, which case they undergo phonetic or orthographic change. Thus, i^iin+iib becomes li^b is not; tXTl ']''i becomes ^3''X
,
in
K'^n
is
T
]''N;
becomes
''5''i<
is
not;
i^^tl (153
is
it,
hoio
.
:
about f
-
and
'
others.
i<n+''!lJ5
becomes
J^""!!!!!*;
C.
COPULATIVE PEONOUNS.
123. a) The idiom of the Babylonian Talmud, differing in from the cognate languages, has developed separate forms for the pronouns of the third person, when the latter imply the substantive verb and are used for the copula. These forms are:
this respect
Masc. sing.
Fern. sing.
iiJ-]''!
Masc. plur.
Fern. plur.
^TiT'2
''}l5''3
in''5
b)
Repeeenges:
Tl''^
''J^a
what
^il''i
is
it?
Ned. 38
I,
^12
6; ilH^S
UTi
"1^52
that
iliT'D
it is,
i^iij!
it is
Taan. 24 b;
who
Pes. 104 a;
o,
^ItT'S
i<5''n
6, a.
HCliT
do
I know where
fre-
heis?^tl''^ Ber. 44
^ull. 43
quently. "n^S
Col.
and the same kind, 5ull. 79 a; and MS., M. Q. 36, 96, a. e.; TF. 9.
nouns to be of the corresponding forms of the personal pronouns the former being formed out of the latter by the prefix D and
,
the initial
it
lost
Said prefix
Noldeke
(loc. cit.)
considers to be a mutilated
'lK
= 'jln,
tl'Ztl
Such
Hebrew
SSM
etc.,
would find an excellent parallel in the where that particle also exhibits a
wi,
'.,
"W^
(80).
has
'iJSlem.
gram, del
SMand
Gramm.-, p.
38
verbal force; but
c/.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
p.
[-'-2^
168, note
2.
Merx {Oram.
'
^fl5''5 from a supposed form i n i n -f- h u through aphseresis of initial vowel, and from the latter ilJl'^i through syncope of medial 5 I should suggest that the copulative forms have an independent genesis. They are not
They
of
contraction of
^"lilp
which
latter in its
= ''Inb
XIH
with
is
"'111
to he.
Hebrew
which
tlSH
may be used
compound
persons.
of TlFl
W. H. Lowe^
"He
changes the
The above words are apt to mislead the reader into the belief that Luzzatto was ignorant of the copulative force of these forms. As a matter
simple pronoun into the substitute for the copula."
of fact, he states
it (Zoo. cit.)
clearly enough,
and
it is
but just to
forms.
125.
1. ilS'^n
^S^-^n
tractions of
pronouns.
M. MS., Pes. 60 a, this is, these are, are conand of the respective forms of the copulative The uncontracted form ^TTIi "'tl is cited V. L. ad Men.
""(J
this
92
h,
notes
2, 8.*
is
2.
Noteworthy
word with
^tl^S ir';n
M. MS., Taan. 20
is
{his)
126.
DriStJ
IJ^"]!!
^3'^in
e. g.,
D'a''11"l1 ^5''']n
the
1
n. ch.
Wb.,
s. v.
nDTl38,
The Fragm.
of T. B. Pesahim', p!
note
1.
59,
^Jl^n
is
a contraction of JJIH +
"tX +
Sil
,,
129] 127.
'"'Ij'liS^
PEONOUNS
^Ttl
is
39
^T^tl
'inb'^l
*in"'D
''tX'O
latter,
the
first
meaning
tt) /tact's
t'^f'
the
EELATIVE PEONOUN.
128. a)
The
older
form of the
relative
pronoun
''^
occurs
only in the Palestinean recension of Aboth in the combinations "b"'''! ~T''^ (b + ''T, " +
,
I.,
''T)^
of the emphatic
sb'^'^I
possessive
(t^b
pronouns,
that not.
and
at
times
in
the combination
^'^l)
it:
TlbTO^ TSTi i<b ''^ that you may not share my fate, Meg. 16 a, and btip The usual form "l? until he had hilled, Sanh. 96 h.
"''^
of
it is
"n
h)
thine,
Refbeencbs ^b'''^ mine, B. M. 109 h, Ned. 50 a, 61 a; "qy^ B. M. 109 h, Ned. 5 a; nb^':; her, Naz. 30 a, Ned. 36 h, 10 a,
:
Sabb. 80
b,
B. B. 33 bj
,
'^^'H
our',
Ned. 49 a;
"(isb^^
your, B. Q.
117 b;
jinb'^
''tl'l^'t
Suk. 44 aj linb^T their, Gitt. 84 b, B. Q. 117 b; -jisb^ Sukk.44 a. "I""^ 1\T^_ H^T'l f^T'^ "jT^ ^liT"^ ^IflT^
, , , , , ,
frequent.
c)
1^1
we
find
t]b-"l !]bl
Ti^., p. 7.
INTEEEOGATIVE PEONOUNS.
(^12)
129. a) yXD, -p
{quisnam?)
TT'Sa) M)Aa/
(
who?
^UtTQ'
(HH
np)
,
w/iaf? "H
("^'^
H/J)
MJ/iai
now (quidnam?)
tl12
("'HM
'!ri''5p
is
'it?
^T-^fl (^in^a
+ '^n
or iHTi
is
+ ]Ttlj which
who
is
is it? ^i'U
= k^n+"l53) who
b)
is
he? whose
]iXa, -a,
it?
"'37J
she? whose
is it?'
'Sp, !lSa, ''Sa, frequent. ^a a. Z. 41 &; Pl"'S "islPi^ na how do you deal with it? 'ij frequent; I^T^n, Men. 109 a/ "pT "H, Ned. 26 6; ]^riti, ]-'^_n2 Tam.
Rbfeeences:
Lowe, op. cit., p. 38. Dalman, op. cit., p. ^^Sla is a contraction TF. TOcaUzes I^IO
1 2
Cf.
Cf.
87; cf.
a) in
Maclean, Gram, of Vernacular Syr., pp. 19, 55, 181. some cases of y^"! KQ, i) in other of S'^H S'H (122).
ibid. 438
id.
for
*H0. 71, Sin ibid. 233, l^n HG. 178, a. B."!!{>intt -Se'e!*. I.'; 263. 'JSIQ UG. 22, 25, 68,
;
IS.
&'eZ., pp.
has
,
SliH
Hff.
95, 104,'a. e.
IJin HG.
276.
ntt
1ST3 used
40
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[130
32 a; ^"i^n MSS. Zeb. 69 a; "TCa MS. K. 117, B. M. 2 5, Pes. 90 1; ^Tpi M. MS., B.M. 2 6; 'n^3/J'( = ''m + r;7J) M. MS., B. B. 8 a; ^Aem.? B. B. 12 5, for ^D"h, Naz. 12 a. iirT;ra'lNa wfecX
the usual
^n"';'3"'7;3
'
%T. ^anaa
"
"'i!*?;]
why should he
sivear?
F.
MS., B. M. 82b.
F. a.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
Positive Indefinites.
iin''Dbs
130.
12"'?"'><"J
jbs
,'
^^'ibp
^12
Mr. So and
So,
iV.
N.j
Mrs. or
Jsfiss
So and^So.
'somebody.
^rT'll'J,
''T'^;'
somebody;
/cwowm
-rx somebody:
23
a.
!j5^n TIJ"'r5^
^ini
man, B. M. 21
so.
^Sn T
.
i/w's
. . .
and
.
that, so
and
is
ini
:
bj
cf. ibid.
^)^ ^7ie
b.
owe
"I'J T
"153 T
M. Q. 25
131.
stmt qui
'''TC^-I S53''i^
\ome
say.
is
and Harry
Billdq,
pb^n^ pb''n
p^^n i6^ ^'i^T pb'')! i^b t:-t'tt: t:-t't x X5!(4 t-: I know only a tradition, 5ull. shall Hilldq and Billdq enjoy it?
134. bS
whatever;
.
.
all,
in bS
'^'2 bS
whoever;
.^
"'S'J
o")
bS whatever;
anything.
^!Tl
''J
''Ta bS (Ned. 49
b.
'n,
Negative Indefinites.
. .
135.
,
'^
-S^J
ln"^b
"|K';2
X3^b
lY^b
'^
tT'b
i<b
i^'jby 'b^S
MOJie,
nobody, no one.
i^bi t:
. . .
cjy^^j, ib ns^'^a'bs,
--
1
T--.T Va
is
xbi".
t:
Kb, bbs t t:
>^b
t
nottt^o. ^
and
so
ibS
"^TITS for so
51.
much money
2
15B T
f I
SnS'nS
I
and such a
place, ibid.
Haupt ITa
is
DyTO
but
is
the
Hebrew
3
^Tj, sufficiency
iCOyTO T
398,
is
vocalized wrongly
This
is
iSjj iqJji(j
^\S^} misfortune.
l:
42
b)
III.
, : :
MORPHOLOGY
[1^7
Keferengbs: ^nbn, with change of liquids: M. MS., Sabb. 110 a. ''5F1 with original nan, as in ""'Sn, Col. MS.,
,
M. Q. 9 a. "'ya"iK: B. B. 30 a, 60 a;
X
Gitt.
13 o; a. e. nynilJ: Keth. 67 6; MTpFl B. B. 62 6. ^O'^in Taan.18 6. ''"lV''^1: Col. MS., Zeb.'58'6. IffiS 'IH Nidd.'sia. KethV'62'6; a. e. '''in "iri: K. H. 21 a; a. e. "^np ^^n B. B. 133"6; iipl': 2"M. MS., Yarn. 69 6, 84 a; a.'e. 'X''bn
: :
:
-iW nbri Keth. 77 6. ''Ip Cof. MS.,Meg. 17 a. 'X jnisS Ar. 12 a; Sabb.'98 6. XnniS;
: :
2b. n'iW ^23^)1: Ar. 12a. ln''-f 916. -IC 'PiC: Col. MS., Meg. 2 6, 6 a. I'J: Er. 76 6, ri'yy: B. B. 916. nniayya^p: Er. 83 a. Xn-^li; 6. Meg' 2 a. XnilJ: Bekh.' 50 a'. "^X^iari Ber."28 ''Xirn Sabb. 17 6. "'nra^ri: Ar. 12 a. n"JTB3> llJn M. MS., Taan.'l3'6. nCTrn Nldd.' 54 a. I^npy Col. MS., Meg. 6 a, 17 a. "('ribW Col. MS., Pes. 68 6. 'ri^': Col. MS., Pes. Ill a. -pnilJ Col.
Pes. 4a, 9 6; Col. MS., Meg".
nniry:
B. B.
ITITIJ.
:
Col'.'
ns^
state
~|bi<
in the construct
;
perhaps
iOb^
in the plural
.
-fSbx (Ned. 50 6), "Sbx (Keth. 106 a), and usually ''Sbs
(Ned. 50 6), "(XiaV (M. MS., (Hull. 7 a), and commonly kniia^ (Sanh.
is
j'Xin";
-23^ l;Sanh. 16 a) Snann (Ber. 6 a), and i^ninn"! or SninVl (MS.' karlsr. and K. 5ananel, Sanh. 26 a) .'
26
a, Gitt.
57 a,"Pes. 62 6)
that of Kria=in
is
riT
137. Forms marked by a dagger end frequently those marked by an asterisk are found also written
state.
also
in
in one
138. The ending y^- is contracted to 'p-, {^~),]~, 'p", in the numerals for 2, 80, and 200. Pinal d has been changed to 6 under the influence of adjacent y in '3'^'IK "iD'^lil ^p'^bn and the like (73). The ending 6 in "'iap represents an original aj. For the sifting of vowel in ^'yOTi for'-'D^jn "pFlb^n for -pnbn c/. iYl.
,
, , ,
1 horo
cf. 70.
may bo an
orthographical luxury to
mark the
plural; but
may
also reprr-
143]
NUMERALS
43
139. In I'^'lFl and ']''Fl'nFl the original 5 of the second radical has been dissimilated under the influence of the final ( 53) The
"1 .
form
first
formed by analogy of j''"in In jTl'^n original i of the syllable became a under the influence of the following "I }
"'nri is
.
140. The following examples will numbers greater than 19 are formed:
irri ^'^'lisy
illustrate
how compound
nynniti
"
44
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
^in'^a Col.
[ 1^^
RErEEENCES:
too, Sanh. 95 a;
^^ri
"^a
frequent;
//iree,
MSS.;
nSSlIK
^^
ten,
"p^ln
''S
""Si
Kflbn "S
"^S
Sanh. 8 a;
four,
Sebu. 42 a; mi:7pn
Seta 38 6; J^nbW
rnW
Er. 30 a.
"^S
l^'lffij
hundred, Ber. 50
a,
Yeb. 88
144. '^ri too takes pronominal suffixes to express determination, in which case it expands its form to I^R J' Thus, "|5'^1"iri we
both,
Keth. 83 b; 'tTTVi
145. Luzzatto's remark (op. cit. 63), that the compound numbers in ''~\'0 are of rare occurrence, I cannot confirm. They
occur as frequently as those in ^D
,
if
not oftener.
It
must,
Whether such
a confusion in
due to later copyists, is, on account of the lack of ancient MSS., hard to decide. 146. Now and then we meet with numerals taken from other languages. They are used in homiletical etymologies and as illustrations of special points in Halacha. Thus, Ber. 56 b, the name Cappadocia is explained tr\W i^p'^'n J^llTCS XE33 " Kappa "
original, or is only
.
ten (ScKa).
jij"''^
Naz. 8 h
lij'^tSD^SS
Tiiibiij
^ij^'^p Q^'niT
"j'ij'^pta
WIS in ^plK
irevTayojvos
oii^^iD
one,
yS'lN
Siyovos
(fold).
M. Q. 28 a
id.
'Ar. Sanh.
X^
1000, occurs
"ITtl
^S5
a7i
ass of a thousand
ll^mp
"'btiap
,
(Ned.
fem.
40
a,
51 a
,
fem.
i!(,'r,''''1Sp
''^~
i<p'':'52lp
-,
plur."
masc.
i!(t)''"i2p_
iXrri')yyp first.
1"l!n3 iTG.
364, 489;
In later literature
62, 65;
nyai''3,
2 a
nyansa
ibid:m.
p. 4.
"
Stlbtia
"
'
Cf.
Earth, Nominalbtldung,
:
In later literature
WTin
398.
HG.
282;
"jiiTiribn,
^HJiribn
inTiya'IS
For the
IBM
1,
Bibl.-Aram., 65,
u. 1.
154]
148. Sing. masc.
NUMERALS
"j^^^Sn
,
45
fourth;
"T*:
TT-:
Plur. fern.
nn''''3>^a'n
TTT;
fourth}
iH.'B'^
b^^I^ (Gitt.
12
b,
B. B. 97 a, Pes.
,
Hebrew
lilTS^"!
"liTlSSt^
meaning by
and
^mp
Pes. 7
a.'
6,
'l50. Sabb. 31
of triple.
88
a,
Ar. 13
a, ^i^n-'bn
is
151. a. Like the ordinals are used a number of other numeral adjectives: Sing. masc. i<5'''iriK another; HC^Tfitii Col.
MS.
Hri'^'iriii
^n'^'im
,'
i^M'^irilS
(K.H. 18 5),"i5n^3'nm,
Pes.) ''^rm (Qid! 47
,
. Plur.
,
masc. ^IT'm.
ibkl 17
;
''^''ym (Col.
ri"';'5'iri^
"
MS.
Pes.)
6,
(Ned. 20
^rr^ 22a)7"
,
TF.,
p. 12, "^Snriiy!
fem.
''K'lm
fem.
If^ri^^'^ria
i^t^^'^r^a; plur.
^'T^'^'^^t)^
T5
my
b.
^^P
suc-
Pes.
to
Fractional Numbers.
152.
Fractional
numbers
are
abs,
87
a,
i'^'^'^'^vl
ii^pT^P
!
35 a;
a."
153.
wn
li^oz
S^nbri f,
i^ribn'f iud^;
}i/tts,
'^ribt}
f,
f/ie
^ribn ^^^
f,
*id
'j'^UJaiin
Tem. 27 a;
-pn^iibB
half of them, B. B. 8
word
when
250;
it
S6.
t^nilDH,
379;
101;
NnTT'br!
The mntt
HG.
250;
snyan TT'!
nKiB'^^ari '&. eis; nxiT'fi 'bid.; riKi'^'ari 6id.,- nt^i'^s'an tbid.ew. must have been nSyillJri*, S!n"i5'"*'iBri*. 2 Cf. Luzzatto, op. cit., 64, and Dalman, op. cit., p. 169.
3
i,
SG.
127;
niBUW
J. 'd- 187.
, ,
46
old.^
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[155
The same
distinction
may have
J^bj?
spirantic.
J^tl^riliJ
155.
The forms
t;t:
come j'er metathesin from Nnb^n. They were interchange with SWIZJ six, and S^nViU
,
XWlnTIJ
JSPbTl
t;-t;^
,
**
must
be added that
Kfl^SmiJ
N!n^!nffl
must be corrected. D. Other Demtmerative Nouns. S 156. nXT'lT', plur. ''i<T)T' single, imique; tlU^y^U'l quart (of a j^j), Er. 64 a, a. e., fem. nm^, plur. iem. m'^'^Tzn ^t\tHT-2^ Col. MS., Pes. 109 6; Gritt. K^^S^ a square; ^'2'^'~\ name of a small Persian weight 22a;"XT15)p^n, plur^ "p^'P^^ one of the five hooks of the Pentateuch or of the Psalms; later the Pentateuch; tXT'^^'S'C'^n fifths,
aries to the contrary
pentads; p^T\, KW/jin NM/jTi &^n^^35:2n i^rijari j^ri^inin It t:t:-t:tt; t;-; t.tthomdn, a measure containing the eighth part of a 2py plur. ln''^"3t3in; !!^"1TO5> the giving of tithes; plur. HlTl^^^'l^iay tithes, decades. Here belongs also the pronoun ''lltl one another, a
, , ,
'
contraction of K'ln
KlH with
,
Sna
city,
from
nu^'J
Adverbs of Place.
"^T}^,
outside.
li^a,
157.
^^Yc,
"'3,
""j^a
''5"'S
among
others.
^r\:}^
(91),
^K'ii^p','
"'^^'n "'33,
"'"'Itj
together.
"- JiSaS
inside,
'"i^'^niiip,
outside,
on
IS,
ra,
i^^^a,
^xjia,
^i^iax
(9i)
amid.rJb)2
inclusive,
S'JZ therein
Meg. 9
whither;
6)
Kn,i<lDn* before
us.
i55"'H
"iri (Ar. 30 a), ^n (Col. MS., Zeb. 1116) where; "1^2, fXTTra
whence;
1
SJ^i^tlb
bS
!!<i''i<
bS
2'J'l'in one
8 *
Cf.
Maclean, op.
cit., p. 67.
.
the various constructions of i{3n soo Zunz, pp. 591-598, reprinted in Vol. III. of his Gel Schriffen.
On
159]
ADVERBS
47
Dn,
"jlari
there.
^ISkTSlZ, above,
upward, on
below,
ahead, further, infra. firirt'^a (Bekh. 8 6), ^tt\tb (M.MS., BeQa'lSa), ^7\tb (B. B. 4o),
Slb/J
top, supra.
^^pb
p'^lhS
beneath,
i^b'^yb, b^'Sb,
(Sabb.
92 o),
(82,158).'
in "'X", flS"",
,
as
be understood.
,
On ^^H? rXPininb
Dttl
,
, ,
in ^>5laj5
^XljJt is prothetic.
KSH
are
compounds
82.
OT2 The
of
and Dn Hebr. D^ and l!<3 Hebr. TO, respectively. In llJSri and 'j53pb ( = + dlp + b) we have the demonstrative element 1" The reading of the latter "jlQpb and not with Levy "jSpb is warranted by tradition, supported by the vocalization of the Col. MSS., and has its analogies in our idiom. In X!ll3i< we have a compound of J<( = by) and i2lil )i(TT\, ^"T^ consist of S|l and In ''NFina "(^M^nnn + yj) and Xninb 'Jl, ^S respectively. (i^lninri+b) we have syncope of H. Adverbs of Time.% 159. "^H Col. MS. ""^N "T'S^ while, when,
itn
, "j
.
"^iril
16a
,
vocalizes
S^3'!l''i^n
'Snii^), meanwhile, in
meantime.
S^j^i^i^n
('= Si'^y
'!!<!l)
12 a vocalizes
often as.
when.
t^'CHt.
(Col. MS.,
Meg.
r\^''K
TlSX,
MS.)
still, yet,
even now.
-,
= i<'ri^ai'p (
later on.
i<rn23'+ pro-
"llnsb
^r!4<b
after,
'T'2.
'rS
5>
to
ex post facto.
XH
>5 )
lit.
when
it
was done,
already, since.
J^riTZJn
now, at present.
84 aj, Knn
to-morrow.
1
K^rb
^3, HG.
(B.
'{ibid.
H. MS.),
aftersince, as
m^iX^TC^'Xibid.'ed. Ven.),
""S
when.
;
H'Ji^b \ibid. F.
he.
now; when
63, 69, a. e.
;
MS.),
''353
SSin T
h^ere,
477 (bis)
tOIK T
where, ibid.
SnnJlb, T I
ibid. 315.
is
to be corrected
accordingly.
"
48
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
-^
[160
Zongr as.
b55^S, soon.
^M52b
,
naS t:tt:
b^lS
to-morrow.
''llnS
(Gitt. 85
legal style)
^55'^
at first, at
the
H^'lMiiJ
nt first, heretofore.
U^^ri^j^
verily, indeed.
side.
= b5')] (turn to the stronger [= (lS'1 + ^+ ( argument upon what is superior; on the other
'iit
I rest
my
side is
claim)
on the contrary.
a stronger
(rf6''<os)
J^ITlii^
DSlJi
KT^S naX
iT^b'^p^3
incidentally, occasionally.
'^H'H
in case when.
,
CVniX,
^jiOpbi!;^ crosswise.
bustrophedon;
Tin 'iX^iy^Z. H^"nb openly, explicitly. {TF. %14,a and 'frequently), ls<in (Col. MS!,
U^pl'^
expressly,
distinctly,
only.
[fl^J^'^
iTl^ntiJ,
212^53, well.
,
for no purpose.'
5<TliS!
iiflb
"'iJi'nl
[''bifil
''bi^''
'"13
''DK31,
sight,
apparently. ^^^b
K.,
n^^b
i<;:bi^ ""-sbs
"i35J
(MSS.
M.,
uliUivb
at first
^I^^Bb^
gratis.
it
^Yp2,
txh^it-),
Col. MS., Pes. (voc), Kb^/ja (77, 90) 'of itself. ni^n, ]^70bT2J:s, t^'abli:'^ (Coi'. MS.,'Meg. 2b), granted
would be right. "lIHO round about. ^553110)3 ( 23) presumably, probably, I dare say. JJ^'obs*^ plainly, simply,
is rigid, it
merely, only.
1^]p'}SX supinely.
Xp,
this,
~)Xp
generally with
T'BTS toelV
the participle
to
(66).
161.
Jj^fT^Sn
;
is
,
formed of
of 'nri
iS^n
ciple of M^i
nS^n
let it be,
100;
IDHIn, HG.
63';
bS
Sis';
= rTa^X bD),
,
ibid. 164;
TlpN
181".
2
ibid. 456
inimb
- T
. .
ibid.
T^i .
KlN'i'n
,
-..
TO.
ed.
Harkavy,
(
is
a shortened form of
3^n3
according to Luzzatto
1513S
b""T12?
3
P- 305 sg.) it is
a contraction of fc^^H +
+ 3 as
if is.
HG.
In later literature: D~|3 verihj, indeed, So'el. 1; Ti^n thtis, so, HB. 86, 103; '1'in3 ;' IS'^rib separatelv,'MV. 32; K'^DS together, ibid". lit more, TO., ed. Harkavy, passim; cf. for the latter Nooldeke, NSo". 159. SplSb ( = UtT) ISb ) HG. 403.
29;
105]
said verb;
J<'jb"4J!lL
ADVEEBS
it
49
ni'^tlil
.
are synonymous.
The
latter is
used in reference
compared with
that indicated
^SlTi
1^
SMc/t
of the former.
felloiv.
"W^ISi,
,
a good deal, much. ^yj^b entirely. ^^"O, ^^0, n''"]p /more. Tn\ K^TFT'la viore, greatly. '''jT} bs ^itn '^'V^S (lit.'/? this) so much I---1' he's bS
little.
Adverbs of Quantity. a
162.
(Gittin, 58 a) according
It:
U^ll^t:
M. Q.
TiJ-'j^^
6 a), as
tTalD the
many! ....
"-bSJa ^2t3
''Sp
.... 1
b3 possible quantity, what as much as a a Vbp ^bp a much, very much. Interrogative Adverbs. t^lT^, MS.) lohen? really so? does refer? "^^ for what purpose? {TF., p.'26). MS.), where? "n ivhither?tuhence?^'D^tl ,\6 (MS.,Vat. '^m, ^TlS' M" 67 ques'p5^n, expressing surprise or indignation) do you mean say? because? what!? ^K (Ned. num? nonne?r\'o)) K'jb n'obK ^b wherefore?
mind
the better
it is.
^Pl'^
26
h,
n^njsi
^r^-]
na3
the least
soever.
trifle.
llTSiSS'l tl'^3
,
possible.
little.
!J5S"I
%'lQ'i.
fl^^iii
(Col.
''D^t5
is
it
&5''^il!!^
to lohich
this
J^n'^."'Xb
(t5n+''''Kb)
tuhither?
!s^5^n,'
(Col.
^'D^tlb
i^S^rDJ, ^ri!a,
117','
"-,1^5/0
'i
-^yo,
t^ya
'^n
"B.
&y,
fiow?
^-lyo,
(in
tions
is it
to
,
how.'?
3 a),
">
^12'^
''51
"'/J
'^^52.^,
tchy,
''HO
'^i^b
'''b
a particle of
s.
doubtful character.
See Kohut,
It is
Aruch. Compl.
16-4.
v.
i<5)J
On
the punctuation of
"ii555J
,
which
compound
of
+ "iK
Thus,
"jbia ivhence
have we this?
^^'9
Ij^}'^^'
f^'^bS/J
Naz. 48
b, a. e.)
ivhence^has he this?
^Y^Tr^T'^ i^^^-
MSS.) whence
.
The former and ''53 are generally preceded by a 1 or "'5^1 introduces nominal sentences, the latter verbal. '''C If the verb be preusually stands immediately before the verb. ceded by a negative, "^12 is often inserted between the negative
165.
''3
,
1 2
itS'^S
ffG-
63, 69.
50
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[166
and the verb.' "/^ xb (Sabb. 68 6), "'O 1Kb (Pes. 102 a; M. MS., Er. 20 6; Sabb. 32 a; B. M. 32 a, a. e'.). 166. Note the following idiomatic expression: .... ^^b 'ii'2 .... Sib couldn't we understand by it rather this? .... No ! it is are used also as relative rather . trc^^ Ki^H ^S^H and ^tl
, , ,
adverbs.
Some
have
at
interrogative particles.
Affirmative
there is;
'f ii
ln"'J5
,
M^JS
S^n^K
,'
3'!j5
(=i<2+ri^!^)
"H).
yes,
'ijil;
(= Hebrew
ilSl^ii
In one
50
o.
instance
Of. II.
takes
form:
we
are,
Pes.
Targum to Esther
Kb), iXrrb
there
is
is
id'.;
+ Kb)
not,
Kb
+ b + ^-
cf.
Hebrew
"ITIJSK
H-jbll!
T T -
later
it
KBlIJ
TV'
wer/taps; niTSK
T
: '.-
Col.
MS., vocal.
perhaps,
may
be, possibly.
PREPOSITIONS.
of
bK = by and
170. tK is an abbreviation A. Inseparable Prepositions. is used in all the significations and constructions
It is
of the latter.
a,
Keth. 40
b, a. e.
KHK
Notice the
is
K^2KK
nin tK
,
to
nirn '""-
lit.
ivitJi
this is somctltiiig
like ....
The expression
as
171. "3. ~1i ~^j1 "Z, "j1 is used as in the Targumim and Hebrew. A few examples of some rare usages may be mentioned. nT-ij ^J-U Kn:aK3 tX^yC t^- the top of the small intestines must ^ T.;"T t:-: t-; be scraped up to a cnbifs length, ^ull, 93 o; K^p Tni:!! il^ Eabh read as a ]>riest, Meg. 22 a, i.e., was called up the first to read the weekly lesson from the Pentateuch. ^"^S'C^ ini"K1 KTin'^ '12 '"i"'\i; and yet these are the most beautiful of the people
,
,
j-
3
''
The verb
In
XniN
W^
174]
PREPOSITIONS
51
of Mdhdza, R. H. 17 a. ^irilH bSj^ and he dropped torn in two. tXTO'Ti'Z atliW^ in the presence of three, of ten, Ber. 56 h, fr. Cf also below ( 174). The n is found in the Talmud also in a
, ,
."
172. 3, 3, 3,
accusativi.
nice.
b,
3,
b,
to,
unto; generally
nota
)2, "J,
from.
173. To the Palestinean E. Jflhanan we owe the single example of the use of b with oaths as a particle of asseveration,
as in Arabic, Ethiopic,
(28) upon,
on.
"'IlK
K''X'n^3
upon a chair;
(
!1m''^T
"irins (^-inin
n3i<
+ bsi!),
on,
= D3 +
bl!^)
^SX upon their hands, Sanh. 17 o.^ c/Vnni. upon; by dint of, by the way of, on
account
of.
on account
of,
,
of.
The word
,
is
connected
with PellihI-Syriac yl
dialects.'
y^
]k:^
,4
and
\:Li
of other Syriac
of,
'T^^ "]N^ ^7"^ (^- 2- 15 a; Col. MS., Zeb. 35 b), by means through, by the way of. Cf. Hebrew T' by
' '
b^'om, {^X:m, ^"om), Snbtom, KPlb^'taiaH, for the sake on account of. The word is of doubtful etymology. The original form was evidently b^t352!!<, a compound of b^ti + + b^ which former may mean shade, protection, burden, or going, passhig; cf. the Hebrew bbjS "1^3^31 In the expression b^t2!ai5
of,
'!'', ,
.
b^tlSK
is
'3rib iitoa
^S^5
,
(M. V. 6 Vas
,
"'^nb
^pm).'
"2
:
^31]^
'^BXb toward,
opposite;
1
''S5t!Il
YOrca Si a, A. Z. 28 a, we are told how a woman did not wish to tell R. Johanan the formnla of a medicine, unless he swore not to disclose it to others. He agreed to it and
swore SS'ibS'O \^ bN"liB''1 SHbitb by the God of Israel, I shall not disclose it! He T--: T Tl.t TT then went and gave away the secret to his audience in a lecture at college. When asked how he could break his oath, he answered: "I said 'To the God of Israel I shall not disclose it;' but not to the people of Israel." He thus explained the 5 casuistioally uS
:
..
^'35! in in'^'^nn
^2S
13 = ^"13.
house)
3
In later literature:
TQ
But
is a compound of ?>? npon and 135? p'llH 13 when we were at our lord's (at ti y
Se'el. 77.
Cf.
Saohau,
Maclean, op.
cit. 187.
13n ^taBS
TF.
2.
l^jS
Res2]nns. d. Lehrer d.
52
b^l'3,
^'3.
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
YOmfi,,
[1'^^
b.
.'
on account
ill,
of.
Only
75
luithin,
The
with
traditional pronunciation of
""Si
beiiveen, liotise.
"3," 'p2l,
"rn,
iWS,
Nri'j^Sl,
28a,M.MS.,Sabb.ll0a, ^ri'-W^; (H.G.339 ^nrii^^ ^n^\-n2:s). Notice: '"iNpSl, ^i'^^n^, CoLMS., Meg. 12ab (Voc).
iJ^bS
,
l^b^l
,
tvithout.
,
TO
"ijb
"2 ^zb
T
,
nnn, - T
"^3
13
, ,
nni<:a,
-
imb, r
:
''liljb
case
13
,
of, toivard.
5^13,
1K5
'C
:
^^13
,
Va
13
constr.
st.
generally with b
^ and
'"]
Ijb
^f/fe,
similar, analogous
:
to.
"in only with H or b ''Itl^ ivith, by; "'^nb unto, to The singular form occurs but seldom: ^ilub A. Z. 28 b.
,
toivard.
Cibri
fl''
in.stead, in
place
of.
nota accusativi.
tTtT"^
This
is
Babylonian
Talmud.
B.
him, Ned. 49 o;
l^'^l
eds.
M. 906,
ni3
a. e.'
^?7.-e;
^T" "^13
b
('
Kfce
;
{6id. Pes.
105
110)
"pri113
us,
B. B. G5 .
"3,'
13
(=1 + 5)
?Ae
Zfe.
//lo^
SilFloln -^S
(iOit)
(Sabb.
119n)=Hebr
o.
roS
i^ibS 13
o/o
do(/, ed.
Const. Sanh. 96
1133
1
= "j13 + 3) (
for example.
form of the preposition also in Biblical
2 In later literature the older form p'l has been preserved: '^^ijnl tliee (f.) TG. ed. HarkaTy, 1.5. Cf. also Noeldeke, SO.. 199, cote 1, and Lagarde, J/iWic/i,'!., 226. I. H. Weiss (Zur Gesch. d. jild. Trad.. II., 138, notel), justly observes that the fact that the Biblical Aramaic never uses ]n^ as nota accitsoti'vi except once with a pronominal suffix (Dan. 3, 12) would go to prove that the use of this particle is a Hebraism with Onkelos and, wo may add, with all other Aramaic languages wliore its use is found who intended to give by its adoption a basis for the exorcise of R. Akiba's hermoneutic rule that every nota accvsntivi implies an inclusion of sonio additional casi', identifying, of course, rT* with rii5. The entire want of this particle in the Mandaic an idiom outside of the sphere of Jewish influ-
ences
3
Hi-BOkvr
scholars see the same use of ''Zi -^1^" i" Biblical Hebrew. V. 265-272, and M. Laniljfit, RJiJ. XXII., 129-131.
C/.
Dnbsewitz,
. ;
176]
'SbS
(
PEEPOSITIONS
53
of,
= ''&5J! + p+3)
unto.
with regard
b,
to.
nib T
:
to
me.
B. M. 62
^nilb
T
:
Palestinean
T\l2!n)2
in con-
sequence
'^a,
of,
through.
out, of.
'"'12
W&Z
ribtj'^5
because
to,
on account
of.
unto.
till.
iy
b3>
until,
"^ iy instead
of.
Usually contracted to
~'^S5
on, upon.
\XT^ j'S
Sby
"Q
Rasi,
Kb''2>
on, upon.
6,
Sabb. 156
6, a. e.
(41, 181).
(Sabb. 30
a,
before
W
but
with.
it is
In the Talmud the word is used only in legal found frequently in Se'el. and Hal. Ged.
,
style
b:3p,b
Kb^'^pb
B. B. Ill a; Tarn.
32 a.
(Palestinean.)
D'lpb,
Djl?.,
D^p^
l^p,
before.
Sabb. 30 6; 67 a; Gitt. 85
6.
(Palestinean.)
W2p_
''53p
"'^apb
''12^^
Ar.
31
6,
expression of politeness
''tlin
,
^ninri
beneath,
(A. Z. 10 a).
175.
"l53b
j'^a
"j^n
means: both
and
that.
'\)>
-pS
the other.
176.
'^2
is
of rare use,
to the
P!^T')2
,'
W'l'''i2
yea, of
b|i
it,
i.
e.,
of the
is
rt^j''a
is
the
same. PT'^tiS
liJ^b
he
not
The expression
e'el.
H. G.
100,
ibid. 3S7,
Sjbs
''12ip_
for a half.
54
III,
MORPHOLOGY
[1'^'^
particularly
want was
felt of a definite
and
By adding
liblTlb
to the b a
demonstrative of
of
or ilbiT'b
The concurrence
3
.
first
to dissimilate
and become
We
but
it
thus
must
Luzzatto's etymology of b + IT'S is subject to the same objection: t^n would evidently be akin to Ethiopic nahu, Hebrew tllfn which has also verbal force and can govern only the accusative. Noldeke connects it with the verb bflD to lead in Assyrian and Hebrew, and vocalizes '^bUD with plural termination.
personal pronoun.
c)
ilbili is
used as accusative in
ri''br!''3
n^''5'^3
try
a.
it,
A. Z.
15
o,
and
libtl^] ^b 15'^p'^S
we redeem
her, Gritt.
38
178. Traces of a separate form " ^b " are found in the scholastic term t]''52yti^b'1 and according to the reason given by thee, Ned. 37 a and frequently, and in ^tT'b "'iTT'b to them. Col. MS., Pes. 116 b and elsewhere.
, ,
fixes
;
179.
some
ositions
separate
number of prepositions are generally used with sufthem even exclusively so. Of the inseparable preponly two, n and b take pronominal suflBxes.' Of the forms, ^nSSit, ^"lirtS ^Q^^, ^m, ]^^, ina, 'S-l, 13,
of
, ,
^in>
ii^p
,
f^'>
i^^3,
,
mb,
,
(53,
^fllFl
,
'fllMpl
Kriblt:53i<5
HnbiltifiK,
i^W^n, and nbn^S are found only with never found with suffixes.
,
180. n
,a,
^a
t]a
T];a
fn^a
ilia,
-(ria,
52
6,
Ned. 50
^nb (R. H. 5
I.,
o,
Sabb.
On
Lagarde, Mittheil.,
231 sg.
182]
140
6),
CONJUNCTIONS
55
^in^b, ^tl^b
(Col.MSS.),
'S'/^,
^in^^ra
,
i^Db
(legal style),
rt'^i^a,
t^D^Il,
1^X3
^lib
-prib,
^nb.' "fS:
,
"^rsi,
tis/a,
-jD-a,
J^JD-^a
(legal style),
t^-^rp,
^5':"3"3,
'
"?
'Hrp,
(110),
?js-a,
]^'DTi:i,
Pi^r?j
j^ra
,
1^7^,
,
^Ds^a
]^nTi2, -jin^ra
^nr^o
^n^ra,
"nib"'?
181. i^by is little used with prepositions: t^^^^^ Qidd. 8b; Ber.'sGa; tt^b? i5na TSS? searc/i lY, Sm-/' iSTed. 50 a.'
Instead of S^bS
we
Sabb. 105
b, a. e.;
Ji^VW upon
B. B. 12 6
= >^-'-).
CONJUNCTIONS.
182. bis
it^"il!<
but,
. .
hotvever,
a
. .
Hebraism.
.
i!>5
07%
if,
whether.
either
.
.
or,
whether
""X ''S
or.
"'S^
if,
whether
1
it
^i"'']!!
i^abllJa
Fl^aK
"'i?
. . .
I grant
either
. . .
if
would be
even
''Tit
,
right,
( 183). then
.
"'Si
"'ii
or,
if.
'T'I'H
(
iitl^iSl
^n'^K
= nitl
''><),
used like
or ^n^a q.
v. M. MS. and
ed.
Pesaro, A. Z. 55 a.
^rX,
t
TK,
^T'
(2
M. MS., Y5m. 30
pray, an
For
found
c/.
81.
Hebr.
"'3
;
only in legal
il3^X,
!13
(H. MS., B. M. 73 6), 3^it (Sabb. 152 6), nrj* (YSma 57 a, Yalq. MS.) is a compound of "j^i^ if and ^3 S3 here, now, q. u., and is etymologically identical with Ethiopic 'enka.
,
t^rTJJtl ^3''S
if
now! oh
that! with
"jib
535.
:
Cf.
the
German expression
187,
sich liber
Etwas hermachen.
3 !1T
HG.
,
IT ibid.
lOi,
the
Hebrew
SiS"i]S.
in
llSyS
^D'^S
SDTl
Tiow,
both meanings being possible with the latter form, as Ethiopic 'enka and our
56
X^'^SjS
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[182
only.
/ R)^ ^^N ^k^ (Col. MS., Zeb. 6 a) if not, bid, except, Compare Latin nisi, Italian se non, IS^sH KD only; cf.
, ,
.
.
the French ne
^b""^ if, a
que.
Hebraism.
m))R,^
'^'ob'A
,
^/jb^l^ (Col.
"'b^jbi^
,^
if in
"j^
S<"J
as
so.^
,
^55i<
^3^3N even
3!J5
if,
even, a Hebraism.
1 ^3 b^
"li
^S b?
SK
1 or b (31) so that, that, in order thai; for, since. KtTH for, because.
i^'Cb'^
lest,
perhaps.
sh
1
then, of course,
for sooth;
this
means
to
say; bid.
Often ^Hl
b^Sin since, because, a Hebraism. fj^yn, rjSbn, t^Sb^n (Col. MSS.) therefore (^tji + b +
K-^lTi
n,
or
k^in)'.' '
''
now?
""^
well!
Kri'^Jj
,
S^FTXh srnce,
"1 (Did, bid.
H'//e)!, if,
see ^3
and
Cf,
^3''5<
is it
indeed so?
There are
consecutive.
e. g., "^^XCi^'iVi
and
3
let is
is
of opiinon, '"i^3l3
when, (= T
,
+ 3).
having the force of
^3">^
^3
"'3
j3
a postpositive particle
and
M. MS., Sabb. 4a ^T'nn ^3 "jl!4"ob li-^^i^ isbl and he did not recollect whom they had allowed. Qidd. 48 a ^13 "'U -3
of il3^."
'Xb
2 3
"iX,
HG.
yh
li?
HG.
K^<i.
On
the cliango of o to e
cf.
'B.a-aiit,AEV.,22.
For
its
On
this
etymology see Jastrow's Diction, s. v. word see R. Duval, BilJ. IV,, 268-273; M. Lambert,
;
5'.
Jastrow, ihid. XI., l.jT-lM HaWvy, tTiaiTa P. ND i In later literature we find the Persian Qfl used for ON in the phrase l^rt </ TO., ed. Harliavy, Index, s. v., and Letter of Sam. ha-Nagld "l21i? H- 68', l^nCn, read l^ri DD The word is also found in Noo-Syriac cf. Sachau, op. cif., p. 38, Machvin,
,
DH
mU
See on this
4").
23, 2
etc., p.
184]
read:
CONJUNCTIONS
57
!13 ''i^!aa wherewith then, etc.? Id. M. MS., Taan, 7 6, H. MS., B. M. 67 h. MS. Vat. 117, B. M. 67 h ^li "H how then? M. MS., K. R. 29 a il3 -ils^a m;7io <Aen.? B. B. 10a"-p ij^nan, I'bid.
M. MS.
"5 i^nirn
"p is^nirn,
;'
i6jci.
M."Q.'26 a, eds.
H. and R. MSS. "^ KPTiiHl'. B.'b. Ilia id. and frequent in MSS. Cf. Ethiopic
or
ka, ke.'
"3 (shortened
from
"'13
13)
if,
lohen.
B. Q. 846,
a. e.
"1 "'S^n
'^B,
T^S^n 'S
(ri^.6) so
i!Aa^,
m orcZer
that. ^^Ti
^3
^bn T
;
Zesi.'
-1 ]r^
inji^'J
(-1 1^3
M. MS., B. M. 39 a) as soon
supposing.
since.
"1'J
from
,
^tV>2
^tT'Q
T\tTi2i
bb353 hence,
it
then follows.
preceded by CjX
q. v.^
183. is and ""St are often interchangeable so that, for ''5< ''1^ we may have iK iit, ^S ^H, i!J< IS, promiscuously. Col. MS., Zeb. 2 a a. e., has tT'S^lsiii for the usual tl^ya^lJ^; ii< if, id., ibid. 46, 5a; &53^K im id.', ibid. 56.
instance,
.
184.
This
is
,
'iJ5
is
m'^ya^iJ^
'sri^^ T
1
as
e.,
for "sn"
T
In later literature: 1-Q1S51D 1^{a of Sam. ha-Nagld, 'yyO 1S1i5 H-. P- 652
read:
^ini 13
ISTa
MV.
5;
!13
1^^
Letter
In later literature:
;
ibid. 73
3
*
"jIDIil
'jt?3
, ,
13
'Anftu,
IX.
,
SDIH ^S HG., 63; -^ pDlH ^S ibid. quoted by Harkavy, MWJ., 1893,"p. 226.
,
24, 33;
[ IpiHS
"1
Af F.
or
;
m!Ti^
,
KiniM HOc/.
1'3, 533. t.
The word
is
compound of the
interrogative 1'a
and iiin
5
lilil
Jastrow,
o.
p. 191,
note
2,
1^3
is
the
21*
^o to
speaTc.
The word
is
also,
or with
.ff+J
increase.
of the adverbs, prepositions and conJastrow's Dictionary; G-eiger^s JUd. Zeitschr. VIII., 180-90; Luzzatto's Grammar, and Liebermann's pamphlet mentioned in the Preface.
6
junctions,
, :
58
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[185
INTEEJECTIONS.
185.
""lit
""i^
^n
0! = Arabic
^Vii;i<
""ll
,
Qidd. 706.
maic,
'1
,
This particle
i^'^^il
more frequent in Palestinean Arago on! make haste! hurry up! quick! lively!"^
''1
^~\
^^
riT
m
(TIT
,
Nh, ^H
Nin
(V. L.
(Col.
MS.,
tfeicZ.)
KT
i^TT
tfotd.)
a cry to frighten
'?^'>?.
away
a lion.
N^u.^K^b^nr^siVfi,
S'*^n
,
"?'i'^'>?> '?^'Ci.
(c/.
Fi.)
Syr.
"^ID
water.
^Tib very
all
right!
The word
is
connected with
s.
Ethiopic lahaia
Tli^p
'il3''p
,
he beautiful.
,
Gf. Jastrow,
v.
T23''3 123^3
Ti^n Tj^n
186. XT N^ ,* i^n S<n i^T XT and their variants are evidently demonstrative pronouns, and their use as a means of urging on
animals and warding
off
wild beasts
is
superstitious notion no
more apparent.
of this particle I
am
who remarks
ia Ip'iJn'C *^fcC is perhaps a cohortative particle, c/. Assyr. I, e. g., I qS '^^2 "^iC come ottt, I rid T^ 1^5 90 down, etc. Cf. Delitzsch, Assyr. Wb., p. 333, No. 160; Prol., 135; ZE., II., 389; ZA., I., 51; Assyr. Gramm.., 145. It is possible that the *i^ in expressions
like *i^"l "iX
It
"The
Rabbi, dbiy^lB ntOllO "'i? is the same particle. It is certainly not I, ela. may be connected with the Arabic vocatiye particle Li Also in Assyrian I is used as a TocatJve particle like "t^*! ^55 e. ff-i I beli; cf. Hilprecht, Assyriaca^ 1894:, p. 52." From Saadya's commentary on the n*T'3t'^'D (ed. Lambert, p. 45) we see that at his time the
i
Arabic form
X"^
was
in use, just as in
p. 189 (497)
modern Syriac. For its use in later Hebrew, cf. and Epstein, 'Eldad ha-Ddni, p. 58, cf. also
XII., 311.
PSBA.
^K'^'^n occurs also in Neo-Syriac, Arabic 583) and has nothing to do with i{"in to live.
3
1896,
Col
Perles,
in
^nnX'n, M.V.,
190]
VEEB
59
THE VEKB.
In Geneeal.
guages.
187.
is
The law
of triconsonantality
is
carried
There
all
it.
Almost
tri-
consonantal
+a
biconsonantal theme.
The few
Verbal Stems. 188. a) The subjoined end gives a survey of all the conjugations or verbstems found in the Babylonian Talmud together with the number In Paeticulae.
table at the
From
be evident
that the stems that have proper life in our idiom are only five:
Qal, Pa"el, Aph'.el, Ithp^'el and Ithpa"al.
b)
and Niph'al are found, which are all taken from the Palestinian. Thus, JSaCDfltlb Yeb. 107 6, Gitt. 85 6;
Hithp^'el, Hithpa"al
Keth. 52 6.' For Taan. 17 6, Men. 65 aV 'W'bFi nXSS'nnb It':" T T" Haph'el cf. " Rare Conjugations." 189. A few examples of the passive stems occur only in the participle. Thus, Pu"al: !n;a^TI352 put under ban, Sabb. 67 oy Wa^na [Targ. HDjina] becoming, eds. Taan. 22 b; ''^tlW2 post
:
:
dated,' B. B.
171 6;
"'"l^iSa ughj,
Ber. 44
6. Pelal:
CjSiJ'a folded,
6.
^uU. 51 6. Pulpai:
Knbsb^ljia
Hoph'al:
ib^'^12
ISFl'lT^?-
86 a;
pTM^S
'DS^/J
is
and elsewhere;
6.
superfluous, Yeb. 74 a;
Bekh. 57
is
some-
times mentioned.
No such form
exists in the
Babylonian Talmud.
are either
A real
'''V^,
p. 77), but forms like t^'^T^']?, n-'^^^M {ibid., p. 80) show that this is the imperfect used with the force of the Assyrian preterite.
' CSISan mmffin ed. Harkavy, 131, has jnfsbn'i.'n, (or jni^^n"'!?) KDiS I^^IZZ I have reconsidered (Ber. 426, Pes. 1036), though in Aramaic context, is Hebrew.
;
60
Qal.
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[191
191.
,
The
The 3d
and
5it2p
the imperfect
stems.
rare.
In
"pJ
in strong
,
,
1'iIJj
ItlH
"|3m
Pa"el.
192.
This stem
is
still
The
first
vowel
is
some-
times heightened to
(e), especially
"I
.
following guttural, or
Pa"el
is
par
D3\
~I35, 115,
qw, pb,
Aph^el.
prefix of
193.
.
Dbs,
C35p.
This stem
btOplSt
is
K
to
Thus,
i,
from blip
The stem-vowel
is
usually
.
changed and
if
"I
The
stem
DlHi^
contracted
dlX
turn south,
rpSi* to gather,
l^bpX
to enclose, D^^lflX to
arm
123
oneself.
The
preformative
or D, probably
194.
.
The
refiexive stems,
by internal vowel-change, are formed from the active stems by prefixing the syllable in^ Thus, bppns*, b^plTlK, btJpm are
formed from the Qal, Pa"el and Aph'el respectively. The original form of the prefromative was T\ The syncope of the vowel of J^ and the subsequent prefixing of a prothetic vowel is probably due originally to the imperfect, where, e. g., a form titaqatil would easily become titqatil, analogous to the Niph'al in Hebrew, where btp^SH is formed from the imperfect stem n(a)qatil.
.
But tho
j'-yowel
may
also be original
cf.
Zimmern
200]
195. With stems whose
remains untransposed.
VKEB
first
61
is a sibilant
consonant
the
tl is
sibilant,
same
"'"'V
''"15?
the
t\
The
is
true of
yy
T\
stems.
The
it.
iJ5"2
when the N
assimilated to
The
the
same
Teason.
first
197.
When
tl is
spirantic
it is
radical
and the
latter doubled.^
When
tl
the
first
radical is
"1
sequent doubling."
198. The usual stem-vowel of the Ithp^'el is i (e), but the a has been retained in some cases even with non-gutturals. The Ithpa"al has, with few exceptions, a in the last syllable. Moods and Tenses. 199. There are only three moods: the All other moods Indicative, the Imperative and the Infinitive. are expressed by syntactical means. The tenses are also three: The last is reprethe Perfect, the Imperfect and the Present. sented by the participle. Afformatwes of the Perfect. 200. 3d sing. fern. : The older form Vr has been preserved in a few instances.'' T he apoc opated
original
form JS!", or n~, written promiscuously, is the usual ending. A few times ln''7 occurs for fly, which form is either an analogical marks the indistinct formation after the "'"b verbs, or else the
"^
q^tAl^th.^
Hebrew
Jlfff.,
''"b
verbs."
Bute/. 480.
Noeldeke,
164.
ed.
2 Cf.
sButc/. tllbina
*Cf.
mSbn
'he
HUdeahelmer,
tTQy^ nbtS
went
and
transgressed,
Ned. 23a;
ny^ti foundered,
TlB'^ptT'S? > betrothed, Dlb'^E'l] brought forth, Ned. 50a; H'Hiri broke, ibid. 666; np"'"!y '^ed, Sabb. 67a; nb''tja ceased, SOta 33a; tl^'lpi? brought near, Yeb. 396;
nbltSJniS was aboUshed, Sabb. 116 6, fin Ya'aqob n3'iriirTiX ujas given, ibid, (the last two examples belong to the Palest, dialect) iTlB'nBIS Keth. 62 b ; TlVi''^W'Vi was cured, ibid.; tlpT' spii, Yeb. 396; and others.
; ;
eds.; cf.
ed.
^tirty
also 536,
5.
62
III.
MORPHOLOGY
is
[201
ri7; but the old
201. 2d
ending
!f5n7
sing,
MFl'I'lD
23 a; KFinin didst ride, A. Z. 4 6; sn-i^^X (i/1J5<) didst hire thyself, Y6ma 20 6, M. MS.; Kri"'Sp wouldst have caused to eat,
5ull. 96 a; KD^SS-'K 'En Y., Keth. Ill a.
T
:
202. 2d sing, fern.: The old ending ''ri7 is never found but the form ri''~, which like the afformative of the 1st sing. com. has arisen from the former by throwing back its final vowel, occurs a
;
few times;
e.
g.,
tT'b'Op
thou
didst
kill,
iCT'Illj';
Keth. 65 a; tT'^S'^K
gavest, Keth.
is
85a;
66
6,
M. MS.
Tr^
203.
few cases:
The
found but in a
took,
Sabb.
156
Sabb. 116
^'TC^T\
Pes. li0 6;
-'tfi'S.
last is the
H,
The
before
is
in a few cases
out,
^17."
'^~
wanting.
above,
np^'Si^
I brought
be read
Ber.
38 a
to
(Rail IT^p^ES).
But
is
this is probably to
is
be vocalized
"'"^
went,
H.
and
''SmSN!
removed, Er. 54
are to be
"""P
verbs or
,'
according to 80. In any case the exception confirms the rule.* 204. 3d plur. masc: The usual form is ^~. In a few
cases
cases
we find 'yT due to the influence of the imperfect. In some we have |"'7 '^7 due to the influence of the participles. In
,
is
'p.
'yiPr
and ^Tr,
^Vr~
i^ri"'7,
232
But
a.
this is probably
^^nybS
2C/. g306p.
3
Das Aram. Verbum^ p. 10. *0n the whole it may be said that
with strong verbs in passages of an early date, also in later times, to give more substance to the word.
the fuller endings of the 1st sing. com. and the 3d b) with weak verbs
208]
VERB
63
206. 1st plur. com. : Alongside of the older form Kj- we younger forms '^' and "7. For the forms ^T~ "u"^", see 232 a. Note "SiayilJ we subjected to servitude, A. Z. 2 6
find the
,
(M. MS.
""tsyilj).
This ending
is
common
in Palestinian forms
before suffixes.^
original prefix in
Preformatives of the Imperfect. 207. 3d sing. masc. : The ^ has been retained in the language of legal style,
some ancient proverbs, in all standing expressions, and in a few other cases. Usually the prefixjs/'b or b and ''S or 5 Both prefixes, b and D are used interchangeably for indicative as well as jussive.' The 3 is, however, more frequently found in the
,
.
indicative.
208. That the b had originally a jussive force, largely retained even in our late texts, admits of no doubt. Compare such passages as these: "'iribl ^^lySi '^ 'qby ^nj^b "lil 'rrb T02^h^ 5<2t3 'ini^'l K^lti and let them tell him, etc., " may it he decreed by
Heaven concerning
pitious, Ber. 55 b;
thee that
it
be propitious "
and
it
will be pro-
no one praise himself in order thai others may praise him, 2 M. MS., MQ. 28 b. Against the current opinion that the b is identical with the
tt''3*lb''']'1'^
b'H^b
Xb
let
3 is
only a phonetic
of different origin
from
first
the
3,
that both b
and
are
etc.,
but
in support
seem
to be very plausible.
The
inter-
change of
false
and b in the
first
person of the plural, and (2) the ^ But the first may be explained as a
For the
is
last point
that a pronunciation
bt3p|||b
unknown
1
to tradition.
like
p^n
86,
and 271,
note.
3 For the various opinions entertained about the nature of this ? see the references in Driver's Hebrew Tenses^, pp. 276-7; Haupt, B^., I., p. 17, note 20; Barth, "Das Syr. Imperfoot-Prafix n," AJSL., XIII., 1-6,
64
III.
MOSPHOLOGY
L^^^
Note.
l^ijCSb
A
him
may
let
here
be noted:
let
B. B. 43 b;
tn"i':iS"'b
make a vow, Gitt. 35 a.' Note also pZl'^l^'Sb that I may attach myself, M. MS., Pes. 41 a ( 53, 4).' At times b is 209. 3d sing. fern. : The usual prefix is SH or is to be form is an older found instead. Whether this
.
carmot be decided.
210. 2d
invariably H.
sing,
fern.:
The
prefix is
211. 1st sing, com.: The prefix is invariably X. 3d plur. masc. and fem. : The prefix for both is alike "'b b or "'j D as in the 3d sing. masc. 212. 1st plur, com. : This prefix is generally D but some, ,
times b.
213. The vocalization of the preformatives of the imperfect Thus, not only the it usually takes gere instead of s^vft, as in Syriac, but also the other prefixes, though with less frequency, follow the same rule. This is especially the case in verbs T'y and y''^ The i? takes a full vowel in consequence of its weakness; and the other prefixes
vary in some respects from the Syriac.
.
Bute/. 13.
214. 2d sing, fem.: The Afformatives of the Imperfect. ending is T~ or "'7. It occurs only in a few cases ( 249).
are of equal occurrence.
215. 2d and 3d plur. masc. : The ending is "^l", or^^ Both The endings 'p~ and '~ are rare ( 232).
.
216. 3d plur. fem.: The ending is n^: m^n^b are caught, M. MS., Sabb. 43
Afformatives of the Imperative. ending of the energicus has been retained in a few instances "I'^rrnD flee, M. MS., Pes. Ill b; p"iS pay, Sebu. 41 b.'
6."
Cf
is "p",
or
"'".
2nd
219. Plur. masc: The usual ending is ^~; but cf. 'yWCTii^ ye, Ned. 50 b. At times the nominal ending "'" appears
(232).
I
Cf.
^rrmSb
3
TG.
ed.
But
this form
may
VEKB
fern.
:
65
Sabb. 12 6
The only instance of such a form is ^''b^tip The ending ]''- may be (O. MS. sinrbpp).
>
equivalent to ^(13^7
The
IZ-prefix of Infinitive
and
Participle.
)2
in infinitives
sometimes a
full
221.
instead of
222.
( 553, c).
The
infinitive
pre-
K~
'7
:
t\~
this is considered
by Noldeke
to be the emphatic
it is
The nature
T~
{cf.
111335,
n^K tlBby) f Noldeke takes it to be the feminine ending of the same form ;* Landauer explains it to be the plural ending f Barth, an abstract ending.^ There remains still the possibility of its being the post-tonic indefinite vowel for original d, u, which change might have been due also 'to dissimilation. One is inclined to connect this ending with the similar adjective ending in words like '^na'l "VTTi ^mri (B. M. 73 a), ^Vr\Tn,
, ,
TI/.S^S
"'Ifl'^ti^T
and the
like.
;
cf.
modern
Arabic e for
c)
'll'i'"
classical
Arabic
69, note
first
1, above.*
by analogy with "'"5 verbs. The last is shortened from the d) mi", ^~.
restore its
e)
last
T\
even before
suffixes.
Cf.
.
64.
to Noldeke, the
;
iny, doubtful.
is
Only
in riBi/3
According
107 h)
word
to
(but
cf.
nriZ
28, = ^ull.
f) lr
The
last
223.
Qal:
^btppa,
'bittp,
1
We
let
the infinitive
forms found:
btipa, bt)p)j, b^ppa, bit:p5j, bpp^a, Kbt:pp, ribtsptt,
^bitip^o,
ribt:p5j,
|bt5pa,
bpp,
bppK,
bitDp,
bit:pj<,
''.':ibpp, "."libtip,
'ibtip.
3 Lehrgebaude, iMa.,p.li3.
p. 121.
'
ZA.,
III., 274.
%101.
MG.,
p. lai.
66
Pa"ei.^bitaj^,
III.
MOBPHOLOGY
i^bira]?,
[224
^bBj?,
^bitsp,
Kb^i?,
^ytpp,
bitsp,
mb^i?,
nb^pN,
'
"jbitipi;,'bpp,
(^biapn),
^^ibcipK,
^bitip'J,
mp'el,
''biupiri^,
sbitspni^,
,
i^b^pns, ^btipm,
,
, ,
"btjpm,
,'
lbitipr\x
b-'tppriK', ''^ib^prib?
bicipnjj^
ithpa^ai:
'^bitopriii'/i^bitspriii,
ittaplial:
^bitSpFlX.
Plvri-consonantal stems.
Active:
Hnbpp,
nbtipris^.
nii^bpp,
nibtpp.
Passwe.-
"nibiapriH,
^abtipini*,
224. Sing, fern.: The Afformatives of the Participle. ending t\~ is rare." Generally.it is !{~, or n~. The first more frequent. The emphatic state i<n~ occurs but a few times. At
times the perfect ending
"l!Wa''a, F.
is
found
'^bSil
is
fissured, Ber. 25 a;
MS., B. Q. 43
:
The ending "i"'7 is rare. The usual ending is ^~ as in Neo-Syriac.^ More frequent is the verbal ending il~ occurs. rarely '^~ At times the nominal ending In a few cases one 226. Plur. fern.: The ending is 'r'
225. Plur. masc.
,
.
"'iSl'"
would be inclined
to
suppose apocope of
"j
e. g.,
S^211J12T "'SpX
cut stones, B. B. 3 a;
SSpSpM
"^l?"^?
But
'b"'!2
such forms as singulars ( 235) c/. '^niS other things, M. MS., B. M. 15 a; Nr"^ljX 'T12, eds.
also explain
we may
ibid.
Steuctuee of Veeb.
verbs occur
In General. 227.
now
as
Many
qatil(a) without difference in meaning, and the old correspondence of i and m perfects to a
as qatal(a),
1
now
'
*
This form
Cf. Cf.
is
doubtful.
21 6
;
nflSriTBia
fmmd, Sabb.
110
b.
Cf. g
1!;!.
233.
231]
imperfect, of
VEEB
67
In
fact,
a perfect to u and i imperfects, is largely destroyed. some verbs occur with either of the three vowels. 228. The derived stems have frequently u instead of the
I,
usual
e.'
This
is
and imperative, and does not occur at all in the participle. But such nominal forms as NpiS^S suckling, iXCiV2W2 robber, arfTtfiD peddler, evidently show its earlier existence also in the participle.
I
am
nominal form
J^bitip as orig-
forms of the
finite verb.
This tendency
is
predom-
inating in the perfect and the imperative, but rare in the imperfect.
The
230. d before
Ill
vowelless guttural, or 1
i,
it,
or changes an original
Verbs whose stem ends in a conft of the plural from the end of the word to between the second and last stem-consonant (between first and last in biconsonantal verbs). This occurs
Particular.
1.
231.
or u, to d.
is
Levy* supposes forms like bitJp, bltipX, etc., to be infinitives. Of course, he had in view only the perfect. The few examples in other parts of the verb he either did not notice, or explained them away and the latter can be easily done. 3. Arguments can be brought forth on both sides. In favor
a) Lack of a similar
b)
phenomenon
The use
ritJi3"iriSt 2
Sam. 22:8;
'j^jiTri']
Hos. 9:2;
cf.
2 These u-forms seem to represent a much earlier phase of verb-formation than is found in the cognate languages. The view that qatul(a), qatil(a> forms had originally cor-
responding derived forms just as qatala forms have, seems to be borne out by our idiom. Cf. on this question Zimmern, "Das Verhaltnis des assyr. Permansivs zum semit. Perfect und zum agypt. Pseudoparticip,'" ZA., V., 1-22, and Lindl, Die bab.-assyr. Priisens-u. Prdferitalforvien. The theory that the u-vowel in such cases represents il, which stands for i (cf. Barnstein, The Targum of Onkelos to Genesis, p. ai and references), does not explain the presence of this vowel in the Ithpa"al.
'
'^
But
cf.
Dalman,
2.
iNeuhebr. Wb.,
s. v.
UJ.
68
c)
4.
in.
MORPHOLOGY
[232
i>1t3|5.'
On
it
may be argued:
Had
it
used exclusively for the third plural been an infinitive, it would not have been so
verbs should have had a form corresponding
That the
"'"b
That the corresponding forms in the derived stems show clearly the difference of the infinitive and the epenthetized forms.
c)
Cf., e. g., b^tip^j;
5.
with ^bitipx,
b^tjpriii
with ^biupriN.
of the final
vowel
is
probably due to a
Traces of such
"'jtiS^TU
and
accented
now on
the
first syllable.
232. o) In consequence
the force of a tense, they and the perfect influence each other in
several ways: in exchanging afformatives
theme.
instead of "fbpp, "bpp, 'fb^pp, "'b'^tpp.' On the other hand, the perfect, which ought to join its plural afformatives
of the first
"pbt3p,
and the second persons to a singular verbal theme: "iWbtJp, adopted from the participles the plural verbal
jD+'^bpp, "j^tl+^ppp,
theme:
pronouns: "iD+btSp,
jW +- bpp
b)
-3
+ b-'pp
-|
w + b-'pp
its
The
regular form
b''pp also a
form b^tlp
The
The accent being on the penult, the last vowel is indistinctly pronounced. But, I sounds more like ft than o. This is supported by two vocalized examples: ^^"nZJ they sent. Col. MS., Meg. 6a, and *^^'53J4 they said, Se'elt., ed. pr., p. 26. Levy, in accord1
thinlc, it
ance with his theory, vocalizes 51Ijp. probably due to the influence of verbs
taking a
2
The VIZV
|!?"S
or
ys
,
full
is
a Hebraism.
In later literature
i5D1''D'13 U'is)
we learned, Resp.
Western, ed.
236]
VERB
69
in a few
Thus;
let
i$"lpFl''ri let it
be forbidden,
Ned. 23 a;
nri
J!^532>p
X^^U
'13ri''51
!!<FI
^tT'S
come,
let
"jbtt ^in^'b
come,
"''ti7p"'j'^
that
we may carry
let
off,
HSr. 3 b;
let
'^ifyCT'D.'^b
ibid.
106 b ( 102)
105 b; X3a3?-'N I shall be late, same is met with in the participle. Gender. 234. There are in the verb, norni, two genders, masculine and feminine.
But
their use is
irregular.
On
the whole
it
to disappear altogether.
There
many
of the feminine forms are found in use for the masculine, both in
236.^ Of the two numbers, the singular is frequently used when we should expect the plural. This may be
Number.
Cf.
235.
or, as
The
Cf.
section quoted
is
to be corrected by this.
;
70
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
Qal.
L236
Perfect
'
239]
VERB
71
STRONG VERB.
we know but
little
of
In the examples given, masculine forms have been given as E. g., 1!ll?''lS she became pregnant (Bekh. 47 a, Sanh. 69 a) I put under
masculine, although used as feminine, and the reverse.
masculine forms;
'\^TT12
Perfect. 3d
S
V^L^J.'
sing,
masc 237.
a)
[BT bpp
biSOp
a^
bpip
M. Q. 28
p"]? fled,
M. Q. 28a; nbllJ sent, ^Ow' heard, Ned. 65a; "^nti shone forth. Y6m. 15 a. M Vtip S ^>-^j. p^bp b) [B btip, bpp; T b^tip, b-'pp ascended, Ned. 66 6, Ber. IS'b; W^p tasted, Ned. 66 5; n^pTi: had
;
;
died, ibid.
ii"!?!! was destroyed, Gitt. 55 b; "|ipri [T b^tap S '\ljujj became foxy, M. MS., Taan. 7 a, H. MS., B. M. 106 6; yVj rose up, came up, Sanh. 82 a; np1"in pilS the bright star has shone forth, a Babylonian saying quoted in Jer. Talm., E. H. 57 b; TjinS partook, M. MS., Ber. 46 a; ed. Ven., ibid. 57 b.^
c)
heard, iWlb^
b)
[B rlbpp; T nb^pp;
IS^tT^yS,
nj^bti^p;
s L_L_^_;]. xp;bD
b; K^'D'iIJ died,
6.
Kp'^'iti
masc.'% 239^. a) [B nbpp, nbpp; T KFlbpp, Flbpp; J. ri^nS didst write, ^ag. 4 5; Flbp^ didst S mbKtJp; 1:^4^ take, B. M. 63 b; Ppbp didsi^ ascend, Ber. 18 6; rinDy diids/ s^eaZ,
B = Bibl.
Cf.
Aramaic,
,
T = Targumic Aramaic,
M = Mandaio,
= Syi-iac.
31TIB
% 200.
HQ.
ed. princ, 79 c.
3 Cf. * 5
6
The
spelling
Sb tip
is
flblip (never "ip) shows that this form not Pa"el as Jastrow thinks.
,
is like
that of T.
'
72
ibid.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
ri3>iIJS
L^^^
didst commit a
56 h;
V\'$12'^
crime, B. Q. 85 a.
h)
[B
7\-, nbtip;
m-
nrpp;
M n^tap;
rip''"li
S Lji^u-oJ.
Qidd! 29
2d
sing,
/em.' 240. a) [T
m-^bpTIJ
,
';^tra.'$;
..a
>
.J
in-'bap
d-t'ds^ Icilt,
Keth. 65 a;
fozt?/,
B.
M.
ibid.
59
ri^bt:p,
nbt:p;rose,
n-'bla-'p;
&;
n^pbo I
Ber. 57 a;
ffmS
foo7c,
n^y^TIJ heard, B.
67 a
nbpip
b;
103 a/
^Xr* sfoZe, B. Q. 65 a;
Taan. 23 a;
6) loent
ibid.
^ribT2
[B
tlbtJp;
''pTIJS /assed, Ber. 56 bj "bri^ J X)lanted, I sent, M. Q. 16 &.* T n-'b-^pp; M lY^btl^p; S ii>^J. n"'b"'3Tp I
ln3"'ln3
''b"'p"i23
took,
156
b;
-p-^a'aJ Ze/Z,
Keth. 53 a;
a/mzd, Nid. 13 a;
B. B. 167 a;
^S"'C3 ^oo/c,
married, Sanh. 97 a;
signed,
"'p^by
c)
ascended,
M. MS., Ber. 57 a;
a.
bought, SSta 13 a.
silence,
Sabb. 29 6; 'SinS
3d
pZiir.
[BT
^ibtpp;
Pal.
Talm.
"pbtip;
bt:p;
av^]. WKSTB
10 a;
"'yp'lIJ
M. Q. 25
Gitt.
6; ^p^y fled,
B. B. 8 a;
Ber. 44 a;
57 a;
^ITI'J
!lbtip;
rebelled, ibid,
bvm
b)
[B
Slb^tip,
-pytip;'
6,
b^tip;
^o-,
cli^x].-
Qid. 70
il5'''l3,
97 o;
^p-'bp,
Sanh. 26 a;
'C/.202.
3
C/.
lysbS
I swallowed, HG.
ed. pr.
ibid. 98a,-
HTlblB I
'
sent,
'
'
siplftb
fan
246]
l70-'b;B
VEEB
73
were completed, M. Q. 28 b; ^S'^pFl became foxy, Ber. 5 b (M. MS. Ci^pn, Beth Nathan 5r|!lpn^>5, c/87); "n^SS they tied, M. MS., Ber. 56 b.
c)
[T ^b^ltip]. ^5113
ate, Ber.
22
6,
ed.
Ven.
returned, Sanh. 26 a; -?Qy did, Zeb. 99 b; p^lbo Taan. 23 b; idp bttWed, Sanh. 26 b; TyOzt) relied, ibid. 26 a; i^lTj decreed. Mace. 20 a; b^TH robbed,
1*11(1
d)
B.
M. 62 a;
(1*137
slaughtered, ^ull. 4 b;
ibid.
b*133 fell
upon, Gitt. 57 a;
1*130
were of opinion,
bright, Taan.
56 a;
3*11!l toere
destroyed, Meg. 4 a;
ibid.
1*1(13 ar-e
10 a;
TjlTlJH
are dark,
Sota.
3dplur.fem. 243. "[b^^ they fell, out, ibid.; "pS2 came out, Sanh. 101 a.
IS a;
'^'^n
dropiped
244. a) [BT ,*inbt2p M S ^iiv^J. |*in"'l3y ye did, Ned. 65 a.' b) [TM *inb''tlp; S ^ii-iujj. -,*inT?? Ned. 25 2d plur. masc
;
-pnbi^tSp
a; iin-^Tn?
*lFlb''p1IJ
SlFlp-'Cy
biisied i/owr-
Yeb. 105 a;
com.
1st plur.
245.
T^^
^
a)
[B 5bt:p
!!^3iriB
S^jbtip,
Dbt:p
"j''bi5Lip;
,Ji4u5,
"]
we explained.
Tarn. 32 a;
J^SSnn we signed, B. B. 164 a; ^jbpTS /oo/c, B. Q. 108 b; "jliri returned, B. B. 74 b; XDtiTTB explained, ^uU. 77 a; "3"'13? we
crossed, Ned. 22 b;
thought,
b)
'j5''pbp
'jD"'l3D
we
[B^Wbpp; T S3b^t:p; M 'pb^tJp; S ^^, ^Il^L^J. n"'5"4J we slept, Sanh. 7 a; "iraT bought, K. MS., B. B. 126 a. c) "jS^pill? we j'Zed, B. B. 8 a> Impeefect. 5d smgf. mosc.' 246. a) [B btpp"]; T bitipv (b*lt:p-;); M bltlp-'D; S "\L-Ju_clJ]. ntob writes,'M.. Q. 8a;
Diya-^b tosses, Sabb.
ibid.
11a;
54 a;
pibO'^b ascends,
is
Sabb. 110 a;
liTj'^D
decrees,
M. Q.
40 a;
14 b; niDT'b
1
destroyed, ibid. 9 b;
'*]ilM"'b
roasts.
Pes.
2 C/. 3 C/. *
5
232; 'jInl'aS
232, a.
SG.
-fblai. ii>d.
"Ijjy;^
iJM.
C/. 207.
74
aiicn-'b counts,
III.
MORPHOLOGY
!.
247
Sabb. 141a; -fTC^b upturns, 140 Sabb. 110 a; '-"nrb ftit^/s, i6id. bj T'D.T^^ does, ibid. 134 b; l^nrb, t6jd. 81 a,'Ber. 30 a; -^^brh passes by, Gitt. 56 bj 3''12Jri^b counts, Naz. 21 a; T'CS^'b /^as loss, B. M. 109 6.'
5)
[T b'^pp']].p''bp''b
c)
[BT
bpp-;;
bs^tip-'D;
S -Vjuaj]. nns^b
soiws, ibid.
begins, Ned.
lisilUJ-'b
3a/
y"!-"-!:
85 a;
('Arukh
p'lij''?
mi^'^b) jumps,
ibid.
110 a;
mpri'^b
counts,
ibid.
14=
a;
'
pushes in, ibid. 139 5y n'nn"'b is destroyed, Gitt. 56 a; l^"'b does, A. Z. 28 b; ^lltT'D /s to/iiYe, B. Q. 69 a; D^p^b Sanh. 3 6." 3dsing.fem.%211. a) bip^'^n ia/ces, Sabb. 110 6; ylbriri talces off the shoe, Yeb. 105 a. c) nbTIJri ^rtfces off, Sabb. 110 a; "liJriSri (23, c) defcWo?-afes, MS. H. B! M. 104 b. 2d sing. masc. 248. a) bit:p^ri killest. Pes. 25 6; tJilTSn
explainest, Sabb. 3
6)
c)
"pblnri
6.
passest by,
Yoma
18
a.
ti'lM^ri regrettest.
M. Q. 9
a.
6;
nri"iri gettest
5d
sing,
"fbtipri
blOp^n, bstDpTl
S
-"3>n
<>.;] -^Snin
doest,
M. 84 6;'-'bmri
fearest, Sabb. 63 6;
M. Q. 27
6.
250.
o) TIISmK
harvest,
16 a;
6)
pi'^2'iS!
j^pps;
a;
"r^TiH.
do,
Gitt.
56
a.
Sabb. 816.'
c)
17Jj
6.'
^"IT!!^
soif,
M.
1)
Q. 9
Sdplur.
masc 251. BT
C.
With
stem-voivel omitted:
-^TiM-b return,
?|]nrb
6it?/,
"ibti'^p-'D S ^al^uoj]. M. MS., B. B. 156 o; MS., M. Q. 96; '^tjflTb run, 5ull. 51a;
"ibpp';;
'i^nbrb,
Sabb. 75 6;
il^in"'?
'iinsrb
Sanh. 95 6;
Of.
Qinajlb He.
yibiH?
JfiM. 39a,'
but pbri'^b
ibid. 59 6.
256]
VEKB
ibid.
75
'W'-b
2)
96 6;
"'D^ty^b
'
share, Sahh.
HQb.'
"
'
ilpiliyb y^ee,
156
a.
3)
"i^STS ftw^/,
Ber. 53 ay C^^25,
a.
BSca 80 a;
5rf pZttr.
/em. 252.
2dplur. masc.
1'^lu^b they return, 'En Yaq., M. Q. 9 b. 253. 1) "(ilDnrri ye buy, Taan. 21 a; yb'rnF\
"|^TIJ"11[!n
are afraid, B. B. 10 a;
a.'
6,
M. MS.
a)
ibid.
254.
6,
Y\r^F\.
leave,
pi3,TIJ^3
we
Sabb. 119 b;
l-n??, Sabb. 87
Gitt.
Impeeative.
Sing.
56 a; ^tipS Pes. 12
a.
;
M bitip
49
6;
-^IjasJ.
masc.
255.
a)
[B bpp
bitip
"Il'p']
tjiSTIJ
powr
om^, Ber.'
6.
62 6;
bipTZJ fo/ce,
B. B.' 6 6;
IZJiia
pw^
wp a
6)
stack, B. Q. 59
[T ypp].
Tjp
tt)ors/iip,
Meg. 16
M.
59 6; d'^yp /as/e, Ber. 5 6; I'^m 6om; doiuji, B. M. 59 a; b'^pTD to/ce, Sabb. 142^6; ^^3? do, Bekh. 8 6, Gitt. 68 6; p^DB cut off,' Sabb. 75 o; t]b go, only in one proverb, Sabb. 13 a; Tn""?, Ned. 51a
and elsewhere (18). b!!<t:p; S Vju:]. nbia take off, Ber. 28 o; 5^12 c) [T bpp; hear, Ned. 7 6; S'lS i^a?/, i6td. 25 a; nbs serve, A. Z. 18 a; tJTIJa drag', carry, B. Q. 93 a; iri!lL choose, Yeb. 68 a.
d)
By
'''n'la
(259,
i,
note), 'Arukh,
Naz. 46.
[B ''bp]?; T -bitip; Jer. Talm.: 1"'btl1p, vA .,] 'b^pTB take, Meg. 'l8a; "'Vn conduct, S I'^btip; Q.166. M. 6) [T "'b'^pp]. "Tny do, Yeb. 63a; ''rTO M. MS., M. Q.
Sing, fern. %2m. a)
?
16 6;
c)
Keth. 108
a,
"En Y. ( 23
c)
"''inn
[T 'bpp; S Ned. 66 6; and with loss of stem-vowel (M. MS., i6id. "fms).
1
816;
J^2/)
6reaA;,
C/.
Iinay'^b
>
BrQU
^''irjD']
Harkavy's
ed. of
'Sjn
"Oft 54.
,
76
Plur.
1lbt:1p;
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[257
^ib^tip
;
masc 257.
al.lju5,
bolt,
a)
[B
^ibpp
Palest. Talm.
Yema 82 6;
Er. 94 a;
"^b^lpffl
Sanh. 26
Gritt.
68
wWfe, YOma 77 a; ^tJ^p Ilia; ilTny do, Bekh.'sft; ilTja remo?;e, Pes. 5&.'
[T
'ilb'^tip]. ^a'^nS
c)
[T ^btlp;
ye,
open
Sabb. 41 o;
return, Sanh. 26 a;
^3ln3 B. B.
Bekii. 8
6.
40 a;
measure,
d)
couer yourselves,
With epenthetic vowel: "l^'Tri return, Gitt. 68 6; vflti? M. Q. 28 6. The last example may also be
explained as singular.
Plur.
"I'^b^tip
O.
MS. has
a,
^n3''bpp,
'pTT')2
S .^:^^u_ju_i', ^_i_Si.juj] . But this single example is doubtful. and the form "pb^tJp may also contain
;
the objective
suffix.
39
M. MS.
Infinitive.
259.
:
bt3p53
occur sporadically.
a)
miqtal
~p"JJ"'a
6.'
"
bpTOb
gulp;
Ned. 12
h,
37 o; bnp''7pb
"IpS'^S to
TS'llp'/J
to stand,
76 a;
annul, Naz.
to be holy,
21 b;
b)
c)
to
I'tiTB^J
to
smear, ibid;
Naz. 22
to
'ffl''bpa
to
weaken, Ned. 68 a;
particular,
t:''TBS"'a
A. Z. 31 a; Cf^T/J fo
A. Z. 28
d)
6.
:
KripTS'^ab to spread,
miqtala, miqtila ( 223 a) KripM, B. B. 296; B. M. 106 a; SiaJJ^tt to do, Sabb. 50 a; ny'irab'to sow, B. M. 106 6; tl'i^^W^ 'to keep silence, Qidd.
13 o; NSb'JJab
53 a;
e)
!!<n"ip''5pb
to deluge, Succ.
/o
approach, M. Q. 28
a."
"
raiqtale, miqtil6 (226): ^yVr\^'>2 to take back, 'Ar. 23 a; "'bpTflM to be balanced, ambiguous, ibid. 18 6; ^^M^'^M fo
learn, HOr. 12 a.
261]
VERB
77
/) qiitul: "lil3 to vow, Ned. 216; DiCpb to divine, Gitt. 68 h; r(\-ao)) to lean, Er. 15 a; Diypb to taste, Ber. 28 h; bipirb fo take, Me'lla 17 6.
gr)
/o
trouble,
gull. 51 a;
/o
punish,
M.Q. 25
a; [JS^bSL fo swallow
B. B.
74 6; but this may also be the emphatic participle Is^ybS] Ji) qiitiilS: ''Tciisb to withdraw, M.MS., ebu.l8\- "'"liasb to cross, Pes. 74 b; "'pl'Sl'lb ^o a/toc/i oneself, Keth. 1116; ''Piibsb fo serve, Ber. 27 6; 'ilTcH to have in mind, Zeb. 36 a; ''riia^ /o
out,
""SibTa
fe
draw
qitala: xnaffib
to
spread
6.'
OMi,
M. MS.,
B. B. 29
''"b)
:
6.
,'
"'.'^i'^l'^a
'Arukh, Naz. 4
Note.
Our
many
There
"'bltip
For
are doubtful, as
they
may belong
of Qal.
is,
Active Participle.
is
260.
The form
b^pp (or
b'^pp), the
is
The vowel
,
whose
last
sometimes changed to I, &, or ai (69, 80). Verbs stem-consonant is a guttural, or "I take a in the second
In the lengthened forms A is shortened to d in traditional pronunciation (76). In the feminine the ending
syllable (73).
As
a)
this participle is
is
very
rare.
masc 261.
"I"'|Il?
'p'hlD
leaves
off,
Ned. 2
6,
30 6; ^'''n
6.
explains, ibid. 3 a;
M. Q. 17 a; ^ID
;
8 a; rtjD is sufficient,
1
ST
knows, Ned.
34;
liTO^S
J99. ^erlrd, p. 8;
3
lyiapsb
377;
ikfl^.,
P- 40.
Cf.
Tl^n SG.
yilS
ibid. 402.
78
Sing, /em.'
ibid.
ts
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[262
262.
9 b;
M^erf,
M. Q. 28 a; XCltj'1 runs, XTlH returns, Sabb. 151 a; i^JlH^ [M. MS. iSSWO (69, 86), eds. t^^Dri'''''53
rt^TTt pushes,
17 a;
(80).].
263. -pJltlS open, Ned. 22 a; "("'ppS divide, 38 o; 'play M^owZd make,\bid. 50 a; '^bpl? /aZZ, m" Q. 14 6; 'CSFl toA;e /loM, Ned. 6 b; "'btiS are neutralized, ibid. 59 a; "^353 sfoZe, i6tcZ. 62 a; ^i>tDp fci'ZZ, B. M. 86 a; ^pn'^ importune, Taan.
Plur. masc.
ibid.
28 6; ^nbuJ send, B. Q. 20 6. Flur.fem. 264. ]'n'lB dragged along, ^ull. 51a; l^pip
are
to die, Ber.
56 a;
"jITIS
_/?/,
ibid.;
;
"ipbo
come
wjp,
t'&id.
20 a;
Passive Participle.
erally retained its
265.
The
nominal
force, except
following
It is therefore
first
stem-consonant has
a, as in
is
Hebrew (84)
found in a few
H'^iTIJ
266.
b,
a)
S'^flS
^''^Tlj
written, Ned. 3 a;
occurs,
frequent, ibid. 33
56 b;
is
made,
ibid.
54 &;
2t}'2,
Sabb. 116
6;"
Ned.
3a and
frequent;'
-fiy is preferable, Pes. 95 b.'e. xb'^tpp killed, Pes. Ill b, Sanh. 65 a; i^n^'Cn wet, ibid. 93 a; JiS'^aT invited, Ned. 24 a; i!i,T"2
pious, chaste. Men. 49 a.
b) 'O^'aw compressed, Bekh. 43 b; T^^KD laid on hands. Col. MS., Zeb. 6 a; y^lp"! extended, M. Q. 28 a, 'Arflkh jTO mixed, Y6ma 81 b; ^^inS shines, Sabb. 116 6; 1^3n broken, ibid, 67 a.
' ;
e.
i^S^nn 6Mrra^,
M. MS., B. M. 85
&'2)^'^'2
o, eds.
Sanh. 37
a.
necessary, ibid.;
troublesome,
i^riTai burning, Sabb. 67 a, P'es. '25 6; Sri3"''in sharp. Col. MS.^ Meg. 7 a (voc.) i<nip''bp weak, Yeb. 113 o.' &) b^pTB ts toA;en, Sabb. 63 b; 'nir^'2 wrapped up, Gitt. 68 a
25 a;
e.
;
IC/. 224.
2
The b
fta^ed,
'
piip
ftcw
HSIJO
12.
is object).
i
end of Pereq
270]
Plur. masc.%268. a)
VERB
79
I'^b^pTr are taken, Sabb. 63 6; ^y)>Q Ned. 7 a; "'ETip spotted, ibid. 25 a; "'S'^ffirj of importance, Ber. 16 ft; '''lay wsed fo, Keth. 60 b; TI^Tj stretched out, Sabb. 138 a; ^b'^pFl o//m?Z weic/7i^, B. M. 44 6; "^rT'DTT are found, occur,
differ,
M. Q. 12 6.
6)
'bilplfl
ambiguous, 'Ar. 18 6;
M;et>/i/,
''3^1211
no6Ze, A. Z.
106;
6.'
'"I^XDa
6'^
"^tS^l'DTp
long-necked, Keth. 60
'b^pn o/>ZZ
Piittr.
112 Ned. 38 6; p'^Di married, Ber. 43 6; "3"'ln3 "(3113 written, Ned. 37 6, 38 a; e. SnS''pn poor, 6ad, Pes. 48 a; "^K^b'^TCr; mashed, SuU. 93 a; and with double plural ending, "jfiySS; modest, chaste, Sabb. 140 6.
fem.
B.
M. 69
a)
,
6; ^"liQp /loZd, B. Q.
269.
Paetioiples WITH Enclitic Subjbct-peonouns.^ 270. The combined with the pronouns of the first and the second persons into one word to form the present tense. The
participles are often
is
When
Singular m,asculine.
i^DX b'^pp
becomes
" " "
XSbpp
K5b''t:p niA^pi
Sbtpp becomes
" "
"
WbtDp
[Wb-'tjp]*
ribpjb
Wi^
b'^tsp
5i< Hb^^tlp
b-'pp
ribtpp
riH b-'pp
nVpp
nj*
j^bpp
i^b'^pp
nb'^pp
80
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[271
For variations in form of pronouns cf. 98 and examples below (271-2). For plural 1st person used for singular cf.
106. References. %211. a) XSTn^
ibid.
J do, Ned.
5 ay
^S&T^^ Itaste,
22 b; Si^^J ^ buy, Er."iOo"&; Xr^T I feed, support, Gitt. 56 a (50, 6'^)VW"^3T I buy, B. B. SOfo/^Nanii I vow, Ned. 9 aj KS^ailJ I hear, ibid. 72b; iX:T'2Vi I am satiated. Col. MS., Meg.
lb (73)
ibid.
HiiTpTriQ
I explain',
Taan. 21 a ( 106)
i^jiS;
iXybptS
I take,
form
is
24: a,
will go,
Me'lla 17 6y'
;
XjTrtD
6,'
eds.
3Tra
this
opinion, Ber. 2 6;
tastest, ibid.
killest,
22
b,
6.
Sanh. 48
-ID^yati:
/.
tlK'^sa collectest
a,
payment, Keth. 43
Ber. 17 b; IT^J.^
''i^'pZ^
6.
c)
we hear, Ned. 13
81
6,
we
do,
we
begin, ibid.
14 b;
jSnS'n
8^6,-
j5"''lTa we decree, Ned. 10 6; "5''ipcy we treat, ibid. 59 a. we remember, B. M. 8 6 (232^^) ''r^pm we (I) Zot;e, Sanh. y)m we kill, M. MS., Sanh. 95 a.'
;'
d)
"|^Fl"'^"iy
W^tl^n
2/e
are
astonished, ibid. 95 a;
Ned. 81 o;
25 a; ^inrppn
i/e
|!iri^'725
ye do, B. M. 73 a;
Sanh. 110
a, B.
M. 109
a.
'
J have learned, K. H. 23 a, Sabb. 63 a; I remember, Taan. 20 6; X^TtlS J remember, ibid. 19 6; KDp^irn I am esteemed, Ber. 18 6; i^jT'Trri J am suspected,
272. a) XSTaa
XSTp'^
Ber.
'5
6.
6)
rin^ffitj
</ioti
art esteemed, Ber. 18 6; FlP'^12 thou art in Ber. 13 6; T\TP'S> art free ^ ibid. 11 a;
T^'^^jT)
need of B. M. 33
thou
art
a,
wont,
Meg.
28 a;
'td'^'i'S
thou
art
pained,
Taan!
25a(/.).
IC/. Noldeke,
2
Sfl.,
64B.
In later literature:
'^XA niH
MV.,
I was going,
Se'elt., ch. 1;
llsbiTO we circumcise,
fljimi we
give,
-ix
p.'sS; ^IDlbtSp
I
we
Mil, ibid.
76.
rx
;273]
<')
VBEB
81
ISTP?' ^^^- ^^^' ^^^-' T'?!?''?? "'6 ^ ^"st/, /reai, Pes. 90 6; pS"''!? we are better, worthier, M, MS. Taan. 24 a; ']5''j'bB we differ, Er. 10 6; we accept, assume, Ned. I3"'p''p3 41a; 13''"l"ia follow, Taan. 24 a; '|3Tpa we learned, ed. Ven.,
'
Ber. 62
a.'
t/e
d)
^Fl"'3''113r!
^inS'^'IS
ye need,
Sabb. 1216;
^TTTbQ ye
Er. 106;
*lFl''TBa
you have
or e (68).
The vowel
of
all
the forms.
Perfect
82
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[274
Pa' 'el.
Imperativi;
Continued.
. .
Sing. 2d masc.
280]
b)
ni'^TIJ.
VERB
83
1096.
1st sing,
com. 277.
a)
[B
ribE)|D;
n'^b"'^)?;
Pal. Talm.
n^btip;
M n-'btiXp;
ibid.
S i^<4u^]. n^b^ap B. Q. 70 a;
''S'^'IS
"n-'SlTp
I put
''S'^SII
under ban,
b)
17 a; Tt^y^'p
I flattered, M.
J gave for
c)
less,
Q. 17 a;
[T n-'btlp]. "n'ilTfl J
B.
sent,
6 ('En Y. M'^'I^Ta)
'''123
6.'
M. 103
b; ''InM
made a
noise, Ber. 57
b).''
(!llD''ai33
I have
3d plur.
ilbt:p;
masc 278.
^^'''Ip
[B
!lbt)p;
ilb-'tap;
Pal.
Talm.
M iVb^mp;
aitt.
70 6;
!lp^>p ttet/
removed, Ber. 42 a;
f/iet/
jjm/
Gitt.
49
6; '^rpn B. B.
!|btlp;
Ned. 10
a,
b)
^Ae?/
[T
^o-,
a^4i]- ^^'^T?'
praised,
Gritt.
ibid.
23 bj
-jilpri
'''1?^
-ilp^n Pes.
//le^/
116
b,
Yeb. 31 b;
"iWffi
clung
to,
BSqe 11
a.
5d plur.
masc 279.
Sanh. 101
2/e,
a)
b,
[T
Gitt.
1inb''tpp
|inb'"c:5ip
^oLi4i]. *inb''ap
71a.- siJT'SBn ferw
6)
70 b; !inr3T you
a.*
sold,
A. Z.
M. MS.,
Pes. 40
jiinitJS Ber.
54 6;
illT'-lDB
M. MS.,
i6id.; -iWDSD
2/e
toowZd
a.
4<Db''3p
."^58
we
S3i'''lSl
Ber ]T'Z)'''};Z ibid.; "iDpn we instituted, Succ. 4 6; "rblBS 6, eds. we cooked, B. B. 73 6; 115''1!L (J) we pronounced a benediction, M. MS., Ber. 58 6.' 6) XS'ltJB we freed, Qidd. 52 6; XS^'^p? we cleaned, B. B. 74 6.
1
ni'i';!
nipattj nin.iBS
.
hg.
ed. pr. 47 c.
niDinn
s-ff- i7 c.
'
Lm.
(voc).
i C/. 5
Harkavy,
210.
IJiran
ifttd. 5.
84
Impeefeot. stem-consonant
omitted.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[281
281.
is,
In the imperfect the vowel of the first with a few exceptions, always a. In the 2d
is
invariably
5d
sing,
masc 282.
a)
[BT
bWtO):':;
M b^tlSp-D; S V^J.
T]^"ia3
0^1233
pays, B. Q. 108 a;
1''3-r3 sells,
Qidd.
20 a;
6)
b'^apD receives, B. B.
"l'^TI3''b
b-'lSa^b Gitt.
69 a.
Ber. 51 6;
ribS'^b
shaves, ibid.
Sanh. 109
b.
t]i^=lb ed.
M
c)
liarb seZZs, Sanh. 95 a; bi-H'^b stofces, M. MS., Sabb. 66 Yen. Ber. 36 a; -jinTb 'En Y. ^Ar. 30 b, eds. ]'3.T)>'
b.
[BT
o.
bC)C);?n;
b-'l^Si^p^n;
S V^iz].
a.
Tflaicn B. Q.
20
b,
Sabb. 110
off,
Sabb. 110
Nidd. 6
&.
2d
sing. masc.
284.
repairest, Yeb. 63 a;
&)
Gitt.
"l|5?ri
'
'"'STFl sellest,
M. 107
a.
^IBijsri
thou believest,
30
6.
1st sing,
b-'tiKp^K;
com. 285.
a)
[B
btOpi);
b^tDpX,
b''t:p-'i<;
S ^4I]J. bSpX Ber. 28a;'b-'apX 5ag. 5 6; '^'''inK Ber. 48a; 1\-'^^''. Ber. 22 6, M. MS.; fl'^a^'^K I prepare, '^uW.
60 a;
b)
c)
tJ-^IBp-'X
Qidd. 40
a.
^"nilJ^X
wproo^, Ber. 54
b.
^inrx I
B.
M. 108
a.'
"j^btJp';;
Sdplur.
pbt:Kp''3;
S ^ol^].
Ber.
b.^
^bap-'b Gitt.
Meg. 4 a; ipy^b
"'Spri'^b
vex,
28 a;
^S'la'^b
say grace,
50 a;
3dplur.fem.%281. [BT
"jbtSp^
M ()Hbt:i<p^D
S^l^Ij].
l^iinb,
TiaPK,
"''iSB"'!? let
them give a
"j^l^J^ "ItSTB,
HG.,
"
292]
1st plur.
VERB
85
b(^)tOp3;
com. 288.
6.
a)
[BT
vUa]. ^ai?"?
order, HSr.
?ag. 5
13 5;
b)
c)
b,
Yeb. 121 a;
Ber. 45
t]''^n5
Pes. 103 b;
iypi we
1X1T5
"I'riTlJS
we
t^iinS Ber.
36
a, ed.
Ven.
Impeeative. /Sm^. masc 289. a) [BT bWlS):; b'^ti^p; S Vil]. I'^at seZZ, Ber. 62 6; y^BTB repmV, Yeb. 63 a; D'^lj]? Tam. 27 &; b-''3.p_ B. Q. 117 a; T]'''ia Ber. 54 ay rr^as prepare,
M. Q. 27 6;
6)
-I'lTfl
:rm
count,
Meg. 11
6.
send, B.
M. 4 a;
^iSS
^we
foY/ies,
Ned. 44 b;
"im
believe, Gitt.
c)
30 b. binp Sanh. 48
bj -(iST B.
M. 108
a.
Plur.
mosc 291.
^T'-IT
a)
[BT
^ibWtop;
^o-,
K. H. 17 a;
prepare, A. Z. 17 a;
^^'''^p
come
come
late,
mT
B. B. 22 a.
of the infinitive
is "'bilSp;
292.
ibid.
The change
of the first
vowel to
i is
rare.
4a
(voc.)
;'
^'^ypwtolie,
Sanh. 98 a; 'SiSS
to send,
42 a;
""riiaTlJ
^yn^
'^'D.Tf^
Sabb. 108 6;
'^5in|i fo 6?ess,
'"ite fo
tJea;,
M. Q. 96;
Zie flat,
fo
Sabb.
104 a.
6)
i/ie
qitttilg:'
thing,
"''liS^nb to subtract,
Zeb. 37 6;
to
^Sip'^lnb
fo
do
proper
B.
M. 108 a;
'Sii"l''Fl
explain, Zeb. 59 a;
''i'iT'y /o
"'bia'^S to
qattala:
XDISlTb
to 6e
fo seZZ,
A. Z. 30 6; XplScb
Ned. 2 6; KliBlj
d)
e)
1
wanting, H5r. 11
to Zas^, Pes.
qattne
"'TM
52a, B. M. 86
a.
qattalfi:
''Dab to
Zte/a^,
Cf.
way o vocalization.
86
III.
MORPHOLOGY
cf.
[293
Levy's
to
/o uproot,
wound, B. Q. 87 ay B. B. 82 a.
qattHl:
tji'Qb Ber.
22
6.
qattal.)
i)
j) k)
I)
'^iirnffi
maqattil: maqattal:
tU'lTlJab
B. B. 82a.
113370 to
a.
fo patch,
'Arukh, B. B. 20
maqattala:
!!<'11i)D"'pb
Qidd. 646.
m) qattalui:
z
Active Paetioiple. 293. The 5J-prefix has sometimes an vowel. At times it is dropped (58), especially with enclitic
Sing.
'Arukh, M. Q. 12
a.'
pronouns.
Ned. 2 6 (8); t^BT^'C puts under ban, ibid. 1 b; V'^n'J explains, ibid. 34 a; "pST53 sells, ibid. 31 6; b"'lOD'J neutralizes, Pes. 115 b; T]"''1S"'"J clings,
masc.
a) ^"1S7J explains,
B.
294.
also
M. 71 a; perhaps
6.^
Q'''^]5
Ber. 18
6)
'I'jin'J
leaves, 'Artikh,
Meg. 12
'l2y"'7J
B. Q.
101 as
nXliCTp
"|i1p53
recites,
Ber. 10 a, 13 o;
6.
seeks,
Ber. 15 ay
Sing. fern.
295.
116;
i<'^?^52 t^exes,
'iiC\'^^'^,
Yeb. 63a;
Ml]5Tp5p
J=l"i]^)i
,
><ni'lBp73
lies,
Ber. 55 a;
5<'nay''a
relents,
Yeb. 63 6;
ni'^js"'?;
PZwr. masc.
ibid.
296.
"fn'na
i/ie?/
anger, Ned. 21 6;
''^yiS/J
vex,
23 a;
H. 32
pro-
24 6, Ber. 10 a;
,
l-j^'nlBb
SniSS
9.
ibid.
No. Lxx.
i^liia;
Xpiinb, HO.
ed.
ipi^O,
r(?.,ed. Cassel,28;
Harkavy, 290;
'
nSSIia.
133d; DlpSia,
Iffff.
&rira,
35.
302]
^r\ya52 frighten,
5l22J7i steal,
VEEB
87
scatter, strew,
Gitt.
Meg. 29 a;
^"it32-'7J
r^Xl'^2
57 a;
Ber. 18 6;
benefit,
M. Q. 12 a.'
PZttr.
/em. 297.
"jjIjTpt:
|7l2'17J
wink, Sabb. 62 6;
a.
yirntl^
move,
Sanh. 67 6;
Passive Participle.
in,
Sing.
masc.
298.
is
p'^n'^TJ
squeezed
Sabb. 65 a;
a,
"Tffi37J
Sabb. 109
"jSlba
B. Q. 34 a; ^DlHT?
ta^^BSD enfoVe,
Taan. 25 a;
stretched flat,
iS
Sabb. 104 a;
&.
y3j7.3
leprous, Hull. 60 a;
n'^pM
nearer, Ber. 44
Singr.
/em. 299.
4^5ari7J
37
a,
i<'ltsri^53
!!<"i4iy73
intercalated, Ned. 63 a;
PZwr.
masc 300.
''p3253
]'"D']J.^2
Ned. 8 6;
Qidd. 39 a;
cZWed, A. Z. 28 b; "'SSSa
Plur.fem.
301.
pblna are
separated, Keth. 5 6;
"li^j'lO'J
I'i'Sys:
Subject - Peonouns.
Ber. 53 b;
5*3'}^tl70
Active
J
repeat,
a)
X3S''';;a7p
wt'ZZ
answer, Sanh.
91a
(f.);
]^5'n'^T23"J
send,
Sabb. 108
6)
PlTlinSTp
thou explainest,
^uU. 58 a;
ttoM
;
riS"ina Ber. 53 6;
56 a;
Mapj
(f.)
seWesif,
B.
M. 72 a;
Taan. 24 a; W^iSPJ
|l3'''ppD23
Qidd. 59 a;
Ber. 44 a;
ibid.
6."
1D'''T^C"^
we put
in order, Taan. 14 a;
ibid.
we
tefce,
")3''a'^p7J,
]5"''1)ji|;7;,
52 a; ]Tpr\-X)2 we
Pes. 58 a;
j^JplL'':
silence,
33 a;
]Tp'-!2'a ibid.
I
36 a;
,
]l^p^p_
Yeb. 41
S^32T7a SJ5
-ffff.
2SDp1"lS)3,
r(?., ed.
88
III.
MOEPHOLOGl
[303
]'!\Pi-Db'4V
M. MS.,
t/e
W-ISS
M. 77
a.'
Passive Participle.
303.
6 (f.);
b)
c)
]TVV''T?
we are far, B. B. 73
are
tear, B. B.
6.
d)
1
ilFl'^i'lpa 2/e
ffG.
65
TOffllTtfS'a
'J^nbajSTS
ne.
304]
VERB
Aph'el.
89
PEBrEOT
90
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
L^*^^
Perfect. 5d
S
sing,
masc 304.
a)
[B
btipSl;
lit,
TM
b^tip;
Vi4]. rncX
he
testified,
Ber. 58 a; p^blN he
Sabb. 21 h;
pass over, Sanh. 77 &; "j^prij! (68) greio old, Zeh.' 59 a; became worm-eaten, Mace'. 7 6; ^^rn?"'!!* 'En Y. Bekh. 44 b. b) raiTS; he looked at, Ber. 28 a; "TTii^ Ned. 41a; made profit, B. Q. 50 a; nSUJlS; /ommcZ, B. M. 23 6.' c) niXS; putrefied, Naz. 50 a; ("|5''3'"i7JT13N; causes us to hear, Ned. 73 a/ Meg. 7 a, K. H. 6 a, Taan.'sOa). 3d sing, fern. %305. a) [B mbp^H; T Snb^tipK, nbt:pi^; rii^b-'tapN, rii^btlpi^; S i.<^j. nb^nriX she began, Gltt. 73a, Yeb. 79 5; IniJ^SIil; Nidd. 57 6; nVa'iS Yeb. 26 a; n^"'ant* Alf. Pes. 7 a. With loss of stem-vowel: HTranK Nidd. 57"&; Tsyy^'^i^ Yeb. 39 6 (legal style). b) ^'n^m M. Q. 27 b; Kfl'ICS; Tern. 31 a.' c) ilDipTSl s/ie became old, Nidd. 47 a. 3d sing', masc 306a. [B nbtipfl; T !j5riyt:pX nb^tipS;
^bm
mi^
nb^t:p!!<;
spoil,
Keth. 61 6; mnC!!^ didst witness, Pes. 113 bj FlSpHSl madest difficult, B. B. i29o; TmTlif, didst turn. Pes. 86 6;' rinSffiK didst
find, B.
M. 63
a.'
'
2d
sing,
fem. %306 p.
com. %301.
114
a.
1st sing,
a) [Bnbppll;
tY^ytlpSi; Pal.
Talm.
Sanh. 95 a (Palest.);
''p'^TtlSl
I gained
41 a;
'p^TtllS!
supported, Ned. 22 a;
B. B. 26 a; ntl^blS^
I have
ibid.
6,
delivered, Taan. 29 a;
25
a.*
Sabb. 140
B. Q. 20 6; "Jl'^nK
J chased away,
B. M. 108 6; ^n'nriX Sanh. 95 a. 3d plur. masc %308. a) [B Jlbppri; T ^b-'ppS;; Pal. Talm. jlbt3p5; M b-'tip!!*; S ^o-, ol^u:!]. ^l-^l.pK Zeb.'86a; siTJlCK
1
Whether
or Aph'el, as NOldeke
2 3 *
(GGA.
ed.
Kautzsch holds (Oramm. des bibl. Aram.^ immaterial as regards the form.
p. 174),
Hartavy,
388.
No.
v.
a (voc)
TD'^yDSI,
iftid.
No. xxui
(voc).
314]
VERB
'!\'iT'^p'A
91
came
before,
With
loss of stem-
by analogy with the participle: ^l'1p''lS! 0. MS., Zeb. 86 a; B. Q. 73 a; "fa^pSl Hag. Hat. Sabb'. 88 a; ^IT'IS^ Men. 64 6.
h) ^raiTlS; Ned. 50 a6, Sanh. 109 a; ^^^Jli* Taan.'23 6; iinbas were successful, A. Z. 26 a.' c) !lbilpT2Nl they caused to he removed, Qidd. 81 a; (sinriE^ISX iAe?/ separated them, ibid. 69 6). d) ^iiariN! Nidd. 66 a; 'Tj^^^K Gitt. 2 6; -j^^aTK Ber. 50 b, 55 6; TSl^iSI; Qidd! 70 b; ^WriK Meg. 14 6; p^iniS! Aare adopted, Hull, 4a.' 'Sdplur.fem. 309. inSffliS; have' ameliorated, B. M. 110 6; inSlTflJI; have found, Nidd. 48 a.' ^dpZwr.maso. 310. a) [-jilFlbtlpn; T ]^nb''tipi)|; S^iz^v^Lol].
'I*lFlD'''nf\Si
ye
made war.
Tarn. 31
b.
M. MS., B. B. 1716; liinilSTIJSI! Sabb. 67 o; ^tT'TOTCH ye paid attention, Succ. 81 a. Isiplur. com. 311. a) [B KSbtlplTl; T I^V^p^; M ,"'Db''t:pi< S ^-, ,J^1]. )5''b''nriy; Ber. 15 a. With loss of stem-vowel:
6)'"j!iri-i3'7K
'
14 b;
]5''T'l5S
a.
6)
68 6;
b'^pp;:;
Impeefeot. 5<i sing, masc 312. a) [B bppnv bt:p^; T M yt:pKD; S V^oj]. r'^Sb Qidd. 81a; p-^'riM 6ecomes
Ber. 39 a;
D''"irib
stcee^,
'Ar.
28 a;
p";???
Qidd. 17 a;
'T'53n''b
Yeb. 88 a; "T'CSb B. M. 58 a.
^Sri Keth. 16 6;
A. Z. 10
a,"
^'IHS
lets fly,
5d
smgi. wiasc.
313. a)
'ffl"'j5'ri
6.
6. 6."
p'^in^ Taan. 23
6ac/c,
Sanh. 102
2 3
4 5
niaiCS. -H"<?- ed. pr. 98cJ,- pTOSS?. iti'J. 1306. 'J^IMnS Hff ed. pr. 29 d. jjn'inN!, TG., ed. Hartavy, 80; Ijn'an^, ibid.
,
g 64, 330.
cJ.
milSib,
sybaS>
-Srff.
92
III.
MORPHOLOGY
Li^-*-^
3d plur.
jilbpp^;
masc 315a. [B j^btppn':, l^btlp^; T l^btipV -pbtapW; S ^al^]. iia^p^VSabb. 151 b; ^^-in^b 'Ar.
they notice, 'En Y.
o.
"iTZJa'nb
28 a;
Ifi'Xy^b
Git't.
56 a; tt1p"'5 Sebu. 12 a; 56
^Ttlt^b Aifrs. B. 29
3dp?Mr./em. 315^8.
2d plur. S
alLjusi].
Gitt.
o.
-j^btppri;
masc 316.
Ned. 91 b;
6.
[B iVbppnri; T
Alf
.
M -lbt:p>5n;
l^iT'aTIJri
^pTnri
ye claim possession, B. B. 29 5;
"i^naTIJri
ye
pay
attention,
ibid.
6.
1st plur.
b)
com. 317.
a)'
p^jn Taan. 23
a)
nSia? Sabb. 30
Impekative. S'm^y.
S
Vi.D]]
masc 318.
T'^'lpii
fe;
[B bCipH; T
b'^tipK;
."Capy!
hide, Sabb. 51 a;
fifm^./em. 319. a) [T "^pplS!, "bpp^; S .^^1]. ^a""^pi? Sabb. 151 b, eds. Plur. masc 320. a) [T ^b"'ppi<; Pal. Talm. jlbt:pK; S
^o<4J], qXJld]]. ^rnpit Ned. 40 a;
Slb'^nnX bet/m,
il^a'^bTTK
finish,
Ber.
8 &;
M. Q. 22 a;
fiSp-fnt^
6.
13 6;
^l^O'^niiS;
fwrn
south, B. B. 25 6;
come
'early,
Sanh. 70 b;
^b'^^TS''^ tois/,
'En
Y.,
Bekh. 8
a.
'""
Gitt.
b)
67 6; ^^nJS
Sanh. 38
c)
6e
sirojic/,
hail! Gitt.
62 a;
^1!ia5l!<!
Ber. 13
5.
b.
321.
the infinitive
is "'bitipji^;
'aqtHle: ^Ti^SKb Qidd. 70 6; ''linCtJl ^o /es^z/2/, Macc.6o; to separate, Qidd. 69 &; ''")i3"lS; to remind, Ber. 14 6; '^y^tljif. to warn. Mace. 23 a; ''Ili'Jlni!!; to' be astonished, B. B. 98 6; ''W'i'n'2^ (23c) to declare false, Sanh. 69 o; '^rii'TlS!; to extend,
a)
"'TiinSN;
M. Q. 2 6;
unfit. Pes.
''?i"l)ib to
destroy,
Taan. 29 a (50^.
6)
'iqt1il6:
"'biOS'^iib
to
make
14 6; ^aimiJ^Kb
to
make
c)
'
water, B. B. 19 6;
eds.).
'3'it2p''iib
to
inform against,
Y5ma 20 6
(some
'aqtttl
rti7jriS
is
V. L., Pes. 17
a.'
;
m^yiSb
(Meg. 25 a)
21.
327]
d)
VEEB
93
maqtul6:
;
"'tliFl'P'a
to stretch,
M. Q. 10a (catch-word
of
the T6seph6th)
e)
(^n^';'1p370 Ber.
53 b).
A.7i. 10 ay U^^p'Q
f)
maqtal: miqtal:
irnSab'/o
'r\rT12
let fly,
YSma
18
6.
to trouble,
6;
"'.'itoi*
6.'
Active Paktioiple.
Sing.
'
masc.
322.
a)
"fJ^riJa
Ned.
THpa
Ber. 60 6;
6;
54 6; mffla
6.
B. B. 98 6; 11^35^ Zeb. 25 a;
A. Z. 3
B.
/em. 323.
c/.
fTlDSJ/O
causes
i^nil2i53
loss,
M. 17
6;
X3CD53
gfiVes
marriage, Ned. 23 a;
(eds.
inm^?;
PZttr.
''briria
"53-1073 'Ar.
Sanh.'
isni:m73 Sanh.
90 6;
li-isn^O
Meg. 18
^ICSM
B.
m! 109
a.
6) 73"1p73 Gitt. 56 a; "T?? Nidd. 12 6; "r"l373 Pes. 112 6; "TpST? Keth. 67 6; by analogy with the perfect.
Plur.fem.
Sabb. 33
325.
"jbrjlnT?
B.
M. 16 a;
'("fnjfi'O
"iniliSTS
Passive Paktioiple. 326. prni2 Bekh. 12 6; pDM ^ull. 59 a; !!<373C73 A. Z. 25 a; i^ba'ia Ber. 17 a; "3'i:7J Nidd. 12 6; iybn73 'Er. 21 a; -iJJCS?? "En Y. '^uU. 59 a.
Paeticiples with
Participle. %321
.
Active
I
cause
a)
deliver,
^Eag. 5 a; i3b"atia
I^STp?"'?
spot7,
ibid.;
iXT)^Tp2
"DnTaS! to wait,
HG.
324.
TG-
ed.
Harkavy,
245, 275;
"jbOTSp,.
SJS
SaMlblBM
>
(f .)
ini^Ta
ibid. 98
c.
94
6)
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[^27
Fin")ri53
nna^r
J!45''1C353
destroyest, B.
c)
Ub;
jr'I'ina ibid.
ji'^pTnt)
26 bj
jS'Tl'lba
Yoma
19 a;
l5^1?CS7p'
Pes. 105 a;
Sebu.
46
6; "l^l^iiri^
M. MS.,
Pes. 55 o;
''i'l'^n^a
]T'p^rr\12
'Ar.
22
6.'
"
^F\^S:im (or
^Pi"'S3ri7^)
84 6;
ilFl^'l'in^J /e
fetrw ai^a^/,
M. Q. 22 a; WTCS7^ B.M.'73a.
ed.
pr.l25(J; Ipp'T^Jila
'jjininriia, TB.ii,w; -jayiaipu, . 38; ijtsI^' hg.u-, jjris'a, s-e. Tff., ed. HarkaTy, 231; jlS^plJin'a TG., ed. Cassei, 91.
, ,'
5328]
Ithp^'el
95
96
in.
MOEPHOLOGT
ITHP'^'eL.
[328
EXAMPLES FOR
Perfect. 3d
b'^ppriK].
sing,
masc 328.
a)
[B
btipn!^;
27 b;
a,
T\'^^''^
Ned. '29 6;
(0.
Tpr
a;'
p^r^
MS.
p'^n'irk);
Ned. 67
76 6;
tO-^rrniJ^Jfi
disap-
peared, Ned."50
b'^priTliS
56 6; p'bt:^^^ was 6, M.Q. 12 6; was taken away, 5ag. 2 6. "^"iT^ was punished, M. Q. 25 a; "Sp'^i* took h) [T bppnj^]. offence, Ned. 22 6; t^ST]"^ was irreverent, Ned. 64 6; b^T^ took trouble, Zeb. 15a (bSpK 5Lull. 44a, id.); IpSfll^ was insulting,
split, 'Ber.
yS)5"'X
arrived, ibid.
'Er.
29 6;
57 6; biprii< me^
3d
sing,
/em. 329.
a)'
[B
nbtipriJl;
tlb-'tipriX;
Pal.
nb^pFl^K
Silli'^a^^K
n^bia-'pn?, nnbti-'py;
s ii^zl].
met with accident, B. Q. 29 a; i^Tnyn^i^ Sabb. 3 a; was soaked, Succ. 10 6; K'9"'TrS"'!f5 was explained, Ber.
Ned. 606; Isrsrin^S was turned, M. Q. 20a; nb^nXJ-'k was likened, Sanh. 95 aj nn''b5!n"'i< 'En Y. Ned. 50 a.' 6) iOC3''!!< was ashamed, Taan. 25 a; nbcS"'K became unfit,
25 6;
XS^np^"'!!* ibid.
Zeb. 15 a; B.
HSprK was
XyS^l^S*
pierced, BEull. 49 a;
mia'^N
rebelled,
M. 846; 2d sing,
was
masc %%^Q).
[T Xnb^tipnK;
M M
nb^tipnS;
nibxs-'XB. B. 176.
S luLjJzi].- ''S'"n.t:i''!!<
(or
58a; 'aT3^5*
660.'
ISOniS, 3G.
501;
b'C3niS
nCb
bmniS), bo.
niDbn,
nibtpSniiiC Sabb.
('En Y. nblt?pn"i!)
Harkavy, 550; l^'OniBX was heard, SM. No. xcv., passing into 1"b verbs; tCiipsn
HG.
293.
*
The
'
^bUp'^b
to
tell.
s
*^b'^P'^''5
traditional pronunciation of lengthened forms of the Ithpe'el are Sbtip'^S > What justification there is for such a pronunciation it is difficult **^'
'
^S'^blQlS,
HG.
336]
b)
VERB
97
[T n-'btlpri^]. ln''y^]3'' I arrived, Sabb. 1456; ^b]?'']^ Sanh. 97 a, Ber. 49a; '''ljriCl!j5 I am engrossed, F. MS., B. Q. 40 a;
'Sb^a'^i^
^ibtDpriH;
ilb-'tppm
ibtapnX;
Pal. Talm.
^i''Snr\''K
M llbtiSpny,
726; ^j^^B^^ were divided, Sabb. 156 a.' 6) sibpM^i*' 'Ar. 186; !iyxb]3^i^ C. MS., M. Q. 12a; differed, Zeb. 116; ^SbSK were swallowed up, Sanh. 110a;
Gitt.
^jbs^i^
''5'^?^'X
'p'^tinij^
broke
in,
were ashamed,
-liirr^rSSi
Gitt. 296.*
-I^l^^a'^J^
d)
-mm,
rebelled,
Yeb. 108a;
b^'STifi fell
b^SS"']^
YSma 196;
Meg. 4 a;
in ruins,
pT\m ^uU.
Zmie, M. Q. 9 a;
tbid.
qfl'"!^
333.
'Arukh
[T
itb-'tpplni*
xbclpflK,
j?']]?''!*
ibtOpHK;
S ^-,
Vi^zl]. ]n5rnr"'ii5
B. B. 24a;
were
torn,
Qidd. 706;
Y. Bekh. 36
"|2p2"'X
'<^y2^i<
bowed, 'En
split,
Y. A. Z. 17 6;"
a,
b"'?a'^K
Y6ma 196;
.'
^i5n''k
were
'En
"jSirib'^ppriX
"jirib^tip-'ny
jitib'^tips';
s ^ii_v.4u_o4]. iinp-^bnpi*
b.' q.
^n"'pbFlpK); ^inrnyn'^N ye became rich, Har. 106; ^ln''n"iFl''i^ ye postpone, wait, Sabb. 136 a; ^ri"''1pB''X ye took leave, M. Q. 9 a ('En Y. illn'^TtpS^S).
1st plur.
I^Db-tJpS ;
"pb'^tJplnS',
Ill a;
a)
12"?bp^i^ ibid.
btiprr;;
49 a.'
[B
b^tppfl'];
b"'tip-'n''D, b'^tip^S;
'
"I'lS'l"'^.
SG.
2 3
]in5rnS, Bal.
IDIISSC, TG.
ed.
J7<?.
.
HG.
129 (voc).
Harkavy,
320.
^niSniBSI,
<*
"jnjSriS
Igg-
Senra,
15
l/'T'py)
'
S33"'MnDS!
Igg- Serlra,
'JSIDI'I'aSIS
AlfftsI,
B. M. IT.
98
b)
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
L^^^
27
5d
6)
337.
a)
t:"'TrB"'ri
l^nS^^rn is done,
B.
M. 295.
B.
nnnn
is 6ro/<;en,
M. 107 a; ^^VtTl
TlJinbn
Zisife?i,'
is
5d sm^. masc.
1st sing,
b)
338.
B.
M. 59 a.
back,
com. 339. a) if^lT)^. I consult, Ber. 276. "ijppi!; I am engrossed, B. iQ. 40 a; ^'^tTI^ I go "'
Ned. 50 a.^
3d plur. mosc
-o^^lIaj].
340.
[BT
"j^bp|Pln';;
]lbt:''pn''3
^jbS''b
differ,
ibid.
116;
^H'lri'^b
wait, Sabb.
134 a;
^sblj'^b
546; ^bj'^rt get accustomed, Ned. 666; ^UJS^b are punished, Bega 16 a. 3d plur. fem.%i^l. ^UTplii'b are heard, M. Q. 166; "]tl53rib
ulcerate, Sabb. 546.
342. l^btOj^lnn Keth. 19 a; ^iSpS^Fl are 2d plur. masc ashamed, Qidd. 18 a. Impeeative. Sing. masc. 343. "iH'iri^ take heed, Pes
112 a;
118 a;
95 a;
ybtS"'!!*
yarniiij^
t3''T25'j3^X
make
adorn
Sabb. 26 a.
a.
Plur. masc.
Infinitive.
of
infinitive is ""bitSpHS^;
'ithqatule: ^Sib^^i^b
^niinilJ^S^ 'ibid.
fo cowsmZ^, B. B.
126; ''nimrK M.
3 a.
38 a;
6)
c)
'ithqatula:
Xtti^?^!!^
Mace. 23 6.
to be
to be
'ithqatalft: lD5rib
d)
mithqatulS:
mithqatal:
last
s
''^^'O'^'^IZ
''bisp'^ip to
peel
Yeb. 76a.
Qal.
imrd
is
example
more probably
,
Without b: ID'H'?
laibB^b HG.
,
'jWlBnib
351]
/)
VBEB
99
mithqatala:
nJ3"'a to be lashed,
H. MS., B. M. 86a.
g) 'ithqatalliie: ''I'iin'nTKbfo^oM) over,'Arukh, Y5ma78a.' Paetioiple. Sing. masc. 346. a) t]"'b52''a Ned. 54a; Pl''3>lil^53 is frightened, Sanh. 94 a.
b) narj? is lashed,
H. MS., B. M. 86 a;
C|t:)3"'a
is
broken,
Pes. 8 a;
'^HTO
ibid.
1116.
i^inS^ri^?
M. MS.,
Pes.
54a;
XinXl-'a rebels,
JS^tt'^^'^a
masc 348.
!lT3a''7J
"''Sbaria regret, B. B.
4a;
'T233?''a
are
Ned. 54a;
'J"'be"'a
Zeb. 186."
Ber. 6 a;
Plur. /em.
I'lpa'^a Gitt.
349.
]yr{2'D
Paetioiple with Enclitic Subject - Peonouns. 350. Ski'lS'^a I remember, Ber. 446; K3'1ln'^l52 I take heed, B. B.
FlDSria art caught, Ber. 56 a; lnlD2''a art married, Keth.
'
616
'
(f.)."'
c)
WTpS^a
Qidd. 39 a.
Peefect. 5d:
sing,
masc 351.
sold, Ber. 5 6;
a)
[B
bt)|?r\n;
G-itt.
b'E))?riX;
b!}*t:5<pni<;
306;
bSFlp-iJ!
Pes. 104 a;
']a'!JT''J5
was manured, A.
inriiji
Z.
49a; 316;
696 (236);
50 a.
Ned.
ibid.
41a;
"IP^'^S
became
rich, ibid.
6) T2:''ariWPes.8a(ed.pr.);
c) Cli^niB"'K
stoZez^
Q'^PtTl'qSi
was burned. Pes. 826;'pii)Flp''X Er. 60 a; ai3a"'S M. 79 a; ffli'^jJ-'i* 'Arukh, Ned. 31a; liap-'X has profit, Sanh. 81a; litSB''J<(1) let her be freed, Yeb. 19 a. d) ''ir'lFniJ''S was 0/ 6ewe^/, Gitt. 35 a.'
was
B.
2"'JibBitt.fl'e.264.
3
^
Ji(OVJ'.
100
III.
MORPHOLOGY
nbTSpntl;
[352
nbEli^riX;
3d
sing,
/em,352. [B
tiyBriii^
M nKbt:Npny;
NTj:2nD"'X
i^LjJii]]-
was
persuaded,
1086; Hirc'^T^ escaped, B. M. 86b; ^'^^'nm staggered, Nidd. 175; iSTi:'Tj3"' imr'^Ip^K, Keth. 62 &; tTiT'^^pn^X Ned. 50 a; m2:"'';!]3^i< was betrothed, Yeb. 110 a.' 2d sing, com'. 353. [nbppnn; T Jj^nbtJpnijJ nbtSptlS; h-ji|igTE^S! art'in error, Zeb. 26a; ribxtlXpny; S a v l l']] n33?'^ij5 didst stay, 5ull. 1056; ri'iaB"'5< didst neglect to come, Keth. 1116; T)p^Ti^ didst busy thyself, Keth. 776. lstsing.com.%354:. [BMb^priH; Tn^b"^pn^X; MtT'btJi^pny;
,
YeK
S i.S^z|]. 7ariB''S^-J sivore, Sanh. 1096; ^bSPD'^S J Zoofced, B. M. 856; ^^^TTiCi/i I was in danger, Keth. 61a, O! MS., Sabb. 1456; "-nnr^^ Pes. 113 a; "TltomiS^i* J s/refc/ied myself out, B.M.
856.^
3cZ
pZwr.
masc 355.
a)
[B
^btJpntl;
^bC!pni<; Pal.Talm.
llbtipIT^X;
M irbstOSipnj';
286;
Mace. 56;
rich, Taan.
^nyTi:ri5<(?) 0.
6)
lilprniJ-'K
"lilpy-'X
made profit, A.
'i^^^^
26;
"iW^l'^N
may they be
show semen, 5ull. 936.* 356. 357. NDpSTi< I am [we are) attached, Sanh. 29 Imperfect. 3d masc. 358. a) 5ag. 56;
3d plur.
a.
fern.
sing.
"lytiii'^b
nffiSn-'b Gitt. is
87 a; rn^ll-'b Zeb. 316; 3nc"'b Sabb. 81 a; disfigured, B. B. 1546; Qbnip^I B. M. 108 a.'
6)
fc^iinisa is
bl|13"'b
3d
83 a;
sing,
/em. 359.
M. Q. 186;
ySFniJ'^Fl
Keth.
2d 2d
'
=i
sing,
19 a. bsnCFl B.M. 85a; ^?^::n Sanh. 95a. sing, /eire. 360;8. ^^FlS'-Fl Keth. 26.
"[^V^T) ibid.
masc 360a.
n"!?"),
&li^.
lySaSI^J
(for
,
No.
;
a.
n^^lB^X,
'pia'^IS TG., ed. Cassel, 1 IsbSnOS MM. Taan. 22. The regular form is very rare, having been superseded by the one with transposed
81c2.
final vowel.
^l^^nfflliJ, rG.,ed. Cassel, 53; "jySrnCIS. ibid.; ']lBna''S, HG., ed. pr.
'-db'^yri'),
sotaioa.
TG.. ed. Harkavy, 343.
ainmijlb,
368]
1st sing,
VERB
101
Ber. 316; "^y^Sys Taan. 25a;
^aS'^K ibid.
3'd
^^T^
Sanh. 98
a)
o.
ISa'ilT^b
plur.
masc 362.
Gitt.
'^bm^b Ned. 27 a;
'Er.
47 b;
'
in'TjlL-'b
^Slti^-^b Sabb."
71a;
^ipba-^b,
^pVnp-'b B. B. 43a.^"
6)
c)
"im-b
^W33 Yeb. 72 o.
'^mb
"i^'tliaD
Ned. 276;
-IjJria'b
Succ. 136.
iVdnanFl Sanh. 19
a/^nnjrin B. M. 59 a.
bSITlpJi
com. 365.
Sing.
masc. 366.
Taan. 25 a.
a)
5ull. 60 a^
1326
(eds.
Plur.
6)
c)
masc 367.
a)
TOSXCi''^ AlfftsI
B. B. 406.
^THtaX M. MS. B. B. 41 a.
ill^aa-'S B. B. 406.
Infinitive.
''bilOpriSS
;
368.
of
the
infinitive
is
'ithqattulS: ^ninsn'-xb to open, Gitt. 69a; "MinnCX to he closed, K. H. 236; "'^iaFl'^x' to profit, Sanh. 81a, A. Z. 26, Yeb. 926; "''li'na'^S to scatter, Gitt. 336, YSma 26; ''riiaFnB''>^ to praise, Pes. 506; ''ji3'nT''i< to he sold, 'Ar. 296; "tiitsab Meg. 76,
a)'
C.
MS.
b)
'^'J3i31Il''!^b
to
:
'ithqattul
2 M.
MS.
Pes.
17a;
336.
to he'freed,
Yeb. 19a;
c) 'ithqattala: J^bSFlCKb to look, IJufl. 60a; i*1p3>n-'ti Men. 7 a. d) 'ithqattalS: 'yTi^ii, to he singed, mdd. 28 a. e) 'ithqattal: "f^':^''^ to he torn out, Ves. lllh. f) 'ithqattaluiS: '''^tt^'PT^f. to wonder, Qaxih. 20a.
g)
h)
mithqattala:
K'^tSB'^Sb to he freed,
""SinnTas to melt,
Sabb.
110a
cf.
(l/qnTIJ
tZ-TOS).
This
3626.'
I^DS'^r
B.
M.
906.
ed. pr. 82 d.
,
tJI'^iSIS?,
SG.
TB.,
II., 33;
ysniplab, BG.,
ed.
a c.
102
Participle.
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[369
a) ^B'Ztya
is
Sing. masc.
369.
forgiven,
Meg. 16 a;
jS'ira is
M. 84 a;
24 a.'
Sing.fem.%310.
oZd, 'Ar.
g-rotos
19 a; pVl2,
BSga
masc 371.
gre/
1"'pSript:
Wc/i, Pes.
50 a;
^ba]3"'53
'l5Sl'1'T52
Flur.
/em. 372.
ibSlTlpa
ZooA;,'
Bega 20 a;
are ^e
Paeticiple with
a) K59''nnu;a
Enclitic
associate myself,
am paid,
I
Kaip'njSa
B.'
Q. 9 a; SS^ip^npS
swear,
Keth. 85 a;
I am married, Keth. 626 (f.). "^6) raa'llTa thou art sold. Mace. 26; n^jSe^a Yeb. 656 (f.);
c)
li'-i^'iir'a
we are
sold.
Mace. 2 b.*
off,
leave, B.
M. 109 a; W^JFiyJa
veebs D"S.
374. The 3 as first stem-consonant is assimilated to the following consonant whenever both meet without an intervening
vowel, or vocal
s^vft.
The imperative
X. (voc).
2 '
pr. 104 d.
BG.
S^SriyUJitt, T6.,
Bd.
Harkavy,
78.
382]
VERB
103
cope of b
In the verb pbD to ascend, which in consequence of the synis formed like a 5"3 stem, we find also a form ^pD they ascended (Taan. 236) in the perfect.'
The
frequently remains
unassimilated
''J,
before
gutturals,
emphatic consonants,
sibilants, S,
'pBT'12.
!ni<D3ln''l)^b to
form.
M^rb
'
nST
withdraws,
Ber.
516/ 3d sing, fern. %316. piSS^n Mace. 14a, Ned. 65a, 66a. 2d sing, masc 377. a) bit2"'n takest,'B.'M.. 105 aj jin^n
"u;it:rri
M. Q. 206;
6)
c)
strippest, Sanh.
No
example.
npDri marriest,
1st sing,
com. 378.
56 a; mirT'X
go down, B. M. 156.
Gitt. 566.
pB"'*?;
6)
c)
c?o mj),
5d
]il3ri''b
masc 379.
a) l^pB'^b ^o om/,
M. Q.
96, C.
Pes.
M. Q. 22 a. MS.
Ilia;
]^pB5"'b;
ilpB^b
ilt:pr5 take.
s-we,
Ned. 55 a.'
^6)
t:^p^5
M.MS.
5dpZMr.'/em. 380.
'En Y. M. Q. 96.
^nirT'Fl
2d plur.
B. B. 736;
1st plur.
masc 381.
com. 382.
Sal. Fes. 39.
^tlpiFl
Taan. 24 a;
go down,
illpiri
M. MS.
Of.
ISiSD
t^13rS2
C/. also
Hebrew
a''D5b
a''D35
SG.
*pS57
Qidd. 81a.
104
b)
c)
']ri''5
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
slaughters, Sanh. 25b.
[383
Sanh. 96 o;
B. B. 29 a.
D''35
Iprb
Impbeative.
yi33 cast
off, ibid.;
slaughter. Pes.
yis YSma 205; lia acquire, B. B. 13 6y Di3 ^i'^ wom), Qidd. 41a; bit: take, B. M. 28 b;
113 a;
n-ljS
pis Ber. 17 a.
6) a-'W marr^/, Yeb. 45 a, 63 a; Pes.
iri firwe,
Yeb. 63 a;
Cpti?)
Gitt. 566.
fceep,
c)
"itii
Qidd. 70 a;
~|t23
60a (Kasi
Dp
tofce
S'OT^./em. 384.
Flur.
masc 385.
1/e
^ron come
b)
down, Sebu. 31 a.
ye, Gitt. 686, 'Er.
^T'jp
remove
94a.
Infinitive.
386.
1t:!3^5p
a)
npra
19 a;
6)
Sanh. 756;
133-'r B.
M. 746;
nTM
50 a; tip^^
miqtil:' n^pirj 'En Y. Sota 12a. c) miqtul: nin-'7jb 'En Y. B. B. 73 6. d) miqtala: Xntprsb 8M. (No. xcv.), e) qutul: -li'ii Ned.216.
Gitt. 686.
3d
sing. masc.
387.
71a;
]i^m Men. 236; p-'QK Taan. 24a; flTli^ Keth. 626; j'^SiS she miscarried, ^ull. 42 a. 6) inx 6ro/ce off, Mace. 8 a; ripS removed, Gitt. 536; SpSK married, Yeb. 121a; ^tl?^ enlightened, SOta 6 a; by analogy with '"b verbs, "^^BiS! touched, Sanh. 336; (n"l'^i|! he forbade her by a vow, Ned. 50 a)
t2"'p5lS
M. MS.
c)
3d
n)m
she for-
SJlf.
No. oxv.
nb"iBS<
Se'el. 18.
402]
VEEB
sing,
105
Sabb. 1516.
2d
masc 389.
a)
Flp''S5<
TVL'^JS,'
rifirijiSt
43 a.
^f^^;
ibid. ^FlTON.'
3d plur.
^p''i3>f!
masc 391.
sip-'Bi?
Ber.
2d plur. masc.
Ned. 25 a; ''pSK Yeb. 25 a, by analogy with participle.'' 392. ^ri^lTIBISi ye remove. Pes. 1086. M.MS. 1st plur. com. 393. Slp'^-t!^ Alf. B. Q. 47 a;
^Tm
-jSpN;
^uU. 48 a
(KasI different).
Impbefect.
B. M. 196;
'Ar.
-3d
TIJ''Sb
394. Cfp^ Sanh. 69a; p''B3 sing. masc. Sanh. 52 a; iLyX compares, Zeb. 496; TIJ''p"'b
(ri-'UJpib
compares
it,
Sabb. 83a).
2d sing. masc.
1st sing,
395.
p'^BFl
TT'-Si);
com. 396.
SSta 40 a.
^p-rb cause
Sing.
masc.
56;
rf)5S);
B6ga 256;
p'^Sij!
fem.
M. 106.
86;
")^n"'M^
Inpinitivb. 402. a) 'aqtGle: ^aiSit Bega 7a; ''biSS 5nll. 426; "niOi?; Zeb. 206, Sabb. 186; "^piSiiJ: Ned. 26; -^biSK Seta 21a; ''^ipK to compare, Zeb. 496; ""niOpK Yeb. 120 a; ((T'tpipDiSfsb to make him assume, B. Q. 856).
6)
c)
'aqtil6: "p-^BX
M.MS.
'aqtaluie:
''"b
''^iTIJpsb to
analogy with
1
verbs.*
TTIS, ininS,
BG.
180;
I^ISK
nG.ed.pT.S9c.
'lipSSb
Alfasl M. Q. 4 a.
106
d)
^py^'^at.
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[^03
maqttile: ^biS^J Yeb. 356. Active Paetioiplb. Sing. masc. ^403. a) t2''J?DM Pes. 110 a; 1-^035^ Qidd. 69 o, 716; p^W2 Mace. 26; p^TO Ber. 356, 1"y ri''ria Qldd. 646; "pTBia Mows, Sabb. 119 a, by' analogy with
verbs.
^
6) 3>a53 Keth.
c)
pa''52
verbs.
Ifb'B'U
Sanh. 109 a;
Hbsa
Plur. Twasc 405. "n&X! M. MS. B. B. 1666; "ptM Yeb. 1216; ^pSa H6r. 8 a; "pbsia B. M. 936; ^^^Sa Alfasl, ibid. Plur. 'fern. %AOQ. ]yi)^ Sabb. 38a; "jpsa E. H. 23a.
Passive Paetioiplb.
Sing, fern.:
407.
Sing,
]Tin'D Ned. 916; B.B. 69 a; V^WplZ compared, Ker. 11a, by analogy with ''"b verbs. Plur. masc. 'ylitXD Alf Ned. 91 6. 408. Paetioiplb with Enolitio Subject - Peonouns.
ibid.
:
.
Xnra
save, Sanh.
1326; WS^iSa
6)
I go
B.
riapM
ripB^ Pes.
1136,
c)
nnsa
B^qa 40 a.
irnpSa Yeb.' 120 a; ]T-iiW^ Be5, 7 a; ]TpW2 we bring up, Sanh. li2a; ']5''pBr), \Tlr\n2 Nidd. 3 a; ]:rb''P2 we save, Sabb. 115 a; ND^pSaSull. 1326."
'
VEEBS S"5.
409. The perfect and the participles of Qal are regular. To what extent initial X in the perfect had a full vowel instead of Qere I find once s^vft cannot be inferred from the orthography.
in "la-'K he said, Keth. 1036.'
In the imperfect and in the infinitive the H does not appear and the preformative has er6.^ This vowel could have arisen from short i or might be a contraction of ai, the ii having been changed to
1
Cf.
1TOS
cf.
T^^alS.
i5^'l')a"'S!
w said,
TO.
756.
ed.
Hark-
(voo.).
But
TaS"! M. MS.
Ber. 28a;
inrbDSJU
B. B. 816;
rt^bSSb YOm.
411]
VEEB
p.
107
full vowel.
In
usually omitted.
is
but in some
&.
In the reflexive stems the is usually assimilated to the preceding T\, but sometimes retained. In a few cases of the Ithp^'el the Fl is further assimilated to the second stem-consonant. 410. The verbs bTl(5 and "iSS drop at times their final con!Ji
This
is
K53''|)
in the imper-
ative 5<a''X.
l!<5''aK
I say
and
(73).'
Prom
iW'^lait
'''fDiH
The
variants
of editions
^an+iiSK (115) The apocopated forms of ^52S quently found compounded with 1S<
erleichternde Lesarten.' *
in
if,
The word
the
is
compound
^'D'^Y^
= Ka''b+-|ij5) and (
is
= ^?'? + T!5)(
SS'^tl^X there
if thou say
must be distinguished
compound
of
i^'^ri'^i*
^"b,
411.
3d
sing,
masc: a)
bi5''b eats,
Ber. 18b;
bin
Sot. 32b.
b)
c)
brb
C.
Ber. 276.
brb Ned.
3d
1
sing, fern.:
5 constantly.
2 '
BG.
92,
passim.
1.
* Of.
6
9a and elsewhere
108
b)
c)
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[^1^
bTFlSanh. 775, 78 a.
llj-n "Er. 755;
sing,
brn
S5t. 12a.
2d 2d
masc:
blS^Pl
"'brSTl
sing, fern.:
lia^il;
"
a.'
Sabb. 1375,
:
Y6ma
815.
3d plur. masc.
T\')Tb B.
'
M. 65 5;
^5 Gitt. 69 a;
^ibS-^S
M. Q.
"j^^^'^n
]^brn Sabb.
bii^i
M. MS.
T]''??
Ber. 315.
yn M. MS. Ber.
315;
Sing,
'Ar.
29 a.
"li7;3''S
Impeeative.
412.
58a;
masc: a)
B.M. 145, M. Q.
(S'-bp^S* eat
it,
2a;
1\is^}^
b'i'D^^ Gitt.
69 a;
b-^rX Ned.
b'^T
ibid.
bSS!
Hag. 155;
5)
^bS^ B. B. 215;
Infinitive.
95, 10 a;*
413.
DD-^a
^53"'13b
Ned.
b'D^)2
ibid. 45,
33 a, Mace. 15 a;
^rab
5)
c)
'Er.
80 a;
Ned. 27 a5.
i^ntt'^ab
maqtala
qutule:
220.
or
miqtala:
^-liaK
"pbTP: sa.
biT1|S!
TG.
ed.
Harkavy,
9, 28.
3 *
HO.
140.
In the phrase
fern.
fc^TJO'l'^b "^fi^^
the ending
X~
sufifix
of th
3d sing.
415]
VERB
109
T^K he distinguished, Sanh. 636. Imperfect . ( ^^'''7^^! I shall destroy them, Gitt. 57 & )
believe, ibid. 306.
;'
"IIBXFl
mayest
Imperative.
"itBlS;
^binS^b E.
Inpinitivb. "''linis; B. M. 51a; ^"fin^ B. Q. 74a, Ker. 20a; MS. B. M. 596; (Winxb to do it later, Sabb. 119 a).'
''yyX)2
B.Q.
they
teach,
Keth. 62 a;
piaxa
they
strengthen,
Gitt. 70'a.
Passive Paeticiple.
^^'2)2
is
Active Paeticiple with Enclitic Subject-Peonodns. Sib^aiSsa B. M. 596; i^3a''blf);5; I strengthen, Qidd. 48 a. iS^iriHa
Zeb. 866; ]5"'5Sa ebu.'41a.''
M. 77 a; B. M. 65 a.
B.
t]'"nii*
he
54 a.
IMPEEFEOT. b'^iib Yeb. 68 a; l^ib 'Er. 66 a. t]''11'n "Er. ^i'lin ye will lengthen, Ber. 8 a, M. Q. 28 a. Impeeative. Tlii^ lose, B. M. 51a; Taii 'Er. 80 a; I^IK
B.M. 76 a.*
Infinitive.- '^'liaiKb B. M. 116 a; ^T^iX
B.
'Er.
756;
"'^^is^b
M. 1016;
l^ii^b ibid.
.'
92 a;
''biDNib
Yeb. 68 a; ''"imb B. M.
79 a6;
[Tl'^'^^^h ibid.)
Z. 15 a;
b''nsa
'Er.
31a;
Sanh. 1096;
b'-SS/J
M.
6 a; )3''biia Sanh. 20 o)
in wait, A. Z. 396.
28:16.
Cf.
SS'bS ^e'.
Yeb. 63 a.
eat,
* 5
HO.
ed. pr. 31 a.
813S?b HG.
,
ed. pr. 95 c.
Si've
6 5rl")'ilO
11p^1)D
power of
attorney,
BG.
ed. pr. 88 d.
110
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[^16
masc: a) TriFl''!S! was locked, BLuU. 526.' b) yiFl''S>5 happened, M. Q. 18a; ^hvrtf, B. Q. 32a; 3d sing, fern.: a) XtT'iJ! Ned. 896; ntT^ sighed, Meg. 16a. b) tl^-iFi^ili Mace. 6 b; Hf.'^^Ti^iit, M. Q. i^C'^iniSt Ned. 90 b, Gitt. 56 a. 116;' KXn"!!* Pes. 1036; n^arT'K Ber. 456. 5d sing, masc: ri"ljri"'Sf! ^thou hast hired thyself out, YSma 20 6, M. MS. iiri'ia''i5 . ist sing, masc: ''Mm Sabb. 1456, M. MS. "^D'^^Sri'^JS! {%i6). 3d plur. masc a) ilMSn^JSJ Keth. 166. 6) ^npn-^JS! Ned. 79 6; ]T\^r{'^ 3d plur. fern.: Sebu. 48a. c) l^iiarT-H 0. MS. M. Q. 256.
Pbepeot.
416.
3d
sing,
I'lmtl^^'Er. 43 a.
Impeepect.
Zeb. 55a;
417.
i6id.
3d
56a.
sing,
masc: a)
b'^lDKlri''b
is
eaten,
^5^^
6) nprT'b Sabb.
60a}
^CrT'i Pes.
M. MS. Sanh. 55 a. 3d sing.fem.: a) ysrT'n Bekh. Ned. 806. is^ sing, com.: Ipn^X Qidd. 65a. Ipn^n 6) 3d plur. masc: flll^n^b (B. M. 1126), read:' ^'Ijrrb; ^Ipn'^b Men. 566. 3dpZMr./em..- jXri'-b Ned. 796.
67 a;
16a.
IS-'b
"^'liDPl^lSt
Nidd. 23a;
B.M.766; "ptn^X R.H. 23 a; "'pi^FlS Yeb. 436; "ntn^K M. MS. Ber. 59 a; "liTBri^liiJ R. MS. Pes. 65 "a.
6)
'ithqatula:
'ithqatil:
!!<'iiDn''X
A. Z.
52a;
SJ^-lian^i^b
Alf. B.
M. 766.
c)
D''':?^^^*
Paetioiple.
419.
Sing,
MS.
Pes. 65 a.
Itl-M
1jri5a B.
M. 76 a;
^S'^a ^^id.;
Pes.'
65 a.
masc:
"^bSJ^tl^a
M. Q. 11a;
^biFl^a Bekh.
16a;
^IjlTTI^
B. M. 76a.
Plur. fern.:
1
])lii^t\^^2
Bekh. 16a.
XID^a so.
293; S'lnitjl^a
HG.
yy
423]
VEEB
111
Paetioiple.
b^ia^^lS! iJiey
mourned,
Gitt.
57 a.
''biSHtT'!!* to
b''!il!!!llri''a
veebs ^"y.
421. Verbs of this class retain the K in many cases of the Qal and of the Pa"el. In all other cases they generally pass into
verbs
''"1^.
'
h^'^iE
Tli'^Jia,
lfitX3,
he
grew
sick,
B. Q. 40 a;
tte?/ asfced,
B. B. 366;'
"'bxip
tm
26.'
"Impeepeot. ^b^TT-'b
Sota 85 a,
'En Y.
ibid.^
biKTT
63 a. ^b^JJlT;: Me'll. 176.* Infinitive. bi<Ti:"^ab Me'll. 176, M. Q. 18a; bWpb C.MS. M, Q. ibid.; iKlfl^p Pes. 746, Sffl'^a M.MS, ibid.; m'D^'aA.Z. 686.
Active Paetioiple. n'-JSnC Pes. 746; t]"^"]!!: Sanh. 64a; Meg. 22 a; ^".^3 Gitt. 68 6. !!<5';'^ Sabk 1566. ''bKTS Meg. 286, ''b'^^TIJ M. MS. ibid.; ^n'^i^TB Pes^ 746; '^S'-^^p M. MS. ibid.; ^T'^I m'.Q. 28a; ^Tii.'l Sabb." 866; ^T^ M. MS. ibid.;
b'^^.tC
j''l''^3
Ned. 546.
KD'^Hi:
Passive Paetioiple. D'^H^ Keth. 616 (84); 39 a; iXTp^tXn Pes. 34 a; ^p-X); Yeb. 100 a.
Sanh.
b^^TZ?
Taan. 216;
T^lTi:
he
left,
M.Q. 216,
left over,
B.B. 616.
Impeefeot. ilb^!]ia"'b
1
Gitt. 560."
IlinSniSb
SnblNTB,
But
this
2 3 4
'
iblffi
SG.
11S{H''b
SG.
112
Impeeative.
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
Suoca 36 a.
''b'^^^
[^24
Infinitive. ^-nisTiJ
^bii^TIJ
'Ar.
16 a, Sabb. 126;
Meg. 22 a;
ibid.
H.MS.
B. Q.
37a;
^b^^TlJ
A.Z. 276,
"b^^iij
Kasi
Pes'.
I ask, Taan. 32 a). J^^^M loans, Taan. 216; iXy^W12 96^ "b^STBa Taan. 216; -b^T^p B.M. 276, H. MS. B. Q
(j5/T!'^r)
37a;
M.Q.
9a).'
Passive
Paetioiple.
1X053
unclean,
M. MS. A.
Z.
396;
i^nxoa Tern. 22 a.
424.
Taan.
tib-p^at.
she
lent,
Gitt.
776,
29a. '^biTIJiiib
"-bpi^S
Keth.
24 a;
Gitt. 776,
Yeb. 1206.
a,
Imperative.
Impeefect.
b"'T2ri^5
Ned. 90 a.
y^^lZ'''^
''bari''!)^
Yeb. 15 a.
ibid.
b'^fflFl^ii
S6ta 366;
Paetioiple. b-^fflna Ned. 59a, 'Er. 306; D'^X^X] Ber. 506, 51a; bffiFDp M.MS. 'Er. 306; t)^m, tl^^'B'D Pes. 28a. ^DN^a''^;
"
Yeb.
is'^a';
yb^TTC Ned. 65 a.
EXAMPLES FOE ITHPA"aL.
426. Peefeot.
Qidd.
-i'^^'r\tri''i^
he remained, Sanh.
12b. ^y^T\TL^^
B. B.
36a. "''I^^irnahjjj
b.
fcsTa'";ri'a AlfasS
Succa
32
6.
nblXniBI^ SG.
ibintJI^ls He.
TG.
ibiSlBIS BG.
376.
400.
4 ']S?'11l:rnBi<!
ed.
Harkavy,
4:28]
VBEB
VEEBS
^"13.
113
''"S
in the Qal.'
The
In Qal
.
ifl"^
to sit,
drops
its
"^
in the imperative
an*' to
give, does
a variant the
form
']''M''';'y!
all
"^
ilate their
by analogy of V'S verbs. In Ithp^'el Some forms of "li'^ and Sri'' is sometimes contracted to ITl'^i^
:
1^
pass into
VJ
stems
In Ithpa"al
-"lb see
Some forms
are contracted.
For verbs
"^"13
and
598, 599.
MSS.
3d
Ber. 58
a.
sing, fern.: a)
i^Tb';
6) ln?T> n'lb\ Ned"; 506; np^^ Yeb. 396; tl^Tl" Ned. 436;
niJn^ V.LVSanh.'l096.
2d 2d
sing,
masc:
:
t^'2tT_
PBr
Sebu.
37a
sing. fern.
In^^tT]
lstsing.com.: a)
6) Sn^nn"
fl^b^i';
t6zd26a, Sanh.49a
A.Z. 106, Sabb. 1056; tT'pb"; Tam. 32a; "Sb^ Sebu. 37 a; "ST Qidd. 40 a. 3dplur. masc: a) tt'^n'; Keth. 626; ilTIJ^;!'^ B.M. 74a; "'n'-n^
'En. Y.
Y5ma
696.
6) ^nn":
c) niin^'
Mace. 10 a; ^inT B.B. 1186; !Qn Hull. 50 a.* they sat, M. MS. Sabb. 49 a.
(p. xi),
1 According to Praetorius in Nestle'e Syriac Grammar, remark ad 40 a verbs are the older and the Y'S in Syriac and in Arabic a later production.
the 1"B
'^tX^
"IHD
^JTl"'
the
first is
fect,
innX
tf^ey
gave,
8M. Nos.
xciv., cxvi.
114
III.
MORPHOLOGY
jlb^S';
56.'
[^29
H. MS.
ibid,
n^b
20 a.
c)
Hull. 135 a,
M.Q.
86a;
5d sm^.
/em..- a) lib'^Fl
Mace. 176;
776;
niTn
6)
c)
Sabb. 1166.
Tb^n Mace.
sing,
176.
y^'n'Qidd. 806.
2d
masc:
l"'riri
^''T)''^
"Er.
54a;
[n]"'ri"'P
Mace. 86.'
ibid.
Sdplur. masc:
143a, Taan. 25 6;
''Sb''b
'
]^Zi'rrb
Bekh. 446, Sanh. 986. 'Er. 536; ifiln'-b B.B. 8a; ^nm
give,
^iSb'^b
^HtV
\^b''b
B. B. 1596;
M. MS. Er.
26,
54a;
Yeb. 616;
fern.
il3>Tb
:
Taan. 22 a. Sabb. 65 6.
tttl'-ri
3d plur.
B.B. 406.'
''an'^.D
Taan.
25a (233).
'2''7\
Imperative.
430.
Sing,
masc: 3n
''nH
M.MS.
Infinitive. 431. a) miqtal: 5)^53 HOr. 12a, Ned. 88a, Mace. 66; 3>Ta C. MS. Pes. (voc.);* ^tT'D Ber. 96; ^Tr')2 B.M. 636; pS-'a Ned. 556; Tlin^ab to dry, B. M."74a.
6)
miqtal a:
Hnmo ^"'
"
"-jDra Ber.
Active Participle.
15 a;
Silf.
432.
ytT
rrb-- t6id.
No. ocxni.
ed. pr. 101
22 a;
inin
2 3 *
ll'^ri'^n
HO.
cJ.
Here we
y'121'ab
find in"^!!
AlfftsI
X5
Sanh. Pereq
biSI
ainX''
No.
V.
(voo.).
Cf. 554, n.
3.
437]
Sing, fern.:
VERB
115
ibid.
TOT
Ned. 91a;
9fe,
NJT
63 &y
''pS''
i^iln;
B. B. 73b.
"'JT
Plur.
Ned. 296;
Ned^ 556;
ibid. 626.'
PZwr. /em. ;
Pes. Ill a.
Passive Paetioiple.
433.
T^ M.
Sing,
Plur. masc:
ending).
^''TtT^
Pbepeot. 4'34.
S'^nii^
3d sing, masc: B.M. 606, 636; he placed, M. Q. 25 a; T-biK Sanh. 69 a; -jaiH ^wrned /o
fpm
the right,
Y6ma
726, O.
MS. Sabb.
886,
M. MS.
ibid.
1''53'''^J<
p-'TX
Zoofced,
5ull. 956.
5d sing, fem.: tl^r^i^ Keth. 60a, Sanh. 1096; i^l'^lnii^ A. Z. 176; nrbiK B.B. 133 6; flTbiS* 'En Y. Ned. 50 a. 2d sing, masc : nSTiX B. 164 6, Sabb. 66 6; FlSliX ^uU. 58 6 5d sm^. /em. IT^STiS^ M. MS. Sabb. 66 6. 1st sing, com.: 'y^Tf\'A I placed, BSga 166. 3d plur. masc: *ll''ln'i!!< sa/, Y8ma 69 6; ''S"'ln''iH placed, Qidd.
3d plur. fem. l^piS^ se/ on fire, Sanh. 93 a. 5d j)Zwr. masc^'-jiinnniX O. MS. Pes. 876; 'En Y.
:
ibid.
Impeefect.
'Ar. 306.
435.
:
3d
sing,
masc:
fpD'lb
R. H. 176;
CfTl'S
2d 2d
sing,
masc:
Ti'^piFl
Pes. 114a.
sing. fern.
'2'^t\"\T\
:
Alfftsl
Yeb. 85 a.
a.
3d plur. masc: (l^llPb let them place her, Sabb. 110a). Imperative. 436. 2d sing, masc: Tbii^ 669-6^, B.B. 91a; n^'riJ'! put down, Sabb. 77 6. 2d plur. masc: ^TpiN honor ye, B.M. 57a; ^b''liK bring
t/e,
Gitt. 676.
Infinitive. 437. ^yilii* Sanh. 896; '^riiniiJt to will, B.B. 131a; ^libiX Bega 23 a; ^niflii^ fo place, M.Q. 25 a; ''nin''ij!b
"
ID'^atT'
we
give,
MV.
85.
SjyTiS we
SST^biS
AlfSsi, Yeb. 65 a.
116
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[^38
O.MS.
'SiOiX
Pes. 87 6;
''S^&ii!^
Keth. 64a;
"pm
A.Z. 30a; (t^^-'niU^b Gitt. 576); ''S'i&X A.Z. 26a; lyili^b B.^M. 426;' ^SOiS 'Er. 56;
Be^a 23 a.
masc: Cfpi^i 'Er. 56; Tbia Bfiga 23 a; b'^li^ Sanh. 95 a; ^^fi'^ M.Q. 216; IJ^ia and Tpi^O /le Tionors, Sabb. 119 a; MSia Gitt. 576, M. MS. Sanh. 966; f|&i7:i Keth. 64 a; (is^ib^ni'^ I carry, "Er. 276; KDbni^S B.M. 41a) S'm^. fern. tuyvii M. MS. Ber. 48 a. Plur. masc: "fbiTJ Succa 53a (Palest.); "''$'f\1Z Sanh. 89a; Wia Y6mal86. Passive Paetioiple. 439. i^Spto 'Ar. 306; but this may be the Hoph'al as XnS^a
Active Paetioiple.
Sing,
:
'
438.
EXAMPLES FOE
Peeeect.
n\'l':n''i<
ITHP'^'eL.
T'b''t\''^
440.
3d
sing,
masc: a)
Sabb. 156a;
n^n"'5<
sk
himself down,
nin'"kg:uii. 53 a.
sing.'fern.:
t^'2^tr't\^)k
3d
15 a;
M. MS.
Pes. 726;
i<:n''rT;ln^i<
^ag.
lore, Taan. 23 a;
5ulL 9a,B. B. 166; KTy":n delivered herself, XTbm 0. MS. Pes. 2d sing, masc: TO''Pr^ Sebu. 42a. 3d plur. masc: ^Tb''^'^ (^^T^^OT) Ned. 306; !Q"'ri^i< Sabb.
HTb"'":ln"'iJ!
'
336;
iinri'-y!
ibid.;
Impeeebct.
"Tb^f^ Yeb. 71a. 441. pb'';;ri"'K [%] who will he horn ( = "pb^n'^l ?)
'l'ib^ln''5<
Gitt.
85
a.
'V^''t\^)2
Meg. 12 6;
"yiT\''12
YSma
85
a,
SSta 45
:
6.
Sing. fem.
NTb^^'^n'^a Ber.
53 6, Taan. 25 o, Bgga 12 6;
KTb^na
.
B6a26.
Plur. fem.: '\]yy\'Q Ned. 306; 'jb'^na Bfiga 26, eds. ,Tb';ria
'$'Tt\'^
B.'
^|3^ri''J<
96;
id.
A. Z.
But
cf.
716.
iliTltTii?
448]
46?)/
"I'j5'^!|!!j!
VEEB
117
'Ar.
became dear, rose in price, B. Q. 46 a, m''^^ he gave up, B. Q. 28 a; m-b* P. MS. B. M. 21 h; warned, B. Q. 4 a.
b)
liiiiiC^i^
SO a;
^T^Ht.
was
3d sing Jem.:
isi sing.
M. 22a, Rail B. Q. 68 fe; ffii!!*''^ eds. B. Q. 68 b. ^StTf^'^'^yt, Ber. 56, B. M. 77 a; ITlFl^IlK Nidd. 30 com. "'^^'^''^t)))!, I am honored, Meg. 28 a.
B.
:
ft.
3d plur. masc. :
'Ar.
TfC\''^it,
Men. 93 a, Keth. 29 b;
(this
"''iri^i'i*
remained,
;
2b;
"-fiST^^
Sabb.
64a
singular)
^iin'^S
^!lp''!!j! rose in price, B. M. 108 a; l^lp'^'ii* Gitt. 52 a; M. MS. Sanh. 46 6. Impeefbot. 445. 3d sing, masc: TliS'^DS is dried, Gitt. 696; TlJifl^bM. MS. B. M. 216. 3d plur. masc: 'r\'^'''t}''b Sanh. 47a; Tf^^^b ibid. 466.
5:ull.
906;
ry^'Ti'^Hii
Infinitive. 446.'
"'iip'^linii!
M. MS. B."q. 24 a; ''IWDb to" be closeted, Sanh. ''TDiH^Ni'B. M. 216, 22 a6; "nin^i^ Sabb. 1286.' Paetioiple. 447. Sing, masc: "iFl'^'a B. Q. 676; ^'jS'^^ia Sanh.- 46 6; M. MS. ^^^'^t)'U; m^"^ B65a226, B. M. 22 a6; yr^_
676; 37 a;
'^W^^ij^b
is
IFl'^M
Sing.fem.:
Plur.
''T23X'':;ri52
H^^'^^'a
Sabb. 1286.
masc:
"njj^iia, ^'l)3"'::ria,
b'.
Sanh.466;
'''1)3''::lna
Meg. 28 a;
'^TTlS^^a
;
M.MS.
M. 216;
B. 101a;'''TIJX"a B.
M. 216,
P.
M.
ffl^S-^a
B.
j'^Tri'^a
VBEBS S"y.
448. Verbs of this class are closely many of whose forms they assume. This
in the active participle of Qal
allied with 1"^ verbs,
is
Sometimes they pass into forms of verbs """b less frequently into "^"3. In verbs with a transitive meaning the forms are frequently treated as fully triconsonantal by doubling the second
those of
stem-consonant.'
In the Aph'el the preformative takes sometimes produced to e. See further 475-479.
1
which
is
is
unnecessary.
118
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
and Aph'el.
[448
Qal, Pa"el,
450]
VEEB
119
T^
was
b')S>wentup, B. B. 1326,
sing. fern.
;
3d
516;
a)
in'jS'l
s/ie p'reia
old, B. B.
n|51?-!
2d 2d
6)
sing. masc.
Sabb. 140a;
''JS^IBj?
'^'11
ibid.
'XlSn
I reflected,
Hull. 176;
^"b.
3dplur. masc: a) ^b? M. Q. 12a; ^12^ M. MS. B.M. 108a; iian Mdd. 596; Sabb. 516/ tlTTii Succa 306. 6) ^a^p i^/ie^/ cm"^ doiw, B. M. 108 a. c) b^l? Bekh. 7 a, Gitt. 72 a, Yalq. MS. A. Z. 26. 2d plur. masc: illT^BFl 2/e spit, Nidd. 42a, Sabb. 996; ^VD''SiT\ M. MS. t'6td./ in^StY'X read ^n'^sri'^i^ O. MS. z6id.' 1st plur. com. : WT2J''^p B. Q. 926; ']3T23''T23p M. MS. ibid., B. B.
1426;
]T%
V. L. B.^Q. 926.*
Impeefeot.
450.
Tia'-b
3d
sing,
masc:
t]ib^b
bi3>"'b
a)
lliilT'b
Mace. 5a;
Wnb
Sabi).
Hull- 11 &;
Succ.376;
Gitt.
mixes thoroughly,
Ber. 26;
M.MS,
M. Q.
134a;
lil3''b
smms,
676;
biS"?.
^i"ia5
25 a; li"l^^b picks out, Bekh. 57 a; Tip^b shears, Hull. 135 a; scrapes off, 5ull. 836; riinb''D washes grain, O. MS.
6)
1
Pes! 36 a.
b'^S'^b is
clear, Sabb.
z6id.
1096.
1112;
SM. No.
With change
of Jn to IB
as in Neo-Syriac.
3 *
With prothetic
adjectives
120
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[^51
o) brS lifts, Sabb. 128 &; i^^'b ibid. 134 a; '^B'b annuls, Ned. 726; Tp-'b s/iears, Sull. 135 a. 5d sing. fern. : pT\'^Ti spits, Yeb. 105 a; V^pFl cit/s down, B. B. 606; TT^nPlK. H. 216.' sing, com.: yip'^iSl B. B. 606, B. M. 107a; bi^iS! Ned. 49a,
Meg. 29 a.
3dplur. masc:
in^jS Ber. 636;
]^b^^'b
Ned. 396;
^^jS^i
M. MS. B. M. 1076;
YSma 356;
Sing,
yip'-i B.
M. 1076; y^p5
606;
Cjiri
i6zd.
926.
Impekativb.
spit out, Keth.
451.
masc: a)
59 a;
Vl'p B. B.
bijJ
616;
B.
M. 836,
Pes.
M. MS. H6r. 12a; B.M. 1076, 108a; Wn celebrate, Hag. 106.' 6) ^b'n O. MS. Pes. 1116; ^ib? H6r. 12a.
Plur.
masc: a)
^iS^lp
Infinitive.
qi'^a C.
452.
Ta^tJ fo CMf,
MS. Meg. 12a (voc); ^Tl^ Ber. 66; pT53 Ned. 666; Ned. 68 a; pTO B. M. 74a; 1p^52 Sabb. 184a; nS'^ab Ber. tie up, fo 236; "I'^^^ab M. MS. ibid.; ppr^S to tie, obligate, Yeb. 226; ririb''a to wash grain. Pes. 36 a; Tp^ab 2 M. MS. Pes.
1116;
6)
-l^iaa
qutul:
H. MS.
D'^l'.n
Active Paetioiple.
n-'^Xn
453.
ibid.
19a; ^^Sp
^"^l^p
i6id.;
b''::^
Sabb.
rf;;3
88 a;
B. B. 19 a;
M. MS.
b''::^
ibid.j
Ned. 68 a;
^'';]^
Ber. 8a;"p^';n
"Ip
Sabb. 149^-
Mace. 8 a;'
ri'^tlb
Yeb. 63 o;
^^"13 ibid.
Sabb. 134a, in
Hebrew
fashion;
Pes.
36a;
1076, B. M. 85a;
B.
T^p
B. B. 19a;
D'^an F.
M. 93a;
HW trembles, B. B. 167a.
i)2''^'n
Sing, fern.:
i^biy
^ull. 86;
SSS'^'^n
Zeb. 19a.
455]
Plur. masc:
VEEB
121
88abj
-"D^^ri
A. Z. 386; M. Q. 146; "'2'^';^ "Er fp^^y Sanh. 103a; l^^ky M. MS. Pes. 646; ^nnb Pe8.'40a;
^W
murmur,
'Arukli
s.
nm.'
Passive Paetioiple.
:s^]
454.
134a;
Sing,
5>^-!
masc:
a)
3>''U3
!5ull.
476;
Sanh
46 a; b^^ M. MS. Sabb. 28 a; b''^^ 'Artakh ibid.; p^^;n powdered, Bega 146; 5:T^';b jomed, 5ull. 11a; C]''':3 Keth. 1036; T';:S fed up,
5[ull.
1056;
ff;!!:
Sanh. 886;
b^^b^
S"^";?
M. MS.
6)
Pes. 726;
B.B.74a.e.
i<ryi
Taan. 206;
K^^ap m!
is
Q. 46.
is
p^pn
Sing, fern.:
i^ryS ts
iHT^
is
smooth, '^nU.^tlb;
i^S'''"!
Keth. 366;
XS'^DiS!
5uli.
s%, shrinks, Nidd. 156; S^l'^nri beloved, Ber. 43 a; 112a. e. i^nb-'p Naz. 126; XHS*''?^ Taan. 206.
^^''TT
PZwr. masc; a)
Pes. 306;
Gitt.
MS.
'S'^^b
B.
M. 1006; "T^l
ibid.;
'Sb'
M. MS.
T\^,
^T^^ B. M. 246, 1086; M. 1006; ^'^''1 eds. ibid./ are attracted, Bekh. 306 (83);
^irja
]'''V13,
B. Q. 186;
]"'rTa
Sanh. 1066;
'En Y.
ibid.
Plur.fem.:
"jS'^p
336. e.
with Enclitic Subject -Peonouns. 455. Active Participle: a) KSS'^.'^S I force, Gitt. 38a; Xib'^^S I enter, 5ull. 76; 5'''::il3 I cut down, M. MS. B. B. 4 a.*
Paeticiples
6)
rib'^^y
rni:''^!!
Qidd. 106;
riS'''^T
C.
MS
we
M.
Q.
c)
120.'"^
'i5''T2J''''n
we take
106 a;
I5"'S"'']3
force, 5ull.'i96;
'^''^'%'\l
R. MS.
B.
M. 69a. M. MS.
^l^y TB.
Ber. 16 a.
II. 25;
']15if3
ITW HG.
Hal
Passing into
*i"5
verbs.
122
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
''
.;(|
[4-56
456.
3d
sing,
b"');3
1166;
b'^by
'
!!<3?ri
3d
sing, fern.:
'En Y.
Gitt. 686.'
^'
^"'^''11?
/ went
up, Ber. 57 a;
^'^^i'^
tied up,
Sdplur.masc.: a) ilb"'!]5'Pes.ll36,B.M.836;
6)
!i:''*'j5B.MU076.
bW
0-.
MS. M. Q. 12 a.
b''^y"'b
'^.
we entered^M-eg. 286.
enters, Sabb. 74a,
Impeepect.
104a;
3d 2d
b"-!;?!^
M. Q.
<
masc: 'b^'^^T\ bringest in, Zeb. 116a, M., Q. 96. masc: '6^^Tb Gitt. 56a; ^b^^D Pes. -646; ^b"'''E)"^b
(tT'S^bbnri Sabb.
458.
!|b^*;5'
Sing,
masc:
sharpen, Sabb. 32 a.
Plur.
masc:
Infinitive.
MS. Sabb. 32a. 459. a) qattule: 'bw Mace. 216, "C. MS.
Ber. 8a, HSr. 126; iO'^H O.
Zeb.
appreciate, honor, ^ull. 133a, Sabb. 130a; acumen of somebody, 5ull. 436, Ber. 336; "'Sisb form, B. M. 74a; "'nin^ to light, kindle, Sabb. 119a; ^piS^b
"^nil^n to
''Siatl to
36a/
lower,
YOm& 846;
^SiST to soften,
qittale:
"'niFl^b
qattala:
S^b^^J
Zeb. 36a.
d) qattil:
Active PaEtioiple. 460. Sing, masc: b^^^lD M. Q. 25 a^ y^P'U sports, Suco. 53a; 'O^^nz digs, H. MS. B.B. 58a;. eds
ij-lbl'^y
J7e.ed.pr. 67 d.
II. 5
aili^y TB.
463]
t:"'|;ri
VEEB
;
123
Yoma
b^tj-^p
846;
!>bt:a
n^H/O 5ull. 133a (8) Tj^Stta Zowers, covers, 'Arukh Succ. 53 a, M. MS. ibid. 31a;
T'))'!
stretches out, B.
M. 836.
"'b^'^pa
Flur. masc:
ibid.
"'fb^'^'p
196;
''b""]?'^
Mace. 116, B. M. 74 a;
"'ptsna Yeb.
636;
]''33"l53
murmur,
ibid.
Bib;
''bbn^J desecrate,
M. MS.
was/ij ^ull.
113 a;
''"b.
]-'))W2
passing into
r-'btitJ
V. L. ad B. B. 916.
Passive Participle.
Yeb. 1036;
B.
S""!!!??
461.
Sing,
masc:
lnri553
crushed,
polished,
i^bbt253
M. Q. 12a/
nSSblS moulded,
acute, Yeb.
/Smgr. fern.:
"/
covered, B. Q. 506;
"'bbp5Q covered, B. Q.
506;
''
'''I'^l'!"'?
M. MS.
B.
M. 74a;
'(l^tlp
RasI
462.
d) ja-'anna Pes.
l5''i3Ca"Succ.'l3a.
Ber. 52a;
"J^b-sja Zeb.
55a;
13b.
Passive Participle: a)
^'il'^'n'U
I am
ready-witted,
^'Er.
463.
filled up,
153a; 1106;
trm
3d sing, masc: CflNt warmed, Sabb. 51a, M. MS. B. Q. 50a; Dans M. MS. Sabb
B. B. 23
a.
y-lH Pes.
36;
b^m
Sb"^?;^
'
3d
144a.
sing, fern.:
Sabb.
1166
(80);
nbriNl
^
B.
,
'
2d
sing,
masc: Phyi^
'Er.
'Er.
(nWlS
B. Q.'52a).
their right, B. B. 23 a.
124
Imperfect.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
sing,
L^^^
b''I5^b
464.
b''yFl
3d
masc:
Yeb. 880;
bri''3
redeems, B. M. 53 a;
AlfftBi
^'^^''b
Sabb. 141a;
(n^"^'i/"'b
cools himself,
Y6ma
sing,
786).
2d
masc:
Sanh. lOOh.
Istplur. com.:
lip^D 2
M. MS.
Pes. 1186;
:
b-'p^i
Qidd. 126.
Q'^riNl
Imperative.
465.
10 a.
^XpiHSl
Sing. masc.
b^'llN!
'Ar.
29a;
Sabb.
153 a;
b-'iSJ?;
'Er.
Infinitive.
^biy^l;
466.
a)
'aqtule:
^'':^5lif.
to protect,
Sdia 21a;
Ned. 56 a;
M. MS.
118 6; 'li'lSS
O.
Y6ma
Pes.
^"lipii^
MS.
1186;
"^yiniK
B. B. 34a,' A. Z.
27 6;
^lip-'K
M. MS.
Pes. 76 a.
6)
miqtftla:
Hf.'arr'n
Taan. 246.
Sing,
Active
51a;
Participle. 467.
ibid.j
masc:
a)
D"'TO
n^j353
Pes
Sabb.
bTO M.
Q. 18 a;
B.99a;
bp^H
6)
np'^a Pes.
'
ibid.;
Utj^'a ibid.;
Ned. 196.
c)
y-ia Qidd.
Sing,
fem.:
)X^rp2
6,
MS.
t\12)2ryi2
nbna
B. B. 1326.
'"C^'Q
Plur.
masc: -f^na
B. B. 60a;
Ker. 24a;
^IDS?^
A. Z.
H.MS.
ibid. I'd
a; with retention of
i:
a) ^'SS'pZ
Participle with Enclitic Subject - Pronouns. 468. ' I weaken, Keth. 85a; (K)'55''ni7:2 B. Q. 1126.
6)' ri3>-ia B. B.
c)
7a,M. MS.
t\'''$'y)2ihid.
EXAMPLES FOR
Perfect.
Ned. 77 a;
ITHP'^'eL.
to,
469.
b''riP"'K
472]
b)
VEEB
125
5 a;
1106; t^nTK he trembled, gull. 96 a; TlS^K Bekh. 59 a; DTPT'ii Sanh. 276/ c) DiTR^X was proved to be a perjurer. Mace. 3 a; DilO'^K was covered entirely, Meg. 276; DiS^H was razed, gull. 44a, Bekh. 44a; tJip'^X she quarreled, Nidd. 676.
5d
sing, fem.:
"'K^S^l^
'l!<3>^ri"'X
"""b
ending;
3d plur. masc: a)
Sabb. 157 a;
^)2''')2rxy^^
Ned. 11 ab,
M.
Q. 256.
6)
^2^pri''i)t
^yrnr''y!
were beaten
flat,
ibid.;
^53jfri''iJ!
n^m'^Vi B. Q. 78 a.
^f^"'bb^''K
2d plur. masc:
Impebpbot.
'Er.
470.
a)
b"'HriD is
^''tlP'^b
104a.
6) y"inb becomes unlucky,
Ned. 40 o;
b'^I'^b
2M. MS.'M.
2d
6)
Q. 286.
:
sing. masc.
a) firiTFl gull. 96
a.
Infinitive.
^p'ip'^irS 'Ar.
471.
472.
"'Sia'^S^
to be
226; 'nin^'^X A.
Sing,
Z. 396.
Paeticiple.
masc:
9a,
a) b'^HP'^a
is
profaned,
is
B. B.
Ned.
226;
b'-lSna
clear,
B. 606;
ppTO
Z.
pp'^T7J
ed.
HaAavy,
233;
n"1131S I
ibid., 74.
n'a'aniS HG.
3
^Ipp'^rS
ibid. 1156.
MOEPHOLOGY
126
III.
[^'i^^
Plur.masc.
B. Q. 73a;
''"nxm
^ppW^
Bekh. la.
Plar.fem.':
y^llp"'"^
Ned. 616.
473. Paeticiple with Enclitic Subject - Pkonouns. 'Ar. 22 a6. '^r. a. 3^pp'^T-'7J 22 6) ) ^JPT'^T^^' ^?Pi?'^T^'r>
bi)3^!!<
riiS!^2'a2"'H
Impeefect.
bi'lj"'?
Succa 266.
[]]'
^tip'^b
O.
MS. B.
ibid.
B. 736.
lnri3"'a is
44a. NSS-^rj
616.
81a.
475. The verbs of this class are properly verbs with an Like the J"? verbs they go ultimately back to bi-consonantal roots. The difference between the
two classes being, that the bi-consonantal root was in the one instance pronounced with lengthened vowel, in the other with lengthened, vulgo doubled, consonant. Cf. Assyrian inubu and
etc.
Both
classes
it is
often diflBcult to
which class a given verb belongs. 476. Verbs mediae H and verbs mediae I are in most forms alike and it would therefore be impossible to tell with certainty
the one from the other.
lay snares, use strategy,^
ure,
tT'7J to die, D''D to
are probably
b''''\
to
to
judge,
TIJ"''^
to tread, b''3 to
measXljj'
put on shoes,
TD
to visit, if
p''"l
^ Arab.
T'U
to hunt,
yiS
to bubble,
ITI'^SI
tV^
to listen,
to be to
empty, and
the denominatives
T'S, to
to stay
over night,
y^
examine, and
ornament.
= A88yr.
dftlu.
The
last
i5'^T
IMM.
Gitt. 38 b
481]
VEEB
127
477. In the active participle of Qal an ii is introduced between the two stem-consonants as bearer of the second vowel. This X has been retained in only a few cases of the singular masculine; in all other cases
it
has changed to
'',
in one case to
is
frequently
is
extended
1.
by the insertion
of
",
or of
is
The
tri-
word
not
and
"IIT to
peddle, overtake.
The
last
two have
forms
with
verbs.
479. In the Aph'el some verbs pass into the form of T'S Others change the original o-vowel to i, which is lengthto
e.
ened
Strange
is
e- vowel in a
form
?
like 'DTl'/J.
Or
is
480. In the Ithp^'el the verbal stem remains bi-consonantal (but cf. tl'inCS and )>^*n')2) the fl is usually retained and has
Tflj'^
(196), and
is
not transposed
some older grammarians, is inclined to consider the Ithp'el of these verbs to be a remnant of an older Ittaph'al. According to Koenig' the doubling of the T\ is due to the nature
Marti,^ like
of this consonant,
i.
e., is
purely phonetic.
481. Verbs whose second stem-consonant is consonantal 1 or ', as: i^'n, in, K'H, i^^xi, Hie, N12, sn, KiTc, iris,* iin, yi5, bl5, ni2, nil, and "llTfl, do not belong here.
Note.
Mliller,
For
Noldeke,
ihid.,
XXXVII.,
525sg.; Haupt,
p. 31;
II.,259sg.; 'Kom.vae\,Sud-arabischeChrest.,
Kautsch-G-esenius, Hebr.
Gramm., 26th
ed.,
72; M. Lam--
Memory
According to Professor Haupt ("Der Halbvocal u im Assyrischen," ZA., qSuem with elision of intervocalic u.
d. bibl. aram,.
Kurzg. Gramm.
Sprache, 63,
i,
Anm.
II. 1, p. 471, n. 1.
;
[jliLc
li-Lsi,
wJ!
or
wa
128
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[482
Qal and
Pa" el.
482]
VERB
Aph'el, Ithp^'el,
129
and Ithpa'al.
130
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[^82
sing. masc.
482.
a)
M. 77 a, B. Q. 6a;
lk
^D
^
besieged, Gitt.
ibid.
6)
tri2
Ned
MM.
5d
Pes.
b^T B. M. 446, 45a; ^2 ^uU. 846/ q^ Ber. 56 a; Q^i Taan. 23a; 1106.' c) biT fell in price, B. M. 108 a, Gitt. 42a.
n^QJ?
so/i^
sing,
Ned. 50 a;
Sanh. 95 a;
6)
/em. 483. a) nbl Taan. 23 a, Ber. 63a; na^ Gitt. 69a; nt:]? Ber. 516; SS53 6ecame sb^M. MS. Ber. 63 a>
M. Q. 276; nna
ibid. 96,
(tT'rip''T
Ned.
506;
Sanh. 26a;
5d
a) F\'pp_'^ag.l5a.'b) riri"'aBer.546. 1st sing, com. 485. t^''^pj' 6. MS. Sabb. 1566.'
masc 484.
3d plur.
masc 486.
B.M.65a;
6) ^n^k Taan. 21a, Pes. 42a; ^ri^5j Ber. 56, M. Q. 276; ^T\12 'En Y. 276; {TtW they nourished him, Be^a 326).' c) Qilp, b^lT, Qidd. 12a; |^'1 Keth. 486; l^i:! went a-fishing, M. Q. 11a; I'T'^ Alf. i6id. is^ pZitr. com. 487. a) iXyDp Yalq. MS. Sanh. 966; JiDnn B. B. 1156 (Palest.); Kjn':; AlV B. B. 29a; ]2OT Keth. 62a;
j^'l'^
b!"b. 29a.''
"jS'^ri^a
ed.
Imperfect.
3d
Ven.
{6i(i.
sing. masc.
488.
a) VTlb
Succa 376;
b^irr^b rests,
Wa^b Ned.
Tern. 29 a;
6)
c)
b-^S-^b
'En Y. 'Er. 656.' Ned. 51a; r\'':2''3 M. MS. B.M. 32o; n^Th
68 a;
nj"'::
"Er.
104a.
n-b
Gitt.
Y6m. 206.
3d sing. fern. 489. a) b^n^ri Ned. 61a; 'B^Xl"'ri prepares, M. Q. 276; W?jri i6td. 96; D^n'YSm. 536; D^pn Bekh. 446;
Dilp-^n
'Ar.
reads
26a6.' 6)
"f^p.
Harkavy,
nm
Ned. 10a.
6
MM.
jfii'jQ
^g.
2
^
6
'
NDMfS TG.
ed.
rri? TG.
ed.
13 (voo.)
nW
Harkavy, 555.
Sabb.
75 a.
'Dlpn
500] 2d 2d
sing,
VEEB
131
l^uW. 12a, 112a; b^T"'n
masc 490.
fem. %491.
b^'D^T)
Yeb
63 a; b^in
ibid.j
sirig.
1st sing,
M.MS.
M. 1056; Wa-N M. MS. Ber. 64a. 3d plur. mosc 493. ^S^p^b Ber. 456; ilWi:'')? M. Q. 96;
Sabb. 1486;
B.
and by analogy with verbs y"?: ^I^n^b Sabb. 756; ^ina'^b Taan. 236; !|a^pb ed. Ven. Ber. 456.' 2d plur. masc 494. ^Iffi^bn Ber. 36 a, Pes. 36a; IM^pn
(read ^^ilpri)
:Zsf
5uU. 866.
316,
Gitt.
com.- 495. a) U^T':_ 'Er. 65 a; Q^p-'D Gitt. 46; Q^p'^b Gitt. 54a.' 6) Dn 'En Y. 'Er. 656.
pZitr.
Impeeativb.
Sing.
masc.
496.
58a; 926;
ibid.
T]^53
!lp
C.
MS. M.
TJ^ITIJ
Plur.
masc 497.
M. 62a;
4a;
^ITIJ^b
36a;
498. a) miqtal: bn^a Ned. 57a; "a ibid. 88a; nT7J Pes. 746; nTl2 2 M. MS. \b'id. 1206; T^"^ri Sabb. 316; -jT?^ YQma 876; DD^/jb ibid. 78 a; nil-^ab Sanh. 109 a; Dp^a Qidd. 33 a; W^-'M Gitt. 686; nn7jb M. Ms! Ber. 606.'
Infinitive.
"
6)
miqtul:
D^5''I3
'Er.
in'Er. 86a).
c)
miqtulg: ^aira
Gitt. 576.'
Pes. 1206;
'En Y.
i6id.;
'Slna
MM.
Active Paeticiple.
Yeb. 52a;
b-'Tl
e.
'pbH'^
Ned. 5 a;
T'iji'n
tT'SllS
Nidd. 366;
lays snares,
ibid. 36; D^'^D ibid. 15a; Ned. 796;"ri^-'a "T " T "T Kln''1'!S Sanh. 8 a; Htilf^b cursing, ibid. 49a.
n^^::
T
M. Q. 146.
6)
n-'-^a
Sabb. 996/
iVo
B. B. 416;'
X);:''^ *&i^-
Sanh."7a; xn^T
SM. No.
966; X^T t :t
3
ibid.
1086.
183.
'^fl^'a''
ifllQ'')?'
M.Q.
0^1)73
^n (?)
HG.
MWJ.
(voc).
Cl/pN).
132
Plur.
III,
MOKPHOLOGY
[%^^^
Ned. 15b, 16 a; fpU ibid. 15a; ^'n-'''}^ Mace. 11a; "'B'^^'l M. Q. 'p^^T 12by^-4.^y Yeb. laj^^TT^I^. 'Er. 73a; ^S^TT boosf, Gitt. 286; ^)Ty^ Ned. 76a; ^a''';l3 Bekh. 136, B. B. 1546. 'Plur. /em. 502.' yTy^ B. B. 73 a, Gitt. 45 a; ]b^';3 measure,
'{'b^'^ri
masc 501.
j^n^ro B. B. 91b;
Ber. 12 a;
A. Z. 71a;
1S"'";D
r/'-'l It T
:
Pes.
in"""! It
:t
Sabb. 21a;
Yeb. 63 a.
Passive Paktioiple.
'Er.
Sing.
masc.
503.
citrsed,
a) T^ri awake,
dozing?,
Meg. 186;
rf5>
516;
6)
A. Z. 766;
D''':'1
!!<tl^b
516. e. SWb
Sanh. 49 a.
Sing,
/em. 504.
iOn^p
MS. Meg. 30a (voc.);" Sr"'":'^ Qidd. S53''";|2 B. M. 186 and passim.
C.
"
PZwr.
masc 505.
"^r^TIJ
326 (80).
ActivePar-
BfiQa
JJ^JT";^ B.M. 856; Kja^S*)? M. 676; SiDT^D SuU. 105 al 14a; FirrJ^S^Alf. Keth. 1096; "n^^-]|5 B. M.
B.
nr';^ art low, Sabb. nj?^^''?! B. Q. 996; thou art cans67 a. hn"'^^:S M. Q. 276;'nS^^D Yeb. 63 a; nilJm t t T T T :t
66 a; rnr-^'I^Men. 78 a;
: :
ing annoyance,
c)
M. MS. B.
^^'^'
B. 1376.
^TiT-'xi '^^^i5"''^^';uj
^- Q- ^^"^'
irp^"^'^
'^^- '^^"-'
"5''tJ"'"'b
Sanh. 16 a;
Ipp-'-;!^
we
estimate, B.
M. 39 a;
B. B.
ibid.
ir?"^ 486;
A. Z.
75a.''"
d) '^rCTC^;!
Sanh. 29a;
W^p'^'^'n
'
:
'^T\''1Ty^
172a;
^ri^y^3 ye
measure. A, Z. 71a;
Y6m.
836.'
507.
3d
sing,
masc: a)
D"')]p
he finished, Ber.
t^^^)_
12a;
'^'I'lj
-p)]?
Taan. 25a;
laughed,
6)
c)
1
M. Q. 17 a. T^^ Qidd. 81a; r^D B.B. 41a; T^T heretaincd, B.M. 166.
Ber. 30a;
He.
]^^'2
'I'^-lS
ibid.
30b;
\r''3
ibid.
-1T12
i ptctttred,
5.
IDQISp, MV.
^niai;^J3
HG.
512]
2d
sing,
VERB
133
PS^^'T
masc:
T\iy^^p Ber.
116;
B. B. 167 a.'
1st sing, com.: fr'>Ty_ Sabb.
1186;
''')T^p_
Yeb.^646/
^1T^)_
Taan. 23 a.
Gltt. 89a.
508.
n'l^a-'b
3d
sing,
masc:
D-'lJp/b
ta'^^pb Alf.
B. B. 163o;
'D''^^)
B.M.32a;
Sanh.936;
puts
2d
sing,
masc:
T2:''|;nri
M. Q. 96;
Taan. 21a.
U^^J^'Fi
'Er. 54a.'
D^)]|Di5
3d plur. masc: ^T^lb B. M. 806, B. B. 43a; ^3"'^Tb Hag. Hattalmud, 'ibid.; ^^s-^Vb. M. 426; ^^'''JTD M.MS. B. B. 43a; ^O^'^B^^ cast lots, Y6ma 22a; ^p^^^L^ estimate, B. Q. 966. '1st plur. com.: -^syj Sabb. 306; D^);|53 Taan. 21a; ]TT^y) MM. Taan. 126 (233)! Imperative. 509. Sing, masc: j'');? Ber. 25a; D^|;]5 B. B. 1596. PZwr. masc: MT'^p^ Keth. 19a; ^1^*;^ Sanh. 316; ^Ip-^^T gull. 1096; il^^sp examine, 'Ar. 216. Sabb. 96, Ned. 776; Infinitive. 510. a) qattule: ^Tfiri M. Q. 25 a; ''Siilib Ber. 17 a; ^^iyob ( =^yi''Db) V. L. Hull. 10 a. 6) maqattala: ka^sp5jb to put' on, Gitt.' 566; (t^'^r^'iab ^ R. H. 16a; ^Hi^^T^b MrMS. ihid.; "Hrr^rpb Yeb. 65 a). Active Participle. 511. Sing, masc: a) y^%'2 adorns, Ber. 30 6; t:'')]t2a 6Zofe, B. B. 163 a; ^;!;r;"J Ned. 50 6; D'HI^a M. Q. 2 6;
W?
D^)])5rj
Ned. 4 a; n^sija
i6-<d.
7 6.-^^1170 R.
H. 9 6;
y^lipa'
Ned. 18 a.
h)
^^m
rolls
'mr'^2
eds. B. B.
73 a.*
108a; )XS^^t'Q Qidd. 73a. Plur. masc: ^IT^&C B. Q. 59a; ^j-^'^ia 5ag. 3a; "'n^'lli? Pes. 306; ^r\-ST5;MSS.'i6id.; ^"l-'STp R. MS.^B. Q.1136; ^T'^TO'M.Q. 146, B.'m^ 17 a; iQ-'^'na B.B. 56. "'Dl^pa Y6ma 286.
Sing, fern.: Xn^^ira B. Q.
'
Passive Participle.
t^^Q B.B. 23a.
1
512.
ift'ti-
Sing,
masc: y^nz
B.
Q.72a;
nWi^D SG.
J{3"Hiy
HOo-
2 3
TG.
ed.
(legal style).
36.
III.
134
MORPHOLOGY
L^1^
Men. 88b.
"T^Z'C
Plur.
B. B. 21a.
masc:
"D-'^^Sa
Ned. 206;
"3"^ri<2
Ber. 54 a;
Phir.fem.:
'^'I'W^
Bekh. 44a;
"51^570
Pes. Ilia.
Participles with Enclitic Subject-Pronouns. Active Participle. %513. a) X3p^flS"^Sanh.966,B.Q.84a; Nwr^iD Gitt. 30 a.
b)
c)
m-'sna B.lA.lSa; r\'^''TC A. Z. 9 a; nc^^E B. B. 6 a. 'li-'J''^?^ Meg. 306; '^T^TOA.Z. 4.a; iit.yT^T2 Sanh. 186,
11 aj 'T-Q^^^-g
Gritt.
]TC-'^2)2 B'.M.
82a.
6.
Passive Participle.
6)
5i4.
sing,
a) NDa^^n^J Qidd. 8
m^^jna Ber. 16 o.
EXAMPLES FOR APH'eL.
Perfect.
515.
3d
B.M. 1046;
6)
p'-'liK ibid.
67 o.
masc:
Dpil><
a)
D^j5i^5
b-T'^ 2 E.
B. Q. 106 passim)
c)
ypIN B. B. 23 a;
smelled, Ber. 43 a;
sing, fern.:
S6ta 13
'lii"'b>5
a,
Ber. 186;
^r^X he
6.'
exchanged. Tern. 17 a,
nnyt
/le
IJull.
41 6;
kneaded, Qidd. 46
C-jK B. Q. 105 a.
3d 2d
nbnx
B.
sing,
masc:
Tp-'n^^ Gitt.
[= np^S SM.
No. xcv.
(voc.)].
1st sing, com.:
^T'SA^
I placed,
!l7;3^piK
B. B. 167 a.
Z.
3d plur. masc: a)
^70piX Sanh. 76.
'6)
M. MS. K. H. 24a. A.
^iVriS Ber.
50 o,
Nidd.506;
20 a;
c)
biinN!
B.B. 23 o.
'^V\'2''\m
"^''/JpiS
2d plur. masc:
:?s<
/6i"d.
^Ziir.
com..-
246;
"j'^'pis
B. Q.
^^-
106,
SJ^J^piX B.
ibid. J
!!<;"'?n'ij<
MS.
Ber.
6,
TO'J^pN C.
MS.
Imperfect.
516.
3d
sing,
n:
T
;
A. z. 286.
1
This form
is
i5
520]
1st sing, com.:
D'^pii^
VBEB
B.
135
M. 105a.'
3d plur. masc:
B. B. 826;
^ITJ^D
^/Jpib B. B. 325, O.
^/Jpib
^in^D
nrb
Zeb. 6 a,
Men. 94 a.
"'pilSt
Sebu. 31o;
JT'SS
B. B. 74a.
to
lots,
7 a^
Tern. 106.'
'aqtulft: i<apiNb
'aqttil:
B.M.
856.
33a
(Palestinean).
maqtule:
^']'V212
V. L. to Zeb. 56.
SiJig.
Active Participle.
T37J Sanh. 95 a;
519.
896;
masc: a)
ZTtyc Ned.
TC^'Sa
18a
Ber. 546;
ma ibid.
m2
(80).
6) n-'pra Meg. 26; b-'Tia B.M. 65a, 776; T^ia B.B. 29a; n^nia M. Q. 13a and frequently; DpT:2 M. MS. Sabb. 716; I3ia B.B. 29a; rili/O Sanh. 396, Ber. 436. c) la^a Tern. 36, l06, Zeb. 6a; mrj Sabb. 110a; n-'fl^S Men. 1036, Tarn. 356. Sing, fern.: SrSS M. Q. 176; XTOa Ber. 62a; r^^pla 'Ar. 256.
Passive Participle.
soiled, eds.
520. Sing,
TiJ. II. 34.
B.Q. 18a;
Sing, fern.:
1
nra^ Ber^256.'
IITiS
TlSiS HG.
IDinS SM.
^SCSTO
Se'el. 96;
SOTQ
J?G. Hilech.
Nidda (/OTl).
136
Plur.
B. B. 69a.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
rjpi/J,
''
1^521
^52pi7J,
''
masc:
''n'C
"
Succa 26a;
M. MS.
'p^tH'C
(i/C^I) soiled,
Paeticiples with
Participle. %521. a)
Enclitic
XS'^/Opil:
Active
K3"'M"l'i7:3
smell, Keth.
4:9
a; K3ra5?
^''
'
j'%, Ber.30&;
72o;
S5nni?J B. M."l046;
J<35^-:ria
M. Q. 17 a.'
Tnm2
46a. n^7.3pi7J
'Er. '506,
Men. 90a.
]Tm2
Nidd. 5 a.
d) ^n-'TJpi-J Sanh. 446.
522. 3d sing, masc: a) iSFl'^it awofce, Ned. 30 o, 68a; prT'X SuU. 14a; mn^X Qidd. 50a;"nan-^X Gitt.69a.' It T t shyed, t2"'1Flp"'!!< became mad, Ned. 41a. 6) c) ni^n^^'Er. 396, 40 a. 3d sing.fem.: sriiri''!)^ was pleasing, Qidd. 45 3d plur. masc: a) '')^^0^^T\^, Sabb. 1246; ^Din4< ed. Soneisso
Perfect.
6..
ibid.
6)
-inn^X K. H. 16 a; D^lim O.
Imperfect.
528.
3d
sing,
~;n"'b
3d
sing, fern.:
b"'TrT'Fl
B.M. 66a.
3d plur. masc: ^ISFl-'b Sabb. 436; ^bTD'^b B. B. 42o; ^blFl^D M. MS. B. B. 141a. 3d plur. fem.: -p^TTb B. B. 141a; -Dliri^D Y6ma 59 a; m^^rT-b ^ ^^ ^ M. MS. Sabb. 436 (216).
'
''
'
'
Infinitive. 524.
a)
'itqatulei:
^HiDFl-'X
Qidd.
45 6;
:
"niynxbBer.4a;
'Er. 396,
'aiDni* Yeb.
63a; "nian^KGitt.'ega;
'
^mn^H
'jnitt AltftsiB6ea27 6.
^SJDlnp
3 *
AlfftslM.Q. 17
;
a.
l/m'a=v'nnia
Dir-iii; (=
c/.
Hebrew form
i'e'ei.
n'ilQ"'3
YOmft
75 6.
mr^ = Din-rs)
88.
529]
b)
VEEB
'ithqatfilan,
137
SiDFT'lS!
'ithqatilan:
1^'3^1'^5 ibid.,
commentary "iCV "p". Paeticiple. 525. Sing.masc: a) TOria F. MS. B. Q. 18 a; inna 'En Y. Qidd. 50aV
'
45a; OlIFia
b)
b^lTO
is irrigated,
B. B. 8a, 126.
'
Sing, fern.: ^JlM E. H. 16a; Nljna Keth. 526, Qidd. ia, xbTn-'M Gitt. 88 aVhima Ned. 836."'
TT
; *
TT
masc: '"aJ"iri"'7J are tread upon, B. B. 101a, C. MS. M. Q. 25 a; ""imj Nidd. 45 a; Wna, XTlF1^7J, Pes. 656.
Plur. Plur. fern.:
'{}Tn-/2
TT
YOma 53a;
l^DllFl^/J
I
Sabb. 46 a.
526.
M. 306;
6)
c)
Q^I'^S-'i*
Ber. 36 a, B.
(80);
p|!3"'y!
gull. 95a.
]-''^T^
Bekh. 60 a.
nl^s^!n^^{
nTr!!< A. Z. 11a.
si7ig. fern.:
5d
Keth. 85a;
30a.
MD^^sS^^5 Gitt.
nc'-'l'B^i*
masc:
na-^^rr^X B.
M. 306;
SOta 356.
plur.
masc: a)
A.Z.
:
M.Q.
26a.
6)
-i^^'rx
116.'
H3n^|;)j''lS!
Impeepect. 527.
556;
n^'lM-'Fl
M. Q. 96;
^n^^n^b' R.
H. 29a,
Judaism,
528.
^^"')ian"'X
become ye converts
'^yi^rip^iJ!
to
a)
'ithqattulS:
'ai^^rib,
Sanh. 186,
56 a;
"nWXb,
Yeb. 34 a;
'"?i"J<
M. MS.
'ithqattula':
.^2;
TG.
ed.
Harkavy,
138
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[530
MS.
Paeticiple. 530. "f-lSrj Ker. 20a; t^T'C doubled, M. Hull. 515 (passing into'^y); fijI^Src Yeb! 586; Si^^rs
Yeb. 23 a; '''r^pnp B. B. 112 a; fP^'^iDbj Hull. 92 a; ^-T'^T-Q With enclitic pronouns: G-itt. 85a; "(Dl^ini? 'En Y. Pes. Ilia.
J^S-'liarj
Sablb.'l316;
nS'-'^Tlca
Xn^i^niT.: Qidd. 13 a;
n3-'';rj^7J
Gitt.
56 a
Succa 255;
Sanh. 676.
T'b,
VEEBS ^"b,
531. a) Verbs
cases both have
!!^"b
AND
l!<
"'"b.
retain their
other
become
'^"b
verbs.
appears in a few verbs ( 535-6 ) Feminine forms like those given under 536 a may also, for all we know, be of intransitive structure.
6 ) Intransitive structure still
c)
is less
little
The
insertion of an
St
to preserve
an
i-
vowel
is
exceedingly
in
more frequency
met with also in the strong verb.' We might call it a Hebraism. To what extent and with what consistency such usage prevailed
is difficult
to tell.
Endings of the Peepegt Qal. 532. 3d sing. masc. In verbs of transitive structure the ending is a or dj. The latter is an analogical formation after the derived stems, where di is a
diphthongization of
i.
ending
is
I.
3d
sing. fern.
The ending
is
and dtd; in verbs of intransitive structure, iiid, t'd ltd, di. The last form is difficult to explain. 2d sing. com. The ending is St, aft, at, e, in verbs of transitive structure; it in those of intransitive structure.
The ending
at
is
shortened from
The ending
ait.
is Stl, &t, 6,
di (80).
534]
VERB
139
3d plur. masc. The traditional pronunciation of this ending not 6, as would be expected. This is supported by the vocalization of the C. MSS. (573) and must be inferred from such forms as "SlM (567), ^^tom (573), and ^i\1iTit. (585), where we evidently have the diphthongization of U to ui, as in Neo-Syriac' In a few cases we have un. 3d plur. fern. The ending is aidn, ai. But the last form is
is
U,
doubtful. may be the singular used 2d plur. masc. The ending plur. com. The ending
It
is
for plural.
6tii.
etun,
1st
is &nQ,,
The
last is
Endings of the other parts op the Qal. 533. ImperThe forms without afformatives end in 6. In a few cases we find d, just as in the infinitive. Second fem. sing, ends in iln. Second and third plur. masc. end in un, U, and S (532); third plur. fem. in jdn. The ending 6 is probably masculine. Imperative. Sing. masc. ends in t or d. The last ending may be a shortening of dj. But compare note 2 to 550. Sing,
fect.
fem. ends in
di.
Infinitive.
miqtal. It occurs here in two forms ending in g and The first comes from ^"b verbs, the latter from T'b verbs.^ Participles. The ending of the sing. masc. is 6, at times diphthongized to di. The sing. fem. ends in d. The usual
verbs,
in d.
is
ending of the plur. masc. is u, less frequently 6 and rarely 6n. Whether forms ending in "^^^^ are masculine and are to be vocalized T''~, or are feminine,
is
impossible to
.
tell.
The same
diffi-
It
may be
a shortening of
idn.
din and
differs
may
Derived Stems.
rarely d.^
534. The perfect in the derived stems but slightly from that of Qal. Sing. masc. has usually t,
Sing. fem. has never
dt,
but instead
just as
it
has at times d.
from Qal.
1
The
M9,
n.
1,
infinitives are
and 583,
u. 1.
formed
Of. also
have
I
am
in Palest. Aramaic,
is
unknown
to tradition.
140
Qal,
III.
MORPHOLOGY
and Ithpa"al.
[534
Pa" el,
Aph'el, Ithp^'el,
538]
Perfect. 3d
VERB
141
sing. masc. 535. a) J>a Ned. 366; XTH 23 a; IfTiiil ibid. 76, 226; Stia M. Q. 12a/ KTCp he hid himself, Taan. 29 a; TOt: Mace. 12a; WKn B. B. 91a, Qidd. 71a (531e);' TIJt:^i< A.'Z. 70a (87).^'
ibid.
6)
-^S^Tn
M.'jvis. B.
M. 856;
Q. 1126.
c) 'inTIJ Ned. 77 a; ""ip was spoiled, ibid. 506; ^^p it sufficed, Keth. 956, Taan. 32 a; ^T^m Sabb. 141a; ^^SH-'S^ was able, Keth. 62a; ID^H M. MS. Taan.' 7 a; ]ri< K. MS'. Sanh. 106 a; ir^S Sanh. 106a (87).'
3d
iT^^Sri
"
sing,
Taan. 25a;
mniS
fern. %?,S6. a) H^^jn she learned. Pes. 626; Sl^m E. H. 266/ i5;:tia B. M. 86a; Ned. 51a;
mn
XW
repeated, Qidd. 81
s/je
6.
6)
Alfasl ibid./
Xtm
sfte
6m7^^
^Xjn Taan. 25 a; ^SJO s/te wew/, B. B. 796. d) iS3p Mace. 8 a; riK^Sb s/ie /la^ed, Sabb. 26a;
Gitt.
T\r'r2.
she
456;
96 a;
U^tr'nTIJ
2d
ibid.;
sing,
com. 537.
R.H. 22 a;
'En Y.
B. B. 59 a;
rT'';3p
B. Q. 176.'
6)
c)
nsp
'
WioM
dt'ds^ griVe
more, B. M.
83a.''
tT'tlTB i/tow
tT'l!2
dids/ tarry,
Ber. 246.
1st sing,
com. 538.
of
a)
m^
Taan. 25a;
-^Tn
'Er.
406; 'JS
Sabb. 140 a.
1
The explanation
No.
ibid.
XDH
;
given by Jastrow,
;
s. v.
^3
is
incorrect.
^SiSn SM.
Xt3H
Tii. (voc.)
p. 8;
vii. (voo.)
S^y
3 'jT'^iS! she committed adultery, seems to be shortened rather from an original masculine form than from a feminine form.
* Cf.
s
n^tS'Sa
Kethlb in Dan.
4 : 21.
;
This form might be masculine for feminine but cf. similar Mandaic forms before enclitica, NOldeke's MG. 191. The apocope of H presupposes a shortened form fltOTO
*nD3
^ 8
she wept,
Cf.
NOldeke,
Silf.
MG.
JT152
9 Cf.
19.
142
'*
III.
MORPHOLOofy
[ 539
b) ''30 I gave to eat, ^ull. 95 a; ^KTtj Ber. 10 a, 566; X^a I emigrated, Pes. 496; ^i<bp B. Q. 98a; ^ii3l2J ibid, lib; ^sbri
'
3dplur.
masc 539.
^TlJtp
Taan.
25 a;
6)
^jFl i/ie?/
JlKpn
i/ie?/
mn
116
]S[idd.'66a.
hdplur.fem.
(in
540.
ed.
^''nir
;
they threw,
^i<nb
Ag. Esth.
Buber)
2dplur.
jiin-'S'n
masc 541.
"iin^bS
Sabb. 1166;
i6icZ.;
Ned. 65 a;
^in^-lTi:
in^Tn B. Q. li7a;
6.
542.
a)
]:^:;c
M. MS.
p']D'i2
Ber.
'("^t^
Pes. 176;
M. Q.
56 a;
"ly!!!
5 a,
passim;
"17)1
we
sauj, Ber.
Impeefect.
yn-'b ibid.
^bj^b
3d
sing. masc.
('6(:d.
543.
"H^b Ned.
5b;
'"Ip'^b
26,
12a;
40a;
'Dp'^b
486; ^n^b
ibid.
Ber. 3a;
Mace. 8a;
^:2^b
M. Q. 7a;
'^'nTCri
1406;
^
^yn^Fl Ber.
49a;
iMa.
856
(legal style).'
Fern.:
"f^'^iJ-'Fl
wantest, Gitt.
^'i;iJ"'X
is< sw^f.
'T-^X
com. 546.
Ber. 456;
"SrX M. Q. 22a;
iinitn HG.ed.pr.md.
''^mT\ AlfasI'Er. 88a; !lt3S^
'
ISin
'ii/
saju ^<,
r,:,h.
re.
Ji-irT] Bor.
'
553]
3d plur.
24 6y
b)
iltaa-^a
'
VERB
a) ^bl'^b
143
Sabb. SOb; ^y^^b Taan.
masc 547.
a.'
rmc/i, t6id. 25
"ihri"?
Nidd. 66 o.
^3jri Ber.
2d plur.
1046;
masc 548.
ilTllFl
lilFlTIJ^n
1406; ynwT^
ibid.
Sanh. 100a); ^3rn 'Er. 546. 1st pZwr.' com. 549. "-TriD'Ber. 226; "'"^TTD Pes. 1036; -^yaS Yoma 69 6; ^3pD Gitt. 14 6;'" ''SyD Ber. 31 a; ^S^S 'Er. 54 6 (c/.233).
Imperative.
Sing.
masc.
22a;
6)
"^riTIJ
ibid.
626;
a.''*
^DFl
550. a) ''111: Mace. 11 o, Ber. Ned. 3o; ''Ttj ibid.' lib j ^S ?6td,; ^"l^
carry, Meg. 28
nbn
HDp "
6it2/,"Ber.
63 a.'
''likt^
'Swgf.
"J^nilJ
/em. 551.
Keth. 616.
Plur.
masc 552.
12a;
!|m2 Sabb.
IKpinitive.
S^yp'^a ibid.
676; 553.
Wm
^ntC
12 a;
'Er.
/8)
XTn''7J
M. Q. 17 a; ^Vi2 ibid. 22 a; ^Tll HOr. 41a (87). a) miqtal: a) K'^lIJ^a Mace. 11a; Yeb. 4 a; ^y^12 Ber. 3 a; ^D^a B. M.
j6id.
666;
B.
ii^ys-^a
75 6;
^StT-a
")X3.'r"i2
^Iffl-'^J t6id.' 8a6; ^TO^J mVq. 106; ^'ip-'a tVjfd. 186.' 6) 'm'iqtala: ^"rmz Pes. 1136; X;;Dn-'7jb Ker. 3a; X^Dpa, n;Dpa B. M. 476; X^yip Keth. 2 a, Berl 26.'
M. 86 a.
Ned. 46;
ibid.
''
'c)
Sabb. 58a.
d)
e)
62 a (V22e).
iqtal: Xin^X^Bekh. 44a (259 j, n. 2). qutulS: ""Hjpb Sanh. 95a; "I'lnnb A. Z. 386; "['istpb /) B. B. 936; ^.':l5nb Ber. 116; ^;:iam M. MS. Ber. 606; ^ii^^b B. M. 406.*
"
Ned. 376,
2linttJ
3
68d.
form like
HDp may
= '^5P'
^^ ^^^ ^^^
and the imperative in the derived conjugations in Syriac, as a reminisBut it is more probably a kind of precative perfect. Cf. 244 6. cence of verbs X"5 or T'b The use of the third for the second person would offer no difficulty in our idiom.
infinitive i^Dp")?
IV^Vd
p. 80; ^'}'ynrd^
144
g)
III.
MOBPHOLOGY
to
[ 554
miqtal&n: 'pC'Db
baihe, Pes.
1186.
This form
is
Active Pakticiple.
Mace, la;
^J^Da
^t\i ibid.
'n:2 splits,'^xi\l.l2Sb}
"-^n
is different, Pes. 23 a, passim/ MS^ Meg. 12o (voc.j; ^^b^-'T2 fills, MM. Sabb. 106; nh^^Z ibid. Taan. 24a (80, and Noldeke, MG. 22).
C.
is full,
S'mgf./em. 555.
X;tB7J
^""ISP
washes,
ibid.
Qidd.
K^;|"lTr
836;
atripb
Ned. 68 o.
a)
-,-'3?^
Pliir.
masc 556.
'^''50
Taan. 246;
]'''';^^
ibid.;'
"'n)?
''''Sn
Sanh. 103a;
^'bn Yalq.
MS^
waZfc, B.
M.
44^6.
Pes.\l6o;
-j^D
!n|5
Wn
Gitt.
38a;
JlTll
"Succ. 206.'
l^^iT
Plu7\fem.%551. a) ]y2. Ned. 376, 396; Ber. 17a; "f^TTj^ ibid. 25b; y-p2'^ ibid. 20a;
M. MS. Sabb. 626.
"^Hpri
M. 45a;
Sabb. 65 a;
'l-'^b?^
^6)
Passive
Participle. Sing.
^blfi
B. B. 916;
]i^b^2
558.
a)
"'bs
''b'D
Meg. 7a (voc);
bs
Nidd. 21a; ^Tri'(MSS. ^TKn) M. Q. 126; ^'I'x', Meg. 256 (voc); e. K^TH fit, Ber. 23a. ""KDO Meg. 256; hidden, M. MS. A. Z. 76a (passing into T':?).
1
njxy
This
is
ffff 69.
.
For vocalization compare H'^riS?"' ^D'^TH with diphtliougization (80). These and other examples go to show that our traditional vocalization (4.32, n. 3) = iaiteb. is younger than the fixed orthography of the text, a phenomenon not to be wondered at, since such pronunciation may be at least six hundred years later than the fixing of the text. In the light of this, the statement in 17 should be modified.
3
Pronounce
cit., p. 142.
s
*For the imperative use of the participle cf. Noldeke, MG., p. 378; and Maclean, .op. Cf. also the frequent TH ITn and pTQ 1"1DD in the "JTOT-formula.
This
may
IIITS
cf.
234.
]y3 HG.
(voc.)
lyn JQR-
563]
b)
e.
VERB
^'^Tn debarred,
unfit, Ber. 23a.'
i<;;'lTl?
145
113a;
Jt^Tn
M.Q. 186;
S^bfl fiVr.
PZMr.^masc 560.
']''';ba
'Er.
446;
j'^id
Sabb. 156a;
j'^']3p
Meg. 146;
^V^
M. 73a;
Keth. 606;
''i^^pa
Qidd. 30a.
Plur.fem.%mi. a) "p^TDp B. B. 846; "p^np Ned.376,38a; IK^^^an M. MS. Sabb. 138 a; "6. MS. ibid. '^-"IT].
^6)
e. i^ln'-^nTZJ
Qidd. 81a.
^
Participles with Enclitic Subject- Pronouns. Active Participle. %562. a) KD^n Sanh. 946; KS'^Sa Keth. 1036;
W^Tn
Kr-lp,
Ber. 136;
S5''';'1i5,
ttS^niS
Yeb. 1076;
Keth.
Ki'^^'ITrV sow,
W^Nidd. 36;
iJ^D'-yn
H"'"!'^
Meg. 28 a;
7a;
T^'t}!
art thirsty,
M. MS. B. B. 4a^
"jD^SS
iSSl,
-jS^an t6id.
Keth. 636;
Nidd]"4a; IJ^TO,
ibid^lb;
-jSya,
we want,
C.
MS.Zeb.passzm('83");
15^xb7J A. Z. 536."
f^l^D
M.Q. 16a;
(s'^^''^?
Alf.t6{d (80)
d)' in^yn Sanh. 93a; ^n-a'^ Taan. 146; silT'lTB A. Z. 726. PassweParfocipZe. 563. X5"''1D Ned. 7a. ]3"'H''p3 loe are
skilled, Qidd.
'
30a.
HG.
ed. pr. 134a.
n"'''imC
feepj,
^IITn AlfastBSsa336.
*S5p"'y5
Cassel, 91
'>
SM. No.
XXVIII. (voc);
SSS^DT TG.
ed.
ed.
('/.).
n"i';iy3
^g
los.
60; 'J311D ibid. 100; 'Jjya iMd. 97; pI'iPI'D ibid. 2m; 'i^'^'b^ ibid.Ul; jJI-lTn 'itid. 525; 'jDig'i'g 't6id. 178 (69"; 'l131"ibp^ H-'s.'ed'pr. 15 6,- S55l''^Tn TG. ed.
TI3"'Tn se.
Har'ka'yy,64;
SJJlfn
i6id.78.
146
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[564
564.
3d
sing,
masc: a)
"'b^
''^tT
C.
he prayed, Ber. 21 o;
Ned. 50 a;
Sabb. 98 &;
resolu-
-Fin he lowered,
^liQ. B. B.
37a (with
tion of doubling).
b) ^5<5b Keth. 72 a;
Sabb. 58 a;
Una
B. B. 395.
3d
6)
sing, fern.: a)
"-NSTC
Meg. 13 o.' 5d smg. com.: ty\^ b" B. 5a; H^S^B didst change, B. M. 966. 1st sing, com.: a) -n^b^ M. MS. Ber. 806; eds. '''pS. 6) ^'312? I answered, Bfiga 22a; ^i<:iL"] I raised, B. M. 109a; ^^'^^ I made, Sabb. 1566; ^i<b'l Yeb. 926. 3dplur. masc: ^l^lb Pes. 526; ^^IIJ //le^/ jwadf^, Yeb. 34a; ^^^
K^^bs A. Z. 28a;
i*;"??
3dplur.fem.: '5<3T ^/(e?/ committed adultery, Keth. 1016. Impeefeot. 565. 3d sing, masc: a) ^>jbBer. 556; "bS'b i6i(i. 6a; "'bS'^b t6K?. 76; '2'n"'b makes expiation, Zeb. 5. 6) !!<^^^b makes nnclean, ^ull. 70 o. 3d sing. fern. : '^^iri grows, raises, B. M. 71 a.
2d
sing, com.:
1st sing.com..
^nrn Sanh. 97a. XSpn Pes. 113 o. ^Sa-^X Sanh. 96 o; "SrS (6/f?. 966; "B'JJS B.M.
''"IjN
15 a; ^b^X Ber. 30 a;
Taan. 25
a.
3dplur. masc: ^Hy'b Zeb. 5a; "bQ-'b Sabb. 148a. 2dplur. masc: ^Y^'^V} Ned. 40a; "!l3S^n Sabb. 1406.
1st plnr. com.: ^riFl^i
we
Ber. 30a;
Gitt.
"'SB
Pes.
73o;
"O: Sanh.
Plur. masc: ^b'!\ B. Q. 117a; ^3E Pes. 1116; ^tS3 'En Y. M. Q. 286; ''b^ba (=^b ^ba) Sanh. 9(5 6; ''^tD? cover yoinselres, M. Q. 28 6 (532).' Infinitive. 567. a) qattule: ^^ib^ Ned. 496, Ber. 76;
'^'2.
Ned. 91 n;
;)27
''^^ibj
Sabb. 106;
^'i3Fl
Ber. 20 a;
''.^ib'^
ibid.
nSIST HG.
nS"'?15
.<'eV?. 121.
number of examples of Qal and Pa"el used where we should expect a reflexive form. Of. the same pUenouionon in Biblical Aramaic (Baer's Daiiifl, p. lix). The explanation given there is too mechanical. The solution is rather to be found in semasioi^Thero are a
logical reasons.
Cf.
Hebrew ^bn
Ps. 10:3
and
nPS
ii
many
cases,
and
Syr.
^V
flucti-
Ims agltatus
est.
569]
VERB
147
57a; ^^^'B'a Zeb. 21a; ^yiib Qidd. 456; ^^iS'l C.MS. Meg. 13a (voc); '^'li':n 'Arakh A. Z. 386; ^TiTJ^S b" 6.37 a.'
6)
c)
qattftla:
tH^'^'im
''iSB'l
Sebu. 406.
qattul:
155a.
d) qittul:
e)
^ib-'a
qattftlu:
(!in5il''B3b
{t'l'^tyr^'ab to fill it uj), B.M. 105b). maqattala: K-'^bVab Qidd. 81a; (rT'^S^jjab S6ta 40a; g) '"" " rt''.':baab M. Q. lOa). A) maqattal or maqattil: '3a7jb ^o eose oneseZ/, Ber. 62 a;
' ' '
'
/) qattalut:
Active Paktioiple.
^STIJa ibid.
"Jf^llS't:
568.
Sing,
masc:
"'370
''S-aJa
Ned. 36a;
B. Q. 246;
!!^3p7J
wai<s
ifrm^2,
'
X;:aEl''52,
Bekh.
97 a;
346;'!!<'';':np)J
'PZwr.
1406;
6)
^aEJ"7p Pes.
Sabb. 186.
^ifim^l^
M. MS.
,
Pes. 976.
Plur. fern.:
666;
j"'"'"n2J7J
sing
Participle.
569.
Sing,
masc:
is
"'bS^'J
or
^bSlJ
Sing. fern.
^'
N'^bvi/J
Sabb. 29 6; H^bl^J
The two
last
yy forms.
The
last
of
doubling.
TR.
II. lo";
2lib?b H(?.30; ^TinU rG.ed.Cassel,86; i5 TGOttb ^ib^ 4&i(^- 22' ^ilTp Tff. ed. Harkavy^ 82.'
DO
th
/fffl'-
^V^rfi 24
n'lt'ib^b- T.'^^S'Q'
Syriac |_4.9aj^ antiphony. The Samaritan 'I'l'Ttt? which Heidenheim explains as a contraction of nirt*^ 1"l'iTiJ (Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fur Englisch-theol. Forsch. u.
3 Cf.
1
Kritik,
*
5
I.,
406-7),
^^mD
form "^^yTS
SG-
257.
148
Plur.fem.:
e.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
liiS?^
'
'
[ ^'^0
"j'^^BTrtt
are trimmed, B. B. 69 a;
5ag. 5 a;
^'n^'^y'a Ber. 8 a.
C/.
Active Subject - Pronouns. Participle. %510. a) HT'Bp'U Nidd. 206; W"'i>?52 Ber. 8a;
Paetigiples
with
226. Enclitic
XJ^Btl^O
f^ive
more, B.
BAOlb;
jD-'-lba
a.
b) 'nbj7;3 A. Z. 28 a.
c)
15''|lTlJb
Succ. 486;
l5^3Da
Ned. 30a;
^T\^^tya Ber.
55 a.
Passive Participle.
Zeb. 55 a.
571.
]^''^^'^
we are
a; he counted, B. B. 486;
^pm
3d sing, masc.: "'ptlX Ber. 8 a; "''^ni* ibid. Sabb. 110a; "jriit Qidd. 706';"^:27^i|: M. Q. 28 o; "^nx
''"inK ibid.
572.
1556.
3d
6)
sing, fern.:
a)
i&tm
B. Q.
996;
X;;3nx
Y6ma
536,
Sanh. 93 a.
Xbnx
she
lit,
2d
B.
sing, com.:
n^DnX B. M. 63V, A.
rT-'-^p^aS
146;
tT'irilS;
g:ag.
5a;
n^t:50K Sanh.
109 a;
Ber. 96;
''ID'aSl
M. MS.'
i6td.; DDriH
M. 84a; np^JK
1st sing. com.
:
Gitt."
'fflplS;
376.
"DriK 'Er.
I asked, IJull. 57 6; ^"i3N B. Q. 36 6; B.M. 346; ^NJnX A. Z. 146,- ^XtO/JN Sanh. 109a, B. M. 736; '!!<TCD5< Ber. 536; "Dnii! H. MS. B. M.' 84 o. Sdplur. masc: a) '^t^'O^ Sanh. 109a; i6id. 996; ^ITtlH Ber. 28 a; ^3n!S; C. MS. Meg. 12 a (voc); ^2-ii|; 5ag. 146; "'Dm Sanh. 1096; '"b^"^ M. MS. A.Z. 746; ^'^"012)^ Sabb. 129 a (532)
546;
"i{Dpi<"
WK
^S^inS
Y6ma
IJull.
226.''
ist plur.
j3''12:pN!
com.:
^T)m
^ull.
1106; ttrrnx
Sabb. 1566;
1396.
Imperfect. 573. 3d sing, masc: ^pbb Qidd. 81a; "'p'lpb B65a4a; ^r^^b Taan. 296; ^-\Tb B. B. 1556; ^-)mb Qidd. 766
(208, note)'; "in^b B. B. 167 o.^
'
T'?"^^?'? ^^-
" !*
74.
1lni 9ag.
5 6.
578]
VERB
149
3d sing, fern.: "-plpn B. Q. 496; ^ysFi B. M. 71a. 2d sing, masc: ^inPl B. Q. 117a. Sdplur. masc: '^lyb K. H. 56.' 2d plur. masc. ^btiri A. Z. 37 6. Impebative. 574. Sing. masc: "'iriil; M.Q.226;
:
"-paN; Pes.
1046, Yeb. 46 a;
^blSSl
''Hia''X
M.
"^inN; B. Q.
1166.
'
fem.:
^bn^Jj! light,
Sabb. 26a;
j'^inN!
Kasi
ibid.
1406.
Plur.
^"IpN;
'
masc: Tim
Pes.
30a;
^bn>!;
Sabb! 35 6;
106.
siDlnN;
B.M.856;
Ned. 50a;
Plur.
Infinitive.
575.
Qidd.9a;
^I'tpX B.
'I'.inpS;
Ber. 17o;
"^inj!!!
M. 456;
M.'
Q. 26;
'I'inffib
A. Z.
16 a, for
6)
c)
'I'isniSsb,
""imrSlb
^^''^ipicii
'^.ISriH
(voc).
'aqtula':
Alfftsi
Qidd. 9 a.
d)
^ir!tjbi6id
'En Y.;
"n-a B. Q.
Active Paeticiple. 576. Sing, masc: "'ilna Ned. 166; ^paa Succ. 376; ^B'^12 M. Q. 26; 'TTQ Sanh. "lo'9a6; ^'Ip'^a Taan. 24a; ^b^-^a Zeb. 426; --lina sAomjs, 'Artikh B. Q. 86 a.' Sing. fern. I ^STSTpZ Ned. 206;' S^ltia Keth. 65 a; X^S^a Ber. 62a; 'bs7^ Ber. 25o (224) K^JCa B.B.736; X^Dpa Qidd. 7 a.' Plur. masc: ^l^WJ Mace. 10 6; -pnina M. Q. 16o; ^3pa B.M. 816; ^ina Ber. 556; -jma Ned. 50 a} ^Sp'-a B. M. 456"; "(bna
;
'
Pes. 1136.
Plur.
fem.:
'j^'lpa,
i"';:jna
"i^l^E'ia
Subject - Pronouns. 578. Active Participle. a) ^T'T^IZ Ber. 49a; ^T'^t'Q YSma 86a; ^p'TQ I lay down, Sabb. li9o, passing into ryrSD'-jria Bekh.376.
Participles with
Enclitic
'il'iDpb
HG.
i;;ib3i'ii{b
TB.ILU-,
iniCBb HG.
lipCSb
TG. ed.
Harkavy, '342;'t{^50Sb
3
S-Jf.
No.
vii.
Snffi'Q
no.
ed. pr. 68 d.
150
6)
III.
MORPHOLOGY
IT'ira Sanh. 39;
[579
n^Sna B."b.'176;
c)
mm
-Ji^pTIJ^J
n^m^
B.
Hull. 596;
Ker! 256;
Wpl^
153 a.
Y6ma 83a;
"IJ^nna
B.Q. 236;
Sanh. 20a.'
EXAMPLES FOE
ITHP'^'eL.
'^3riri"'K
Ned.50a;
'^Trin-'X
M. Q. 28 a;
'
^nPl^ij^
Ned. 50a;
''ijS^X ibid.
25 aj
^ira-'X t6zd.
396;
''NnnilJ-S Gitt.
45 a;
"^iJ^a^S
KTai)3"'5<
SOta 486.
t6td. ed.
X-nn-'K Pes.
'ffl"'i3''!!<
;
Ven.; eds.
M.MS.
TTiyHi
washardened;
"^IT^ he refused,
)Xyfy^ Bekh.316; i:;3p_''S Sanh. 93 6; Ji^lFlTIJit H.MS. B. B. 74a; X^bn'K 'En Y.'Sabb.
8 a;
156a; K^Tn^N^Yeb.
6)
^S'nS"^
Nidd.
506;''''!!<b5^i<
M. MS.
^k'ari'j;i5
38 a;
^k'^rna'^S Zeb.
"15a^5<
Hull. 586.*
2d
sing. com.
n"'3rin'S B. Q.
''bn'l2J!:<5
Ber. 53a;
3d plur. masc:
^nnilJ-'X
iim-'l^ ibid.
'^TOtl'X
31a;
Taan.
^'n jJ-'ys
Ber. 25 6;
^bn-'5<
Hull. 17a;
!l3ri5
23"6;
'V^-'ift,
3d plur.
"f
^nn-^T-'S
Istplur. com.:
""'bri'iaX
Impeefect.
580.
3d
masc: a)
"'Dnri'b
Sabb. 1206;
"'Jla-'b
''inai^D
'Er. 12 6;
^'rrb
m! Q. 28a;
76.
W5.
XiraniSf! HG.
*nx"inriiBis no. va
=
nsibais; hg.
:)4B.
ed. pr. 95
6.
WiSn"iS5 re.
"'"IRfl"! B.
ed.
Harkavy,
486.
"
'
lS?nriffl"'b
HG.
73.
583]
b) aaiTT}^))
VEEB
'Arukh
Gitt. 68a.
151
3d sing. 'fern.: "'"IFl^^Fl Yeb. 86; "Spriri 'Er. 536; ^DH^n Men. 12o; ^a-'ri Ned. la, 106, 216, 516, Naz.'l36. 2d sing, fern.: ^anpFl Sanh. 946.
1st sing, com.: '^yTiITiH
Ned. 50o.
'Ar.
3d plur. masc:
^)T)i Taan.
'
29a, M. Q. 13a, Bekh. 57a; 236; ^V^i Ber.'49a; WSD ed. Yen. ibid.
^-iFlTS^b
3d plur. fern.: ]^'nr]irh C. MS. M. Q. 13a. 2d plur. masc: ^ITnnri Ber. 356; ^nniBFl Yeb. 37a. Imperative. 58i. Sing, masc: ^'lp"'X B. M. 406.
masc:
Infinitive.
'^^i^'in-'S
582.
slb3"'X
a)
'ithqatule:
';;;il|3"'X
B. B.
30a;
^"'ibrb Sabb.
'ithqattir:
"'in^jri'^S
consonant, inan-'i* O.
c)
MS.
:'
ibid.j
'ithqatal:
iinniT^i*
d) 'ithqataluth
e)
'ithqutal:
''53i^ri''X
^^ai-in-^y A. Z.
436;
Participle. 583. Sing, masc: ^'ipt^a Tarn. 32a; "'Tliria Ned. 77 a; ^nMa Sabb. 109 a; "'552^X3 Pes. 606; ^1^2 M. Q.7a; ^Sya Ned. 656; ''Wa B. Q. 1196; iXH'B^'a Sabb. 161 a6; Kb'^"'a
is
Sing,
fem.:
S;"})?''^
i<;:Dnna Yeb.
13aJ
WhTO
Ned. 55a, Ber. 15a; Hn^nz Ber. 596; Yeb. 32a; ln"'::'1I5lna H6r.'56 (2326)^
^"^^^12
Wn-^a
89 a; "^bn^aa Ber. 23 a;
ibid.
m!
1076.'
ppna
j;3]3^a
11a;
p;;b'^^a
^Bekh. 556;
-("^a Men.
376, Tern. 22 a;
e.
Ber.56a;
Sn^lEia
Ber.' 446.'
1
"liimBS* HG.
IX. 695.
M.
102 6,
Tya^ig
1*
in
JQB.
^I'a'in'a
3
disdh loini
(532).
152
Paetioiple
a) S5"'Sripa
iii.
morphology
[5^4
584.
W^ara
g:ag.Yby
b)
c)
'S3^?|ia
fl"''}S13
]5''bt3'J3
we are burned, B. B. 73 o.
MM.
ibid.
B.K
156;
^XJE)^X
6)
.m^^
Sebti. 186;'nrin;2"'i<
Yeb. 42a.'
3d
sing, fern.: a)
K^yrniJ^V B.
M. 846.
Bega 306; "'Xann^X
6,
6) ^iXSmiJ^X Men.43a/-'X2ipn"'X
1st sing, com.:
'J5-S"ill''X
:
Gitt.776.''
I agreed, B. B. 26.
Zeb. 23;a;
^I'^'^X
3d plur. masc.
!l5!3El^i<
Pes. 33
^a^K H. MS.
B. B. 15 6;
^l^lbn^X
Ned. 22a;
l^^bn^i*
Men. 936;'''!Qri< B. B. 166 (532); ^X^a^X M. MS. ibid.'; iN-^nDn^i^ Hag. Hatt. ibid.; ^H^nPl'^!!* Sanh. 94;6; ^X-'SFnaS C. MS. M. Q.'256 (eds. WnTB")^).! Imperfect. 586. 3d sing, masc: '3rnB''b Sanh. 406, 446;
^S'^n'X, "n'^n-'X,
^nilj-'b
Qidd. 706.
3d sing, fern.: "'SSriri Keth. 65a. 2d sing, masc: "'Sncri Sanh. 976; n^ann A. Z. lOo. 3d plur. masc: ^liVW'^'b Sanh. 446, 46'6;' ^Tj&'b ibid. 107a;
^ntasD A. Z. 656.
T
:
Z. 11a.
587. 'Smgr.
masc:
^Q3-'S K.
H. 25a;
^"IB'^K
^SnON Sanh. 976; ^J^DS'^S Keth. 63a. Infinitive. 588. a) 'ithqattfil6: "inS'^K 'Er. 26a, Succ37 6; ^^yBX^''^ Mace. 2o; ^"^iT^K Bfega 11a; '^:'iS3|3b Ber. 28a;
Sing, fern.:
'^^i3|3"'Nb
ed.
Yen.
ibid.
^iSS-'ift TT
6)''ithqattial:
c)
'
B. B. 156>;
;
'mithqattala:
od. pr. 135 d.
^-^SS^jb ~
Sabb. 1406.*^
Harkavy,
'lyiBrTiN HG.
TNiyniBK
*
KanplX
TQ.
ed.
228.
"^STllBS HG.
''yintJ'lJSb
HQ.
ed. pr. 2 6,
Seier R. 'Amram,
p. ^.
591]
VERB
153
Pabtioiple. 589. Sing, masc: ^53^22 Ned. 496; "'SSna Sabb.lla; ^nraa Y6m.96; ^nn^ti 'Er.856;^-i"l-'a, "'2152, Taan. 236; ^ariTCr B.'Q. 246; ^^^^2 ibid. 606; Xaiia''Eii Y.76id.
Sing, fern.:
Jt^nnria Yeb.
'XriFl^a Pes.
UtTBT^ Ned. 496, Ber. 256; K''5'rnDt3 'Er. 536; 87a} X;:a3WJ v. L. Sanh. 96a; Jll^Sra B.M. 84;
^''
'
108a ('224). ^Plur.masc: 'f^Spna Pes. 113 a; ^m^lZ Zeb.36; VS^-D Sanh. 107a; '^XriFl-'a B. Q'. 80a (nominal ending).
Plur.fem.: p;&3''a Sabb. 796. Participle with Enclitic Subject - Pronouns. a) W^rnca B.M. 356; W^'HriTDa Gitt. 766.
6)
590.
ed.
rrara
'
B.
rT-yniBa Ber.
446; nyrnzia
Ber. 566."
1036; MS3a
Ven.
The Vebbs
tTlTl to be
and
tl"'?!
to live.
Qal.
Perfect. 591.
H^l
^iX]n ibid.
'
3d sing, masc: niH Ned. 7a, 86; 486, 50a, 0. MS. M. Q. 186; ^IH Ber'5'8a, Y5ma 18a;
B&q. 23a; "Kin Mace. 10a;
n^'n^^uii. 76.'
'3d sing, fern.:
tW]
Ber.
M. Q. 16 a, 27 6/ nin R. H. 266, Sanh. 82 a; n^^O ^Lull. 76.' 2d sing, com.: in^in^Ber. 11a, B. M. 106a; ri"'.';n Taan. 25a; niirt gull. 95a, M.MS. B. M. 106a; niH Sanh. 1026, Ned. 216.
206,
ist sing, com.:
''t^'''T\
tlliri
Taan. 9a;
"'In
A.'z.
55a;
-JJIfl
'Taan. 25a.
'En Y. Sanh. 37a; ''in" Ned. 59a; 3dplur. masc: 36.' Zeb. 216; Tt V. L. Sanh. 39 a, Bekh. 3d plur.fem.: -p^in O. MS. 'Er. 626; ^iCitl AE. Meg. 136.
]m
2d plur. masc.
1st plur. com.:
'Er. 896, ed. Sal.;
]"'::ir!
'^tryi Sanh. 8
6.
-sWb.
]TTl Ber. 21a, B. Q. 926, ^ull. 76a; Sj"'in B. 256, 98a; -jlin C.MS. M. Q. 2^5 a;
or
-p-lir;
Sabb. 156 a.
in SM.
No. xxv.
Of.
1ln
cles
182.
Hff. 250.
301
;
nT\ HG.
lin
ibid. 12.
MORPHOLOGY
sing,
154
Imperfect.'
III.
[592
^'ttl^b
592.
3d
masc:
M. Q. 17a, Ber.
^)tl2
52a;
"rr;
'^n-'D
"-Iffi
Y. S6t. 46'6;
Ber. 556;
Tern. 66, B. M. 620.' 3d sing, fern.: "'inn Mace. 11a, M. Q. la; ^Ij^n 5ull. 386. 2d sing. masc. ""inFl Nidd. 33 6. 2d sing, fern.: i''"'^'iri^n Gitt. 856 (legal style; the three ySdhs are to prevent the reading "p'''in"'ri)-' 1st sing, com.: ^ITOS B. M. 8o/'"'ri''X Hull. 446; ''';riX 3 R.
:
MS.'z"6fd.
1426; ^ITO
style).*
Sdplur. masc: ^^trb M. Q. 276; ^lITO Pes. 38a; ^^T B. B. Alf. ibid.;'Ti''^ Mace. 46; fjrT B. B. 131 o' (legal
3dplur.fem.: ]''1)>l''b 'Er. 4a; ^Tin^b Alf. Sabb. 65a. 2dplur. masc: i^lTOn M. MS. Sanh.'39a. 2dplur.fem.: ^inPl Sabb. 1406.
1st plur. com.: JflTOb Sanh.
39a;
^ITl^b
M. MS.
ibid.
(232a).
Imperative.
'^
593.
^ISl
be ye, Sanh. 39 a.
Infinitive. 594. ^)TOa Mace. 126; 1in^53 read "'irp'^ 0. ''En Y. YQmk 216; !!<'';ri-53 Yeb?'l206.'' Active Participle! 595. 'ItlNed. 36; ''"I'n B. M. 107 6.
Zeb!
49o. -p^^in ibid. 96; "f^l-ir! Ker. 5aJ ]iit.yi C.MS. 58 a. KS^in M! Q. 25 a; KD^"])! Taan. 25 a; i<DS^in Alf. B.
Ber.
a.
Kl^niS;
Aph'bl. 596.
^'^tl'a
''^'p^
a.
Verbs
i<1D
and KM.'
'''^^
Aph'el.
ibid.; ^ITO
1
597.
^"^i^
he sprinkled, Zeh.4t2b;
he sprinkles,
Yoma 19a;
^tOM R.
H. 12 a.
c/.
233.
*']in''? -ffG. 415; 'i'nnib
stW. see;
ili^'in HG.396C/.).
"ninigb re.
'
ed.
ibid. 74.
first
Of verbs
'^"S
stem-consonant.
602]
C.
VEEB
Vebbs
155
Qal. 598.
Aph'el.
599.
"Cl^a^
^''I'lN
he confessed, Sanh.30fe;
he taught,
Ber. 11 6; ^"fwH I taught, ^EuU. 52 a; ^nix they confessed, Ned. 81 a; ^"fh ebu. 426; ''liH cow/ess thou, Sabb. 125 a; ^^illH Yeb. 62 a;
''"iliN
Taan. 2Qh;'
"];!!? ^Ae?/
^-"l^VZ
46a;
-^iT-pZ
swear, O.
Keth. 85a; J<;iia 5ulL 66; flia Ned. MS. Pes. 1136; -j^aia 'En Y. iUd.;
MS.
Pes. 102;
^Vm
B. B. 76a;
nWia
Yeb. 62 a;
D.
^in^l'i?:)'
Sabb. 576.'
b^'^i^,
and lnX.
600. These verbs combine the peculiarities of verbs K"S (409sg.) and of verbs ^'b (581sg). Only the Aph'el of i^nx differs from that of other i!<"S verbs by passing into the ''"B class
instead of into that of VS.
The
resulting diphthong ai
is at
times contracted to
6,
at other times to d.
n^m
Pm
3d plur. masc: ^IHH Ned. 96, Sanh. 96a. 3dplur.fem.: ]-''Ti Meg. 276, Taan. 246; ^Kriii! Qidd. 81a.' 2d plur. masc: ^tl^nx Mace. 6a; "j^m^nX M. MS. Sanh. 95a. 1st plur. com.: "ja^lnis!' M. Q. 25a; l^^'yf. 'Arukh B. Q. 306; jflK C. MS. M. Q. 25a;"f^riX or -jt^riil! M^MS. Ber. 6 a, ibid. 39 a. Imperfect. 602. 3d sing, masc: ^iTi^b Taan. 246; ^fl"'!;
Gitt. 296."
3d
sing, fern.:
2l1"lii? or
3
liniS
to confess,
HG.
ed. pr. 40 a.
SflX SM. No. Lxxii. (toc). itniriX SM. No. V. a (toc). ' 'SnSJ they came, HG. ed. pr.
'"ifT'D
118 a, 130 c.
156
Isi sing, com.:
in.
MORPHOLOGY
[608
^Ttp)^ Keth. 65a (232 a); ''n"'i|t Sabb. 41a. 3d plur. masc: Ber. 28 ay ^fT"!) ibid. 53 o. adplur.masc: ytT^'T} B. B. 1306.
wb
^in^D
Taan. 25a;
Sing,
^irT^J
ibid.
Imperative.
KIT'St
603.
(233).
thou,
B.M. 81a
final
M. Q. 28 a; S '
.
^S^Fl
'Er. 536.
Flur.
B. B. 216.
masc-
!inx Ber.
25 a;
!in''!!;
M. MS. B. B. 29 a;
iHB^'ab
!in
Infinitive. 604.
B. B. 1456;
( Jl'^.^aiab
a)
miqtai:
Pes. 486;
ifTT'-n))
;
"t^^ldb
Ber. 286,
Y6ma 776;
^^a
to
bake
'it,
Alfasl A. Z. 65 6)
6) qutulg: ^^iSNb Alf.B.B.136; "l-ilji! B.Q.22a,B65a39a.' Active Participle. 605. Sing.m.asc.: "'SS Men. 94a; ^"IX Keth. 16 o; ^ns Ned. 96, 25 o; 'Pliit C. MS. Meg! 126 (voc.).
Sing,
fem. .-^^'t}^
masc:
Plur.
^Jl^ B. Q.
-j-^^nS
-jriiS!
Plur.
jlnK
fem.:
ibid.
^"JXIHIS:
TF.
B.
Participles
S^D-'SK
^ri-riN B.
with Enclitic Subject - Pronouns. 606. M. 81a; 5<2''ns Ber. 20a, Qidd. 966; -jD-^ns Ber. 166; M. 109 a.
examples for pa"el.
Infinitive. 607. nxSSb Sabb. 67 a, Ned.49a; 'I'laxB.Q. 86a; (fiirSiSlb Ned. 49a; "^T'^^Hb eds. ibid.). Participles. 608. ''Da Sanh. 107 6, Sabb. Ill a; ^tsa Sabb. 78a; r-'Sa Gitt. 566. rS)J I heal, B. Q. 85 o.
609.
3d
sing,
masc:
^t\''^)^
25a;
C.
MS.
Pes. 886, 89 a.
Hn'^'liS;,
Nn''''i);,
K;;ln5)!
3d
sing, fern.:
916, M.
MS. Sabb. 64 a;
Nidd. 206; nr^^^X Alf. Ned. Ned. 91a, Keth!" 67 6; riSl''n''^S Ned. 916; n^ri^X MM. Taan. 246.'
nn'^'^X Gitt.
526.
XJl"'T2
TG.
ed.
Harkavy,
234.
21SniS BQ.
300; nS<iriS<
BG.
nini"'S
ibid. 69a.
613]
1st sing, com.:
'n^lrr"'J^
VERB
157
'Nm
Mplur. masc:
Ned. 506;
'f?^'!^;
!lK''ri''':i);
!lS"'n''K
'En Y.
M. MS.
26.'
^T)rr<''l^
T"!*!!
Ned.
Istplur. com.:
B. Q. 16a,
XS'-fl^K Pes.
'lT'i''^iH ^
M. MS.
Pes. 1076;'
"''
Impeefect. 610. 3d sing, masc: Ker. 5a; ^fl'^a TF. ibid.; 'JTl-'b Pes. 886.
"^n'^'^b
Sabb. 134a;
"'^"'''3
3d 2d
sing,
fem.:
''t\''T\
Taan. 25a.
sing, com.:
^tr-'Tl
't^^^lA
3dplur.masc.:
!in-'-]D
W^b,
Pes. 886;
iltY'D
^in^b, Sabb. 134 a; ^n'^"'b Gitt. 676; Yeb. 9a," M. MS. Pes. 27a; '-JWT 0. MS.
Pes. 886.
3dplur.fem.: T\'^''b 'En Y. Taan. 246; lIT'D It;It" Pes. 27 a. 2dplur. masc: ^IT^Fl Sabb. 966. Imperative. 611: Sing. masc. ]''ri^';X Ber.;226, 446, B. Q. 1136, Sanh. 96 a; "Pi"-]!)! TF. Ker. 18 a.' Sing, fem.: ''TT''^ Ned. 666. Plur. masc: ^tl^K Bekh. 86; Ned. 50 o. Infinitive. 612. a) 'aqtul6: '^;'W';S M.Q.I la; ^T^TT^^b Ned. 486, 506, 89 a; ^^^m) Ned. 48 6, 55 a.* 6) 'aqtala: n''''K S5ta 336.
.
'
''n''';!!?;
o)
maqtul:
maqtal:
ItT'lHI^
of last
stem-consonant.
d)
Active Participle. 613. Sing, masc: )Xrp''12 Sabb. 666; ^TTQ TF. Ker. 5 a, 24 a; "'in^^a Ned. 646, Ker. 5 a.
Sing, fern.: m-'^IZ Gitt. 5 6; ^"TpZ Ned. 81
a."
^n''';^
Plur.
Gitt.
1
masc:
iin-'M
56 a;
Ker. 23 a.'
1'^ri"')?? S'G'-
Of. "^Xy^'^'A
Vh
Cf. 30, u.
"'"'inSb
Ilni"'s!3
BG.
102.
ijita'a
219.
'
iin'a bg.
m.
158
Plur.fem.:
j-'^lna
III.
MORPHOLOGY
76.
[614
B.
M. 106a, Ker.
Pabticiple
a)
iXj''rr''12
with Enclitic Subject -Pbonouns. Qidd. 606.' 5) TrT)^''12 Ber. 446; T\rr''T?
B. M. 846.
614.
ed.
Ven.
iUd.^ Mk.
c)
'^Ttp^lZ
Nidd. 206.'
3d
sing,
masc:
''5Fl''ij5
Sabb. 33a.
3d
sing, fern.:
"Bp-'lSt
%Fl''K
5ag. 8 a.
Z. 27a.
Infinitive. 'I'iSn^K
Gitt. 126.
616. These conjugations contain rare forms of the tri-coneonantal verb and quadri-consonantals.
The
groups:
a formative
element;
element of the
and foreign quadri-consonantal verbs. The formative first group may be either prefixed in front of the
first
Some stems are prefixed by H, TO, 617. Prefixed Stems. The three are old causative forms; the last or n. first D, 5, two, although having an active force, are derived from reflexive
stems.
The
stem-consonant
infix after the
The
second stem-consonant
H, which
is
b!jb3
form as TV as DS^JS, bnbn, riUJSTi: or as y? as babn, bnbl and others. Parpel forms are sometimes dissimilated Palpel stems (53). Once we find a tri-consonantal stem with
; ; ,
duplication of the
1
first
stem-consonant (637).
2
SDnitt BG.
473.
;:nin'a bg.
526, 527.
619]
VERB
Rare Conjugations.
159
160
Po'El.
ical
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
L ^^^
620.
"ijio
variant
Here belong three verbs ^310 with its graphto cup, V^^iS to cry, and ^tsil to he small
^'^.^
(51, 56).
and has
a variant
"I3C iv).
j^o]
636
Per/ec/. y;iSNidd.426;
Infinitive.
Y^';i:2
B.M.296;
it
nnt:iT Qidd.126.
''lij"'pb
or ^"liS'^cb A. Z. 29 a.
first
This form
may be
vowel;
may be
Pai'el or Pa"el
Participle. ^pit'D Ned. 546; ("S'^ljiCa Yeb. 72a; ]T'-p'il H. MS. B. Q. 92a).' Ithpo'bl. 621. Perfect. ItairS^ it seemed of little value, Sanh. 95 a; npim 'En Y. ibid. (51)'.
XipiiW^ Ned. 506. 622. Perfect. MS. A. 705. Imperfect. "3Si;nri shakest
Participle.
Ithpolel.^
Z.
^:iji7::n^!{
I was
languid,
M,
thoti
thyself,
'Arukh Yeb. 63 a,
Haph'el. 623. Perfect. (I^^J'^^n he believed him, B. Q. 115 a) '353^" I believed, B. B. 73 6; (iinp^riynin I informed them, Sanh. 107a; ^n^lJTO^n Pes. 46; ^nriip^H"'? M. MS. ibid.). Imperfect. {^r^TViTrb Pes. 46;' ^nS^pp^ri^? M. MS. ihid.).
;
Active Participle.
(J!<373-'n7J
'^iTTpZ B. B.
llQb/ '^jO^TpZ
Alf&si ibid.;
"|r3a-'na
trust, B.
B. Q. 1,126).
A. Z. 176;
366).*
Passive Participle. '\)T'rpZ B.M. 366, B.B. 159 a. Keth. 276, ^-^IZ^roZ Gitt. 3o; Va^Ha B. B. 159a; (Wri^na B.M.
Infinitive. ^VVT'n Gitt. 296, B. Q. 115 o, A. Z. 176.'
cf. cf.
On
Earth
in Semitic Studies in
pp. 83-B3.
3
The a
is
TQ^n an old loan-word found also in Arabic and in the other Aramaic dialects. Lagardp, Uebersicht, p. 121, note.
*
is
'linnSln
NDXJ^inU HG.
;
410;
pBDH
Tff.'ed!
denominative of
pBDH,
is
''\!y^f)r[
liV;
"hi^pTib
ibid.153;
r-
THJIBJnb Igg.Serlrd,
TO.
ed. O'assel, 91.
ed. (ioldberg, p.
^IffiBDnU
. .
-.
627]
VERB
161
'^''t\T\'h
S8ta 2&.'
625.
niniri?K
C|pin^!Si
'yrf\W')^
was
refuted, Sabb.
T2J"')3ri^H
40 a,
ibid.,
was added, Qidd. llhj was compared. Pes. 50a; Sabb. 836, Qidd. 34a; 12Ji|3n^K
T23'j3F)''!!J!
b'-SFl'^ilt
S6ta
466. 96.
''pTn''K
Ti?'.
i6td. !|Spin^X
546. '^tpipn'^S Sanh. 63a', ebu. ri^. Ker. 186, 226; yina t6id. 256;' qpipi^a Ned. 17 a; naina is /itVed, M. MS. B. M. 65 a; DJ^ina Yom. 26; b^ana Gitt. 706. XSpin-'a Yeb. 57a; Xapin^a Nidd. 18a, B. B. 82a "p-Tri-^a Qidd. 296. nbssn'^a A.z. i8o; jS'^ban'^a
Ker. 25a.' ^Spin^b M.
MS.
'Er.
86. y-jirr^a
V. L. Sanh. 93a.*
"i-iniE
Gitt.
136;
^SiayiZJ
A. Z. 26;
-jniiyTi:
MS.
ibid.
496,
t6td.).'
106 a.
'''Ili^tlZ
B. B. 696;
ibid.
^anbllia B. B. 99 a, B.
'
M. 25 a;
''tlbTlJ
Istaph'al.
627.
'
''
Perfect.
^naynffiX
Ber. 6 6; '^nbTfla
M. MS.
Z.
"
.
6,
8 6;
-liiayniB^j^
'jS^'liyri'TriS!
-|!l^nrnpi<
Yeb. 976;
Bekh. 48 a;
Z. 26.
ed.
pSDnJT'S TG.
nin.
Harkavy, 64.
:
mp,
3
SM. No.
rff- ed.
XXVIII.
388.
'
^{3T1lBb
Harkavy,
162
III.
MORPHOLOGY
B.
[628
Gitt. 39b.
Imperfect T^Pji^^b
Infinitive. '-n^rnn-'iit.
M. 736; TaJniBn
38 a.
Gitt.
Gitt.
ParfetpZe. layntpa b. q. 20 6,
157 a;
X'13yrni!7J ibid.' 4:4: b;
496; Taynioa B. B.
^ija'sypiXDIZ
'layriTD^J ibid.;
Bekh.
486 (with nominal ending). W"iaynB7J B. Q. 206, Pes. 31a. Note. Here belongs the denominative y^iiariTBij! to identify. Only in legal style. SOy'li'anwS Keth. 1046.
Saph'el.
628.
-629.
Participle.
3n^p53
hastens,
Ber. 47 a;
-nTOSri
he chopped
it,
off,
'Arukh
M. Q.
ed.
Yen.
explained explained
B. B. 69 a); B. B. 1076;
-(ffia''a'in
we
i^3a"'a"iri id.
Imperfect. tiyTfri
Infinitive.
Gitt.'
"'SiS^flb to sprinkle,
M. Q. 66;
''jiiltiti
to molest,
'Er.
61a;
(for "'^i'lpFl
by assimilation).
Active Participle. at^yr)^ Pes. 68a; "^jltlJatt 'Er. 61a; ^rpta M. MS. ibid.; {\Tm'^'r\'n Nidd. 316, Sabb. '106).
j''ri;Bil''b
M. MS.
ibid.;
Par'el.
631. 'Per/ec/.
Gitt.
DMSa
'Er.
1026;
(PT'pnn he
(?:i^binab
Imperfect. b^.'lT^
Sabb. 666).
Imperative.
69 a; baiJD ^Artikh
{6i(i.;
Active Participle. "'pS'iaa Sabb. 94a. Passive Participle. 'Arukh Ned. 916.
pT"llril3
1
^l^'Il'lTfl
Sabb. 1476.
C/.
Assyrian
and
lijj"
Arabic Nt>-o
= Ot>-?
^yi>- !
H-. jjw.***:^
IV.,
jl^ = Jiff
,
II.,
^
*^^
= u**i-
IV.,
i^Jli
^Xff
III. IV.,
^;-4-i =
JtjLi
^^
I- II-.
(jl-i-^,
-AAA-gJ
= (J**^
^"
'^''-
640]
VERB
163
Ithpab'al. 632. Per/eo^. a^l_ri< was lopped off, Men. 386; nainipi< Sanh. 24 a; DWja^ijt Men. 39 a; ^W'lT^. Alfftsl
ibid.; Silsiinffl^K
Alfftsl
Men.
'390.
let
him
roll,
A. Z. 28a;
Gitt. 696).
Gitt. 776.
ibid.
it,
M. MS.
635.
Perfect.
Taan. 236.
it,
Yeb.
^IplZJua 'Er.
19a.
SSniZJaa 'ArGkh
lines, Gitt.
^3'i''I1'^
ibid.
Pa'lel.^638.
Perfect.
t3t:"lir
he drew
'Oti'V^'D
7 a.
^ull. 926.
Z.
Ithpa'lal. 639. Perfect. 'a'O'pTk was depilated, A. 69a, Nidd. 566; an'1S'"'i< became confused, R. H. 166. Imperfect. 3.'3.'\Tb R. H. 27 a, 28a; inanj-^b A. Z. 26.
Infinitive. 'oixirpTii. A. Z. 69 a.
^y-i?
he took A. Z.
he meditated,
Bei*.
56 a;
D!35J''5
T]TflD''T2J
he rinsed, A. Z. 576;
"'i''^5T2
rinsed,
loss of
Zeb. 94a;
^lIH'iri
stem -vowel).
Jmper/ed. btlba^b,
A. Z. 596;
brbTFl
Imperative.
bpbtJ-'D, 'Er. 246, Succa 246; t^TliS^'b ^ag. 5 6; ^blbrb Yoma 26; nynyj Gitt. 46'.
^t3!j{t5
sweep, Meg. 18
a,
R. H. 26a.
""lilTirib
Infinitive. a) "birbrb 0.
Nidd.
13 a;
1
""JiipiIJp.b
Cf. 620.
164
45 o;
''binbri
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
^-liyny
[641
Gitt.
4 a;
A. Z. 35 a.
Sabb. 110a;
OMpaS
'
5ull.
4 a;
bsbna
i6td.
69 a;
'
qiflSTBa"
JB.
436;
DSMa
566;
1206.
'
Yeb. 426;
XTjiairaa Hull. 9 a;
N^aS^a
Z.
ibid.
Yeb. 120a; i^bllbna Zeb. 94 a; tliaSa Keth. 17 6.=^ 466; Kbp^pa t;~: t'::'-; t-::~:
c)
'bTbia JlbjbTa
'TrplBp7J Succ.
446; "'asaDa
ibid.
536; ^nbnba A.
386;
Men.' 52 a;
^laauJaa K.'h. 15 a;
A. Z. 36 a; ^^tinn2 Alf. B.
"jbTlib^ZJa
M.
"|'Jp1pa
"d)
5:ull.
53a6.
Participle.
Passive
B. B. 68 a;'
c)
a)
oapaa
IJull.
28 a,
536;
S'p'lpa
e. Kbtlbpa ibid.; K^p'lpa ibid. 150 a. ^bnbna Ber! 59a; ^p-ipa'/^bt^bt^a, B. B. 446.
^asasa
B.M.
ibid.
:
doze,
MS.
't
: :
M.
Q. 18a; jS'bibTa
: :
526, A. Z.
106;
Sabb. "i^btibtia ~
:
47 a, 49 a, 124 o; {TtBtSa it
155 a.
Gitt.
Ithpalpal. 641. Perfect. %bT^ B.M. 40a, 44a (Tos. i6id.' b^l'^bTN).
73a;
M. MS.
ibid.
iTiyiyb rlow.hqi.
2
This
is
Cf.
nipT5'a
5yp"lp (=
*
= Assyr. kakkaru.
"'5)35''3?''3
;
sessive
5
pronoun
cf. 327, u. 3,
and
714.
CXLIII. (voc).
; .
645]
VERB
165
he nodded assent, B. B.
Imperfect -d^ppli A.
Imperative.
'ffl"'3"l3
Infinitive. ^ir'i5']i Sabb, 796; ^^ip'1p_ Ber. 296. Active Partieiple. Vip'-fiyn A. Z. 60a, Keth. 86a;
Ber. 62a;
"'TTp'^iJ^J
iT2:p^p53
--:
B. B. 156a.
Active. 643. Perfect. t^^VQ he twitched, Gitt. 706; D''3'1B 'Ar. 7a; j''3T2Ja B. M. 72a; 1312353 B. M. 68a, 786. Imperfect. (il!l3"'53nSK I will press it out, 'Arukh Gitt. 69a) Infinitive. a) ^biD"iB 'Ar. 29 a, Ber. 14 a, Pes. 112 a; ^llpS Men. 966; ^pi3T2:a M. MS. B. M. 113a.
6)
"pi3TB
'Ar. 7a.
sifts,
B.
M.
266; bS^Xt! 'Arukh i6id.; JJtbp'^Sr Men. 40a; '^D^ana B.B.896; l^ti^pbria Skbb. 156 a. Passive Participle. X53p'nS53 HOr. 4a.
Stap'ir!!* R"
Passive. 644. Perfect'. b^yi'^'] Hull. 49 a, for *b^3l^!!^J<[1] H. 24 a, HSr. 46.' Imperfect. nO'^B'^b Yeb. 1016. Infinitive. b^y-D i= *b:2.'}r'a) ^ull. 43 a. Participle. briB^'a Gitt. 686; i^lp^B'^a Men. 966; "pT'lSn^n
VERBS WITH OBJECTIVE SUFFIXES.
A.
^ull. 43a.
Vebbs not
"""b
645. Owing
mined.
'Nor
is
changes which
tables of para-
much
help here.
The
digms subjoined here (pp. 166, 167) some help to the student, but cannot do justice variety of forms, both in the body of the verb, as
suffixes.
'
the great
well as in the
'IB'^TOT'I? moving,
SM. No.
Liii.
2'j'l?ni!S
HG.
inDniSi.
166
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[645
645]
VEKB
Strong Verb with Suffixes.
167
QAL.
; ,
168
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[646
646. The following can be stated with certainty: 1. Verbs I"? and $'"$ frequently pass before suffixes into
forms.
2.
"^"b
Forms
;
of the plural
singular
and
this
form the corresponding form of the not only before suffixes beginning with a
Such
the
first
phenomenon
is
In
place to a promiscuous
Thus,
^n3"^ribt3p
may come
from the obsolete feminine forms 1''ribpp and ibtip ^PlS'^btip they killed them, not from ibpp, but from its by-form ''bpp (232 a) Pl''bppl!|; they had him killed, from b^t:pi< (231) with vowelsyncope, as in the infinitive; in a form like ]3n''S"'Q3 you have put us to shame, the syncope of m may be due to the accent, just as i^'Pi^'pT Ni^nC^rt '3t:3!ll2: are traditionally pronounced Kllpr
;
,
SJDSlZJ^rt,
"'DtiS^TIJ,
3.
said
it,
]D^pi"i3''b
he redeems us.
''~
The
infinitives
ending in
is at
suffixes.
In the
i~ of
times omitted.
This
is
especially
647. The
let
list
(112) we
650]
VERB
Plural.
169
Ist com.
i3(7)'i*r'ir'it'ir'rT'iT
[jiir7] ,^S27 .ttS-'T A'2^- A'D.
2d masc. 2d fem.
W23d masc.
[]- ,1^-
,!12''7
,13^7
,]riT~] ,]-
,]''-
3d fem.
[j"?,i''27
NoTE.
Instead
of objective sufl&xes
Bracketed forms occur only in Gaonic literature. The traditional pronunciation of the pronominal suffix of the third feminine singular is W"", the correctness of which is confirmed by
is to
tV
The
MSS.
""SSO
examples.
masc gaL1106
1106
]y2p_
R.H. 266;
IM
ibid.;
''^'2'n
Pes.
Pa"el:
''32n"lp Pes.
Ithp^'el: 1''tpanTIJ"'S B. Q.
12a;
jnt:''arn2J''lSt
eds. ibid.
^nti;:
649. 2DSING.
Tji^
MASC QaZ.96.
T]!:!
Ned. 50a;
Ber.546;
Keth. 1046.
t]5"ia
^^Pa"el:
Aph'el:
M. Q.
l}5aTi|;
89a;
5ull. 127a.
The
enclitic personal
pronoun with a verb is probably found in IfT^niOri I astonFor other explanations of this word see the dictionaries.
170
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[651
651. 3d sing, masc gaZ.- n^?n]? Ber. 20a; f^'^pn^fl Ned. 62a; ^^^;ip_ B. B. 606; PJ-S^pnn Gitt. 46 a; n^S?"!]? B. B. 169 a; 4 a (p-'IID). n-^-^Ta Sanh.'96a; PITO M. MS.' ibid.; t^'^^lD K. H.
Pa'eZ;
Pes.
f^"3"*;ri
52a;
iinrSlT
Gitt.
Aph'el:
Pl"'-i:!2aS
Pl"'3''n''S|;
Qal:
t^bti]?
Mace. 16a.
Pa"el: riTSTD B. B. 36; nbn]^ ibid. 626; I^^Tp Qidd. 59a, Pes. 1106; Jj^THnffi Yeb. 108 6.
i_p/i'eZ.-
ni^ppSJtM.Q. 5 a;
PI=inii^
653. 1st PLUR. COM. goL- ^rnTSriPes.506; 3''nM::M.Q.6a. " Pa'el: ]Ty*y Taan. 236.
'
786;
"yaiCi!<
Taan. 24a;
"jS^aTrX
Qal:
655. 3d plur. MASC gaL- !in3"'an3 M.Q. 3a; !in3"'|i)'^ B. Q. 101a; ^np^ap Gitt. 68 a; ^^J^S Keth. 85 a; ^n3b-'S?a''Er. 536;
Ber. 546; j^S-'Tj^Jtp Ned. 916; linrTpyb AifasI ]^rp^n Me'ila 2o6; -jTaS M. MS. Zeb. 186.'
)^3''bpp
'
ibid.;
^HS'^tS^^'b
Sebu. 36 a;
Pes.
^ri3?"in
^nrpBX
m'.
110a; ^HS^^iniX
ibid.
Mace. 206,
Gitt.
47 o; ^nr^pSX B.
306; ^HSriSuiS
22a;
43 a, 56a.
^n2T2J'-'"1BH
C.
MS.
Zeb. 66.
rri^jD
(voc).
;
(Voc.)
pr. 15
6,'
J3">nD3
^e'el. 73.
ibid. 9.
*^n">3in3lBN HCi.
455; j1S"'?'''0'^ri
Harkavy, 214.
664]
VEKB
3d Sing. Fem.
171
657. 1st
sing,
com.. Qal:
"jln^'ip 'Er.
'^iKp'^'T^
65a.
B. Q, 47a.
f^^tlbp_Tfl
658. 2d sing. M.ASC.Aph'el: 659. 3d sing. UASG. Qal: ibid. 13a; t^^ni^T Sanh. 108 &.
Pa'^el:
62b.'
nWnn
"
Qicld.39?),40a;
rtWaT Meg.156;
' '
"
nwarnp^N
660. 3d sing, fem. gaZ.- t^nXi^ Sabb. 816; itnbi^Ti: Ifag. 5a; itnaa Sanh. 826; S^nii'^ Sabb.'i5'66. Pa"^i: nn-inp Sanh.Ylba; nnS^Sy 'En Y. ibid. 826. Aph'el: nV\n^ii! Ned. 216, 22ayJinp^EiJ! Sanh. 39a; Snri3^ 5ag. 5 a. 661. 3d PLUE. MASO. gaZ.^fi^^t^VO-'^)
Keth.Ua;
Meg.
Tl^^tyipl^
B.B. 123 a;
136.''
Pa"el: ^insri'T^d Sanh. 93a; '^nS'^n'^'llTlJ Alfftsl B. B. 106; iinWST F. MS! B.M. 38 a. 'ApKel: ^r^Tt)'$':-l)^ C. MS. Meg. 16a (voc.).'
i62d.
662. 3d plue. 'fem. gaL- "'n3n^;2n Keth. 366; "nsniijns 60a; (nrnu533 Alfasii6id.)>'
2d Sing Com.
com. gaL-
'^VOra
^ag.
6;
'\^'p^
Pes.
Pa" el:
ApKel:
'^T^m B. B. 84a;
-rinS'lS Ber.
-jn"!?^ Ber.
31a;
^''m
Keth. 60
I'nn'niX B.B.
316; "n-nSIX M. MS. ^ag. 226; "innipK Qidd. 40 a.' 664'. 3d sing, masc gaZ.- PrTS^B Ned. 25 a; 1TT\TJ: Ber.
58 a;
f^^nn'^n';
Y6ma
696.
96
a; t^'^nT'ia
M. MS.
ibid.
nnaiJiians sg.
3'i1snb^^i:sGed.
ed. pr.
na,
isc.
pr. 73 c.
*insn'p>"inns-ff.453.
172
665.
ibid.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
Pir\^"iai);
[665
Ned. 41a; Kn^lSX
22a, 23a.
3d sing. fem.
H'FilT'piii^
Qal:
41a.
Aph'el:
ibid.
"(D'^Fl'l^cn
Taan. 22 a.
Succ.
53 o;' ilTO^nr^b^
Sabb.
1216;
668. 2d sing,
Aph'el:
t]riinTiS!
'qri'^j''"]!:
M. MS. B. M. 84a.
t]Fl3''7i4<
Sebu. 41a.
Bekh. 61a;
756.
ti'-nTli'^a
1126;
!^"'nSin^Ti:''Er.
670.
Gitt.
'3d
sing.
MASO. Qal:
Ber. 496;
t^'^rim-'^y
B. B. 216; f^^n^ElD
686;
tl^nb-'iStTfl
f^^ny-'^JTi:
F.
Pa"el:
rT^fi'^'^^b
B. B. 216; S^W^'Hp B.
686;
r^I-^M^'ailSt
Sanh. 1096;
^iT'ri'1^rii|!
'En Y. B. B. 7'4a;
Wrem
'671. 3d sing,
B. B. 31 a; Wn-'ias Sabb.
22 o; nn^;??'^ B. B. 74a; IS^n-'bpTi: i'6{d. Aph'ei: 'i^n^rairK B. B. 74a'; nnn^ljX B. M. 8a; rinffiS 'En
Y. B. B. I'ia/'nTTiim 'En Y.
'
ibid.''
'
,M.
MS.
''
Ber. 35fl?
'
'
:-
^
'l^r'nis'lSp
Me'ila 76.
'
'JS'^ri'liriiBS
nriD"'ain TG.
Harkavy, 1.
'
IDrnblSp
TG.
ed.
Harkavy,
214.
679]
VERB
i&id.
173
33 &; iinma^^JTa =:-
'
ApJCel:
^nS'^aWx
"'
'
''
B.
M.
42a;
3d Plur. Maso.
675. 1st
Pa'' el:
sing,
-lilSTS
com. gaZ.- '^l'^t\ M. Q. 186. M. MS. M. Q. 96} yn$;i ibid.; -jIVS Sanh. 70a (646, 2)."
1\'^pzp2
ibid.f
'Er. 56a.
676. 2d sing,
masc gaL-
Pa^'el: 1]!n]3B Y5ma 66a; 1\'^)2'^p_'B.B. 167a; t^^ba^p Sanh. 5a. 677. 3d SING. MASO. gaL- WSpTB.M. 836; ^hwaH YSma 696; !iri!lbpj5 Sanh. 96a; ^in^D'^T Be55'326.'
B.
rt!|2f!;p
F.
MS.
M.
Q. 17a; rt^D^T B. Q.
55 a;
^nn^aS
26,
'Er.
B.M.
Sabb. 74a;
WauJ
B. B.
Pa"eLAph'el:
ll^btaa Ber.
llttElS!,
Qidd. 446.
Pl^nSlCS
WiniK
Sabb. 816;
WHpiH
Sanh. 1096;
2).'
B.M. 846;
TO-'MpiX Alf.
'Tpuifi Gitt.
566 (646,
2).
MM.
Taan. 23
inrni^nis ua.
This
is
llpb^
ibid.
No. ocxni.
1!lt3J5D!!?
SJlf.
No. ccxx.
''nip"'TnX
SnipDB
Sp. IV.
3,
48.
174
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[680
21a;
ibid.
680. 3d plue. viASC. Qal: ^TO^btip M. MS. Taan. ^nSilbpTlJ 'ArUkh B. Q. 86 a; inS^bpffi'Taan. 22 a; ^nS-'btip 21a; l^irbtip Ber. 545 (646, 2).' Pa"ei: Tlti-'^'np Ber. 49a; iiriS^^pn ibid. 33b.' ApKel: ^nSiipQiil C. MS. M. Q. 25a; ilTOWpSJtJ! C. MS. ^inrpSS; B. M.'846V ^nrpBi^; 5ull. llOa; 'iinrm B. Q. ^nrSaCX Ber. 26a; ^nrb^K 'Er. 446; iinrainp^ Tern.
'
Pes.;
73a; 15b;
^nS^psk B.M. 306 (646,'2).' 681. 3d plue. fem. gaZ.- "tlS^I^ A. cut them off, 'Arukh Sanh. 106 a.*
2d Plub. Maso.
Z.
En
"^nVap Pes. 896; ,nb'^np C. MS. ibid. 683. 3d sing, pem. gaZ.- WnbcB Zeb. 101a; Wn"'psn,
Y. H6r. 136;
Keth. 846.
n^inn^'iriN;
Keth. 112a.
com. gaZ;
H5r. 136.'
"|3!n'''l5is;
E.
MS.
B. Q. 62a.
-rnT^?
685. 3d PLUE.
masc gaZ.-
^riS^ninj B. B. 126a.
686. 2d sing,
masc Pa"eZ;
Yomft 78o. 687. 3d' sing, masc QaZ.-'pl'-Sy^^-ii; Gitt. 546; 'TOiyip Keth. 896 (legal style) Pl^DnnS sin^lIariS, B. B. 1716.
tjSn^V'ii*
;
,
"m;5:-.']p
Keth. 21a
(legal style)
'^nwnsit B. B. 1716.
, >
ApKel:
^V^^yp. TO.
ed.
Harkavy,
'J'lS^bl*^
HG.
inSI^TiSJ
iniD^laTii!
'Sitf.
No. XXVIII.
1
RG.
227
inSTOjP'ilS
BG.
pJIplEJS
SQ. IY.
4,
24.
694]
VERB
iinrDnSTlJ Pes. 106?);
175
^nib^^Tp
or
iiriDb-'NTB
ApVei: iinDTiJ'npii;, ^ns-^batais;, A. z. 526; ^n3DTiJ-''^px, iinsrbntost, M. MS. ibid.' ^ 690. 3d plur. fem. gaZ.- ^prpniE C. MS. Meg. 106.
IMPERFECT WITH SUFFIXES.
1176.
'
692. 2d
sing,
masc gaZ.M. Q.
t]bppp
Pes.
t]S''p"}3s( Gitt.
Pa"W:
Pes. 896.
t|5^n^b
MS.
Aph'el:
?|3''S50T2:2
tj^ntpi Pes.
89 6;
tibs-'b
Ber. 416.'
'
'693. 2d sing,
fem. Pa"eZ.B.
1]"'5p^)5ri
K. MS. Sanh. 25 a.
Aph'el:
T^'^'^p'^
M. 836;
t]"bpi>{'
'Er. 536.
694. 3d
^anrr'b, ibid.
n^.':t:b5
sing,
>^ybw^b Sabb. 1096; ^bpTIJ-'b, 666; n^Min3''b ibid. ilQa; TH^y]Tb 5uli. '836;
;
masc gaLri-^rrit:?
B.B. 4a (i/t^ib)
Gitt.
69 6
(i/rrit:')
ji-^nM 26td.;
n^iib Keth. 50 o
ibid.;
(I'^fTi);
^^''rn'b
A.z. 126;
f^"i?n''b
M. Ms:
n^yxo^ B. B. 46
(i/yyTc)';' n'^rsain'^b
M. MS. Sanh. 95 a.
(voc);
Pa"el: W^pn^b C. MS. Meg. 126 (voc); n^nT^liJ^b tr^a'^pn'^Sanh. 25a; W'S-^^jab Sabb. i34a;
4a
^tlDarb
366/ n^rpbp\^
ibid. 526.*
Harkavy,
77.
IXnTlb
3 Levy takes this form to be Qal but the Hebrew equivalent lyiMlBH Sanh. 82a, 93a, shows that this is Aph'el.
* n"'"l'T'115D
(voc).
176
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
"
[695
^TlCiX
A. Z.
n^npa^^b
"Er. 1006.
695. 3d sing. FEM. Qal: ^tl^t)^, >'^:apn, S'lM^n, ^'2')^^, passim; Xpil'12J''b Sanh. 826; SSb^b Ber. 63 a; W3p^b ?ie anoints /ler, Sabb. 116
b'.
69 a; t^bsp'^b
com. gaL-
Sanh. 105 a.
Aph'el: "ji/napb
|j^y52irb
Nidd. 61a; "^S'laV? M. MS. Sag. 13a; Pes. 1146; "|"!1p^b B. B. 56; 'ir3>7J123''b Ber. 36a.
4 697. 2d plur. MASC. Qal: ^Srp'^V^ Sanh. 93a. Pa"el: ^'DTti'B]M Gitt. 47a. Aph'el: !l5rnrpk Nidd. 61a; iirrsnlX Gitt. 47a. 698. 3d plue.'masc aL- sinS'-pibTlJ^b Gitt. 68 6; ^inrpiTD ibid. 706; ^inS^pSTIJ^iS; ibid. 57a; ^nS^niTrnS A. Z. 96; (^rbpp3 Ber. 546; ^Snipa^n B. M. 1076; ^TB^iS'j Pes. 836; ^iT'^Bi-'b Yeb.
^ull'.
130o;
Sabb. 117a.'
ir-jSCD ed. pr. Sabb. 1096;
46'6.''
"i^S-'IS!::
Pa 'el:
iinS-'nTb
Pes.
'Aph'el:
ibid.
786;
iiriSripi] B.
55
a.
Haph'el:
Yeb. 47a.
B.
699. 1st sing. co^. Qal: inpSS Ber. 236. Aph'el: I^ITlpn M. MS. Sanh. 97a; l^Tlpn F. MS. 700. 2d sing, com. gaZ; t]ilbt:p''b Pes. 256.
Pa"eZ.1
ibid.
t^il3"ia^b
M.Q.
906."
ni?''5S:X TQ. ed. WUna,
1885, 44.
ni^lbBS re.
2
3
CA Additions and
Jastrow
(s. v.
Corrections to
222.
*
'
in:"ip5it)S!
'i'ins"'"i'aib
tb.
ii. 22.
707]
701. 3d
SING.
VBEB
177
3 6;
fflpmb B.M.
B. B.
8Uj
tl"2^5>"1pri
Ber.
186;
n^S^bbUn
"
''
'
546 (i/ysa).
Pa"eLmi3^ST23b B. B.
1336;
nSilbnpl
Aph'el: Wnnb (l^an^) Sabb. 110a; WC^b i6id. 703. 3d plue. maso. QaZ; iinrbpTCD '^hrbi''3 Taan. 25 a; " ^nr'ia''D Pes. 1026; ]Tbp^T\ ibid. 876.'
,
'
"ipair
Gitt.
556;
pIS,'
B.
]?'y\B,
I?-]
M. MS.
876;
']3n''T
M. 606.
-ppii^ Ber.
30a;
p-JJiSt
705. 3d
11a.'
JiASCQal:
ri^bpTB
M. Q. 17a; n^biS
98 a.
ibid.
Pl^b^^ffl
i6id.
H^bm
Ber. 35a.
706. 3d sing, fem. QaZ; Picics Ned. 58a; npia Keth. 60 a; t^bpp Meg. 126.*
Pd''ei:
nnyn
Nldd. 66 a.
""ilSlprnS
W^ej/
press him,
This word has been differently explained in 217. The explanation given here In our texts we have "ip 'l''J'1B where the ending 11" must
i
be
= him.
3
WynSB
TG.
ed.
WUna,
178
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[ '708
^iHS'^pna
M. 85a.'
Pa 'el:
B. B. 466;
TlT'/2^TL B. B.
26a;
iinS^ttpiJi ibid.
39a; ^nrpSS
Yeb. 8 a.
Singular Feminine.
709. 1st
sing,
B.
M. 846.
710. 3d plub.
masc Pa'eZ.-
^nS^"!^^
Plubal Masculine.
711. 1st
gull. 105
6,
sing. com.
Apliel:
'^'rOj>'&
Hag. 13a;
pPiiji
B.M.
816.
712. 3d sing, masc goZ.- '^tV^irr Gitt. 566; ^TODSn B.M. 836; mpn^Ti: Naz. 59 o; W^T^l A.Z/596. Pa'el: W^')':! Meg. 126; ^iniD^^S Hor. 136.
c).'
713. 3d sing.'fem. gaL- Pl^psd Keth. 63a; mnn'^p Bekh. 86; WCrn B. B. 34 a. Pa"eL-'winS! Sabb. 119 a.
AioKel: rn^a'npK Sabb. 119a.*
Plural Feminine.
714. 3d plub.
masc QaZ.ihid.
"^bilt:p
(258).
715. 1st
sing,
com. QaZ.Ber. 24 a;
^bttpSpb
Meg. 16a.
ApKel:
Yeb. 906.
]-li7i:iNb
"ibmb
716. 2d
sing,
masc ^25/i'eLHG.
501;
iTiran
1885,8214.'
2
""
give them,
l^rbrTO BG.
""
ed. pr. 24 d;
WQna,
XXVIII. (toc).
^
TISIplDX
HG.
501
720]
717. 3d
VERB
179
sing,
masc gaZ;
109a;
rt''.';:p53b
M.
Yeb. 89a;
with '"b);
W.';Tj7ob
'r\^y,T^'>2b
Fa"el:
n'^iiSTb'
M. Q. 106;
t^-'ilScb
Sabb. 116a;
;
t^l^oin^b C.
fT^a'^^^^ab 'Er.
97a (v^Oat:)
PlT^'ob K. H. 16a.'
Sabb.'
fl'^'liS-Iiflb' Ber'.
146a, B. M.
16a;
-jyiniif^b
B.'m'.
426
437)."
Haph'el:
t^^iia^llb B. B. 1846.
P.M.
ibid.
718. 3d
Qidd. 606.
sing,
fem. QaZ;
PlTliai^ab Taan.
21a; f^Safl^ab
rtnte
Gitt.
719. 1st plue. com.Aph'el: \Ty'V2mb Ned. 526; iry^JTSSlb Sebu. 23 a, Qidd. 266.' 720. 3d plue. MASG. Qal: -jiribcipab C. MS. Pes. 50a;
^n^iS^'^a
^nsin-'a Bekh.
11
'6;
^H^brab
Alf. Ber.'386}
Pd'el:
T "
^nrW
TG.
ed.
'Er.
(voc.)
fflllbS'ab
n'^'^.TaTB^^ *o "*
*< -ff*?-
n^iaipSb TG.
ed.
WUna,
1885, 52.
Harkavy,42; PlbSblSb
6id. 247.
2dplur. masc:
pSpp'^i^b
;
6in3pn'n
-^g. 91
I^JiyiSpUb J6.
(J;
'inaCiS'ib
HG. lU;
finfllBailb
HG.
ed. pr. 21
JISIlTI'STBb
BLOW. %i2;
180
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
^nS^tlpJilb
['^21
Ber, 236;
M.MS.
!in2''biS:Slb
Sabb. 61&;
"flS'^bS'^ab
'
''TO'^anSttb
O.MS. M,
Q. 3o;
'y^^%)2
Sabb. 108 a;
Sanh. 776;
^^3^''':^ Pes.
134a (58); tlSSba b'. Plur. masc: WbCSa Yeb. 416; iinrrSa^J 'En Y. Pes. Ilia.* With Subject-Pronouns. 723. 'ITiy'lS thou pay est me, Sebu. 416; 'qS'^pbca I (we) remove thee, B. M. 156; fn'^Db'^Sia we give him to eat, K. MS. Sanh. 20a; "iDtT^^aX you tell us, K. MS. B. Q. 62a.'
B.
Verbs
''"b
724. Verbs """b take the same suffixes as other verbs, and what has been stated in 646 applies also here. The chief points to be noticed in connection with these verbs is that the 3d masc. of the singular and the plural perfect and the entire imperfect and imperative, when before suifixes beginning with a vowel,
restore frequently their third stem-consonant
("').
BG.m; IHrnlpl'Sb
ed. pr.
S-ff.ed.pr.
29 d
them
to swear,
BLOW. 42.
ibid,
2ins5DD'''a"?
ibid.
se-
265;
iniyani'sab
m-,
insinB bg.
na; inr^-iitt
(v/pS)
'jisi'ariD'a
RLow.m.
inMiST
ibid.-Aph. "inrsTis ibid.-Haph. I'lasDi'a'inb
228;
Harkavy, 1. .gapA.
iri3']'i"iniD
HG.
97.
I^S'^iai BO. 642; 'JS'^npS ibid.; jn3''P'l'a they pound them, TB.
II. 17.
D. Hoffmann, in his otherwise just strictures on Goldschmidt's translation of the Talmud, makes the unsupportable statement (Zeitschr, filr hebr. Bibliogr., I., 182) that participles with enclitic subject-pronouns cannot take objective snfSxes. The examples given here and in 780 and by Dalman, op, cit., pp. 318 and 328, prove the untenabUity of his
5
statement.
732]
VERB
peefeot with suffixes.
3d Sing. Maso.
181
725. 1st
Pa"el:
sing,
com. goL-
']'''r^)2
Taan. 29a.'
M. 67a; -jnTn R.MS, ibid.; j''^S3 Ber. 56a. Aph'el: ]-'-pm 8sihh.U5h/]iX:])m or ^S-pW Keth. 1046;
'^""^^tl
B.
j^^'^pi^;
Yeb.
936."
726. 2d
PcC'el:
sing,
com. Qal:
T|5y
B. Q. 92&;
':\''^'p_
ibid.'
'q^lilb
5ull. 127a.
Apel:
356;
1096.
'q'^^'IpK
t^-^I^JS
S5ta
'qSj^-'TIJpi^
ot' t]K^TBIp5t
M. MS.
'Er.
3a;
?|^n>5
F.
MS. Sanh.
rr'-;'\XD,
727. 3d
Ned. 23a;
Taan. 9a.
Pa''el:
sing,
t^'^Tn
Qidd. 816;
n"'"lB,
rt"'.'^na
^'.:nTa
M. Q. 106;
nWH
V.'l.
P>'"^^'^
Ber. 56;
T\^y)2
Sabb. 154a;
Ber. 606;
Pl''.';n''Fi
H-'-lTB
Qidd. 456;
Ber. 31a;
r^^ri'^Stt
Zeb. 19 a.
H'-'^lbx
ApK-el:
n;';pT2:^
Sabb. 108 a;
Pl''.':^'iy;
Qidd.
r^^l?-]!;?
Pes. 106.
729. 1st
Aph'el:
Ber. 606.
]T'-(pi^
730.
Pa''el:
2d"pl'ue.
ilSS^'lilffl
731. 3d
6 a, 186;
sinS"-)]
'
"plur.
masc gaZ.-
ilHS'^ri
TiT^p
ibid.
58 a;
Pes. 51 "a.'
!ir!3"Tr7jy!
B. B. 153a.''
''TOSn 'Er. 60a.'
'^nSJa
Meg. 4a;
MV.
28;
^f'^na
-J^l^. 28.
s'jISSSfJ rff. ed. Harkavy, 75; 'jIDI'^n'n or 'jlSl'ini Igg- Serlra, ed. Goldberg, p.
12.
*in|ni';i?H(?-2oi.
5
182
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
''"b
[724
Verbs
QAL.
with Suffixes.
724]
Verbs
QAL.
VERB
''"b
183
with Suffixes.
184
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[733
3d Sing. Pem.
Sanh. 95a, 101a; W'^ri^'lffl 738. 3d sing. MASG.Qal: Meg. 16a; PlWlB Sanh. 95a; tn^n^UJp B. B. 986. Pa'el: S^ri^a^ C. MS. Meg. 13a (voc); flWTB Mace. 16a;
n-'rin-'a
WWH
Sabb.866.'
i^^n^tT'-^i^
ApJiel:
Sabb.
1096;
rt^n"'pTD5J;
846?'
^'r^TJ^
Sanh. "l096;
726.
735. 3d plur.
736. 3d
ApJCel:
sing,
i^MpX
f^n'^TH "'
"
Sanh. 104a;
W^bp
ibid.
2d Sing. Com.
t6icZ.
787. 1st sing, com. Apli el: '^''^\i)k B. B. 216; 84 a. Qal: WP:c:^ir^^ g.ag. 15 a. 738. 8d sing. masc. Pa'^el: ^-^n^'^a M.MS. B. M. 105 a." ApJiel: P,'^t\^Tr'^;^ ^ag. 46.
]ri''j'i
739. 1st plur. com. QaL- "SWri B. B. 1106. Pd'el: -iW.!!? Pes. 36. 740. 3d plur. masc gaL- W3ln'']p 5ull. 110a; Sabb. 148 a; WS'-ri'-lja Pes. 42 a; ilHs'^rina Ber. 24 a.
Apli'el: iira^b'^V^k Sanh. 956.
1st Sing. Com.
iinsri'na
741. 2d
Apiiel:
sing,
t]mri ^ull. 96 a.
?ir}''3nK
742. 2d sing, fem. gaZ.' ^Wll Sanh. 1086. 743. 8d sing, masc gaZ; t^Wri M.Q. 25a; n''n''5a B. B. 746; t^^n^^TT Taan. 24 a. Pd'el: n-^ri^SS B. Q. 56 a.
ApKel:
nwriX
Zeb. 306;
f^Wm
B.
M. 996.
744. 2d plur.
Ber. 586.'
; ;
752]
VERB
185
745. 3d plue. UASc. Qal: ^tlTtrp B. B. 736. Pd'el: T\Tt\^W Keth. 50a.; 746. 3d sing'. VEU. Qal: ttln-'Ja 'En Y. B. B. 74a.'
3d Pldb. Masc.
747. 1st sing. GOTH. Aph'el: ir*!]?!!?! B. B. 21b; 5ull. 133a; T'^^nj?!^ 1 K. MS. ibid. ( 532). 748. 2d sing, com. Pa"el: 'q^'^ilffi Suco. 486.
Aph'el:
t]il"'"lpX
j'^'^'liPS
Yeb. 936.
749. 3d sing,
masc gai;
596.
23 a; W"!): B. B. 58 a.
Fa''el': W^Sffi Ber.
316; f|lWS;i6id.5"6a; 'JirpaX Keth. 103 6; m^n'^'.i?; Sabb.'l216; nrpTfllS! Gitt. 566; Pl^ll^pTZJK B. M. 836 (532).^' 7'50. 3d sing, fem. gaL- WTJ3 B. M. 1126; XnrmiJ 0. MS. Sabb. 816.
Fa"el: f^I^^^SS Tarn. 326 (532). Aph'el: ffl-'DniS; Men. 17a; n'^ilTBiS
Alf.
masc gaZ;
iinSTn
^nS^lTIJ Ber.
M. MS.'
t6rd.;
^nS^lffiJ
57a;
MM. ibid.;
^nr^TlJ ''
]^''^yQ
'Fa"el:
Sanh.' 110a;
VlTIZTD
'B.
M. 856;
HS^^TD
Nidd. 576.'
J.j3/i'eL-
^nrf^"":^!!
M. Q. 11a;
,^S"'n"'"X
Ned. 506;
TiT^m
Pes. 89a.'
2d Pldb. Maso.
752. 3d
i6td!.
sing,
fem. gaL-
Wln"'"lTr
Sabb. 1366;
lilW^pn
91a.
;
'jlJinirilSI HO. ' 'IiniDplS J pJaced them in possession, TG. ed. Harkavy, 214 in511nl"T I threw them, SM. No. xxvra. (too.) I^SfTl^lD Sg. IV. 4, 55.
;
231
2 3
*
niT'Tn Ba. ed. pr. 37a. nS^riS they brought him, SM. No. xxvm.
inpibtt
SJlf.
Lm.
SSiniD Sal.
I
Pes., p. 80;
P- 16;
ibid.
,
MJI^lJJ
IIJIITB
214.
ewjpX
186
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[ '^^3
753. 2d sing. GOM. Qal: 1\TTi Ber. 586. Pa'el: ^T^'^ H6r. 136. 754. 3d siSG. MASC. Qal: fn-'D^Tri Bekh. ^nym/Ev. 4:1a.' Aph'el: r^TV^^ ^^- Q- ^^a; ^''^P'?, ^n^5''T?iS! Yeb. 1066
;
(legal style).
755. 3d sing. -FBM. Qal: W^iri C. MS. Zeb. 276.' 756. 3d pluk. MASO. Qal: \ilT:r\ Seb. 18a; ^inDTn B. B. 746; ^npim M. MS. ibid.' 757. '3d pluk. Y-ETA. Qal: "nSSn Bekh. 386.
IMPERFECT WITH SUFFIXES.
COM. gaL-
p;:p'J2"'b
Sanh. 76.
SING. COM.
Qal:
T^Tjn
RasI in
ibid.
ed.
Cracow
Pa"el:
t^^lTO"'?
Aph'el: T^^^DlnX Yeb. 40 o; 1\f'>2y\ 760. 3d "^siNG. UASG. Qcif: fn^.":pn''b Qidd. 65 a; Sabb. 110 a; Pl"'.:DaX Gitt. 686; tT'bpb' Ber. 6 a.
A. Z. 346.'
t^''.":bp''b
Pa'el:
H^.^^Tljb
Meg. 16a;
67a;
Pl^y^'c) 5ull.
1096;
Pes.
t^'^n^n'^b ibid.
K^^I'l^'b
tl^^TlJ^i);
20a
(voc.)
(=
n.';52t2m).
Aph'el: >^^P2^) Sabb.' 104a; rT'ptD^b i6id. 110a.' 761. 3d sing, fem. QaZ.- fT^^lipTn M. Q. 26.
Pa"el:
Aph'el:
"'^5ri"'n
H-'^lSCX
Yeb. 40a;
rT^;;?^^]
Sabb. 119a.
(voc.)
;
tl^^^t^k G.
MS. Megy4a'
t^^":?
Qidd. 616;
ibid.
32 a.'
"|3"'pU!ri
Qidd. 70a.
in
Q^s{:n
ed.
iDin\
p. i6.
n'^3''l5D11S
TG.
Harkavy, 181.
SmSI-lpX BG.
Cf.
315.
^T^ann
i
u.
10^.
'
in''3f5"'?
W^nip"in TG.
od.
Harkavy, 359
(86).
773]
VERB
Tl'Z^'}])^
ilHSln''?'
187
Yeb. 79 a;
^Tl^bp^
Gitt.
16 a; SinS'^tp-'b gull. 906; S3''Tn5 Rail Sanh. 25 &; "p'^^flb Sabb. 666; ^n-'-'Bpb Yeb. 39 ab.' Pa"ei: '^hrSpb Gitt. 686; ^n2''i>3''3 let us destroy them, Meg.
tions
136; ^n2''^5 "b G. MS. ibid. (voc. and in two words and Corrections").
FOEMS WITH AfFOEMATIVES.
see "Addi-
764. 2d 765. 3d
sing,
sing.
com. gaL-
'Tj^^^pi
Sabb. 67a.
ApWki:
766. Qaiihyg-b Succa306 (532).' 767. 3d plue.maso. ^p/i'eZ.- ^inrTO-'b Sanli.27a; iinrntsb eds. Pes. 30 a.'
IMPEEATIVB WITH SUFFIXES.
SlNGDLAB.
768. 1st sing. Gon.Apliel: "j^^pm B. M. 606, Qidd. 9a, 316; 'pWiK or \Tm B. M. 846;* p^Dil^ or (';Dji< g. MS. ihid.
(f.); -ppVJSl
SanliV676.
sing.
769! 3d
^kSG. Qal:
H'^^Tj:
B. B. 63a.
Pa" el:
^p/i'eL-
^"'.^^'1
Ber. 18a;
R-'^S"'?
A. Z. 15 a.
'Er. 80a.
770. 3d
SING.
H-'llDri^i*
771. 1st PLUK. Gou.Apli'el: '^y^^ A. Z. 58a6. 772. 3d plue. masc QaL- ^ri3"'Db Sanh. 39 a; Y6ma 84 a. Pa"eL- ^nS-^ST Bekh. 86; sinS'^SS Sanh. 110 a. ApKel: iin3"''n^':i< Bekh. 86.
'
^TO'^bp
Plueal.
773. 3d
Pa'' el:
sing,
696.
WSn
bg.
Y6ma
ApJCel:
nilln''';^
56 a;
^nmaX
3 *
Sabb. 119 a;
!inil'"]aS
Yeb. 97a.
1
!ini3n'a"'b
sgo.
inrniBib hg.
i
ed. pr. 29 c.
J{f^^|1^p1b
Se'el. 154.
188
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
tinr^lTIJ
['^'7^
B. B. 172a.
^TO^inp B. B.
172 a.
776. 3d
Ber. 56 a;
sing,
ri^S'iab
Sabb. 62 a;
t^^'liriab
"'I'jrT'ab
fT'DCab' Pes.
1136;
n^Sic^jb
'En
Y.
t"6{d.'
Pa"eZ.- n-'ll'inb C.
MS. Meg.
end.'
Aph'el:
^-'.-^in-'Xb
sing."
fem. gaZ.-
t^'^'ip'^b
Meg. 4a;
n"';bri''ab
Ithp^'el: t^-'^inn-iJ-'Kb
778. 2d plue.
''
masc Pa"eZ;
maso. QaZ.i6icZ.;
ilSrsr'?'? V. L. ibid.
'779. 3d plue.
^r!^':'lir-'ab 'Ar. 166; ^n^Dn^pb TiTZ^g to'bake them, A. Z. 656.'* Tern. 326; '^nsVoib Rail Sanb. 1016;
ApKk:
!in2''^iln"'i?b
Sabb. '57a;
^HS'^'liiib
Zeb.ll6a; Jiro^llpKb
B&ga 4a.'
PAETICIPLE WITH SUFFIXES.
to drink,
K.
MS. Sanh.
2()a.
THE NOUN.
781. Under this head are included substantives and adjecThe difficulties which present themselves to us in the classification of nouns even in Syriac are infinitely augmented in
tives.
vocalization, as well as
Babylonian Aramaic, both on account of the uncertainty of the from the lack of a dictionary answering
modern requirements.
be only tentative.
uncertainties,
directions.
'
The
Still it is
tentative
much
that
positive
it
will clear
up many
TO.
3
ed.
Harkavy, 1
(86).
i
ai1.innb no.
m.
91
;
n^ni'JXb TG.
insiffitt!:
BG.
141.
nnrlnix
Harkavy,' 237.
bq.
^inrnxb
ihia. 449;
ininij?
ibid. 91;
i!i35?^i:]?sb
tg.
ed.
, , ;
784]
NOUN
189
782. It has been the author's endeavor in this chapter, as throughout this entire work, to give a complete enumeration of existing forms, as far as such a thing is at present possible. Illustrative examples have been selected with the following points of view to present such words, where possible,
:
form can be established beyond a doubt. Among the many difficulties exhibited by the talmudic the multiplicity of noun, one phenomenon is especially marked forms of one and the same word. Cf., for instance, xbiDD !!^b!D*lD
783.
J*bl!tip,
xbSp,
fool,
VL.,B.B.12Qb; iH^Q
K'trxna,
;"
iH'-^iA)^]
fish; iX:^"]
,
at^iXui, time;
JstTB^I^ia,
heap;
,
K'ntitnC,
,'
kjo^iL
document;
,
nbn -f
',
^'t^i^T)
thirty ; i^'^Q
""IMB,
S'^JSJ, X'li^k, employer; XnillSt', S^riinK, i<nrn ^ KWO'^n mother-in-law; ^\'2p ^yXi Ky^P fixing, and many others. Now, some of these forms are undoubtedly original and legitimate by-forms as, e. g., the last example cited. Others are, no doubt, reduced forms as, e. g.,
,
i.
,
itnn^i*
Arab.
;
iiAi.|
and
i^Fia'^ri
broken plurals
derived.'
as
Still this
all
by the recognition
bpp
;
or bt)p
J^bp^p
,
b^tip
or bta^p
and 5<boip
bit:p
or btlip
btpp
b^itip.
';
and sbitip,
bitip',
knowledge of Semitic phomakes the task of proving such a formation nominal and netics only limit myself to state would I one. proposition a hopeless that the current belief that Aramaic qameg always represents an
784.
The present
state of our
Cf.
p. 659.
II., 1,
Cf. also
190
original
III.
MOBPHOLOGY
[785
d does no
like the
qameg
is,
Hebrew
qftmeQ, merely a
produced
a.
The
in
production of d to
this process.
.^^<^
J
d, is that in
is
still
Everybody
ffli,
^1?, ip") "i^"] ^J, qameg represents d; but nobody seems willing to do the same itJS^ll WD? S^Hp the equivalents of in the case of T112
;
Av
of
the
Hebrew
,
T^TJp'p
y^n', "jjyyand
btlp^.
^-"^
etc.,
we
may
This
Persian gun.
explains the
This form
is later easily
.
mistaken for
qattcil
and
the production of d to d is still 786. more or less living process in Aramaic throws light on the numerous cases mentioned in the preceding pages of this work, where we found unexpected qftmeg, and proves the correctness and reliability, in the majority of cases, of living tradition. I For I am not blind to the fact say "in the majority of cases." but the more I have that in some cases tradition may be wrong worked in this field, the more my conviction has grown that mere a priori theories are worthless in this field, and then the more
a
;
so
when they
if
am
who
will finally
come around
to
my way
,
of looking at
it.
mni5
and the
like, as
false,
still
perhaps not
after Palestinean
Aramaic had
died out.
Many
789]
of the
NOUN
191
Targtimlm are probably due to the influence of Babylonian Aramaic, with which the naqdanim were more familiar.
Note. The
limited space at
my
me
to
be concise in my etymoSometimes I have limited myself to a mere suggestion. It is, therefore, hoped that students will examine the respective dictionaries before passing judgment on the proposed etymologies.
I.
Jou
added
qatl f)
788.
To
must be
that,
pass into qitl or qutlj qitl into qutl or qatl; qutl into
.
consonant in one form, and the derived vowel under the second
Thus we have
,
!!^"lJn|]
tt; tt: T": t; 789. The laws under which these vowel changes take place
, ;
cord; ^121^
lUTSHatl,
,'
i^SXBT
,'
time.
may
already be given
its last
TD,
and in
5*
"J
forms,
when
2.
followed by a vowel.
these sounds directly follow
when
qitl
4.
when
before a guttural
but
this
qutl
and
qitl
E. Nisslm,
35 a.
'
192
into qatl
Kbr;&<
,
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[ 790
like
1!^"^jX
,
cf.
,
Whether forms
aa^l
K3Sn
,
are to be pronounced
with a or o in the
impossible to decide.
qatl.%190.
Nissim
a)
C|bys
^Bbt^
thousand;
KbpS; grain,
R.
XblCX cord
= i}3l,
"^D
may be
a loan-word
^^5,
iClJ^li^b
i^bOD
means:
like the
^j^tS husk
date, ot kernel;
is
that
is,
very
close.
^/ .j^*
we
get
KHb^^DID
This word belongs to a widely ramified group, going back to a changeable root,
Jo
(j<Sj
(X^:
lN^
i\^
The
first
aeries
and
is
break through, come forth, hence produce. Then it was specialized to various kinds of plants and young animals. For the connection between plant and animal cf. n"^S H1S&C nn"lS. Latin pullus and pullulare,
>
a) Labial series:
(jjij
Ethiop.
sprout;
9
derivatives; Assyr.
buqlu
vegetables,
baqlum
radish; (jJijO
J*j'i
fruH of
the
Theban palvi;
>
JiJLc
)Loa^
form points
bpyiG =
j^'"**^
*^
Jkiui/0
By way
of
Gegen-
sinn
^0^9
JkisLc
leek;
b)
Guttural series
a kind of
planted field
barren.
ifi^^'n
J<-^=\
xi
^^
bunch of herbs ;
2LAj>\
biSTlJi^)
cluster;
all
^
;
JJLic
JlSot
Qtc,
with
Sibilant series
Eth.
sakala = Jjt^
i^bSlBtt,
II.
IJQ^-Si?
'%.^^'\
dove;
Kb^H^,
cMXo
basket;
DlbnTZ?
= ibni?
iCbnin.
{J^
inferior
kind of date.
By way
of "Gegensinn'^:
bDH
VaZ Jjo
<i)
Kbp'^'l
kJL^aO =
Uj*05 ^ ^;-
pL*oZ
produce
iftbmiJ
Nbrr^Ti?! date-basket
made
of
palm
leaves;
A^
793]
NOUN
193
(=Hebr.
HtXrm
or
|.iU
?)
d^ni
Xans
6read;
I^bt2j5
killing/
levity J
K^nn
/a^.'
Plur.:
pSX,
X^|'"lSi*,
respect, solicitude
;
""OlZt^
"b
j"'"l3X
= J
r*/'
'*
''1'r^5[^]
entirely, AsajT.
;
gimru.^
J^STD'"']
,
V|TE'D ,
dawn;
]bS,'N3yS,'spmdZe;
^nirp C.
c)
i<S"a-'1
demon;' K^j^n
%"lbTr
|^I
staff;' plur.
aJLI
791. 792.
i^'^yi
assembly;
laughter
S'^"i1
Xrn^ (788).
5^"y:
Min
(i/n[Sn
"{riK
*-]nS)
NS^S,
KS3
bon;
WK?
face;
smaZZ cattle;
atTjtXB ^rib-
JtmX'n, head.
:
793.
o^
//le
-,"?
a)
S<SD5);
XSi?
i<ja
treasure; plur.
''n?
side
o/.
b)
1
^T$
plur.
goat.'
111315 which occurs but a few times,
> :
The
is
With
prothesis
is
3"11n
a secondary stem of
v/m
331
greasy spot;
i_ t fruit-juice; Tigr6
ruba
river; Tfla.
revrevS
Galla
w&raba
draw water., Amh, wadab river, Egypt, warem inundation; Bilin wfirfiba, Chamir wirba, river; Saho rOb rain, r b a b raiTiaiorm, rObta raindrop; Somali rOb river,
warabi
it is
to water.
is
IH31 6e large
*
where
5-6,
index.
ii
The form
Targumic 'j'l^npb
the plural
"^
is
^' SM.
No. xxvin.
and the constr. states are very rare. But, from the few cases that do occur, the conclusion seems justified that qatl gives less frequently a form b'^tpp than the cognate
The
abs.
languages.
Whether a form like 01233 is to be pronounced DTD3 or OU33 cannot be decided Such forms are therefore left unvocalized.
Of.
Z\'tCr\
demon
in the
Hebrew
13n
is
fSZ
of ,jii,
tX^I =
;
tXiift
primitive meaning be rough to the senses, then strong in a physiological as well as psychological sense from the latter the idea of
9
fruitfulness is derived.
Here belong
VIW
r*^
>
r^'ii
/*:'.)
f^\i
z-**^
: ; ; :
194
III.
MORPHOLOGY
in
['^9^
794.
3>"3>
Nouns
two forms
b) with resolution of
like Kb3"'53
Forms
,
jJu*
probably go back to longer forms. a) iX^^ gnat; 13 iX^^ inside; i^'s^ Nb5''X
,
gate;
X!a|]
sea;
life.
jj,
,
13,
X"t2l,
outside;
Wl
wine-jug, Syr.
,
Neo-Syr.
jj?
KD awn, VL.,
5^11. 176
cLJui
on account of
is
its
resemblance
to radiating rays.
XDSi^O
with reduplication
XriNS C. MS. Meg. ^ 4a TT snare; N3XS TT TT basket, VL., Ber. 586, K5S (voc), traditional pronunciation SS^.'
c)
X'^l^a
luck, ^"13
my
,
luck,
Sabb. 676/
133
XtO''il
document,
(Eth. gatata
= t:Tan);
J^Si^n
,
(=K3n) "
side.
;'
NT^iii
d) xa^n
= i<3n
:
795.
o)
c)
''"'13'
Nouns
monophthongized
to
6,
S; or
(jMrfLC
JJUw
= SlX:^
itgA* rain),
yc
^
,
be scurvy,
Ji-,
and
Here be
all
specially
for goat
TiyHJ
= yLC = 'JW
1.
-*J
a
JlC
u
meaning
sAaffgj/.
On
_aA
c/.
980, u.
n^JTr
anzft
S''Tiy> and
iy, Nliy,
,
Assyr.
,
plumage.
S-TO
S^T'H
\^
"1
ITyO
JwJ
On
interchange of
and
sibilants, cf.
*JyJ
?~-
t"-^
-^
CI
-'
^
;
8>.J^
1
Hjm,^P
C/.
c/. C/.
nnrn
t:i3-na niabiB
p. 22.
od., p. 110, n. 1.
3 *
Cf. Marti,
Oram.
d. bibl.-aram.
Sprache, 836.
796]
NOUN
,
195
i^niS, or
i<y^^
ram;
eye
S5"'';T
arms;
JtTfl"'';'
5*T2:"'ir
marmor.
Xfl'i^J
deatt;
KSiS
strength;
c)
^T^
:
("j"?^^?
fasting, fast-day; IXTT'I olive; ndTi our eyes, Sota 6 a); qiO, St^D, end.^
Hl'^ generation; i^lla aood; S30 man; 5^13 door.' TT TT*' TT TT 796. '"li Nouns of these steins appear in a fourfold form
oM
a) with retention of last stem-consonant, b) with assimilation of last stem-consonant to the second and sharpening of the latter,
c)
ening of
with resolved doubling and consequent compensatory lengthfirst vowel, d) with entire loss of last stem-consonant.
Note.
''"b
Stems
lion;
K"b in
'''13,
all
cases
a)
5^^")^!
Sfip
i^7jyp), literally,
a being engulfed
.
in,
overwhelmed
''lIL
sea [of trouble), only in the expression S'^Mtp mourning;* i<1C]3 bowl, plur. ''10)5 S'^'in serpent;
house of
thorn;
i^lb''p
Sir\''P
'
l/
= Assyr.
THD
II-)
grow in abundance.
underlies
Cf.
W,
S313
trans
and
>
\iLi.,
(y^viJLfjyu
= Assyr.
.
Just as "ITOD
I- is
H- appears in the cognate languages as D13 in Assyrian as "lIS (961, u. 2), whence n"l3 and blaiS From the same stem is derived the proper name "^^DB "113^ Machaerus. The form TliJD'O to which the classical name goes back, may be a broken plural but is more likely due to a process the reverse of that described sub 81. This would also explain traditional SJIiaia = SDiClia VL., B. M.
so TfflD
, i
,
posed in Assyrian to
DID
636,666.
^
Fortheform S-IIS T T
I
S1X13, T T -
785.""
'
"
Pal.
only adverbially.
Sg.,
I.,
of this
word appears
also in
37; II 39.
with
3!1D
it is
perhaps a reduplication of ^^ come, enter ; but, even if it be connected not necessary to assume with Hoffmann that it stand for *SCnn5 since
,
']"S
Cf.
JLc
,
door-lock
and jyj
Tjjy
lugJU
ijmU>
compare = ltOp^
*
(Aph'el),
l/Dt3 (=
Dn
"jn
>
bn
Here belong
ti
,
*Js
be full
and overflow,
|p
| t/i r-
^^JO sea;
-..IU,t/i
^Ur'
;
swim in
open sea;
Assyr.
lU^Ur- uproar
of sea;
QiMn =
ti'amat
abyss;
iooL^'
(coast-land);
^ -sA.
^^1 vr rushing
mass of water ;
^^
rise,
overflow ;
Jk^-Is
= JuLtis
dirty water ;
Jti
, ; ;
196
b) M^j5
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
['79'^
(voc).
XS^p,
^5bp
= L^
village.
But
cf.
kiso small
~ \kL^ =
!!<*l^,
lobe,
by-form l^n-^DiS^
\lk
^jjl
side.
d) *1S,
qatlat.
797.
,
600/1/,
,
capture of
,
cattle;' fi<n3C3
KlTlS^p!)
mone?/
c/ies/;
^^^^^"1
fc^n/J'^M")
Zoue.
XriW^, K)nrii<, woman; Ktl?"!^ wound. 798Vr3?: aV l!<n^S: cwbiY;' KHBH pilgrims' fair;
b)
KW3
window; ^T\pB
dirty flux
{eye)', Tfia.
JS<t^3?&iS
temmeqe
ti'fimat
haptize^rain uninterruptedly ;
Arab.
JlJ^
= Assyr.
dragon
J^t = ^t
^ci^ = yOtD =
Arab, a t^t i^
ynt3
;fasfe,
smfc, properly
foe
= Alg.
'
'f'
V
^
^^
orespumans;
IStO
= J^
{cf.
moisten; K]'^t? =
lo
A^
mud;
= &JL^ =- ^JV^
t^
costly
wine
our m<mntain-dew
'i:^vt
menstruation;
JLoLis
= XJJ> =
jJaJ misfortune
{i.e.,
TigrS
iateme
'atlm
loef
,'
= D"irT^
orphan;
IHIfl
foe
Jufl name
Jo
Jo
o
IV. liquefy ^
hill,
RA3* moisture
bn
A3*
Kafa tabye mourning. To the same root seems p.lso to belong 551313, Assyr. tamfl unclean and Assyr. tem(m)enCn)u clay -cylinder. The connection of the idea of wetness and of that of sinfulness occurs also in other languages. Cf. Quara hiiet ivet, sinful.
1
Not
Talmud,
V., 80.
This word belongs to a semasiologicaUy very interesting group, starting with the meaning ivomb (no matter what the primitive meaning of the stem might have been), and developing, on the one hand, into that of woman, m,other, hence into that of motherly feeling, love, pity, kindness, etc., or into that of kindr.ed a.nd pi'ogeny, hence fruitfulness and plenty on the other hand, into that of receptacle, vessel, measure of capacity, i:h.Qn of length, or into that of midst, middle, inside. In the following enumeration some of the links are missing: Mishnic Hebrew D&j! Assyr. ummu, tvomb, 'Qt^ mother, n'E'lK people, nation, Assyr.
2
,
iimmftnu
people,
animal,
emftmatu
kinship,
ammamum
800]
branch
[of.
NOUN
cti
197 uppers);
S<n]3'l,
branch and
i!i
sripll"!,
^^ma
a)
]o)l
Eg. Arab.
a kind of owl.
sufficiency.
guilt,
^T\'0')2
799. '""V
b)
Hi.'n'a^Vt,
^XVn
800. '"lb ^TIJ"! iitman debt, permission; XlnVri animal; iXrS^ rag; ^iH^b^ 'fat-tail ^XTT'p city.
,
certain vessel,
immu
|V*I
t^iidst,
The original meaning, measwre o/ capacity, is still retained in TTJPSS tl'^GX Jer. 51:13: 5^22 is not measured by the cubit It is a well-known phenomenon that words retain in certain constructions and phrases a meaning which has otherwise become obsolete. Assyr. ipu wombflove, HS'^i^ measure of capacity, Assyr. aptu dwelling, man, i^RSi^ balcony, tuber, T T 1 P t u abundance. The idea of dwelling, balcony, seems to go back to that of receptacle ; while the meanings man, tuber, to that of progeny and fruitfulness. The relationship between
!
I
both ideas
Arab. 2Ua|
ia,
therefore, difEerent
count,
is
womb, good
is "ffiS r
denom-
\^
9
terebinth, Mal'tese
boton
interchange of labials).
generosity.
^ p ]5Q.
metten measure
(with
bottle,
or Iranian, in both
..
"
'
^^.
leather bottle.
..' ^ys^
'
,_>^
'
love,
i^jLw^
' *
wii-J3 (i_jL2
= \_*^).
clan,
in
a*
Jl^n =
ummatu
of all
army, (^^n
= Assyr. umamu
heianai ""
ctom,
i. e.,
-T"
,
human
^ ^
society.
111311,
'
"
'
'
"^
^amtu,
sign of
"^
Jw-O
P
^ ^^ ^
^ILl^.^).
expression:
2wLil
2jU|
Assyr.
vessel,
kirummu
etc.
drinking-Jar,
karamu
)
a^S
be kind, generous,
^" womb,
SSpl"!, JUj',
leather bottle,
i^Ja
affa-
bility.
from
31p
fie
near (^Hp
DriT
pi*2/i
^
I
*^-
^/
a frequent phenome-
\s^Z
1
leather bottle,
Somali
deh
( 80)
;
middle,
dub
vagina,
deb
generosity.
,
This
may
be explained either by
cf.
Vpp'\
non, or by diphthongization
198
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[801
(=t<nD1p) village
b) t/^Tn^daughter^iitrnp^city.iXaC^'p
(7966):'^
qitl.
801.
:
i55S''X reverse,
iXl'2,^2
S^iT'ti clearing;
boundary/
i*'^^''*!!
,
K5tS
''
objection/ UrO^if.,
Zm&.' J^n^T']
n"":i
'802. "y
a)
'xfn
MS.
wVll;
wolfJ
'iin^S
painj i^TB
Pes.
104a (voc);
iiC2'''}\
b) iini'^
= Kn'"n.
:
803. Y^ % 804. yy
matting.^
plur.
:
"'Sj'''^
a)
5*D''b
miracle;
S^B'^^N
KB^X
,
K5"'p
mots/
cZa?/y
i51''3
S5T3
805.
XTli^m,
\1^
siuui, aZa"ilTB,
baster jug.
806. '"lb: a) ;;n''tp glazing; ^iXTTW HCVT^ warp; ^ns Meg. 136 = 'H'S ^Sl-'B C. MS. ibid. "(voc!^)>
,
,
'&)
m^^
Some
c)
may belong
i<b^B
to
b:
T3.
WlIJ
bir'l) my
n
cf.
split;
For
Cf.
'aj:\T of
KOnig, HO.,
Hebr. iDjllJ, Targ. SDaiS (Merx, Chr. Targ., Glossary, ditional pronunciation of i^nSID Cf. KOnig, op. cit., II., 1, p. 471.
2
.
tra-
'
Cf.
IDSjna TB.,
II., 50.
*Assyr.
!>
ma5ftru = bagftru
loc. cit.
cut,
C/.
KOnig,
X
'
The word
is
u. 2).
of the form
JoL5 retain
Cf.
2.
igT
*^xy^lt for
l^l
inttj
OC/. 864, u.
iti
Of.
marginal note ad
loc.
This
is
Hebr.
p. 12,
^^
n^n^.-iCrn,
&52TU
Plur. -iSSpr^t,
"^rrn
means
ed.
Neubauer,
AJ
The word
literally
fold^ ivi'inkle.
elevation, slope,
2L\aJ'
and depression, the word may denote any one of these configurations. Hence
slope, difficult
mountain
mountain path,
defile,
mountain
rauSannItu =
i{n*^2'?ni)^i for
*muganiltu.
816]
NOUN
lot;
199
Hribj? calf;
coral
808.
wheat.
809. y"$
iXrO''T2
^
a)
iXr\T'3.
= ]Lr^
hair,
word, thing.
5<b^5J[a],
6)'
810. 811.
c)
'"ly
''"lb
restde?ice.
.
Hebr.^h-^blfl
ear/ li'^liX,
b^n-lifx
TflaiH,
i4T2J53!lrt
i^^flW hand-
i<"li33,
ransom.
gf);
if^Flb-'n
x^" (50,
= KFlb^n
813^ ''"IS X'iri!!'' arrogance; Hrf^T dearth. % 814. 'y KTiD leather bottle.' 815. yj a) !!<1B!l>^ foundation; J^'^^ia ii)aZZ, Eth. gadgad;
:
:
!!<'n^a
6a/<;,
shore;
cf.
^isli"
"1153
"I7J
myrrh.
b)
c)
smn^B (230,155).'
J^n^a '(=!!ffla)
6mm,
,
816.
""ly
Yia", 'yilj
or
yib
K^13
;
!(<211B
or
Jf^SI^S
short in stature, Alf. B. M. 816 ( 785) ^re; XIITZJ waZZ; Sain garlic'
1
Wto
O/.
NOldeke,
ZDMG.,
L., 309.
l/WS = 135?
worm;
C/. Assyr.
(1)
abanu= SjLLs
best Nile fish;
yJiser.
development as in Assyrian:
hair,
cf.
Eg. Arab.
_aJ
^J
coffee-berries,
BrttU,
is
BSth Talmud,
I., 13.
This
cf.
be wet;
5
Eth. retflb.
= V ii^
p. o.
Cf.
'
number
of other plants.
does not contain a characteristic of garlic, but goes back to the general idea of fruitfulness.
It
is,
word go back
to
_tj"
and the
line of
development
200 817.
b)
in.
MORPHOLOGY
^'pZ'^l
[817
likeness;
'"lb: a)
atryi^
^b^ltl
whelp;
patch;
iX^TAB width,
i!t.yn
load;
SM5, SWSS,
Assyr.
putu,
forehead/
qut{u)iat.ixrbm
t:"
mb^m, mb^m,
Ti^naDn t:;t
;
web;
;
txrnm-t;
.'
t;:
Nribnw t::
Sf^rQ^^y
t;-:
818.
5>"y
Xna^S* nation;
xli
,
jJll
.
SlnSW place,
sli
'819.
820.
'"15':
^"lb
qcdal.
821.
,
a) xb^^^ camel;
,
new;
i^ji'^'D
capitation
tax;' q-ntiX
KS'ltJK
leaf.
b)
later;
c)
Kbnp
assembly;^
i<7J3i23
mustache.
meaf;
XSyn
Assyr. elapu;
!>5ntl''a
ram.
d) i^bSia oniow; itbSIO /ooZ.
822. % 823.
might
*jjfcj
still
'"15
S^lbl
newborn
child,
young;
i^bl^ cynodon.
yy
last
WD?
cZottd.
be traced out.
Jj =
-^j
,
The
JuO
from Jk^j*
which
is
but a by-form of
The
= (J>j3
if
(J*.AJ yd be
an Arabic, or Aramaic,
origin
C^.
the
compound
(LflJLi*it>
p. 130.
.
Luzzatto identifies it with Hebr. tlB Cf. my note in AJSL., Vol. XIV., underlying idea for forehead in many languages is that of eztent (width or height)
ts.
The
Cf.
Kluge,
Is
V.
Eth.
Q"^*! ?
phegem,
Hebr. n?)?
must be
= nri')3)
niSlS-
JOOk
2O0k
connected with
YalqGt, Lev.
Xlil^
647.
i^nSIT
is
= i^j
-.
yi
"
Etymologically connected,
Assyr.
madaktu
camp.
Cf.
Irob-Saho, dik
So vocalized
in
5X)?STn TG.
ed.
546.
= qihl a.
832]
824.
''"lb
:
NOUN
a)
it^bti
201
reed; "SFl
,
young;
N^DJ? cane,
K^'SFl
Uj
Kiy^ goodwill.
^)
KB.'
P^^^' ^"^n
B.B. 134ay
c)
xnNi
:
prothesis
Plur.
'^'ijri
breasts.
XI';
d)
xnS
Aand.
Xmn,
'Flirj,
new; "
J^Pinpy
Xlnib"'?!
XflpTtt
presumption;
X"l53''N
border;
cf.
Assyr.
amartu and
sll^ turban,
:
^jl^
826. S"y Xribb? produce; Xnna"1 myriad. 827. '"lb: ci) Xn-^an bene/?/; xnibs ( = 5alautft) pmt/er-; ' xn-'icx, xrip-'cx or xrirpk = K3CX
.
6)
S^riTIJ
,
KWJK,
?/ear.
SPSp,
Zip;
JiiDTIJ,
gafo7.
ion;
iJtabx
b)
doMfe/;
mere?3/;
X'^^nn
J^VsSl
dowfeZe;
5$j5Sp
i^TCB
Zoss; ^'Ip C.
l!<3''S]T2J
XT'lp',
/a/.
grandee.
829. 830.
Sanh. 296.
orphan.
bpVi^a']
Klnt3
S'W;
iXl$
881. '"ly
dead;
witness;
832.
''"lb
those of qatal:
poor;
^^^TSJ?
hard.
atlfn
llin
i.
ZA., XI.,
212.
n,
g.:
SBpS
'
S51B3''
'S^p
SlBlffip.'.
; .
202
III.
MORPHOLOGY
,
[833
2,3b), lost
qaUlat.%
thing/
ion;
!!<nl"'5ii
!!^rraj''33
833. a) ^PlTaiS!
Kfi'T?^ {VL.,B.M..
compan-
assembly;
J^nb^iFl
purple-blue.
834^
^"'13
:
sZeep.
yaZZ.
!!^'2"15, i^ln52"7)?,
Zig-W;
{|<ai"ip
"'riinri
early,
Plur.:
behind;
perhaps
i^roipn spotted."
^\ital{at).% 838. ^02"$ berry; Sfinry, i^mj?, mead. Plur. ""Dpi property.
id.; itT^D'^W
839. 840.
b)
}553Ti3
,
5>"y
Xab
:
/seor^.'
K^jn-'l
^"lb
a)
nSD measwrey
name.
in
^7:3
D!11ZJ(7J),
3.
Long Vowel
q&tal.
841.
after
"1
db^
Jiiabj
Sj'152
i^j'yi
i^j'15J
The vowel
Cf. also
On
word
cf.
Fleischer
apud Levy,
II.,
5346 sq.
A similar develop^0
ment shows
iMJjuLi miserly,
fgnoftZfiiiJiVe,
maXS
s.
is
denominative of
C/.
jujJLJLs
= TSrib^SJ
]3
from the use of Hebr. tJjb'^B for both sexes, and from the contrast of DliP^blB {D'''lp3) with ITTW DIlBD (IKgs. 11:3), the development is not difficult to trace. The ignoble, vile, in a primitive community, where all members of the clan are equal, could only be applied to foreign slaves. TiJ^kb'^S then, means slave, male or female, married to a free person, or to another slave. As those used as concubines were mostly, or altogether, slaves, slave and concubine became synonymous.
(cf.
From
Lane's Diet.,
>
This
is
5]inab, pniab,
8.
ninX^
C.
845]
qatiV
ft)
NOUN
203
842.
a) U^blK weaver;
Wn3 priest;
K'lilD witness;
With
5{t3''tir!
= SiQidn
t;t
c)
KlJ-'S; = i^JJ^
i^TTflS
t't
;
of first vowel
SiSb-'l!<
to
d to
't
= Xbrn
probably
^yti
;
t:t
t*t
,
t:t
after shortening
ship;'
.vLl
"
.
bran; ''^n
seeds;
Xpl'^TlJ testator,
:
deceased;
i51S''ffl T ;
= XnSTT T T
:'
d)
29 a
With change oi d {= 6) toU (m) Klj^l!!* employer, Sanh, XnjX Yalqlit Kings 222 = J^nijS Se'm. % 54 NlSa^i* =
;
oa^T,
i^l"112
o^U
Sbni)''
bni''
J^a'lSl?
nniy
Assyr.
aribu
young scholar;*
ifOp^l pedlar.
:
e)
Hebrew loan-words
:
J^n'liK
guest;
i^Cpi^
publican;
t^byiS
''
KiiriD
sician;
!!<"'*'T!Ji5,
Plur.
S^'^^SS
,"
:
weepers;
,
''['T3
seeds; b^n^SD TT
T
Sm^JD TT IT
.
i^nK^ao,
T
b) ^5J
qdtilat.
844.
:
(=
rK(aWi,
109),
const,
st.
tHyo
'''yn
master, lord.
a) Is^npHS
woman
of priestly family.
loan-word.
b) J^nmiri step-daughter.
Hebrew
liJp
845? ''"lb
a)
iXn'^^i^
foundation;
,
i^ri'^'lT
Kffp
l^p,
(= waswdwaM)
XlTl^IlC
3 Of.
5517^1 S'^Tiy
TIT
TI
= K-SS*-ft "y
W^ J
1*1^^
M\w
Persia.
*Phenioian a"1JJ
disciple,
i/D"1S = '122 4?3"nS = )'^ attendant, follower German Jilnger. Small as opposed to ^^1 great, master, teacher. (Of. also Eth.
j^owregr
DP 7
(of stag)
daqlq.)
5
DDH
TiUbri
for
DSH
,
The proper name usually pronounced S^nSbn SM. vocalizes as plural KHSbH the correctness of which is borne out by the spelling t^flSsTI M. MS. Taan. 15 6, 16 aft. This is On the meaning of this name probably a participle and ought to be pronounced KnB5n Cf. also SlTlS^blb Lilith, U. MS. B. B. 73a; cf. D. Kaufmann, MOWJ., XLI., 337 sg. StlSlin = i.<:Of^ SM. No. cxrtr = Gitt. 68 6 ; SHStpJ? (sing.) ibid. Cf. Hoffmann, Ueber
sq.
204
b)
o)
a.'rn'n
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[846
Plur.
foundations.
it is
qdtul.
846.
Jjjls are
64)
occatexts
prove the original shortness of the (and nowhere vowel. It is due to Babylonian- Aramaic influence ( 787). That
language drops long vowels as easily as short ones c/., e. g., if the second vowel be XD"'70X, for Hla^iy, Kra5<. b^laW, t'-t tt t"t t; originally d, no explanation is offered why, against all analogy,
;
not only
Aramaic languages, but also the Arabic, have 6, While, moreover, in Aramaic a sometimes becomes o that
all
,
U.
it
if
the foreign
an uninfluenced transliteration.
But
see on
word 933, n. 1. The question why the form i^bitip should occur only in Aramaic is easily answered by pointing to the prominent part the w-vowel plays in the Aramaic verb (228). Furthat
thermore, the lengthening of the second vowel in qdtil ( 8426) makes such a process in q&tul not exceptional. That such length-
ening should take place mostly in qdtul is easily explained by Lastly, the existence of the special development in its meaning.
a form qdtul can
ijs.C, J.ir,
actually be shown.
OjliS
Cf.
^jUijLj
iiIjL\L^
I.,
perhaps also
1\^
(but
cf.
58);
Persian
= ]i^
(Noldeke,
Pers.
Stud.,
II.,
42);
remark on
Pal. Syr.
That the it-vowel in forms with PcLsi_- [Idioticon, s. v. Va^). active force is secondary has so far not been demonstrated. 847. Nouns of this form, when the second vowel is omitted, It is only when that vowel are not distinguishable from qdtil.
has been retained and, of course, lengthened, that we can recognize
it.
The majority
of the
nouns of
this
Nouns
HK", without
855]
change in meaning.
NOUN
205
S^irri runner;
baskets,
Note.
VL., IJuU. 4a; '^Sl"i'i^2> dealers in wool.' Not here belong the Assyrian loan-words
!!<"liT23!3
gasuru,
passuru. The desire to preserve the foreign vowel ( 84) and the popularity of the form
K3i33 kiniinu,
i^"liriD
An
instructive example in
this connection is
^,.\^ =
D''3^'l3
Cf. also
933,
n. 1.
849.
"^"IS)
Spi3^ child;
.
S^lin^ so-
journer; ^iXTp
^^"ify
.^
]iOfl,
{Audo,
s.
v.), ferule.
The
by-form
Is it Saho auraur ? ]iofS suggests Egyptian origin. 850. y'$ Xtjian digger; i<T2JiT2:3 851. '"U &^"lV^ inn-keeper; iJ^p'lll strainer. S852. ""lb: i^'^iok = i<"D!>( Fi., B. Q. 84 a; Jt^tS builder;
:
. :
!!t''i3!l
collector.
qatulat.%Sh^.
Slnpt;; child.
',
854.
"-"lb
a) ^DS
SlnilDN;
remedy;
,
XWba
exile;'
XWa
JSitViaD
if it
tmi (160)^^9'^ HWtia request Vlu^.: bar-maids. This may be a corruption for i^ln1"3D but,
error;'
;
be
correct,
it
masculine form.'
4.
of the
Short Vowel
jL*i
.
855.
J^AJii
Nouns
;'
with those of
less frequently
Under the
1
influence of an initial
or y
or of an adjoining
Cf,
This word has not been recognized by commentators and lexicographers. ibx : niDjin Taiffi
EaSI in
951.
smDn
On
nomen
(^_L:^ ami]
''
cf.
Neubauer,
"
Plur.
SrnibH
iPlur.:
6
6 ^
SniKytS,
of vowel
read:
SniySp.
.
TG.
ed.
Harkavy, 436.
On Sn^:n /
Change
84, note.
due to 1
i^1')p.
(^''
''"''
*'
HeiZ. ScAri/t, p.
n.l).
,; , ;
206
labial, or
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
first
[856
syllable is
frequently retained.
Some
-^T^k
,
(=12J'^5''!!|S)
man;^
,
)Xny._
(=
,
><ll"'1X)
,
Mhj
XitlD,
tt:
iJW^S)
tt;
S3>13
t:~
:
leg/ "
,
Kpna 'tt:
i^pna 't:~
erasure/
n^KffiD
tt: MM.
1116
,
IX^IlTBD
t t
'
sClii (81); ^^ j
'''nJO
S5M0, 'tt:
'barley;^
cf.
t:-
reliance/
plur.
''bS^D
jl!LL
kernels;
KinW
,
Lo^
from
= "11233;
c.
S^'I'BTB'
document,
C.
{cf. n'':SX5TlJ
"
iiSriB
^i
'
!!t33*lit
saddle; ob't
fonowe.
c)
Nlirri
HHinri
'lans
Hebrew
,
loan-words.
Of.
Hebr.
nns
thtb
'''itstp
TBS'^S
aod
IB'^S"'^
of
man as opposed to
ooffl?
With aphaeresis niBSS til? (Tff. ed. Harkayy, 71), IT'Sn Ti^iL (.BG. 405), The development of meaning from man to parent is as follows child ; grown man, adult, having right to self-representation and
Cf.
J3
*^
^ooi^
)
^^ A*^^
ilnN
}]
.001.^.0)]
.d^i-iuaJ?
.^9
ibid.%25.
sfliyS'lS
45f55?TO
^
XDS'aD
12.
61-iyDI
SJlf.
No. lxi(toc.).
3i9.
'SltJITp HG.
8
in Pal.
Syr. as
,
' ^.
in Babyl.
Aram,
as T"J31B
purse-strings; cf.
moSnet
purse-string.
j
go back to p21D
i
p
be
cf.
npB = ntlB
jji
HpiB = HtllB
c).
siUR = Irob-Saho
Julft
,
kum&l; on
crooked,
it
Cf.
liliLt
= (uaiLc
..
1
edibles,
-A-Jfi
(jji
I
= ^^-O
"."T
= (L^. liLo. =
* '
yifljC.
."-
*'"
''"''
.. I
I
SipDT
Cf. also
'Omanee Arab,
o Jcw ^ O
JkS
864]
857.
N"TD''!!<,'
NOUN
'"IS
:
207
xaSl';
,
)^|, i>Ll^
honor.
858. yy:
vulgar Arab,
l/n^lfl
i^^^'^H presswre;
;
spar/c,
,
nm
,
'!ia
.li JL,^
Snn'^Tfl
neighbor,
S^^^'^j
(i/J);
859.
caravan;
''"ly
-jTS
;^^;
XCllb curse;
i^Tji'^^'n
threshing; HCT'y
>51I311N!
Tioise,
860.
perchance.
b)
'"lb
a) ^nd'^ goods;
-Scripture;
nXSFl
condition;
^Htn'^li^.
J^'np),
riS'np,
plur.
''Jji'lp
(and
''^'^p),
with
retention of
X
!!<r\)jb"'^,
megrim;
862.
" 863. 864.
b)
yy
'"U
^'i^
i^flSa^JS!
jpresswrey
J^rQlUJ
iJ^n^n'^lfl
neighbor
(=
^riS'^nTfl
Fi.,
:
Sank 82a).
T
a)
!!<tT''^i2
deduction, discount.
snnyt szsfer/
i*ri^"j<
i!*inar!
Nniasi,
i^n!!3'^h T : V
mother-in-law,
Wli5 occurs only in perfect and participle Qal. The dictionaries Pa"el. For the etymology c/. also TfLa. 'auoge proclaim, publish.
^
make
it
incorrectly
SEagI explains
this correctly
by 1t53B^T3. TtCf.
Now
],
^"^
-
'f
]j^ <>
'
"Daumel."
i^Lx-w
i
like
^bl
'TTTO'Ii
thoughts.
a
i.
*fi^Fin^X
5
On the tt-vowel,
cf.
I.,
index,
v.
c>-S^!
a form like
b'^JTCb) above.
If it
'I'flSi^
being parallel
Plur.
KnXIS'Q TT T
I
r(?. ed.
; , ;
208
III.
MOEPHOLOGY
[865
J^._|865. W'^nX, i<5''pi!t, an inferior kind of date = lAAk = sL&ft sLLc H^'^'^ pricking pain in the eyes 1/ ySI)
;'
57p
cf.
Zoad, Sanh.
1056;
Xli:"'^!
q-'iy, JJ^S^ny,
y-^ap
feOTg-, B. B.
I^p-'TD
;
86 &;
it
:
had (i/TTSa)
perhaps Xl^^pN!
OTywri/',
but
may
,
also be
S|D"-Tri
;
866.
^h-'b^
yy
^1''T"A
XlSS^i^
,
"i<Cl''t:^3
Stit:^a
NT-'ia
c?m6;
crown; ND"'Cy
5*l"'^y
^jLk
Eth.
manana,
^"lb
:
TigrS
uonne, fanfane,
867.
d/q^''^), bread;
:
HHT??
>
'7
'<*??''!?^
869.
"''"'lb
!!irii|i^n3
prophetess.
dress;
Jy^ .%
6)
c)
870.
a)
i^TlJ^ab
Hp^lDS t;erse;
;'^
itriilbllj
."
mes-
plur. i^''5^mj
.
SIS^Ip
,
iCrm
.,yjuU^
spoon (for
r^<MiL&
,
*ii'l!nri
"81)'.'
y
ing
=
uxS
,
(?^
i
dry up.
,
i
uj^
jiw-C
>**
jaii
^^c,
C
<
[_
wash
((Joww-fc)
faint
drown-, ruin
dry up
be discolored
. -{
obscure,
grow dark
\
.
u*<"""
>-
corrupt
fcCD'^n^j therefore,
Cf.
may mean
discolored, corrupt
cf. 26
= ..wjuwl
Hebr. D'''lB5{3 On interchange of gutturals and sibilants Corrections " to that section.
' 5
Ointjy JQB;
T
"ny = Assyr.
close
up ; ST^iy
as opposed to
Sn"'pS
IIBB
open,.eyed
50n
L)-&-
hide;
SnSI?
basfcet,
^
..\S cover.
/Sfif.
113S5D
QD V
SerlrO,, ed.
Goldberg, p.
18.
^
1
Hebr. niyiatB. T
'
,
^
cf.
Alg. Arab.
^^yAX) porringer
881]
871.
NOUN
209
yy
JLJ^JLJ
872.
KfiyttTIJ
oath;
at.Wra^ tradition.
b)
XnSiCri
Xrin^lfli)
^t)ybp
yy
"'"ly
Plur. NlTl^k^lSp
'
:
xnarri7
'"lb
Kmili
II.
Two Short
Vowels.
'y'^^
Jkli.
876.
S^naTB Sabbath,
week ;'^
threshing-floor^
xl^'._
XMSD
*Jui) t
danger; SriD|3n
!!<rn2:"|S
ban
(c>^ =
chapter,
O.MS. Meg. 4a
b)
Xnna^!!)!
(voc.y*
mistake, c!
MS.
:
1126 (voc).
complement.
Sa-'b-'X,
878.
'"lb
Kln"'ba
iii._8
879. ^7:]^^^,
dwrnft;
i<^a^n Zame;
iiTTSti
/boz. Kb-'bn
iibn^TB
^
,
'
!!<'lia''T,' J^Fl'l^a-'T
Miasi?; 5in''3,
if^mnS,
or
Sri'lS'^lSi,
i5n'1^S'':sI
plur. ^iB^i,
''bSnr, "bi^TS,
Js^biS'^TIJ
Pes. 35
a and VL., ad
^I'l'^Sl
.
'
SHlB
like
15 and Targumic
c/.
Pl"r. of
Sri'13
= tiinS
On
Of.
"172^
XriTSiJ
Sohwally, Idioticon, p.
1.
114.
3 *
SniTaiB ^rc,
ed.
Harkavy,
Some
of these forms
may be
zXl*3
originally qatt&lat.
For ^^
=^
cf.
= jXLm =
24.
TP
'
i:yy
= l/'t*
^""^
"^"y others.
6 Cf.
210
2.
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[ 882
Shobt Vowel
in
qattal, qitt&l.
882.
T T
"
cf.
Assyr.
abaku
S"i3S^
!!<Dil33
conquer; 4431?,
ordained
h)
c)
scholar;''' N3'52T23
servant, valet.
farmer;
cumin;
iJ<"iS"'a
5<"li3!
Both loan-words.
Both d) 5<^2p, SM". No. xov (voc); H^iS^D feZmd. words are Aramaic transformations of Hebr. D3l13 and HiSlD.
883. 884.
iHT^X:)
2>"3>:
"-"ly
:
Dn^3 =
^'^% tanner
!!^D"'^^
'
[=^-S\%).'5<yfl"n
oY Arab, oU^
,
iwd^e;
servant;
885.
h)
''"lb:
a)
^'^p_
student of scripture;
5^3
stu-
Formed
a)\t\'r^;^_
as S"b forms.
!!5;iDa
"KST
:
"5^52^ c/iea^.
n. 5.
quttal.% 887.
red chalk;
TT
1
^'^'B'^ti
red;
cf.
oLJwo
!!^13S^!lp
Xa"ip
S?3S?"iy Tie.,
C/.
II., 50.
Gaster'a note to SM., p. 43: " "iSp tyro, young scholar not yet admitted to ttdl honors, who has still to wash and cleanse and do preparatory work."
2
' '
Bacher iZAW., XV., 301), who knew only of XTSID explained it to be a form like If the M-vowel be due to the Q315? ( 887) but this becomes untenable in yiew of 0313 influence of the labial, why only in these two words 1 To presuppose a form qut&l is equally impossible. It will, therefore, be best to consider it as a conflation of Hebr. btpip and Aram. XblOp the i necessarily becoming before a sharpened consonant.
3
. ;
.
'^
SybS
is
DX^S
The
first is
qattM of
ybS
l/ybS
Cf. 978, n. 1.
STlU T T -
126, n. 10),
is
?=
6
cut.
The verb
is
The word
^
a reminiscence of
a
tuuO
^
6e darfc (night)
cf.
;
Cf.
ift;,4.Xr
Assyr.
ekkimu
oppressor.
and
865, n, 4; also
VyiH
pi, pins.
Cf. n'l'P'lp
902J
NOUN
211
qumiat.% 888.
qatttl.
yy
all
qatil,
;
a)
iX$''^^;
i<'0'''2r\
wise;
i53"'")n
sharp;
superfluous;
i5p"''^2
basket.
b) m-Q-'y^ strong
890. 891.
Mrnp''a'!2J
"
iX^^'an
:
warm; iiVV
;
'"15
much.
;
qattllat.% 892.
confused.
KnTFl^
S^H^-'-lB
dissolute;
a)
iiTIJiari
a kind of
J^IIBIIJ
apple
NTilbn
smtts;
KS1"iri
^I^W
=
column;
broach.
b)
mSn;
K-iia''t3
ni:nt3; ss^iisa.
qattalat.
894.
:
!!<rnsinin
witchcraft.
K-ISQS
yS
''"15>
it'llT'a
:
i^bir? ugliness;
KJ^W
;
eccac/wessy iifflsp
XHrs'p
116 a.
X^lla'l
S;;l3Tr
S;iD3 cover;
!!ri31ta'5
c^an^e.
drop;
J^niJlta^D seal.
Xnnis'a proselyte.
III.
PEEFOEMATIVES.
represent merely a prothetic vowel, as
i<.
902.
The
b^
may
may
be a formative element.
We
aqtal(at):
hare; SRSniNi
;
i^'^Spi?
(i/^Sui);
.
S'S'IJ'!
four; SiS'lS
XFinD'li);,'
NPi^DlSl
The
last
examples
^MSIX
'ini^aiSII TG.,
ed.
Harkavy,
377.
t/(.JJ
v>j)
= * /-*^ = )*J = /^
tofte
fright
and run
off,
be timid, shy.
, , .
212
(=i!<riW9''n)
III.
MORPHOLOGY
(i/"Ti);
uJi^i'^iK
[ 903
(i/itS").
Fi., B. B.
86. sri^iii*
:
^^Qm
J^n^STSS
i^'l^S'^S
scourer
flute {1/3.2':).'
S^ln^^la^l^
iiri'^^'lii^
aqt&lat.
ture; 5^n^Dp!!<
itqdtal.
funeral repast; 904. warning, VL., B.B. giving possession; superintendent, steward.' 905.
XIT^^lnK
ii"D"'FlB6t
scrip-
21b.
n.^
haqtal.
906.
i!<"l"'3n
!!<Ml1"in
;
haqtil.
907.
y'El
:
S^yjpSn
gain.
sig7i
lawlessness;
KIT^'l'ltl
"
908.
5<S'']3r!
enclosure;
STIJ"''j3n
''.iaqt'al{at).%d09.
KWa;; mandrake;'
^'\ril'!3
,
^'rr\y)2'n''_
fallow-
deer.
:2.maqtal.%
iI?T.na,
j^1"TtJ,
^ibrip'-a, basket.^
910.
tXD1^b)2;
i^Tra
'
J^^^l'^a
jugular
vein,
Mi.
^nVL.
QSh;'
^b'2Wl2
"'911. N"S
vessel (t/^jX).
Kbi'^a food;
HTfa^lJ
word,
;'
teaching.
1^)2
912.
"^"13
i^'^pia crystal,
by-form
IJ:';
Xlflia session;
sickle (i/bj3
N1"aJ7J
,
n3D).
,
X33"a fan;
>(l;ij-'a
garden-bed, y.Liui
s.
v.
probably a loan-word.
'"lb
:
S ^ 915.
1
iJ^^Sjia
T
: :
an
official
2
Hence denominated *^llji{ to vise, believe^ i. e., take as authentic, as if provided with stamp 1&51tJi<D on belief, on credit. By-form of J^"liaX is &5"lNti
;
From
Tigr
ai
ma
set over,
charge with,
taSaiama
this is a
assume authority.
Hebrew loan-words.
Diet, syr.-lat.,
s. v.,
*
5
compound
of i^^jjuk
)-m09
( 979).
Hence Greek
of.
p. 21.
js
amphora, ]udqJ massa argenti
crystal, glass,
vel auri.
Properly dug,
.
mined
glass, in apposition to
explains
moqar
differently.
Tnanufactured glass. Reinisch, Bilin Wb., SM, No. olxix has i^^pSlQ
v.
kagana,
937]
NOUN
,
213
,
Jf^nVSTIJa
Slnbi""ia
basket;
wMch
a
hair-pin.
% 917. % 918.
b)
""S
lXripQ)2 discharge;
:
Snin^J
gift.
y$
'^"iy
a)
'iS^Fin'nja
,'
strigil;
Xnbbtia
>5n!pt2t:,
:
atrb'^'Q'a
919^ 920.
iAtr\ya' candlestich
S*ri-''"nr7j
^"lb
camp;
,
iitrrP\Til)2
drink; sn^pntl
to
muqtal.
921.
:
!!<''''1'1^53
,i>>.>
pole
propel a boat.
maqtil.% 922. a)
b)
it.'p^'}&?
HS^lbt!
;
HOQC'Ti scissors;
K'l)"^7bir52
i<nna
'
gutter.
comb;
iitr\''J^'Q
sneak-thief.'
'"IS
'"'13?
atny^'C
iiS-'bj
i xjpia fire-place.
''
maqtilat.
925.
:
fan.
XniSD'J
^
scissors.
treatise.
926.
yy
Xnb-'jri
knboa
^"iy:
= nn^).
.
i<ri3^i70
magML 929.
930. % O 931. 932. ^ 933.
^"13
:
^it^^l^
^Tp2
Kbra T T
-"
declaration.
T's
I
i^npa T It iJ^TiOa
T T
y$
''"1:?
iX\EWZ reality.
:
DiTa food; T T
c%.'
934. """lb IX^^'^2 maqtalat.% 935. i<ribn570 936. 1'a plur. smnXG)7^
: :
quarrelsome person.^
safes.
937.
oath.
1
"""lb
i^riis^riiaa
\ip, loin;
HH^pa
18a, n.
1.
Cf. also
riDTnCiSn
I.,
No.
2C/.
3
SDSnU'Sa
is
r<?., ed.
74.
The form
.
To the same
cf.
influence
is
due
y:>\X
< 846)
*
modem Arabic
Does
214
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[938
939. XSCi^i A Hebrew loan-word. maqtil.% 910. D'^Xa Mars; i15"'"lia crocus;
muqtdl.
.
tXp^^^l^
evil
spirit.
maqattalat.%Ml. my\T,p
maqattil.
XriB3Tfl50
XnDpna KFUfina.
;
942.
K5^nni; /rVend;
,
k'l'l^iz:"^
rowr.'
v.;
iCfi'Z'D
of.
Kohut,
s.
ferry-
man ( =
*l!^'lin?7p )
magdtof. 944.
maqatil{at)
J^baio^p
'
S^blNCa
'
load.
. 945^.
K'JSnipD
mattaqtalat.% 946.
5
.
iitrh-'^'r02
eatables (i/bSK).
947.
cover;
^.948. ir . 949.
T\.
N2-^bib^ (77).^
!!<riarT2
'jj^linyifl
sub-
950.
Cf.
tiqtil(at):
fig-tree. ^"TTTri {=
iX-i^tT'Ti)
Fi.,Meii.
S5a.
^S.
taqtul(at):
i<ri"l^SCri
' '
S^rTlBpri or !!^n"lSpri
hair-cutting;
Xn^n^Fl bridge (44). " taqtal ISanin dress; H'lan merchant ( 50) tarbagu yard.
:
i5:2n"in, Assyr.
taqtii(at)
pupil;''
^rrmT\
t^ri^nsn
sn^rp^cri use.
"
IV.
AFFORMATIVES.
^"1
951.
it
e. g.,
When
nomen
as
agentis
is
to be derived
from an
JooLs* J1m\
i^bitJp
,
may be formed
in wool.
'
^\
67.
is itself
SSSHD'a T
I
T^nSD
C/,
..
c/.
Hoffmann, LOB.^
1882, p. 320.
But
see Gesenius'
HandwOrterbuch,
ed. 12,
8. V.
nBTXi
8
IX., 2728g.
Qf, also
the proper
name
fc^S^ipnn*
..
953]
ending is added, e, changer ~ 'Snb^TlJ
.
NOUN
g.,
215
the ending
of Kbitap
,
''i
which
final syllable of
"b
forms
much
as pos,
sible'unaltered.
dealer in
SbflS!, "'i<,
Thus, ^"^7}^ dealer in Jibni); Kali; i<;ibT><l "'it, spun yarn; K''i"i5a''!S! dealer in '''^JT'^ lambs,
VL., B. B. 22ay X^tiSS dealer in ittiSi naphtha; ^fn'Uy dealer in asTi'ay wool, AIL B.'JB. 22a; aCi-n^ dealer in "nys, (Assyr. guduru) fine garments; Jt'^iFl'lB'p archer, one that handles a
The same principle is applied to H"l!jl53 ferry, giving ferryman, A. Z. 656 (Rail, ibid. K^i'lisj'), for *S^i:sy would mean something else.^ ''~, ai. 952. The ending ai occurs in a limited number of nouns whose gender can rarely be determined from present data i^'^l^lH Assyr. amurru, west; l^"'3"i^3 crane, Assyr. kurkft
!!tmi3p
bow.
fcifiSa^g
it'^S^IS
K'^jb^'^J
doiort/,
Assyr.
nudunnu
tubalu;
assembly;
inference;
ii'^b^ari
interest;
K'^S^jS or it^S^3''3
it^'IppX
and
iO'^y^_
sail-yard,
bee;
|j^
lUnm
iX^J'D
and
K;;:n!lSH
swelling;
and
!!<;'lia'n
KTS and
yri^S''T2
repairing.
di.
''^^^
''S?"!?
chance,
is
Palestinean.*
This ending serves to derive relative adjectives, appellative nouns, and gentilio adjectives from substantives, The masculine has mostly the adjectives, and proper nouns.
953.
''X",
forms
nS-
the
feminine, IT'bt",
llTBnTQ =
Xri^^~.
The masculine
Tfla.
is rare.
^Cf.
Assyr.
inilbtS
2
marzi
poison;
irP'^sTIS
'''itibB
In later literature we find an afEormative IT attached to proper names, as lipD"^!!? which is of Persian origin. Cf. about this termination NOldeke, Pers. "lllBlQ
, . .
Bifeiioffr., IV.,
i5D"np_
E. Nisslm,
nHBian
3a, Igg.
be slender,
oLw
vibrate,
'JSn. IWI^i
6C/.83.
216
III.
MOEPHOLOGT
[954
!!^ri"'^'nS,
Prom
is
formed.
iS^bpn
countryman; from !!ib^3N gate,'^ nsb^nsj! g-afekeeper; from i5ln";"!)5 ctY^/, H^I'lp townsman; from i^b? a6ore, HtjbS (='iliaia) upper; from *liTnv i^70^3n, the forms HSTrr; soZe,
Held,
iliibpri
nS52"'3ri
i^ln^'TS'a^B
a scholar; from bllllL, X^^l'"!, tl^b^l Babylonian, niji^il In a few oases this ending Pumhedithean. Roman, riJ^Pfn^'J^S is used interchangeably with an; as mSl'^D = i<3^0 maker of stocks; But more frequently both endings n!!<ri'l55> == i<j!n153' modest man.
one pretending
,
to
he
tt::"1-,
tt::*
are combined.
Cf.
962.''
"-,
I.
954.
,
feminine ending.
a) qatl: i^WIS;
hornet.
b) of boat
c)
5<n''-;5);
,
bottom,
qitl:
;
i<n''C:S
^T\''b'S
/emate.^
qutl:
at.'tVIl^^
form (55).
d) q^tal
e)
:
winnowing -fan;
^T\'^S^12i^
q^'ttil: !Sn"'"linT
crimson;
^XH'^'p'yiC
caravan of Saracenes.
f) quttul: g) qattal:
Kn''niia''T
wasp.
^t\'^^^'Z
sulphur.
qittul:
l^Jn^^iS"')!
scarabee;
,
Xri^SiS"')! scurf.
.*
j) k)
maqtal:
sn-=liJ5J
iin^iiiis^a
maqtul:
!!iln^'linp73
reel
'iyLLa skein;
cf.
m
.
VII.*
1 This word seems to be of Kushitic origin and identical with 5555 Cf. Nuba SbS'^i? agil mouth, entrance I Kulfan ogul, awol, aul,mow</i,' Kafa kello door^gate; Chamir bila, mira, gate, door; Amh. barr principal entrance; Galla kella principal exit, balbata door. gate. From the last form may come ^{^3.
1
XtT^SIS'O
stewardess, 'Afar-Saho
manaboyta,
3p3
.
Tigr6
manabbet.
3Assyr. siniStu.
On the etymology
s.,
c/. S.
Arab. VJlt)
Hebr.
On its synonym
XIIs
t.,
132 p.
"lUD =
frinisle.
(vS
,
and as
bnbn
the
Hebrew D'^bplbn)
J^i-O
b'QbO
With
iJQJilAio
jj.
jjiL/O (LOw,
^ram.
Pif., 56), it
956]
I)
NOUN
saqtll
:
217
XnWjyTT
tdioc?/.
m) saqtul:
qalqal:
xri^'ai^yilJ id.
HXV^JXli.']'^^
confusion.
,
Venus (planet),
XPl'^'IS'lS
i<n"'3"ia,
p) maqalqal: ^Tf^p^b^^^ mixture of white and black. !1, 2. 955. o) q'atl':' ^inrs^ wifehood; HnW3 youth; J^Wn
livelihood.
b)
qitl:
i!trfitr\T:iL
fright;
KWir'a death;
Sini.
myriad;
iXC^'O^^ limpidness.
c)
qatal:
a maid-servant;
XWinn
intermarriage.
d) qatil: a) XTOIlll companionship; ^D^p old age.
b)
e)
J^n^b^l'?!'.
mourning;
iXn'^iWhiS perfection.
i^T\''\'''D'D
qatil: S^WpS^ youth; i^Wl'no testimony; ness; NnVpTIJ drink; n^52"i arrogance.
f)
blind-
q^tal:
>5ri^"l"lp
g) qatil: repulsiveness;
iiri^lXTlin
^'^\^^''^
^T\T'3.1i!
arrogance; iitW^iXU
love.
badness;
h) qattal:
i)
collector's office.
(t/;j
is
connected with
it);
j)
k)
1)
haqtal: XW57i''n
trust, faith.
maqtal: b^Wnca
bath.
m)
o)
inaqattal:"5<lnTb3':a;
,
NWpS3:a
SffilpDlJ
q'.
delicacy.
,
n) maqattil: KfflT'pS/J
cleanliness.
mitqattal: XWaFl^^jp M.
2a.
X^'^'^l^X
9
5b^T"|!)3
\S
shepherd's
pouch;
Slbb^'^p
left,
JU-ci
JuoLi
;'
HbnS
^'
iron;
f
i(^^Ci-p_,
^
'
S^^^"lp, knee-joint.''
-cf.
'
t/ Ujai
C/.
STaO
6e Uind, hidden;
Hebr. "jIBS
Cf. also
.y.
bad omen.
2
Hebrew
dictionaries.
Tfla.
kilgim, Amh,
qiltim.
218
III,
morphology'
[ 957
a. 957.
7.
^5a!^ilD
ladder.
958.
These afformatives
are used
1.
To form from
From
a) Abstract nouns ^
as
iiD"'D53
tt:
number; ^0351*15 T T
; :
retribution,
punishment.
b) Adjectives
c)
;
as
WSb'^ blear-eyed.
This class
liquid.
is
Nomina
d) Concrete nouns
2.
as
HS^'^pTIJ
To change
;
action
3.
as i4D"i3,TO leader.
T T
;
To change
is
as
Wr^i
b)
fleshy;
noun
as i^DSbifl
crimson;
c)
as XD'^^a
tion to that
5.
a proper noun into an adjective denoting relanoun as i<D^D''p CcBsarean. To change an adjective into a noun as XStTlll some; ;
To change
thing new.
6.
as l/Spb
dn.
959.
= iT^p
iXy^^
a) qatl:
!!t3TO2
l^my'^a
Sil?']'^
Wp';'^
XiJ^'l
exact, Fi.,
Men. 296;
,
fragrant;
iX2T''y
large-eyed; SDni52
;
pestilence;
XSW
station {^^\
^ ^y)
i^Dinx
X;'170"'!!|t
W3iSl potsherd,
c/.
UL
c)
scale, KStjn
6) qatlat:
^'iV\'n^'^
K30Ta
959]
d) qutl:
T T
NOUN
219
KDabW
T T
:
insult;
^
i^'SSTi
pomegranate; "pB
S<3''Sto
e)
qutlat:
tijJT'j^D twig.
'
f) qatal: i*Dmn something new, VL., B. B. 906; XSblS^S ^^ XiDp-^ bearded. g) qatalat:
h) qatil:
5i5ni5"'3J T T ;:
modest.
i^}'2.'};
i^D^jbli:'
virtuous;
N3]5^'1
emp^?/;
X5'15'
time
(= ua'idana)/
t)
j) '
A;)
q^tal:
"p^i^ a
of metal.'
I)
qnil:
"jT-lSJ!
id'
By-form
yv'iiA
(36)
Kafa arijo
sword, dirk.
m) qattil:
n) 'aqtal:
o)
)X^'2.'\>
"j^"'"l'il!*
leader.
]^'^i53
mataqtil:
qalqal:
big-head,
"jIlpH^p,
Assyr.
quqqubanu,
craio;^ K513T2J^1ffl
ant.
Intervocalic
J? is
weakened to
in
i^J^ISn now.
tin,
'arar
steel,
'arer
metal
bell,
All
3
;
before
words of this form in the emphatic state are traditionally pronounced with ^^ITJ? This is evidently due to the retroas SDUJlDb? XSbina SSTJJllBS i^DTiSS
, ,
>
Cf. Pal.
o.
n?i?T. HG.
522.
; .
220
671,1171.
;
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
[^60
a) qat(i)l: i!(.V\Tr:i'. parched corn (i/TTZlS thumb; UUn"') J^iTbK )XiT^^, Assyr. barftnu, outlaw, rebel {\/)Xy2^V)Xra); ^fr\y^_ ^current j"^ ^'i^'2r% defective sight.
b)
960.
qit(ta)l:
itjVjn
disgrace;
KDiTliy
blindness;
I'Siyaa
colored garments.
c)
qutl:
''Di^T'l
"'iJ^iia'T'I
m.
Kn*''inK
,
961.
o)
qatl:
HrnnNl
ISnrnniS!
contracted
to
"^ri^iriS
N3"''^"11
rose-bush;
j^r^ffi-ib?
horse-bean;
'2"'22i!Il
swollen; plur.
!!{3''irilS;
S<i"''^Ss7oott-ac/ie. S^rSD^ fcm/e. SrpIT young pumpkins, C. MS., Meg. 12ab (voc.)
XJ^'^jP
,
IS^JiriS);
kindUng-wood;
karftnu, wine.^
h)
^^yf?-
>
JLjCs-
Assyr.
K'^''^"|&
(= parglnda
bi3"'3!lt3
pargintft).*
qutl:
KD'^p'l^a
acquisition;
happy;
S3"'S^p hole;
W''1^'1^T23,
surmenu,
cypress.
c)
maqattil:
educator.
^T\T'2'Si*[^ bridesijuuuii
d) qalqal:
^''J.'^S'Xi
bridegroom' s friend,
cf.
maid,
Assjs:.
susabinu;
858).
^^sm^ god-father,
god-mother
(Vnni23
^^,
ififff.
1. 962.
^
xnnSJ' mouse.'
25, u. 10
K3i'i^5
Pal. Syr.
-->>v^
'arab blind. 3 This word denotes five different species. Cf. Epstein, B^th TalmUd, V., 299 sq. * This must not be confounded with Hebr. ^"'^1165 which is of a different formation. For TU^n after i confer N3''K
2BiIiii
j
^
53
is
VT^D = QnD. whence also kir6, qir6, groves. For a similar phenomenon, where retained in the cognate languages, while having become 1 in Assyrian, cf. T^'ZHlTl =
1/ ijO yi kernel, fruit-stone,
in
is
du^uzu.
that which
is
cut out.
is
probably
the
niniOD^
.
owO
Eth.
rames
and S
cf.
||iD.
ii-Si
yujOyJ^
jaOvJC
Butthese
is
words may be loan-words from Kushitic, where the feminine ending ad instead of at
common,
'
is
frequently called by a
Cf.
and is,
,,wL^3*
firm, solid,
..wA^Dk
mouse; y,l,v^
m/uscle,
(J^^v^^ field-mQv^e,
The same connection between muscle and mouse European languages. Cf. Kluge, 8. v. M a u s
mttscie.
^30y
965]
NOUN
Double Affobmatives.
221
963. With the exception of the few examples given below, double afformatives occur only with the feminine ending. a) ani: ;;5bB; i<Mbaa large-sized J ^^^^'2'^'^ honey-likej
Kt)''3Bpri scurf, scaly
appearance of the
skin.'
b)
Inl:
Kn-^rina indication;
a nil:
J>5fl^5ri1DJ>
e)
anai:
:
f) Inai Jl^^S'^n^'' skilled in calendation. g) aiu: HM'^a'IK pag-aTOsm; JtW'^abri somettmgf/Mrr-oz-KA;e. h) A few words are pronounced with !!51"i2 before 5, e. g'., nSl3Tin53 one from MahSza. Whether originally so ?
v.
diphthongized fokms.
in
1.
Diphthong
in
the Second.
964. a) qautal
S^FlpliS
J^j'l'ia
threshing-sledge; HbfflD
xXL.ij
mule; J^RSbiFl
Jjij
worm,
b)
qaital:
X'l'ia'''^
JL^S
and Long Vowel
"
2.
Diphthong
in
the Second.
K'naiu:
;
SiSFliniJ
"
.
(23c).
ii^^'iia
c)
qaitll:
[b'"'b''';3
d) qaitul:
X^^^'"'!?
cupping; Xn^iriT
= X'^SilD'
t_fl,
Don =
Clffin
'
"
"
Hence
>. ~
= Sir'SO'in =
XIT'SSDn II.nap
is
scale,
scratched
Assyr.
feaehu
is
loan-word.
'_" ' I'v -^ worn-out garment, whose ^ ^ ^ Similar development: icclj , '-'^ i
scale,
potsherd; teirii DIH. scurf, potsherd, 58332 VI V V III gone. Cf. also Hebr. diet. s. v. nffiplBp
^e JUuJ>^ "J
"
!imcn,
whose nap
ia
, ;
222
3.
III.
MOBPHOLOGY
in
[ 966
Diphthong
qutail.
966.
,
xytlb* gazelle;
youth, young
man;
"'^b^S
plur. "'^'b^y
ad
loc.
Note.
There are
=
like those
e.
.
g.,
t<T"'"11!!<
5iT"i^i<
The'second vowel rice; i<m:2Ti iii.'nm'i speer; K^''C2^a ( 866) in the first two is probably a helping vowel to ease the collocation
of difficult sounds.
Cf. a
similar
helping vowel in
i<r\"'Tai<
Similar formations in Xn'^l^^y ( 833, n. 1). tinean Aramaic, belonging to various forms, are
Hebrew and
:
Pales;
m^nim
,
n^"'/3'n2
,
^^i'nn
Xn^SlI
H^H^iyD
_Jl^cld
V^q-.
etc.
VI.
EEDDPLIOATED POEMS.
qalqal
967.
N"iriil!<
7iet,
Assyr.
huharu;^
= X_Aj
!i''1
JL.lLli
'Knir'^S^?,
cf.
Eth.
door, gate,
Amharic dag,
^'g'm
dedS; XnT-^
young children,
otXJ'ij
I!^t2!!<t2
5<ri^tJ!!<t2
aCQ^
(voc.)
!!^n;3
mint
= X3''jyD)
XDb50, TKT,
^^^^...A^
awn=Axl
I^b^^Vi;
,
(794o); X-'MD
.
horse,
^
Eg. Arab.
turtle-dove;
pony;
^^^^^^
^}T^
^/
^'^)^^^
bp^p,
^I^^PT'
^^^l^r'T'
^'^i^
'i^efuse,
Tna.
qulqulet
Cf. % 77.
2C/.
p. 96).
The S became
X
or
through
it
1 (cf.
j'
iii
.
'li'QTS
Eth.
Egyptian
article
and dropped
Vollers,
ZDMG., L,
its
617, 654).
The
o-A*AJUt
makes sense
in Persian
JL^A-OJ is a transposition of aLft,dA*0 Ptymologically HSSiDS whose verbal stem is found in Eth. safafa abound. Cl'^ID I'eed
may
974]
declivity;' S3f55]? jar;
Nbifl'''^
,
NOUN
^yp^ {^
'SXS'p'S'p)
223
throat;
^FlSp.'i;?
head;'
5*nbTa!ii2J
xnb^ta^izj",
chain.
J^nb^iabiia
,
J^nbab^ia, skull;
i{53T2;7J^T2J
crocus;
1^1'plp
elevation;
^ip'llp
raven;
sesame.
969.
i^'I'^^'H
hriar;
^'^TT^'n
;
had
'i*lb^b,
qatalial
KFl"ipi:ip!!|;
,
970.
,
!!^ri"l!Sisri
''
trumpet;
i^np^-lpX
Hn'^pilpX
J^np^-ipil;
,'
Xnp^lpilK
J) JA
frog
qutaltil
piur.
^
(
'f
971.
lizard,
qatqal,
XanT
Cf.
Maltese
Kr\S''T"IT
bazuga
squirting.
5{3''T'1T,
862
nal
qatlal.% 973. itbbl'^ clue, skein, plur. ''bbi^l'l Yalq'tit Ps. = g:ull. 60 o (8Y)';' ^lyV} rich landlord;^ k-npT^ inferliar.
qatlil.
974.
= =
KlS'^^'Tl
pullet
in the egg-shell;^
1 Halfivy compares Sbp'ip with Assyr. kigallu lowland Dictionary of the Assyrian Language^ s. v.).
(cf.
Muss-Amolt,
Concise
l/
(JJ>
J*-S
iiS
For interchange
of i^
and
cf.
^^'o
= S^
;
The
primitive meaning was evidently hollow out; hence the correlative be convex.
all
This explains
HSlp XaS
i
basTcet
SJISIp
'
'_o 1
". ?.
Tip
m'^p'JO
>
i^^S^p cupola,
- V \_h l^
stony head,
Lis
occiput,
= lbSp"1p
^p^p
(Jl
Assyr.
qaqqadu
;
Jo ^=
^'^pl'p, elevation,
Tfia.
Jojo
but
ascend a mountain
^(iJi =:
3
jo = Sbnp
is
s^\ii^ hightop;
qerqerti occiput
= *qedqedti
belongs to
(36).,
This word
.
^5
it
^09
by-form of '^j
Cf.
loosely.
*This
^
is
TigrS e3bil6
Bilin
gbilo small
Cf.
intestines.
V KJ^
^ ^^^
*^"'
__f
^.
to bring forth
effort
and
" '-
foetus.
224
III.
MOKPHOLOGY
scare-crow;
XS^lSII
,
[975
shortened to
qatUl.%
KS^lI'l;
UJTBilTlJrTI
975.
J^b^lbfT^
i^tltoyT,
S^CI^Wt, young
man/ ^yndn
suluppu.
.
chum, crony;'
"
qutulal.% 976.
^SNSib^
VII.
INFIXES.
: , ,
977. The infixed elements are n 7J D D S 1 W, n Some of these infixes have arisen from syllabic metathesis, others
, , , ,
.
from resolution
retaining
"'pDSln
of doubling
'D7J''D
,
still
others
as the
to
be judged by
s. 978.
i^ji'yft
,
i^nnb^, i^nsibis,
I.,
eel,
^l^^l,
^_^, ^pL,
;
673);' XjiarX
^m^^^t
K^^p^y
of
cf.
oCi
"'52'lilS
grape-stones;
,
li^lisbt:,
v/ -Isf\
-!sJ\
l^
liks "lyD
,
Jli
.
= 173
Cf. Alg.
2
Arab.
n^V
'^
-n
Ktn1*l3in
3
companions.
to be Semitic.
i/
Jco means
JLo
vegetation.
hide,
be smooth,
c^^jiO :=
ismooth.
ybO
rocfc,
H:&LfiJLo
rocfc,
^JLo
&4JL0
=^
.
^
;
Oninterchangeof
^^JS! =^
and
*! c/.
Assyr.
labaru
07-owold :=
^^
'-''!
-Rmi
... ^ j^Ami
be red;
^g.M^
snorting,
(y. Berber,
i.:iit:S!^.*JLAO
*S1B'''!abl5 is connected with KJT''lDTffib5 and TDITabn. The explanation of these words, being too long for a footnote, will be given elsewhere. Secondary la is also found in
Hebr. t3)2ln
in ^TflTlSn
which belongs to
jjj"^
^ Somali asli
originally
p
amber. Besides Eg. as em and Assyr. eSmard, quoted by the dictionaries, belong here
Galla
asamaru
abbelire
and Arab.
it
^^
7>-wtf-'^
^d \jm.^ honey.
51211571
means
a honey-colored substance, be
(>IAw
blSIBS ill5ol
For
'
102
c/.
and |j
Galla
^ fig-tree
and wine.
"nO = 0>m/
tf*
-wj
Barth,
E8., index.
^
For meaning
(J
-g^
cf.
'<'
saradd
green.
l/^JUb =
= aJUo =
Hence J\
(1
'
.<\
t'
r'
coffee
\ri
milt,
(J^S\JO
980]
5
.
NOUN
)n^p'^5>ia
225
ambidexterous, bustrophe-
979.
left-handed,
5<'^3!ina
donj'
Kaa'ia^wsna Wto;
i]?3T
hard clodj
i<i:!i3-iT,
ix^vn^
hose/ i<^3T or
(980).
(i/Oy-i);
^
X2J5p12:W= ^''
,
KISDTD'D
^^'
D, 123.' 980.
XnO^p'^bo
i<5D^C5)!
;
(= WCN)
Xnpilp^blj
^nc^pbrj,
= ><ln^p"'bD
Sn^p'^'lO
= ^n^p^X comb;
{^j^Jii
,
JinCiia-'bp hip-
^'),
Cf.
literally
service-tree.*
^JoS fig-
grounds,
^_^ -SV ip
Lemnacaea,
give
it
-A
U
a
Mnium.
lentil,
DenominatiTe
^JaJj
flatten
something convex,
i. e.,
the shape of
^joXi
From
flatten like
a cake; hence
<
lX}n make
,
thin or fine
and itg
.
Juo
stout, big.
the last
verbs
^Jai JoXs
J.eJs
Eth.
'S^p'lDia left-handed
ambidexterous;
(,=
t.
>
^o*
I
Vy^, ^\-^
{842ri) left-handed,
ambidexterous
stands for Jr
=
[
Jo\
.
cf.
Eth.
g^adalaul
and
jj
defectu laborans.
JOsI
The
and
are transposed.
y'J'^^^
to cut; (^.Italian
mancino.
On
cf.
...
r^
Hence 3T3 ^
to
~^
Cf. Assyr.
zuriqati impicmenfs
ZATW., XVII.,
351.
* Cf.
Ipbt^Ci?
XpflDS (= J^pHS)
-XS-
Igg.
iJIBPCN = "iSriS ibid., p. 44 (but this may be an belongs mnffly litar, -j/ JCft goddess of sexual lust.
p. 31
i
,
istaph'al form).
'yS-
rough,
JCfc
From
we have
JTiny,
mjlOy,
j
abundance, increase.
1
may
cf.
Hebr. riDT^SS the goat being known for lustfulness, and the capers may have been used as may be identical with V^ kid, Cf. also an aphrodisiac. rmniCy in ISS
rmmDy
SnOlC^bO
226
III.
MORPHOLOGY
[ 981
;'
^. 981.
i^X3W"i3
KbniS!, X^"'ni|;,
1X1'''}S~^^
hammock (/bw)
;'
sb^n.^lX gazelle;
stump;
;
medqas;
,
"Tll^
Kn^sis-in scobs;
Hnb^-iS
= ipS
with dis-
i<"'p'1^3
arm-chair (quttal);
,
pearl
'
'Eth.
mSgart
Juv
palm-mat; XCliltl"iap, JoU^, rag; tl^Y^^ naked; WS^.^lp ^ = liEp n. 982. KbsniS! c^Msfer (790, n. 1); J^np^T (56);*
' .
PLUEIOONSONANTAL.
Assyr.
,
983.
JtrTlJniX,
i43TBnilK
;
ahursanu;" xbS^HN
(
or
JtbDl^S*, Assyr.
abkallu
,
T^VISt
Assyr.
dimgallu (50);
,
armali widow;^
nugallu,
KPbirO'^ri
.
^b'^"])!
mustard; NDB'13
,
fjJi'S;
,'
^IJ*, lilS^
1
;"
i<bijD"in SibjWn Assyr. tarracompound of tarra /len and nugallu king;^ Here belongs also JJ^ni'^'^S; lioness, from a stem i<70inn3 fcafcer = Assyr. nu-batimmu."*
For the double treatment of the last stem-vowel c/. Hebr. tl"'b')0"l3 with 13)3^3 2 The etymology of this word is not certain. It has two series of synonyms. On the one hand, y^^K, ^51211, iCnDHK on the other, n"imi and Si^Lss It may go back to
;
It is,
is
^^D
since ^"ID
= *^^p
Gf, TjSa
k^orebta
VI, 109.
4
But
c/.
The Ma'lala
dialect
'
retains the
in fcCTDlTT
^|/iy3^.
Cf.
"
(^^Mct^lt'tes,
a.
at T a
trouble-
some ; also c Jo
^ yJ
-Xjt*0 and
c l)o
= ^7^
6 The word seems to be a compound. The first half seems to contain Eth. ahUr ram^ Amh. aijra male, aurfi wild beast ~ Eth.. arij, our i^'^n&C and i5*iT^3 In the Kushitic languages the word, under various forms, means son, daughter^ child, youth, husband, man.
.
of (w)
Kunama
drops
,
the last element and says ermata no + husband. To the Somali form go back kJLo^f ^ to the Kunama form, Phenician r02b^ i^rib'Qnil? n2'ab^
y
;
Cf.
339.
Is
..'if-'
turtle-dove connected with this?
probably connected with this stem, meaning originally the place for
LIII.. 115
10 Cf.
Zimmern, ZDIJG.,
APPENDIX.
HYPOCOEISTIO ENDINGS.
984. Proper nouns end in
-E.g., s^Tc'nii??;, ^t7^^n-!,
J^i
,
"'X
''
or i ,
i[
or
"],
and
Jj^
^m
or^^m,
sis^t^,
(for
iWn
ings
794).
Most
in
Hebrew-Phenician.'
and 6}
The
unknown.
two num-
and
986.
at, if in
if
is
a vowel t;
flliJ^S (
798 &),
;
m^SbS
e. g.,
definite state,
determining
force,
being
used instead.
988.
The termination
rarely
n^
The ending
"'
,'
occurs
''piT,
''inttS^S,
"'ITllt^iT
^niW- TP^^^,
eye.''
^nil"!,
and
m the noun
^np13
or
Some
Cf.
Cf.
2 3
Hoffmann, Ueber einige phOniz. Inschriften, p. 34; Benan, D'Abbadie, Diet. Amar., s. v. gabrft (col. 847).
of dual cf. 1^"1P
,
For remnant
'j^riit'O
* Cf.
and Guidl, Gram. eXem. della lingua amarifia, 16c. the ending S"~ cf. Barth, AJSL., XII, and Lindberg, Vergl. Gram
34,
Cf.
ipiti'^T
Ba.
526.
1'ai"'
Cf. irtia = Srtl'a TR., II, 23, = myiC wai, TB., II'SS; irtn three
^^IS
tli-e
221.
Cf
also liyiB
(p'.'43, n.'l),
l^gll hight,
miUICn
stam,
44.
p. 46;
ed.
Goldberg,
p. 33,
.
The
Cf. 989 a.
228
APPENDIX
[ 989
PLURAL TEEMINATIONS.
1.
Masculine Endings.
of the masculine plural are
:
989. a)
[j]^T, est.
-riffl St.
abs.
st.
J^s-, n-.
E.
g.,
''TilT
few cases
the ending
14:8 a.'
diphthongized
'''T2J3
VL.,Zeh.ll2b,
"< is
,
VL.,Satib.
n^
is
written for
the
fl
being added
to
is 6,
not
t.
This
quite
common in later
109a.
literature.
6<i-
is
E.
g.,
"rHO^'Tl''
T T
M. MS. Meg.
146,
"'iX^i^'n T T -:
T T
In
some cases
c) all
is
doubtful whether
iJ^bitip cf. 847.
T
'
we have
*^^
For
Very seldom we
find the 92
ending
^&^D~
The following
are
that occur:
'DQ-'a Se'el.
= Hull.
176;^ 'Ji^ap
= l^
"'D'^O
stocks,
M.
856, "'KD^aO
VL.,
Sanh.
98 a; '3"iSS
plural
it
G-itt.
70 a.*
is
Feminine Endings.
of the feminine are
T
;
990.
a)
st.
a6s.
st.
"1-
est. st.
tl~, defin.
T
^t\1i^''\ T T
E.
g.,
places.
6)
Not infrequently we
'X^~
V^"'
''^~-
"I'^lnTTi:"
c)
is
T T
Notice Ti*>bb5 I
Jfffi''
28.
SDDia
'JS'ia, 'S.nan,
MWJ.,
1893, p. 226.
701. 650,
IDSSnilB ' T T
TO., ed.
Harkavy,
IJ^nblFl " T
I
ibid.
Man It
is
Paleatinean.
p.
'SnnniSC BG. ho-, SnriDD'a !6id.265j -jlnnSriDbin Igg. Senra, ed. Neubauer, Prom these forms we get a singular with two In 'a: icnniPBTB. SFUIWS &'eJ., 8; 19.
Sabb.,134a.
..
.
StinCS
992]
d)
APPENDIX
229
The endings
bT
T
J^lTl J^ln'^" (XlHl''), which are regular in feminine T TT TT -stems, are also taken by the following nouns
,
:
a)
Nouns ending
:
in J^n^-,
J^tYi-,
i^Jn";-;
T
as jj^tTlinni^ localities,
t
*
i^n''''t3Sl T T
/3)
TT
t :t
''"lb;
as
>{!n11CS,
Kniiyi,
ending in
>
i^niTflJ, from
t
S^CX, T T
:
J^-'S'I,
T-;
*iH^'-\'^. t t
:
y)
A number
,
as Xln1"l!3ri ,
StlTl'l'inD
from
cf. 992.
-:
8)
i^mnTT
instead of
l^nraS TTT-:
fathers, parents,
IXTirtBH^
HfXytTBiif, cubits,
TTT"
KSnnat:K, Xfl^JtiX,
tt:;-
TTT" tt:"
e)
In a few cases
it is
is
xni-, Kinr-
or jj^rii-,
y.,
A.Z.29a, qS-^'TiranSS or
Hull. 606.'
^S^-JtVi-^dnB
991.
vowels, with
Nouns
of the forms
Joii
JJti
g.,
show some"'SbK
,
E.
'^5b)p
"aa?
^-IHiS
( Alf .
B. Q. 276).^
is
992.
The
following
list
of
plural, or
so.
The
list is
The
qatul-forms ending in
are not included here
!!<31^-
"li^ (
in ''3 (
230
i^nna-
APPENDIX
[992
.. ..
'mn (m/ms.
39bp
b/m.
T T
:
-xn-, xniT T T T
:
XTzJet:T
: *
"TT'
'li^^
XTn';T
T T
;
-'^bp'^'n baskets
-"I, 5<ri~;
T
T T
palms
xnsibsxniij-'isT
:
-xn-, T T
T
"
:
'
"^n" T
"
xriinnn
XD13
T T
T T
-"-,
-xninnn
-^rr"')!'
T
;
xnT X
M. MS. B. M.
-'^Dn-'b
83 ^
xnrn TT "
"^n" T
-xn-, T T
TT
"
xn-* X X
XX "X ^-xm-, T X
xnbsna-CT2J72!in,
xn'^^iaa^n,
xn^^^^aiin Aif.'B.M.
T
; ;
" X
x^n^'swo
n^bpn-xn^^bpn TT
':
-xn-," xniXX XX
-xjninn, tt:t
T T T
xnv-in, tt:;t
xn^X X
:
xbre--xnX X
-l-'Xp, ^IXD
ed.
Neubauer,
19.
p. 15.
3TinnNnD5ini6t'i.,p.
*sri"i''bib
''Slni?3Q'a,
p. 37
;
Sni;i3S^,
265.'
jinDB'Q
tftid.,
ed. Goldberg,
SSnnDDa HG.
992]
APPENDIX
231
232
APPENDIX
[ 99a
a)
my
''T23^"l
my
Tiri!!*
my
wife, ibid.;
my
my power,
With
Meg. ]6a.
"^sn
life,
b)
plural nouns:
Yoma 13a/
my
relatives, B.
M. 87a; Tl^Si^b*
56a; ^KlnllDT w?/ documents, Ned. 27a; ^"I'lnii? ibid. 50a. 994. lstpersonplur.com. a) With singular nouns
l''T23S3
OMr
soul,
Ned. 25 a;
p^
5<jy"lS
our land,
M. MS.
both of
Ber. 586.
b)
With
plural nouns
lllW upon
us.
Men. 40 a;
"jD'^l^ri
us,
Sebu. 376.
995.
a)
tl^S thy
son,
6)
Ned. 28 b ; tlSb ^''2/ heart, ibid. 21 6. With plural nouns '^1^33^ TlJS. thy sons and thy daughters, Ber.
:
2d person
sing. fern.
a)
'n'"a333
thy
IQb ;
irWb
24 a;
b)
"'in^S'^l
With
plural nouns
i/i2/
T?13
thy
^^"'1)1
Yoma 13a;
a)
liiJlblJ!;
your house, C. MS. Pes. 101 a ; ^sb^S all of you.' b) With plural nouns :^ ^i"'^rt>^ Sanh. 39 a; ^^''in'ia'l
ers, Gitt.
686; "pS"'ni your teacher, Ker. 6a (= -pbaii"! TF. ibid.); ^i''ln''1"'^y your doings, Meg. 16a ( 833, note); "i"'7pV your days, M.
MSf Sabb.'
998.
6)
1366.
a)
No
example.
With
'3"'133
crumbs,
110a;
''lD''Tlp
(= ''^''Sbsn C. MS.) your spices, ibid. 1106; "'^^''^ilS your mouths, C. MS. Pes! ilOa; '^i-'^nb^a your clocks, Bfija 386.
:
~ T
From
tr"'~
the method of Talmudic spelling it does not seem likely that the ending could be It is, however, possible that we have to read it ?T'^~ as with singular nouns.
i
KDnb^lD
42.
fi^D
= "JD = ]'iD
as
fcCD
= 13 = liS
1001]
APPENDIX
233
J^'''i)^'2,
of
it,
passim ;'^
40a;
i"i2l
iinn"'a'^ id.
Ned. 23a;
^tlln''n"'1 id.
M. Ms!
'
Yoma
'ItT^n^l'^ id. C.
'
"
8a;
rt"'"!"'
reasons, Ned.' 81 a;
his baldachins,
''tliy^^
his
M. MS. Sabb. 138a; "'rij'i^a belly, Zeb. 6a; '^''isJH his}ace, M. MS.
^iSE'TI
^lisX
Sabb.' 129 a;
to
6eadZes, Gitt. 84 a.
a)
X"'!riSS
Meg. 76;
not
(:ins>'q
t)
ljLaJ
b)
^ ' ^^yjiSun).
:
With
plural nouns
56a;
rt'^HDjl
her daugh-
ters,
ibid.;
'^I^'^J
upon
her, A. Z.
28a;
J^riDISa
/ler
Sank
C^- =
'82a;
''-, cf.
nib? C.MS.
86
(voc.)yrj'''lb''S'
SM. No.
xxiii (voc).
"li6.)'*
"liilii^S
a)
"jirniJ^"!
their head, C.
"lin"l53
62a;
Naz. 39a;
Ned. 2a;
1436;
s2
liDTHS
way,
(= linmin)
Alf. Ber. 386.
6)
their
"jirT'/J"!? M. Q. 46; lin^''52 their words, MS. Meg. 146 (voc); ^fl^^y)2 their garments,
;-
y^'^'2 is
conceiyable.
2 Cf. 3
not a plural, as given by the dictionaries. A plural of all, totality, For the use of the word before plural nouns cf. Hebr. ^^H^
is
hardly
Pal. Syr.
.-^r,r,^
oi-LDqJ
(Schwally, Idioticon,
s. v.).
The expression
by the Tahnudists
as a euphemism.
concerned.
S^^LjiiJ
But
if
the
stay-at-home.
niDS!
his physician,
imriD'^X
5
inilnb
in?n^?
-HG. 255
IHIlinb
t6id. 268
"ij^'^'t^'^y ibid.
212
to them,
HG. 108
;
is
in3^I?br\ they
three, ibid. 61
234
Sabb. 1306/
^nir^-^D^'/a
APPENDIX
VL., Sebu. 38b ;
'^tl^^T2
[ 1002
SlHlW
Ber. 50a,-
'{^fl^'^n
Pes.
a)
"^ns^lS
With
plural nouns
"Hiniia
'
Fi., Pes.
enclitic personal
ri7;3"'3n
,3''"it3'iT
86;
ri3"^223'
rin^33 thou art high, Sabb. 67a; thou art downcast, Beja 166;
we
ivere small, B. B.
86;
iDliJ^IDp
we are
old,'
B. B. 1426;
]T^'p_ id.
VL.
'
ibid.''
'
T T
i^5juj
t
;
with suffixes.
'riH
1004.
1st
sing. com.
a)
VL.,'Ei.
^m'JZITl
With
plural nouns
Tind^
Taan. 23a;
'^'r}nn!!<
Ti., B. B. 86;
1st plur.
-[VaUi.
com.
a)
"l^lSlii
Keth. 856;
286.^
l^^a^nj^
M.Q.
6)
With
-:
plural nouns
xannns T T T T
2d
'q'^n^
e. y. ibid.
sing. masc.
a)
'n^3S4
Sanh. 236.
2d plur. masc.
a)
"iSlDtoX B.
M. 346; p^HK
'in'^D'a
(voc.)
iplb ibid.;
'pTVW H6.
1
;
215;
"inXJI? TG.,
IffS-
ed.
Harkavy,
24.
pHnSS'nSS
J/T.
31.
Sertrd, p.
niinaibS
n^inS
ISU
t?2n"1p^Ta
*iNnx BG.m.
5^{3ln^?&'e^.,14;
max
1005
APPENDIX
235
3d sing. masc.
Naz.30a;
P,'T\)^
With singular nouns: ffliK Ber. 18 &; "^flttK Sanh. 5a; ^'fyA C. MS. Meg. ia, VL., B. Q. 886 (voc.)";
^"'53125
a)
wan
b)
Ber. IQa.'
With
rt-'lny!
plural nouns:
'fliriS
IBla;
Fi., B. M. 1046.
rtWnX "^'''''
3d sing. fern.
31a, C.
a)
father, Succa
his father-
MS. Meg.
With
'j^ffl'ari
WriK Ned.
T T
74a.
3dplur.masc.
o)
^^
]ilnSl31St
B. M.34:6; iHttS^
With
plural nouns:
^rT'^lTinai?;,
>in''';rinaT2J Gitt.
NOMINAL COMPOUNDS.
1005.
Nominal compounds
a)
Two nouns
enemy.
synagogue, SHH''] b^S. Sometimes both words are contracted into one, with occasional
;
phonetic loss
hauebbo,
'3''T2J"|!l'!I
gums,
lisisb^fl =
ji*'':2
rrbt;
n"l,
Sy^ina,
"
r\"'^a/O^D,
names
of cities.
b)
two nouns
3"l)'
:
in apposition; as HSlI,
T~
jS<3''3J{
first
element
fish.'*
may be an
noun
:
adjective or
participle
c)
''''il'n
SD^3lI3np
i^D^rbir
tinds of
Noun
!!^b''lna
13
"'"iriaO
>
IPtlp plaster
>
ibid. 2i8;
ISInS
JffS-
^IIQIB HG.,
Of. % 105.
n'inS
Se'el., % 21.
iniaS
232.
S'lirT'la'lD l99-
Neubauer.p.i;
8
^nl^W,
ibid., p. 2;
'jinrin'aiB ibid.,ed,
The nature
SDIDIIR
^""^
i^J^S"!?
'^
uncertain.
SJIStiluJ
is
probably v:yyil
^l>-
agtis, galeus.
236
e)
APPENDIX
[ 1006
/)
^]?mzjS^;
'
(=
J5n''53'Ip i^DTO
5<in).
'
g) Adjective
H"'pT23
h) Preposition
and noun:
rifi''K
V^P = Assyr. ~
XtT'Il'^
*ina
mati,
b53rii<
T
:
wife}
1006.
member
of the
Win
nSllipS
1113,
HKn-ia^JilS
But
''T\'
MM.
Ber. 62 a.
Jensen, ZA.^ VII.,
174, n. 1.
cf.
Note
b"T1
3.
Add:
is
,
''SSl'll
Wffi''b
(IbnGanah,
lifflb
(commentary "l^y-l
p. 110).
bS"'!! to Yalqflt
Biblical
'0,
Aramaic
s. V.
by Joseph Qimhi
find ''piD
("^ibjln
-^yS
For
-iqnilD
we
2. Notel. Isaac Halevy (QiDllBS^n miTll HI-, 48 sg.) proposes another explanation for the dialectical differences. The Talmud,
,
and through
etc.,
Palestine.
The
dialectical expressions
found
Nedarlm,
Babylonian expressions.
must, in other
are
Whether these
found there
is,
difficult to ascertain.
Talmud
result.
2. 3.
J^'Ji^n
;
^bSK
for
yauj
J^pi
V- mbnh
riMin
3. 5.
ed.
Warsaw,
(niiaDn
"llSli^
no foundation.
3.
3. The excellent index of Dr. Im. Low to Krauss' Grieohische und Lateinische LehnwOrter enables us to give an exact answer to
Note
this question.
I.
:
Words whose
Spo/ios,
l/Sevos,
LOw
assumes as certain
Si^vyia,
dySpa/^ts, aKaKia,
^rjpvTTa,
p-appov,
Sa<^i/);,
Spo/jt-evs,
Kpd/iaTOi,
AaSavov,
p-tTpa,
vt<j>e\rj,
oprapiov,
ffep^tniXov,
237
238
PAOE
^
CTKvTaX.i's,
tr<^iyKa)/^a,
ripOpa,
Ttjyavov,
riypi'S,
<j>a.KeXog,
carenum, gemoniae
doubtful
latura
;
:
II.
is
KoXaCTTT^p,
sig-
III.
improbable
IV.
r^Cx^,
claustrum, pulsus
a-irupa,
The
foreign words
TpCrri
word
Kao-ts.
The
first
fiAppov
origin.
KopTos,
6.
T^yavov,
gemoniae,
KoXa(rTi^p,
and
<f>vXaKT^
or
-i is
also used
italics
or heavy-faced type.
26.
13.
S^TllJ
8. 14.
pp. 41 sq.
10. 18.
The
verbal examples
are
to
be explained difPerently:
J'lb^^n"'i<'7
and
t:1pD''XT
;
are perfects;
on ymzjb,
etc.,
cf.
Add.
and Corr.
to 208
on 5<nsp"lp
msta {VL.,
;
Yoma
776)
riBM
"jsn (Tosiphta, B.
M.
ix,
('Er.
3jin (Rasi, Zeb. 46 &, s. v. ^235 ''plBSb) = KDJiD "iSD 296); K^li^lX (Targftm) = it-'-|X1"in (Add. to 'Ar. Compl.,
)a
p. 43);
nn^i n =)2>
>
nn^j
!
4.
sleeve;
*J
= Maltese he mm
there.
13. 15.
Note Note
3. 3.
Notice
X1XTN
About
Eigennamen im AT.,
16. 46. Cf. % 980. 16. 47. Delete Tibvi 16. 48. Cf. against
it
;
p. 63.
cf.
7906.
NOldeke,
ZDMG.,
L., 311.
.
cf.
is
matan
in Ethiopic
and
239
;
On
J^Ji'^-'t:
c/.
884, note
on
"^ybiS
883, note
on XS''i?,
883, note.
18. 51c. Delete
:
J^pllSti
:
and nn^t3
slice.
i^l^bjlj
cf.
On paT'Xb
^jLi,^5 cf.
( 56)
208.
On
For
2.
WZKM.,
51).
read (
Note
Cf. 987.
Grimme, Orundzuge,
p. 9.
But
in a
number
5,
on the
tima;
31.
cf.
231,
:
and
646, 2.
xxviii,
iplD''!!!;
Note
No.
2.
Add
ibid., ibid.,
in3''X ibid.
For
!||n''-
Alf.
id. ibid., p.
iO;
n''3n''K,
t^-TTii, it
ibid.;
ntV^
they
are,
ed.
HG.
454;
Goldberg,
p. 5.
35. 112.
35.
Cf
647.
ilSH Qidd. 32 &.
116. Add:
85. 117.
find ^IX^T}
Cf.
Note
2.
Add: J^^M
this,
HG.
Jgrsf. -err-a,
ed.
Neu-
bauer, p. 17; l^f-'H ibid., p. 11; ''b'^K TG., ed. Harkavy, 385; ;' ^Ttl ibid. No. xxviii (voc.) 'q^n for jibijt SM. No. XXVI (voc.)
;
t]|Vi in
ni^cnun
Add:
T
*
'D, p. 28.
37. 123.
1
= n
( 998, note).
240
PAGE
38.
Ehrlich
(I'Ul'fflSi
D
S"ipa
compound
of i^lJl
+ + "'XH
bS (=
jb"'lb3) E. Y.
?
j-'b'^
H6r. 136.
.^j^as)
39. 129.
'TJ
l^'^S
is
in the sense of as
42.
if.
AZ.
,
246, Pes. 20 a, 72 a, 85 a,
-Silf.
MV.
Note
4.
Cf.
TO
ijj|a
130. Notice the forms t^Wbs, UiW^bS Fi., Ber. 186, Taan.25a. T
;
:
131. Add:
^S^iX VL.,
'?^^!}5
B.B. 87a,
SM. No.
xxv' (voc).
and
in
'
"
40.
Note
1.
Add
'g'2
=
pl
,
iT'aS
here
ibid., ed.
Neubauer, pp.
with imale of
V^p
The
,
as against a
possible ^
41. 136.
Add: i5;an
Alf.
Men. 42a,
"iC'^'in
-|TB3>
"'in
Fi.,
56 a,
80.
VL., Sabb. 99 a,
^-lifly
:
lay
MM.,
80.
Xn"'12J
Meg. 6a,
yilJri
'Ar. 12a,
Till;
twenty,
.
Gitt.
:
read
TITIJ
For
3 read
g.
140. Add:
j''XiS"'n
rsbx
nySlli^l
pin?
"240,000,000," Ned.
141. Add:
counting
is
XIH
"'SD
"fy!il"iX
This mode of
ZDMO., XLIX.,
43.
Note
1.
Add: in
(voc); "^rnn
Goldberg,
p.
37
TTW?
^^D'^lOd ibid.;
;
end of
-ffG*-,
letter
"ICT23T1 *id.,
end of
letter 22
S^J^HJri
t6id.;"x5'2ri
44. 45.
i056. For
,
<W2'n read:
^WZll-
/ow.
Cf.
Xiuan
-ffG.
467 (voc).
241
i5lnj<''ffliia^n Alf.
B.M.
64a.
Note
2.
"''Tntli^
SM. No.
xlviii,
(voc).
46. 157.
Add: nXFlFl^
"Fi.,
B. B. 7a;
t\''^
~1
''i'^n
where, ^abh. 30 a.
Tbt
47. 159.
then, Ber.
47.
Note
Add:
"j'niniSsb
Cassel, 132;
is'm,
(voc);
47.
-1
Note
fo7i
2.
nribN;53
-152
ibid.,
pr.,
Bid; ^3
as
soon
48. 159.
48.
For
-ilTJSb
read
^ntDb
VL.,
160. Add:
YOma
57a; D'^a B. B.
''SiUJn^
ifeeZ/,
so, thus,
B.B. lOo;
secretly,
=
;
Ned. 55a;
Bilin
"ilS
kando,
arid
Barea
hate.
woddet
cf.
useless, in vain,
"''li
In the expression
Jib ''laXI C.
MS.
Zeb. vocalizes
ip.
On Kp
WZKM.,
:
^SXtl
;
quoted by Harkavy
(voc);
ed.
Anan in 'Fosfcftod, January, 1898, p. 17, n. 1, ^Dfl ibid. No. lxx ''Z)t\ SM. No. xxviii (voc.)
'
TOn It
Add
Ti?., II.,4i';
"SbS - :
^G^-,
J^^b
= rfbx
cf-
iuJ[.
"'30
enough.
163. Add: n533 ^low maw?/? Pes. 88a; S^'ilill = !!<S"'nii; VL. Zeb. 1116; ''>^"'n kow? FI,., Sabb. 23a. For" n^O'^Sl "'D^K read:
,
ri!a^K,
''S''K
-Notice
;
''li
"^353
13
''J^a
for
153 i6id.
No. OLxxvii
lb
242
PAGE 50. 167.
latter
yes.
The
may be an apocopated
H''!!*
"1"'^^
Hebr.
we
synonyms
tl>(
=
50.
Eth.
eua and
Tigre-Bilin
imm.
168. Notice:
n""'b
T
On
and Corr.
to 50,
6.
y'-l's,
Is.
437
= Ber.
17a,
No. XXV,
Hpl and
'yo'3,
t^^llTI
go back to
Add
rj IS
except,
instead.
Note
2.
we may add
Text des Att.,
found."
my
Palmyrean.
53.
Kanon und
52, end.
53. 176.
On
cf.
franffais,
s. V.
^^yo
Lo
min.
54. 1776.
The form
here.
"^btT'i
is
not to
be assumed
54. 177c.
,
Notice
for jbi1"'D C.
MS.
Pes. 13a.
156.
xxviii (voc).
'H
if,
SM. No.
56. 182.
5<13b!!5 T
:
hence
is
probably
"ig b? Si^ and is a contraction -p 'S b? r|>5- "jSbTl 23 by Ti^ of "131 b^Nin of. Bacher, JQB., IX., 148. For a clearer trace of 1 consecutive cf. nnSI pOS^3 TR., I., 26. For -|!|aD3 read:
subsequent transposition.
read: 1
For
X3
cf.
Grimme,
67.
op.
cit.,
p. 73.
H. Add:
^3''^
J^Pniin VL., B.
M. 786. Notice:
^'B'i^TF., Ker.
TR.,
II., 20.
Noldeke connects
this particle
p. 485),
The word
mi, mu.
id.,
compound
first
of
the particle
na and the
et,
interrogative
The
appears
in Ethiopic as nl
etiam,
Amh. -na
243
is
Somali na
also, AsBjr.
common
and Hamitic languages. Cf. also Galla lam6 ancora (Viterbo, Gram, e diz. della ling, orom.), Barea -nen also,
to the Semitic
even,
''03
Kungara nin
also.
In the expression
17J3
'J^
the sense of
"'jaJ
tj^
it is
not clear
whether qj^ mean also, or have the force of the particle of in Galla. Add: ji'l ^3 (= Hebr. -jSTiJ bS) Ned. 49b; j]io pio
finally, after all.
57.
Note
3.
II, 34.
"
'ij!
0/
Arab. Ij
."
sense of t/; Ip'^mU is perfect, third person for first. On llTUK cf. Gunzbourg, i?iV., XXVIII, 191. For ^'^nb read isnb the word
;
is
so vocalized in the
ed.
Haggadah according to the Rite of Yemen, Greenburg, p. 1, n. 6. The Hebrew equivalent, D'^^Hb (R- Tam.,
>
niSTl '0
shows that
it is
the
:
noun
"'Sn life
+ b To -Tim
tation of
'iisSj to simmer.
Add
p^^p'^lffi
an imi-
sound produced by
696,-.
X^^H alas!
VL.,
58.
Yoma
3.
Note
by
''3b''ln
>
which looks
like
the proper
name Helene,
is
untenable.
Dozy's
SuppUment aux
t^,
63. 208.
iL, Jyy,
(jiwv*,
JiA*^,
^
It is
The
''b
even
!lb
and as a separate
10a)
particle.
may be
perfect or passive
^l5'b]3b
participle;
)T1353b
Fi., Sabb. 66b; "n^b^^b Fi., Ber. 286; t\t\Y)>, nsrisb B.B.
74 &;
116 a.
J^''5S;^''b
found in TO.,
ed.
Harkavy,
( 208,
314:
inmn
-jiiinb
ima "|nniDb
the
first
o^nbi^n-
in pm-^xb
note)
we have b with
examples given there and in the footnote we have b with the perfect. I3''yb ( 223) may also belong here, and would have to be
vocalized
l3''''3'''b
"Das
1.
Jaqtul
244
PAGE
XII.,.
and
ibid.,
XIV., 6
65.
223. For
with
5^1125
'-^ibtJp,
''ibup,
^^ibtJpX,
etc.,
read:
'^''ibpp.,
etc.,,
of
66.
223.
Add
to Pa"el:
ta
bpipnplural of !!<nni|H
T
:
''"ini5<
is
found in Tigrfi;
68.
Note
1. Cf. ^!120 SM. No. xxv (voc.) and T Aram. Dialektproben, p. 30, n. 8.
quoted by Dalman,.
69.
76.
233. Add: ^T^T^it, I shall prove, Yalqut Sam. U8 ^Sanh. 101 a; cf. the biblical hnt^isn and similar forms, and "^DniTiin Zeb. 1026.
T T
-:;"
"fti"0''DT is
more probably
1''t37J"'DT
with pronominal
suffix.
On
j5''bt:^Il"'b cf.
269. Cf. -I-I7jab SM. No. lxxii (voc); 'qinrT'52 VL., Hull. 86; nnS^Xb JQR^, IX., 698 DbuiTJ Sg., IV., 2, 48 '!!<Dni1^ Ber. 20a.
; ;
79.
Note
p. 28.
6.
i!!iD''Tn
in
niTDTTn
as
'0 ed.
Halberstamm,
81. 273.
b''tDp''b
b^tpp'^b
>
etc.,
read
without
IDj"! in
the
first
stem-consonant.
Zeb. 94a,cf.
XUJinS^
VL., B. B. 276
23c);
ed.
^n"'T2J5n
(=
p.
nil^ab Igg- Sertrd, 23. For the forms sub h cf. Adii. and Corr. to
^-l^TCSS*;'^)
Neubauer,
223.
''l!<3>Tn"'K
add
^!!i3>bS"'H
For
'';'ia-|':iTii!b
read
'';'ia-|'^TKb
101.
Note
3.
Add
^"I'^ai^'Kb
25. For
p''B''3
245
Zeb. 18 a.
Read
^'ilopNib
:
Note
4.
Read
"'"'iptssb
B.M.
846.
For
nbTZJilJ^
:
M. MS., read
VL., B.
Flb'^JJUB^, nb^TIJIS;,
VL.
fp-TNl
M.
576.
M. 426.
Y6ma86a;
lD''22''"'p
Fi.,
B.M.
69a.
124. 467. Cf. )!t,)zrrQ Fi., Taan. 216; "jisa B.B. 1666. 125. 470. Cf. y-iriFi VL., B.B. 6a. 126. 473.
Cf
'p'''p^Va
asattata
sotata.
Gitt. 576;
SplM
Neu-
bauer, p.
ilSi^TlJ T
VL., B. B. 29a.
133. 510. Cf.
MVnpb
''"b
ff'Sp'^^TCpb
nnsan
466 {v-^^tz
246
B.M.lOSa;
'^12
Zeb. 62 a.
136. 622. 137. 625.
"
For Soncisso read Sonoino. For b^lTO, Ti., B.B. 8a has V^yOZ,
^''^^'0.
WTt))
(=
Neubauer,
p. 19.
137. 527.
Easi, ibid.
139. Note 2.
On
K~ T
in verbs
''"b
cf.
Wellhausen,
of the participle
n>53n-"
Note
2.
I rejoiced, Succa
MS. M.
256.
All the examples given
Q. 36.
Yalqtit
106a.
Delete
JiIT'lTIJ
Neubauer,
p. 26.
146. 667. Cf. Dp""ab (for '"'iapb) Igg- Sertra, ed. Neubauer, p. 21,
Add
Add:
Q'^^Q
D'^'^Stli^
Ber. 28a,
'imSq
iw\^zl
AZ.
506.
''i^2l3''K
Add:
466;
''''inaiisb
Men. 62 a.
164. 696. Cf.
rTin
7.
n"'''r\!!!;
''ri"'''X
419
Sanh. 966.
247
419?
Is.
Sanh. 966.
!ini!>|;
!|X'^n''-;5<
FL., Ber.31&.
W'iri''!>5
and
WTr!''!!*,
Neubauer,
p. 4
iin'^Zinin"'X
YalqUt Jud. 50
Pes. 876.
;
tt^nirilJb .....
SM.
No. xcv.
169.
Note
1,
From
Is.
416
it is
evident
correct.
We
have here a
secondary stem of the biblical Hebr. n^inO, Arab, itgjo, and should vocalize ^ItT'il^sri partic. act. used as imperative.
>
170.
171.
Notes. Notice:
Note
2.
lilS^riDSTfla
he
pawned
14.
pi.,
lOld.
6id.
For
iTlb^pTE
read
T TT
flb"'pT23
^^99-
192.
Note
1.
For
ms
SHili
it
is
better to
wound.
which Keinisch
Note
2.
To
of.
Qamamil gudi
,
skin, hide,
For
iL^Z
read \h^i^Z;
cf.
Hausa taiki
made of
skin.
ening of an original
204. 846.
"i52iD
On
now
J. F.
sche
220. Note
1899.
is
It is
more
stem of S^nD?
/-*-^=
be big,
stout,
and the y a
skorpion, Galla
to
prefix. The same prefix is found in ^^^"Ipy karcabbb, Hausa kunama, from a stem *2"lp
pinch;
cf. G-alla
T23"'33y
= D^lTBiy, = *n^5 =
and
to twist.
Xln''113y,
*'ffl3S
T/*na5
hence Hebr.
|ri"l33 sieve
TnS,
248
PAGE
On
the interchange of
"i
and
9,
and Hebr.
tTfflSl'n
Arab. ^i>
Also Syriac
(= Hausa
like
To iib'^mS
is
Nuba koros
shepherd.
I gladly take
my
he rendered
W. me
LIST OF VERB-STEMS.'
A.
TBIOONSONANTAL.
1 Qal,
Pa"el, Pa"el.
Pa
"el.
56 Aph'el.
31 Itp'el.
31 Itpa"al.
2 Saph'el.
1 Itpo'el.
Itpe'el.
72 Qal,
57
Pa "el.
Itpa"al.
62 Qal, Aph'el.
2 Pa"el, Aph'el,
Itpe'el.
Pa "el,
11 Qal, Itpa"al.
1 Haph'el, Ithaph'al.
2 Qal, Pai'el.
1 Qal, P6'el.
Ittaph'al.
2 Pa"el, Itpe'el. 2 Aph'el, Ittaph'al. 57 Qal, Aph'el, Itpe'el. 21 Qal, Aph'el, Itpa"al.
It-
Ittaph'al.
1 Qal, P6'el, Pai'el, Aph'el, It-
pa"al.
PLUBIOONSONANTALS.
1 Pa'lel.
1 Saph'el.
4 Taph'el.
1
19 Palpel.
Naph'el.
3 Itpalpal. 2 Parpel.
5 (denom.
1
3 Par'el.
1 Pas'el.
1 Pa'pel.
1
and
foreign) active.
Cf. 188.
249
250
3 Par'el, Itpar'al.
1 Pan'el, Itpan'al.
1
LIST OF VEEB-STEMS
2 Pa'lel, Itpa'lal.
5 Palpel, Itpalpal.
[passive.
Pa'tel, Itpa'tal.
Summary. Of 1013 triconsonantal verbs, 524 occur only in one form; 675 stems occur in 301, in two; 143, in three; 41, in four; 4, in five.
in Po'el; 3, in Pai'el;
3, in
Haph'el;
5,
in Saph'el;
1,
1,
in ItpO'al; 10,
in Istaph'al.
;
Of 58 pluriconsonantal
the passive
;
4,
only in
16, in both.
INDEX COMPENDIOKUM.
AEV.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface,
V, VI
Introduction,
I.
1-4
Script and Okthoqeaphy.
Script, 1-6:
Letters, 1
Vowels,
Numerals, 3
5, 6,
Reading of Numerals, 4
Orthography, 7-13,
II.
Diacritical Signs,
5,
6, 7
Phonology.
A.
Pronun-
Gutturals, 16, 17
Sibilants, 21
Palatals, 18, 19
Linguals, 20
and Rdphh,
23
Doubling, 44
Resolution of Doubling, 45
Dissimilation, 53
66 B.
Transposition of Consonants, 61
:
8-21
Vowels, 68-93
Vocalic
ImdU,
68,
69 Obscuration of a, 70
Influence of Consonants
Epenthesis, 71
22-29
Loss
Morphology.
PRONOUNS.
A.
Personal Pronouns,
94-115:
Independent Personal
Enclitic Personal Pronouns, Pronouns, 94r-97 Possesswe 98-106 Suffixes, 107-111 06iecfo'w
Suffixes, 112-115,
30-35
253
254
B.
C.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Demonstrative Pronouns, 116-122,
35-37
87-39
39
39,
40
40
NDMEEALS.
A. B.
C.
Cardinals, 136-146,
Ordinals, 147-151,
41^14
44,45
45, 46
46
Adverbs of Place, 157, 158 Adverbs of Time, 159 Adverbs of Manner, 160, 161 Adverbs of Quantity,
162
Interrogative Adverbs, 163-166
Affirmative
Adverbs of
46-50
PEEPOSITIONS.
Separate Prepositions,
Pronominal
Suffixes,'
50-55
55-57
58
THE VERB.
In
General, 187
Tenses,
In Particular, 188-198
207-213
l^^Afformatives of
the Perfect,
^5
Afformatives
of the Imperfect, 214-216 Afformatives of the Imperative, 217-220 The ^J- prefix of Infinitive and Participle,
221 Afformatives
223
59-69
Afformatives of the Participle, 224-226 Structure of Verb, 227-233 Gender, 234: Number, 235,
Strong Verb, 236-373 Ferbs V'S, 374-408 Ferfes J^"S, 409^20 Verbs N"y, 421^26 Verbs v'lg, 427-
44:1 Verbs
yy,
448^14 Verbs
''"b,
616-644,
70-165
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Verbs with Objective
Suffixes,
255
645-780:
THE NOUN.
188-191
Internal
vowel,
Vowel Change Only, 788-875: One Short 788-820 Ttyo Short Vowels, 821-840
the First Syllable
Long Vowel in
Syllable
II. Internal
and Long Vowel in the Second, 855-875, 191-208 Vowel Change with Sharpening of Second Stem Consonant, 876-901: Two Short Vowels, Short Vowel in the First Syllable and 876-881 209-211 Long Vowel in the Second, 882-901,
211-214 214-222
221, 222
222-224
224-226
226
227
Plural, 991,
992
227-236
Nouns with
Nominal
Compounds,
287-248
249, 250
Index Compendiorum,
251
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