Flow through Orifice and Mouthpiece

Theory: A hole in the side or base of a tank (thin walled) through which the water can flow s termed as an orifice. A short piece of pipe fitted to the side of the tank for discharging water is known as mouthpiece. The coefficient of discharge is defined as the ratio between actual discharge and theoretical discharge. Apparatus Required: Mouthpiece Orifice Tank Collecting Tank Stopwatch Pump Gate Valve Connecting Pipes Level Indicators

Formula Used: Constant Head Method 1. Coefficient of Discharge

Cd = Qa / Qt Where, Cd Coefficient of Discharge Qa Actual Discharge m3/s Qt Theoretical Discharge m3/s 2. Qa = AR/t Where, A Area of Collecting Tank m2 R Rise in Water Level m T Time Taken s 3. Qt=A1 x V m3/s Qt= A1 x Where, A1 Cross sectional area of mouthpiece or orifice m2 H- Head of Water m v velocity m/s

Time of Fall Method Cd = 2At( Where, Cd Coefficient of Discharge At Area of Supply Tank m2 H1 Initial level of water m H2 Final level of water m t Time Taken s a - area of orifice (or) mouthpiece m2

Fig.5.1 Experimental Setup

Experimental Setup: The unit consists of a Mild Steel supply tank of dimensions 0.3m x 0.3m x 0.8m provided with an inlet diffuser for damping level oscillations, an overflow outlet, a gauge glass tube, scale fitting and a provision for fixing interchangeable orifices and mouthpieces. The tank is connected to the main supply line and the whole unit is supported on a strong iron stand. Water from the orifice or mouthpiece is collected in a collecting tank. A pointer gauge attached to a sliding scale apparatus is provided to measure the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the jet of water from orifice to determine the coefficient of velocity Cv and coefficient of contraction Cc. Procedure Constant Head Method The pump is switched on so that water from reservoir is pumped to supply tank upto a certain level say (65cm) above the axis of mouthpiece or orifice that is closed initially. The mouthpiece is open and the flow to the supply tank is adjusted using a gate valve so that the level of water is constant. Now, the time taken for a 10cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted with the help of a stopwatch. The experiment is repeated for different values of the head H that is available.

Time of Fall Method The pump is operated till the water level in the supply tank reaches 65 cm. The pump is switched off and time taken for water level to drop from 65 cm to 55 cm is noted. The experiment is reported for 55 cm to 45 cm, 45cm to 35cm, 35 cm to 25 cm and so on till five sets of readings are obtained. The coefficient of discharge is then calculated by using the mentioned formula. H1

Tabulation:
Orifice : Constant Head Method Orifice Diameter d (m) Orifice Area a x 10-5 (m2) Water Head H (m) Time for R cm rise t (s) Actual Discharge Qa (m2/s) 1.897 1.722 1.561 1.405 1.098 Theoretical Coefficient Discharge of -4m3 Qt (10 /s) Discharge Cd 2.8 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.73 0.678 0.667 0.669 0.685 0.634

0.01

7.85

0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25

47.44 52.25 57.63 64.07 82

Orifice :Time of Fall Method

Orifice Diameter d (m)

Orifice Area a x 10-3 (m)

H1 (m) of Water

H2 (m) of Water

0.01

0.0785

0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35

0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25

Time for fall in level from H1 to H2 t (s) 52.6 106.38 167.73 235.81

Coefficient of Discharge Cd 0.63 0.69 0.68 0.69

Mouthpiece : Constant Head Method

Orifice Diameter d (m)

Orifice Area a x 10-3 (m)

Water Head H (m) 0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25

Time for R cm rise t (s) 18.39 18.97 21.44 24.53 28.52

Actual Discharge Qa (m2/s) 0.489 0.474 0.420 0.367 0.315

Theoretical Coefficient Discharge of Discharge Qt (m3/s) Cd 0.63 0.578 0.523 0.461 0.389 0.783 0.824 0.803 0.796 0.809

0.015

0.176

Mouthpiece :Time of Fall Method

Orifice Diameter d (m)

Orifice Area a x 10-3 (m)

H1 (m) of Water

H2 (m) of Water

0.015

0.176

0.65 0.55 0.45 0.35

0.55 0.45 0.35 0.25

Time for fall in level from H1 to H2 t (s) 19.5 19.9 22.4 27.4

Coefficient of Discharge Cd 0.765 0.882 0.817 0.774

Calculation Orifice
Constant Head Method : 1. Actual Discharge Qa = AR/t (m2/s) = 0.09 x 0.1 / 49.5 = 1.82 x 10-4 m3/s 2. Theoretical Discharge Qt = a = 0.079 x 10-3 = 2.82 x 10-4 m3/s 3. Coefficient of Discharge Cd = Qa / Qt = 1.82/2.82 = 0.65 Time of Fall Method : 1. Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 2At( = 2 x 0.09 ( = 0.65

Mouthpiece
Constant Head Method : 1. Actual Discharge Qa = AR/t (m2/s) = 0.09 x 0.1 / 18.53 = 4.86 x 10-4 m3/s2. 2. Theoretical Discharge Qt = a = 0.1767 = 6.31 x 10-4 m3/s 3. Coefficient of Discharge Cd = Qa / Qt = 4.86/6.31 = 0.77

Time of Fall Method : 1. Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 2At( = 2 x 0.09 ( = 0.81

Inference
From the graph between Cd and Qa it can be seen that the coefficient of discharge is constant with respect to Qa.

Result
1. Coefficient of Discharge of mouthpiece by: (i) Constant Head Method Cd = 0.78 (ii) Time of Fall Method Cd = 0.82 2. Coefficient of Discharge of orifice by : (i) Constant Head Method Cd = 0.67 (ii) Time of Fall Method Cd = 0.66