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11-1928-TIE 1

Phase Currents Reconstruction using a Single
Current Sensor of Three-Phase AC Motors fed
by SVM-Controlled Direct Matrix Converters.
Brahim Metidji, Student Member, IEEE, Nabil Taib, Lotfi Baghli, Senior Member, IEEE,
Toufik Rekioua, Sedik Bacha, Member, IEEE


Abstract This paper presents a novel method for phase AC
motor currents reconstructing with a single current sensor in
three-phase Direct Matrix Converter (DMC) drive system using
SVM control technique. The main goal is to reduce the cost and to
improve the reliability of drive systems that involve closed loop
control strategy. For this purpose a new structure and algorithm
were developed which divide the zero vector application time in
two intervals and measures the phases currents using a new
placement of the single Hall current sensor in Direct Matrix
Converter. These proposals constitute a good solution in the low
power range direct matrix converter, (below 15 kW), where
reducing size and cost is the key objective.
The simulation of the three-phase to three-phase Direct
Matrix Converter feeding an induction motor was done to
demonstrate the advantages of the proposed system. Experiments
were carried out thanks to a DS1104 control broad to check the
validity of the proposed method.
Index Terms AC motor, Current sampling, Direct Matrix
Converter, Phase currents reconstruction, Single current sensor,
Space vector modulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
he AC-AC matrix converter was investigated firstly in
1976 [1] and has recently been the subject of lots of
research works because of its numerous advantages [2],[3].
This makes the matrix converter a competitive solution
regarding the traditional voltage source inverter in AC motor
drive using various high performance control techniques as
vector control [4], direct torque control [5]. However, the
matrix converter presents some disadvantages: the limited
voltage transfer ratio to 0.866 in linear modulation region; the
complex protection of the converter; the high sensitivity to the
grid voltage distortions; and the high number of power
switches thus increasing the connection
and control complexity, and the overall cost. In the low-power
range (less than 15 kW with 1550A devices), where low
volume and low cost are the main objectives [6], any solution
oriented to cost reduction is welcome. Several researches
proposed some solution for cost and size reduction. The three-
phase to three-phase entire power stage DMC has been
proposed in single power modules [7]. Bidirectional switches
driver power supply cost reduction are also considered [6][8].
Since its first application in matrix converter control [3],
the space vector modulation (SVM) is more and more used in
three phase direct matrix converter control [9][10][11]. In
recent years, many works focused to improve and generalize
the space vector modulation application on direct matrix
converters [9], [12]-[14].
The majority of AC motor closed loop control techniques
require phase currents knowledge, consequently the current
sampling plays an important role in three-phase AC motor _
Induction Motor (IM), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,
Brushless Direct Current motor (BLDC)_ drive systems for
controllers, observers and protection functions. Traditionally,
phase currents are detected with two or three current sensors
installed in motor phases. Several disadvantages are caused by
adopting this solution from the standpoint of drive cost and
size, especially for low power drives, where the cost is an
important criterion. More recently, by using traditional voltage
source inverter, single current sensor operation has been
proposed to reconstruct phase currents with the DC link current
sensor [15]. In this way various approaches have been
proposed in the literature. Some methods introduce an
adjustment to the PWM signal to ensure that, in each period,
the two phase currents can be sampled [16]-[20]. Other
strategies introduce modifications to the modulation algorithm
in order to guarantee the reliability of the measurements from
the DC Link current sensors in all the operating conditions
[21],[22]. Other interesting approaches are based on the
prediction-correction technique to estimate the motor phase
currents, thus introducing an additional computational burden
to the drive system [23]-[26].
The motivations for this research effort have included cost
savings associated with reducing the current sensor number.
The majority of these works are based on DC link current
measure using a traditional voltage source inverter to feed AC
machines [27]-[31], Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(PMSM) [34]-[36], Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) [37],[38]
and Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) [39]. In [27] the
authors do not use DC link current but they presents two new
sensor placement and a specially developed algorithm for three
T

Manuscript received November 26, 2011; revised February 26, 2012, April
26, 2012 and August 19, 2012; accepted for publication November 22, 2012.
Copyright (c) 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However,
permission to use this material for any other purposes must be obtained from
the IEEE by sending a request to pubs-permissions@ieee.org.
B. Metidji, N. Taib, and T. Rekioua are with L.T.I.I. Laboratory, University
of Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria (e-mail: metidji77@yahoo.fr;
taib_nabil@yahoo.fr; to_reki@yahoo.fr).
L. Baghli is with the Universite de Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria, and
also with the Universit de Lorraine, Vandoeuvrels-Nancy F-54500, France
(e-mail: Lotfi.Baghli@green.uhp-nancy.f).
S. Bacha is with the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Grenoble, St.
Martin dHeres 38402, France, and also with the University Joseph Fourier of
Grenoble, Grenoble 38041, France (e-mail:
seddik.bacha@g2elab.grenobleinp.fr).

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11-1928-TIE 2

phase SVM-PWM inverter application. They use a "single-
survived-sensor" with all-scenario current sensor fault
tolerance hardware/software configuration. In these methods, a
Hall effect current sensor is used to measure the sum of two
powers switch currents (phase-leg-based measurement and
cross-leg-based measurement).
All the above-mentioned works reconstructs the phase
currents of the AC motor fed by a Voltage Source Inverter
(VSI). On the contrary, all closed loop control for AC motor
fed by Direct Matrix Converter (DMC) [4] [5] need two current
sensors at least. Isolated current sensors, like Hall-effect
sensors and current transducers, are typically used. Additional
hardware such as ADC and filtering are needed to implement a
digital current control. Thus, it will result in an increase of the
complexity, cost and size of the system and it will weaken the
system reliability.
In this paper, a novel solution for phase currents
reconstruction, based on single Hall effect current sensor, is
presented. It is able to reconstruct the phase currents of AC
motor fed by Direct Matrix Converter (DMC). Thus, the
number of current sensors is reduced and consequently, the
cost. The weight and the volume of the total system are also
reduced. The method proposed in this paper reconstructs the
motor phase currents, during each modulation cycle, by
sampling a combination of power switch currents, during a
zero vector period. The proposed method is simple and
effective. The performance of the proposed current sensing
solution has been verified experimentally by means of a three
phase induction motor test drive based on a SVM-controlled
direct matrix converter.
II. SINGLE CURRENT SENSOR METHOD OF THREE PHASES
DIRECT MATRIX CONVERTER.
In recent power electronic applications, different and
numerous types of current sensors such as magnetic coupling,
Hall effect and many others have been introduced. The Hall
effect current sensor will be applied in this proposed technique.
A. Single hall effect current sensor location in direct matrix
converter
The proposed method uses the proper zero vectors selection
of SVM algorithm with specific current sensor emplacement
for AC motor phase current reconstruction using a single
current sensor.
For the implementation of this method, a simple hardware
modification in the power converter connection is needed for
the current sensor location. A block diagram of the solution is
shown on Fig. 1.
The current measured by the sensor with this location is:
I
s
= (Is
Au
+ Is
Bb
) (1)

Fig. 1. Proposed method for the current sensor location in DMC
B. Proposed phase currents reconstruction strategy

During the remaining part of the switching period Ts, zero
vectors are applied and the output line voltages are equal to
zero. The three zero vectors combinations, which are [AAA],
[BBB] and [CCC], are allowed by connecting all three output
terminals to the same input terminal. During the zero vectors
intervals, all input currents equal to zero and the output load
currents are freewheeling through the matrix converter
switches.
In the classical direct matrix converter scheme, a zero
vectors are chosen to minimize the total number of matrix
converter switching transitions. Without this condition we can
use any zero vector [AAA],[BBB] or [CCC] during the zero
vector intervals.

Fig. 2. Asymmetrical switching patterns and current sampling periods
The proposed method is based on a two-interval division of
the zero vector interval and the application of [AAA] zero
vector in the first interval and [BBB] in second one. Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3 show that we can replace a [CCC] zero vector by the two
zero vectors [AAA] and [BBB].
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11-1928-TIE 3


Fig. 3. Symmetrical switching patterns and current sampling periods
With this modification of asymmetrical or double-sided
symmetrical switching patterns and by using the proposed
current sensor location, we can measure the current I
u
of phase
a during the first zero vector interval and the current I
b
of
phase b in the last zero vector interval. Fig. 4 shows the
current flow in current sensor when [AAA] zero vector is
applied and Fig. 5 shows the current flow in current sensor
with [BBB] zero vectors applied.

Fig. 4. Current flow when a [AAA] zero vector is applied

Fig. 5 Current flow when a [BBB] zero vector is applied
In the motor, the phase currents are supposed constant
during the sampling control period (zero-order hold), when we
measure I
u
and I
b
, I
c
can be calculated by the relation:
I
u
+I
b
+ I
c
= u = I
c
= -(I
u
+ I
b
) (2)
C. Minimum zero vector time requirement

For an efficient phase current reconstruction in practical
systems, the zero vector application time should be continued
at least for a required minimum time (T
0min
), and both current
sampling instants must be firmly synchronized with SVM
pulses. Optimal sampling instants should be calculated
relatively to the zero vector transition moments.
Therefore, to get a reliable current value, the signal
sampling must be done after an added pre-calculation delay
time [30]:

I
sumpIc
I
on
+ I

+ I
s
(3)

The sample delays include the total switching device delay
time (T
on
), the measured current signal rise time (T
r
), and the
signal settling time (T
s
).
A safe converter commutation has been achieved by using
multi-steps Bi-directional Switch commutations strategies as
four-step or two-steps commutation strategy, based on voltage
or current sensing [14][40][41]. The T
on
parameter includes the
IGBT driver signal processing time, the worst case switching
device ON-time delay which incorporates one-step
commutation delay (for two-steps commutation strategy). The
zero vector application minimum time is

I
0 mn
= 2(I
on
+I

+ I
s
+I
AC
) (4)

T
ADC
stands for the ADC sampling and conversion time. Fig.6
shows the optimal sampling times and the minimum required
zero vector time.
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11-1928-TIE 4


Fig.6 Current measurement minimum time requirement
As presented in (4)-(8) the zero vector time depends of several
parameters: Input phase displacement 0

,output phase
displacement 0
o
,input phase shift angle

,transformation ratio
q, and sampling period T
s
. Fig.7 gives d
0
variations (d
0
=T
0
/ T
s
)
in function of 0

and 0
o
variations for maximum voltage ratio
(q=0.866) and unity input power factor (

= u). For a set of

parameters (

,q, and T
s
), it can be minimal for 0

= 0
o
=
n
6
.


Fig. 7 Variation of zero vector time in function of 0
|
and 0
u
variations


III. TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENT
The proposed current reconstruction technique is based on a
measurement of the current when the SVM applies zero-
voltage vector. Thus, the proposed method is very sensitive to
the availability of this zero vector. The technical solutions to
get a safe reconstruction are studied and carried out in the
following subsections.
A. Sampling period choice

From a practical point of view, a suitable choice of the
sampling period allows to avoid a null zero vector [42]. The
digital control system must be synchronized with the input
converter line voltage and the sampling frequency should be an
integer multiple of the input line voltage frequency (5):

sumpIc
= 6(2N + 1)

(S)
Fig.8 shows the variation of the zero vector delay in
function of the sampling frequency for a maximum voltage
ratio and a unity input power factor, with a minimum zero
vector delay equal to 2s. As shown, the maximum frequency
is lower than 3 kHz .The switching frequency can be the same
or a multiple of the sampling frequency.

Fig. 8 Variation of the zero vector delay in function of sampling frequency for
maximum voltage ratio
B. Voltage ratio limitation
For a linear controller based closed loop current control
technique as Field Oriented Control (FOC) or SVM Direct
Torque Control (DTC-SVM) where a high sampling frequency
is not mandatory, we can chose a low current sampling
frequency (2.1 kHz for example). On the other hand, we can
choose a high switching frequency (10.5 kHz for example) to
reduce the input filter size. Whereas, in nonlinear controllers
based techniques, as DTC or Sliding Mode Control, a high
control frequency is needed. In order to guarantee a zero vector
delay larger than the minimum required, we must reduce the
voltage ratio. Fig.9 presents the variation of the maximum
voltage ratio in function of the sampling frequency, for a unity
input power factor, with a minimum zero vector delay equal to
2us. For a sampling frequency lower than 25 kHz, the voltage
ratio is always greater than 0.8227 (95% of full scale) which is
satisfactory.
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11-1928-TIE 5


Fig. 9 Variation of the maximum voltage ratio in function of sampling
frequency
C. Multi-periods sampling sequencer
In order to reduce the input filter size, the switching
frequency should be high. Then, to reconstruct the currents
safely, the measurement time should be sufficient, thus it
imposes a minimum zero vector application time. For a high
switching frequency, we propose to sample only once within a
switching period, in order to reduce the minimum zero-vector
application time. Fig.10 shows the proposed sampling
sequence. One can see that we only use one zero vector per
switching period (AAA or BBB).

Fig10 Two-periods sampling sequencer example
By using the symmetrical SVM switching patterns the
implementation of this algorithm and the sampling time
synchronization is easy. It relies on a synchronization of the
DSP or microcontroller ADC and the SVM signal generator
timers.
D. Comparison of commutation loss
In SVM, the switching patterns are arranged to minimize
the number of commutations. For example when both the
output voltage and the input current references lie in sector I,
the correlations between active output voltage vectors and
switching states, are
ABB - AAB - AAC - ACC - CCC
Zero vector [CCC] is chosen to minimize the total number
of switching transitions of the matrix converter [42]. To
achieve the symmetric switching patterns in the modulation
period I
s
a double-sided symmetrical patterns is used.
ABB - AAB - AAC - ACC - CCC - ACC - AAC - AAB
- ABB
In this example, the commutation number of each period is
4 commutations with an asymmetrical switching pattern and 8
commutations with a symmetrical switching pattern.
The proposed method, which is based on a two-interval
division of the zero vector interval and the application of
[AAA] and [BBB] each period whatever other vector applied
vectors, generates an additional switching. The double-sided
symmetrical patterns become:
ABB - AAB - AAC - ACC - AAA - BBB - ACC - AAC
- AAB - ABB
Which add 8 additional commutations (16 in total) for the
original SVM pattern, i.e. a ratio of 100%. This ratio is the
maximum one and depends on the input and the output sectors.
It can be reduced to less than 50% by using the multi-period
sampling sequencer proposed above.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

To check the correctness and feasibility of the single
current sensor phase currents reconstruction strategy using the
proposed method, a complete simulation system was built in
Matlab/Simulink environment. In this simulation, we use an
induction motor fed by a Direct Matrix Converter using a
constant V/f algorithm with SVM control strategy. We apply a
5 Nm constant load torque.
The ratings of the IM are: 50 Hz, 415 V, 1.1 kW, star
connected, 1420 rpm, with the following parameters:
R
s
=6.06, R
r
=4.14, L
ls
=29.9mH, L
lr
=29.9mH, Lm=489.3mH,
J=0.012kg.m
2
, 4 poles.
The simulation results are presented on Fig.11-13. The
output line to line voltage (V
ab
) and phase currents (I
a
) are
shown on Fig.11.a. Fig.11.b shows the waveforms of the input
voltage and filtered input current of matrix converter in phase
A.


Fig. 11. (a): Output line to line voltage Vab and output phase current Ia
waveforms; (b): input voltage and filtered input current waveforms.
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11-1928-TIE 6


Fig. 12. Measured phase currents waveforms (a), reconstructed phase currents
waveforms (b) and single current output waveform(c)
At t=1s, we change the output frequency from 10 Hz to
30 Hz. Thus, the output voltage and the motor speed change
with respect to the imposed V/f ratio. Fig.12 shows the three
phase measured current waveforms (a), the reconstructed phase
currents waveforms (b) and the single current sensor current
waveform (c). It is clear that the proposed method allows a
good phase current reconstruction.

Fig. 13. Measured phase currents waveforms, a) Actual current b)
Reconstructed current c) Current error d) Actual and reconstructed current
comparison.
Measured and reconstructed motor a phase current
presented on Fig.13a and Fig.13b respectively. Fig.13c shows
the reconstruction method error. Fig.13d is a zoomed window
of measured and reconstructed phase current.


V. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
To demonstrate the feasibility of the single-sensor current
control of an AC machine fed by a Direct Matrix Converter, an
experimental system with the diagram shown on Fig.14 was
built. A photo of the experimental setup is shown in picture
Fig. 15. In this way, a 10kW matrix converter has been
designed.
The experimental system of the Direct Matrix Converter
consists of 18 IGBTs, input filter, voltage clamp circuit,
currents and voltage detection circuits, and a DSPACE DS1104
control board for generating control signals to drive the IGBTs.
A safe converter commutation was achieved by using four-
steps Bi-directional Switch commutations strategies which are
implemented in CPLD (EPM240T100).
The induction motor has the same characteristics as the one
used for the simulation (50 Hz, 415 V, 1.1 kW and 1420 rpm).
A load torque is produced by a 1.1kW DC generator coupled to
the rotor shaft and loaded by a SSu variable resistance. The
generated energy can dissipate into a resistive dump. Position
feedback is obtained thanks to an incremental encoder.
The measured current is sensed using a HAL 50-S LEM
Hall effect transducer (50A). Two turns are applied to the
primary of each phase to reduce the current range to 25A and
increase the sensitivity. Additional current sensors are placed
on the two motor phases for comparison purposes. All current
samples are digitized using 12 bits analog to digital converters.


Fig. 14. Experimental system scheme
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11-1928-TIE 7


Fig. 15. Direct Matrix Converter experimental system picture
To assess the single sensor current controller, its output is
compared with that of a system which uses direct line current
sensing. The experiment results are shown on Fig.16-23. The
switching frequency is fixed to 10 kHz, the output frequency is
25Hz.The input voltages are balanced sinusoidal voltages.


Fig. 16. Input voltage (50V/div) and input current (1A/div)
The experiment results achieve unity displacement factor at
the input side of the converter (Fig.16). The output lines
voltages, the line to line voltage, and output current are shown
on Fig.17.

Fig. 17. Output lines Voltages (100V/div), line to line voltage (250V/div) and
output current (2A/div)
The comparison between the actual and reconstructed
currents is shown on Fig.18. Their waveforms are nearly
sinusoidal with low distortion.

Fig.18 Actual and reconstructed currents and their error (2A/div)

Fig.19 Measured current from the single current sensor and two phases line
currents (1A/div)
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11-1928-TIE 8


Fig.20 Zoom for measured current from the single current sensor and two
phases line currents (1A/div)
The measured current from single current sensor is shown
on Fig.19. its envelope change between the two phase current
(a,b). Fig.20 show a zoom for single current output signal and
the phase a and b current waveforms.
To test the proposed method under transient conditions, we
make a step change of the output to the input voltage transfer
ratio (from 0.2 to 0.5) and the output frequency from 10Hz to
25Hz. The waveform of the actual and the reconstructed
current are shown on Fig.21. Fig 22 shows the input voltage
and current in transient condition.


Fig.21 Actual and reconstructed currents and their error in transient conditions
(1A/div)

Fig.22 Input line voltage (50V/div) and current (1A/div) in transient conditions

Fig.23 Spectrum of the reconstructed current
Fig.23 shows the reconstructed output current spectrum, the
THDs of the reconstructed current are 11.5%.

VI. CONCLUSION
A novel scheme based on a single current sensing for a
phase current reconstruction has been presented. This method
can be applied to any closed-loop current control in AC motors
drives fed by Direct Matrix Converter (DMC). The location of
the Hall current sensor in the DMC, the new SVM switching
pattern and the minimum mandatory zero vector time are
discussed. Solutions are proposed and discussed. The proposed
algorithm can easily be used for reconstructing the phase
currents of any three phase AC motor (IM, PMSM, BLDC) fed
by DMC and controlled by SVM technique.
Simulation and experimental results are presented and
establish the feasibility of the proposed method.


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11-1928-TIE 9

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11-1928-TIE 10

Brahim METIDJI (M12) was born in
Bouira in 1977, Algeria. He received
the M.S degree in electrical engineering
in 2004 from the A/Mira University of
Bejaia, Algeria. Now he is PhD student
in electrical engineering at the A/Mira
University. His research interests are in
variable-speed ac motor drives and power converter in
particular the matrix converter.
Nabil TAIB, was born in Bejaia, Algeria,
in 1977. He received the M.S. degree and
doctor degree on Electrical Control
systems in 2004 and 2012 respectively
from the University of Bejaia (Algeria).
From 2009, he is a lecturer in the Electrical
engineering Department at the University
A. Mira of Bejaia, Algeria. He is an Editor Board Member in
the International Journal of Computer Science and Emerging
Technologies (IJCSET). He is interested now, by the
applications of the matrix converters on the renewable energy
systems.
Lotfi BAGHLI (M12-SM12) (1971)
received his Electrical engineering
diploma degree with honours in 1994
from the Ecole Nationale Polytechnique
of Algiers, Algeria. He received his
DEA and becomes a Doctor in Electrical
Engineering of the Universit Henri
Poincar, Nancy, France, respectively in
1995 and 1999. He is a lecturer at Nancy Universit and a
member of Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et
Electronique de Nancy. He is currently a visiting lecturer at
Tlemcen University. His works concern digital control using
DSP, PSO and genetic algorithms applied to the control and
identification of electrical machines.
Toufik REKIOUA received his
Engineer from the National Polytechnic
Institute of Algiers and earned the
Doctoral degree from I.N.P.L of Nancy
(France) in 1991. Since 1992 he is
Professor at the Electrical Engineering
Department-University of Bejaia
(Algeria), he is presently the Director of
the LTII laboratory. His research activities have been devoted
to several topics: control of electrical drives, modeling, wind
turbine and control in A.C machines.
Seddik BACHA(M08) received his
Engineer and Master from National
Polytechnic Institute of Algiers respectively
in 1982 and 1990. He joined the Laboratory
of Electrical Engineering of Grenoble
(G2Elab) and received his PhD and HDR
respectively in 1993 and 1998. He is
presently manager of Power System Group of G2Elab and
Professor at the University Joseph Fourier of Grenoble. His
main fields of interest are Renewable integration and power
quality.