CE 43 - STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

2 MARKS

Prepared by G.Anni Anto, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering

UN ! " ENE#G$ %E!&'D( 1.Define" (train Energy )*en an ela+tic body i+ under t*e action of e,ternal force+ t*e body deform+ and -or. i+ done by t*e+e force+. f a +trained, perfectly ela+tic body i+ allo-ed to recover +lo-ly to it+ un+trained +tate. t i+ capable of giving bac. all t*e -or. done by t*e+e e,ternal force+. !*i+ -or. done in +training +uc* a body may be regarded a+ energy +tored in a body and i+ called +train energy or re+ilience. /. Define" Proof #e+ilience. !*e ma,imum energy +tored in t*e body -it*in t*e ela+tic limit i+ called Proof #e+ilience. 0. )rite t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy due to a,ial load+ 1 ten+ion2. U 34 )*ere, P 3 Applied ten+ile load. L 3 Lengt* of t*e member A 3 Area of t*e member E 3 $oung7+ modulu+. 8. )rite t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy due to bending. U 3 4 % 5 d, /E )*ere, % 3 9ending moment due to applied load+. E 3 $oung7+ modulu+ 3 %oment of inertia :. )rite t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy due to tor+ion U 3 4 ! 5 d, limit 6 to L /G; ! 3 Applied !or+ion G 3 (*ear modulu+ or %odulu+ of rigidity ; 3 Polar moment of inertia limit 6 to L P 5 d, /AE limit 6 to L

)*ere,

<.)rite t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy due to pure +*ear > 5 d, limit 6 to L /GA >3 (*ear load G 3 (*ear modulu+ or %odulu+ of rigidity A 3 Area of cro++ +ection. = 3 Con+tant depend+ upon +*ape of cro++ +ection. / U 3= 4

)*ere,

?. )rite do-n t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy due to pure +*ear, if +*ear +tre++ i+ given. U 3 @5> /G @ 3 (*ear (tre++ G 3 (*ear modulu+ or %odulu+ of rigidity > 3 >olume of t*e material.

)*ere,

A. )rite do-n t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy , if t*e moment value i+ given U 3 %5L /E % 3 9ending moment L 3 Lengt* of t*e beam E 3 $oung7+ modulu+ 3 %oment of inertia

)*ere,

B. )rite do-n t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy , if t*e tor+ion moment value i+ given. ! 5L /G; ! 3 Applied !or+ion L 3 Lengt* of t*e beam G 3 (*ear modulu+ or %odulu+ of rigidity ; 3 Polar moment of inertia U 3

)*ere,

16. )rite do-n t*e formula to calculate t*e +train energy, if t*e applied ten+ion load i+ given. U 3 P5L /AE )*ere, P 3 Applied ten+ile load. L 3 Lengt* of t*e member A 3 Area of t*e member E 3 $oung7+ modulu+. 11. )rite t*e Ca+tigliano7+ fir+t t*eorem. n any beam or tru++ +ubCected to any load +y+tem, t*e deflection at any point i+ given by t*e partial differential coefficient of t*e total +train energy +tored -it* re+pect to force acting at a point. D3EU EP )*ere, D 3 Deflection U3 (train Energy +tored P 3 Load 1/. )*at are u+e+ of Ca+tigliano7+ fir+t t*eoremF 0

1. !o determine t*e deflection of complicated +tructure. /. !o determine t*e deflection of curved beam+ +pring+. 10. Define" %a,-ell #eciprocal !*eorem. n any beam or tru++ t*e deflection at any point GA7 due to a load G)7 at any ot*er point GC7 i+ t*e +ame a+ t*e deflection at GC7 due to t*e +ame load G)7 applied at GA7. ) ) DA DA 3 DC 18. Define" Unit load met*od. !*e e,ternal load i+ removed and t*e unit load i+ applied at t*e point, -*ere t*e deflection or rotation i+ to found. 1:. Give t*e procedure for unit load met*od. 1. Hind t*e force+ P1, P/, II. in all t*e member+ due to e,ternal load+. /. #emove t*e e,ternal load+ and apply t*e unit vertical point load at t*e Coint if t*e vertical deflection i+ reJuired and find t*e +tre++. 0. Apply t*e eJuation for vertical and *oriKontal deflection. 1<. Compare t*e unit load met*od and Ca+tigliano7+ fir+t t*eorem n t*e unit load met*od, one *a+ to analyKe t*e frame t-ice to find t*e load and deflection. )*ile in t*e latter met*od, only one analy+i+ i+ needed. 1?. Hind t*e +train energy per unit volume, t*e +*ear +tre++ for a material i+ given a+ :6 NLmm 5. !a.e G3 A6666 NLmm 5. U3 @ 5 per unit volume /G 3 :6 5 L 1/ , A66662 3 6.61:</: NLmm 5. per unit volume. 1A. Hind t*e +train energy per unit volume, t*e ten+ile +tre++ for a material i+ given a+ 1:6 NLmm 5. !a.e E 3 / ,16 NLmm 5. U3 f5 per unit volume /E 3 11:62 5 L 1/ , 1/,16 5 2 3 6.6:</: NLmm 5. per unit volume. DC

1B.Define " %odulu+ of re+ilience. !*e proof re+ilience of a body per unit volume. 1ie2 !*e ma,imum energy +tored in t*e body -it*in t*e ela+tic limit per unit volume. /6. Define " !ru++ed 9eam. 8

A beam +trengt*ened by providing tie+ and +trut+ i+ .no-n a+ !ru++ed 9eam+. /1. Deflection of beam+ !ype of beam l 3 -l0 L 8AE lL/ lL/ 3 -a/b/ L 0E l a b 3 :-l8 L 0A8E l 3 -l8 L AE l 3 -r0 Deflection 3 -l0 L 0E

UN ! " (!A! CALL$ NDE!E#% NA!E (!#UC!U#E(

1. E,plain -it* e,ample+ t*e +tatically indeterminate +tructure+. f t*e force+ on t*e member+ of a +tructure cannot be determined by u+ing condition+ of eJuilibrium 1MH, 36, MHy 3 6, M% 3 6 2, it i+ called +tatically indeterminate +tructure+. E,ample" Hi,ed beam, continuou+ beam. /. Differentiate t*e +tatically determinate +tructure+ and +tatically indeterminate +tructure+F (l.No 1. /. 0. +tatically determinate +tructure+ Condition+ of eJuilibrium are +ufficient to analyKe t*e +tructure 9ending moment and +*ear force i+ independent of material and cro++ +ectional area. No +tre++e+ are cau+ed due to temperature c*ange and lac. of fit. +tatically indeterminate +tructure+ Condition+ of eJuilibrium are in+ufficient to analyKe t*e +tructure 9ending moment and +*ear force i+ dependent of material and independent of cro++ +ectional area. (tre++e+ are cau+ed due to temperature c*ange and lac. of fit.

0. Define" Continuou+ beam. A Continuou+ beam i+ one, -*ic* i+ +upported on more t*an t-o +upport+. Hor u+ual loading on t*e beam *ogging 1 N ive 2 moment+ cau+ing conve,ity up-ard+ at t*e +upport+ and +agging 1 O ve 2 moment+ cau+ing concavity up-ard+ occur at mid +pan. 8. )*at are t*e advantage+ of Continuou+ beam over +imply +upported beamF 1. !*e ma,imum bending moment in ca+e of continuou+ beam i+ muc* le++ t*an in ca+e of +imply +upported beam of +ame +pan carrying +ame load+. /. n ca+e of continuou+ beam, t*e average bending moment i+ le++er and *ence lig*ter material+ of con+truction can be u+ed to re+i+t t*e bending moment. :. )rite do-n t*e general form of Clapeyron7+ t*ree moment eJuation+ for t*e continuou+ beam. A -*ere, l1 9 l/ C

% a l 1 O / % b 1l1 O l/2O % c l/ 3 N 1 <A1 , 1 O < A / ,/ 2 l1 l/ %a 3 &ogging bending moment at A %b 3 &ogging bending moment at 9 %c 3 &ogging bending moment at C l1 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ A,9 l/ 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ 9, C <

,1 3 CG of bending moment diagram from +upport A ,/ 3 CG of bending moment diagram from +upport C A1 3 Area of bending moment diagram bet-een +upport+ A,9 A/ 3 Area of bending moment diagram bet-een +upport+ 9, C <. )rite do-n t*e Clapeyron7+ t*ree moment eJuation+ for t*e continuou+ beam -it* +in.ing at t*e +upport+. A -*ere, l1 9 l/ C O D/2 l/

% a l 1 O / % b 1l1 O l/2O % c l/ 3 N 1 <A1 , 1 O < A / ,/ 2 O <E 1 D l1 l/ , l1 %a 3 &ogging bending moment at A %b 3 &ogging bending moment at 9 %c 3 &ogging bending moment at C l1 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ A,9 l/ 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ 9, C ,1 3 CG of bending moment diagram from +upport A ,/ 3 CG of bending moment diagram from +upport C A1 3 Area of bending moment diagram bet-een +upport+ A,9 A/ 3 Area of bending moment diagram bet-een +upport+ 9, C D 3 (in.ing at +upport A -it* compare to +in.ing at +upport 9 D / 3 (in.ing at +upport C -it* compare to +in.ing at +upport 9

?. )rite do-n t*e Clapeyron7+ t*ree moment eJuation+ for t*e fi,ed beam A l -*ere, % a O / % b 3 1 <A , 2 l/ %a 3 &ogging bending moment at A %b 3 &ogging bending moment at 9 l 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ A,9 , 3 CG of bending moment diagram from +upport A A 3 Area of bending moment diagram bet-een +upport+ A,9 9

A. )rite do-n t*e Clapeyron7+ t*ree moment eJuation+ for t*e continuou+ beam carrying UDL on bot* t*e +pan+.

A -*ere,

l1

l/

C O - / l /0 8 ?

% a l 1 O / % b l/ O % c l/ 3

1 <A1 , 1 O < A / ,/ 2 3 - 1 l 10 l1 l/ 8

%a 3 &ogging bending moment at A %b 3 &ogging bending moment at 9 %c 3 &ogging bending moment at C l1 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ A,9 l/ 3 lengt* of +pan bet-een +upport+ 9, C B. Give t*e value+ of 1 <A 1 , 1 L l 1 2, 1 <A / , / L l / 2 !ype of loading UDL for entire +pan Central point loading Uneven point loading

value+ for different type of loading. <A / , / L l / -l 0 L 8 10LA2 )l / 1 -b L l 2 L1 l / P b / 2

<A 1 , 1 L l 1 -l 0 L 8 10LA2 )l / 1-a L l 2 L1 l / P a / 2

16. Give t*e procedure for analyKing t*e continuou+ beam+ -it* fi,ed end+ u+ing t*ree moment eJuation+F !*e t*ree moment eJuation+, for t*e fi,ed end of t*e beam, can be modified by imagining a +pan of lengt* l 6 and moment of inertia, beyond t*e +upport t*e and applying t*e t*eorem of t*ree moment+ a+ u+ual. 11. Define Hle,ural #igidity of 9eam+. !*e product of young7+ modulu+ 1E2 and moment of inertia 1 2 i+ called Hle,ural #igidity 1E 2 of 9eam+. !*e unit i+ N mm /. 1/. )*at i+ a fi,ed beamF A beam -*o+e bot* end+ are fi,ed i+ .no-n a+ a fi,ed beam. Hi,ed beam i+ al+o called a+ builtNin or enca+ter beam. nca+e of fi,ed beam bot* it+ end+ are rigidly fi,ed and t*e +lope and deflection at t*e fi,ed end+ are Kero. 10. )*at are t*e advantage+ of fi,ed beam+F 1i2 Hor t*e +ame loading, t*e ma,imum deflection of a fi,ed beam i+ le++ t*an t*at of a +imply +upported beam. 1ii2 Hor t*e +ame loading, t*e fi,ed beam i+ +ubCected to le++er ma,imum bending moment. 1iii2 !*e +lope at bot* end+ of a fi,ed beam i+ Kero. 1iv2 !*e beam i+ more +table and +tronger. 18. )*at are t*e di+advantage+ of a fi,ed beamF 1i2 Large +tre++e+ are +et up by temperature c*ange+. 1ii2 (pecial care *a+ to be ta.en in aligning +upport+ accurately at t*e +ame lavel. 1iii2 Large +tre++e+ are +et if a little +in.ing of one +upport ta.e+ place. 1iv2 HreJuent fluctuation+ in loadingrender t*e degree of fi,ity at t*e end+ very uncertain. 1:. )rite t*e formula for deflection of a fi,ed beam -it* point load at centre. A

3 N -l0 1B/ E !*i+ defection i+ Q time+ t*e deflection of a +imply +upported beam. 1<. )rite t*e formula for deflection of a fi,ed beam -it* uniformly di+tributed load.. 3 N -l8 0A8 E !*i+ defection i+ : time+ t*e deflection of a +imply +upported beam. 1?. )rite t*e formula for deflection of a fi,ed beam -it* eccentric point load.. 3 N -a0b0 0 E l0

1A. )*at are t*e fixed end moments for a fixed be m -it* t*e given loading condition+. T!"e of #o din$ MA% N-l L A N-ab/L l/ N-l/ L 1/ M%A -l L A -ab/L l/ -l/ L 1/

N-a/ 1<l/ P Ala O 0a/2 1/ l/

N-a/ 18lN0a2 1/ l/

N-l/ L 06

N-l/ L 06

N: -l/ B<

N: -l/ B<

%L8

%L8 B

%b 10a P l2 l/ UN ! " C'LU%N

%a 10b P l2 l/

1.Define" Column and +trut. A column i+ a long vertical +lender bar or vertical member, +ubCected to an a,ial compre++ive load and fi,ed rigidly at bot* end+. A +trut i+ a +lender bar or a member in any po+ition ot*er t*an vertical, +ubCected to a compre++ive load and fi,ed rigidly or *inged or pin Cointed at one or bot* t*e end+. /. )*at are t*e type+ of column failureF 1. Cru+*ing failure" !*e column -ill reac* a +tage, -*en it -ill be +ubCected to t*e ultimate cru+*ing +tre++, beyond t*i+ t*e column -ill fail by cru+*ing !*e load corre+ponding to t*e cru+*ing +tre++ i+ called cru+*ing load. !*i+ type of failure occur+ in +*ort column. /. 9uc.ling failure" !*i+ .ind of failure i+ due to lateral deflection of t*e column. !*e load at -*ic* t*e column Cu+t buc.le+ i+ called buc.ling load or crippling load or critical load. !*i+ type of failure occur+ in long column. 0. )*at i+ +lenderne++ ratio 1 buc.ling factor2F )*at i+ it+ relevance in columnF t i+ t*e ratio of effective lengt* of column to t*e lea+t radiu+ of gyration of t*e cro++ +ectional end+ of t*e column. (lenderne++ ratio 3 l eff L r l eff 3 effective lengt* of column r 3 lea+t radiu+ of gyration (lenderne++ ratio i+ u+ed to differentiate t*e type of column. (trengt* of t*e column depend+ upon t*e +lenderne++ ratio, it i+ increa+ed t*e compre++ive +trengt* of t*e column decrea+e a+ t*e tendency to buc.le i+ increa+ed. 8. )*at are t*e factor+ affect t*e +trengt* columnF 1.(lenderne++ ratio (trengt* of t*e column depend+ upon t*e +lenderne++ ratio, it i+ increa+ed t*e compre++ive +trengt* of t*e column decrea+e a+ t*e tendency to buc.le i+ increa+ed. /. End condition+" (trengt* of t*e column depend+ upon t*e end condition+ al+o. :. Differentiate +*ort and long column (*ort column Long column 1. t i+ +ubCected to direct compre++ive +tre++e+ t i+ +ubCected to buc.ling +tre++ only. only. /. Hailure occur+ purely due to cru+*ing only. Hailure occur+ purely due to buc.ing only. 0. (lenderne++ ratio i+ le++ t*an A6 (lenderne++ ratio i+ more t*an 1/6. 16

8. t7+ lengt* to lea+t lateral dimen+ion i+ le++ t7+ lengt* to lea+t lateral dimen+ion i+ more t*an A. 1 L L D R A 2 t*an 06. 1 L L D S 06 2 <. )*at are t*e a++umption+ follo-ed in Euler7+ eJuationF 1. !*e material of t*e column i+ *omogeneou+, i+otropic and ela+tic. /. !*e +ection of t*e column i+ uniform t*roug*out. 0. !*e column i+ initially +traig*t and load a,ially. 8. !*e effect of t*e direct a,ial +tre++ i+ neglected. :. !*e column fail+ by buc.ling only. ?. )*at are t*e limitation+ of t*e Euler7+ formulaF 1. t i+ not valid for mild +teel column. !*e +lenderne++ ratio of mild +teel column i+ le++ t*an A6. /. t doe+ not ta.e t*e direct +tre++. 9ut in e,ce++ of load it can -it*+tand under direct compre++ion only. A. )rite t*e Euler7+ formula for different end condition+. 1. 9ot* end+ fi,ed. PE 3 T / E 1 6.:L2/ /. 9ot* end+ *inged PE 3 T / E 1L2/ 0. 'ne end fi,ed ,ot*er end *inged. PE 3 T / E 1 6.?L2/ 8. 'ne end fi,ed, ot*er end free. PE 3 T / E 1 /L2/ L 3 Lengt* of t*e column B. Define" EJuivalent lengt* of t*e column. !*e di+tance bet-een adCacent point+ of inflection i+ called eJuivalent lengt* of t*e column. A point of inflection i+ found at every column end, t*at i+ free to rotate and every point -*ere t*ere i+ a c*ange of t*e a,i+. ie, t*ere i+ no moment in t*e inflection point+. 1'r2 !*e eJuivalent lengt* of t*e given column -it* given end condition+, i+ t*e lengt* of an eJuivalent column of t*e +ame material and cro++ +ection -it* *inged end+ , and *aving t*e value of t*e crippling load eJual to t*at of t*e given column. 16. )*at are t*e u+e+ of +out* -ell plotF 1column curve2. !*e relation bet-een t*e buc.ling load and +lenderne++ ratio of variou+ column i+ .no-n a+ +out* -ell plot. 11

!*e +out* -ell plot i+ clearly +*o-+ t*e decrea+e+ in buc.ling load increa+e+ in +lenderne++ ratio. t give+ t*e e,act value of +lenderne++ ratio of column +ubCected to a particular amount of buc.ling load. 11. Give #a.ine7+ formula and it+ advantage+. P #3 fC A 11O a 1l eff L r2/ 2 -*ere, P # 3 #a.ine7+ critical load f C 3 yield +tre++ A 3 cro++ +ectional area a 3 #a.ine7+ con+tant l eff 3 effective lengt* r 3 radiu+ of gyration n ca+e of +*ort column or +trut, Euler7+ load -ill be very large. !*erefore, Euler7+ formula i+ not valid for +*ort column. !o avoid t*i+ limitation, #an.ine7+ formula i+ de+igned. !*e #an.ine7+ formula i+ applicable for bot* long and +*ort column. 1/. )rite Euler7+ formula for ma,imum +tre++ for a initially bent columnF U ma, 3 P LA O 1 % ma, L V 2 3 PL A O )*ere, P 3 a,ial load A 3 cro++ +ection area PE 3 Euler7+ load a 3 con+tant V 3 +ection modulu+ 10. )rite Euler7+ formula for ma,imum +tre++ for a eccentrically loaded columnF U ma, 3 P LA O 1 % ma, L V2 3 PL A O )*ere, P 3 a,ial load A 3 cro++ +ection area PE 3 Euler7+ load e 3 eccentricity V 3 +ection modulu+ E 3 fle,ural rigidity 18. )*at i+ beam columnF Give e,ample+. Column *aving tran+ver+e load in addition to t*e a,ial compre++ive load are termed a+ beam column. Eg " Engine +*aft, )ing of an aircraft. 1/ P e (ec 1l eff L / 2 W 1PLE 2 11N 1P L PE 2 2 V P a 1 1N 1 P L PE 22V

1:. Define buc.ling factor and buc.ling load. %&'(#in$ f 'to) " t i+ t*e ratio bet-een t*e eJuivalent lengt* of t*e column to t*e minimum radiu+ of gyration. %&'(#in$ #o d * !*e ma,imum limiting load at -*ic* t*e column tend+ to *ave lateral di+placement or tend+ to buc.le i+ called buc.ling or crippling load. !*e buc.ling ta.e+ place about t*e a,i+ *aving minimum radiu+ of gyration, or lea+t moment of inertia. 1<. Define +afe load. t i+ t*e load to -*ic* a column i+ actually +ubCected to and i+ -ell belo- t*e buc.ling load. t i+ obtained by dividing t*e buc.ling load by a +uitable factor of +afety 1H.'.(2. (afe load 3 9uc.ling load Hactor of +afety 1?. )rite t*e general e,pre++ion+ for t*e ma,imum bending moment, if t*e deflection curve eJuation i+ given. 9% 3 N E 1 d /y L d, / 2 1A. Define t*ic. cylinder+. !*ic. cylinder+ are t*e cylindrical ve++el+, containing fluid under pre++ure and -*o+e -all t*ic.ne++ i+ not +mall. 1t dL/62 1B. (tate t*e a++umption+ made in Lame7+ t*eory. i2 !*e material i+ *omogeneou+ and i+otropic. ii2 Plane +ection+ perpendicular to t*e longitudinal a,i+ of t*e cylinder remain plane after t*e application of internal pre++ure. iii2 !*e material i+ +tre++ed -it*in t*e ela+tic limit. iv2 All t*e fibre+ of t*e material are to e,pand or contract independently -it*out being con+trained by t*e adCacent fibre+. /6. )rite Lame7+ eJuation to find out +te++e+ in a t*ic. cylinder. #adial +tre++ 3 r 3 b N a r/ Circumferential or *oop +tre++ 3 c 3 b O a r/ /1. (tate t*e variation of *oop +tre++ in a t*ic. cylinder. !*e *oop +tre++ i+ ma,imum at t*e inner circumference and minimum at t*e outer circumference of a t*ic. cylinder. //. &o- can you reduce *oop +tre++ in a t*ic. cylinder. !*e *oop +tre++ in t*ic. cylinder+ are reduced by +*rin.ing one cylinder over anot*er cylinder.

10

UN ! " > !&E'# E( 'H HA LU#E 1. )*at are t*e type+ of failure+F 1. 9rittle failure" Hailure of a material repre+ent+ direct +eparation of particle+ from eac* ot*er, accompanied by con+iderable deformation. /. Ductile failure" (lipping of particle+ accompanied, by con+iderable pla+tic deformation+. /.Li+t out different t*eorie+ of failure 1. %a,imum Principal (tre++ !*eory. 1 #a.ine7+ t*eory2 /. %a,imum Principal (train !*eory. 1 (t. >enant7+ t*eory2 0. %a,imum (*ear (tre++ !*eory. 1 !re+ca7+ t*eory or Gue+t7+ t*eory 2 8. %a,imum (*ear (train !*eory. 1>on P%i+e+N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2 :. %a,imum (train Energy !*eory. 19eltrami !*eory or &aig*7+ t*eory2 0. Define" %a,imum Principal (tre++ !*eory. 1#a.ine7+ t*eory2 According to t*i+ t*eory, t*e failure of t*e material i+ a++umed to ta.e place -*en t*e value of t*e ma,imum Principal (tre++ 1U 12 reac*e+ a value to t*at of t*e ela+tic limit +tre++1 f y2 of t*e material. U 1 3 f y. 8. Define" %a,imum Principal (train !*eory. 1 (t. >enant7+ t*eory2 According to t*i+ t*eory, t*e failure of t*e material i+ a++umed to ta.e place -*en t*e value of t*e ma,imum Principal (tain 1e 12 reac*e+ a value to t*at of t*e ela+tic limit +train1 f y L E2 of t*e material. e1 3 fyL E n 0D, n /D, U 0 3 6 Z e 1 3 1LEX U 1 P 11Lm21 U / O U 02 Y 3 f y L E Z X U 1 P 11Lm21 U / O U 02 Y 3 f y e 1 3 1LEX U 1 P 11Lm21 U / 2 Y 3 f y L E Z X U 1 P 11Lm21 U / 2 Y 3 f y

:. Define " %a,imum (*ear (tre++ !*eory. 1 !re+ca7+ t*eory2 According to t*i+ t*eory, t*e failure of t*e material i+ a++umed to ta.e place -*en t*e ma,imum +*ear +tre++ eJual determined from t*e +imple ten+ile te+t. n 0D, n /D, 1 U 1 N U 02 L / 3 f y L/ Z 1 U 1 N U 02 3 f y 1 U 1 N U /2 L / 3 f y L/ Z U 1 3 f y

<. Define " %a,imum (*ear (train !*eory 1>on P%i+e+N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2 18

According to t*i+ t*eory, t*e failure of t*e material i+ a++umed to ta.e place -*en t*e ma,imum +*ear +train e,ceed+ t*e +*ear +train determined from t*e +imple ten+ile te+t. n 0D, +*ear +train energy due to di+tortion U 3 11L 1/G2X 1 U 1 N U /2/ O 1 U / N U 02 / O 1 U 0 N U 12 / Y (*ear +train energy due to +imple ten+ion, U 3 f y / L <G 1 1L 1/G2X 1 U 1 N U /2/ O 1 U / N U 02 / O 1 U 0 N U 12 / Y 3 f y / L <G n /D, X 1 U 1 N U /2/ O 1 U / N U 02 / O 1 U 0 N U 12 / Y 3 / f y / X 1 U 1 N U /2/ O 1 U / N 62 / O 1 6 N U 12 / Y 3 / f y /

?. Define" %a,imum (train Energy !*eory 19eltrami !*eory2 According to t*i+ t*eory, t*e failure of t*e material i+ a++umed to ta.e place -*en t*e ma,imum +train energy e,ceed+ t*e +train energy determined from t*e +imple ten+ile te+t. n 0D, +train energy due to deformation U 3 11L /E2X U 1/ O U // O U 0/ N11Lm21 U 1U / O U /U / O U /U / 2Y +train energy due to +imple ten+ion, U 3 f y / L /E 11L /E2XU 1/ O U // O U 0/ N1/Lm21 U 1U / O U /U / O U /U / 2Y 3 f y / L /E n /D, XU 1/ O U // O U 0/ N1/Lm21 U 1U / O U /U / O U /U / 2Y 3 f y / X U 1/ O U // N 1/Lm21 U 1U / 2Y 3 f y /

A. )*at are t*e t*eorie+ u+ed for ductile failure+F 1. %a,imum Principal (train !*eory. 1 (t. >enant7+ t*eory2 /. %a,imum (*ear (tre++ !*eory. 1 !re+ca7+ t*eory2 0. %a,imum (*ear (train !*eory. 1 >on P%i+e+N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2 B. )rite t*e limitation+ of %a,imum Principal (tre++ !*eory. 1#a.ine7+ t*eory2 1. !*i+ t*eory di+regard+ t*e effect of ot*er principal +tre++e+ and effect of +*earing +tre++e+ on ot*er plane+ t*roug* t*e element. /. %aterial in ten+ion te+t piece +lip+ along 8: 6 to t*e a,i+ of t*e te+t piece, -*ere normal +tre++ i+ neit*er ma,imum nor minimum, but t*e +*ear +tre++ i+ ma,imum. 0.Hailure i+ not a brittle, but it i+ a cleavage failure. 16. )rite t*e limitation+ of %a,imum (*ear (tre++ !*eory. 1 !re+ca7+ t*eory2. !*i+ t*eory doe+ not give t*e accurate re+ult+ for t*e +tate of +tre++ of pure +*ear in -*ic* t*e ma,imum amount of +*ear i+ developed 1in tor+ion te+t2. 11.)rite t*e limitation+ of %a,imum (*ear (train !*eory.1>on P%i+e+N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2. t cannot be applied for t*e material+ under *ydro+tatic pre++ure. 1/. )rite t*e limitation+ of %a,imum (train Energy !*eory. 1 9eltrami !*eory2. 1:

!*i+ t*eory doe+ not apply to brittle material+ for -*ic* ela+tic limit in ten+ion and in compre++ion are Juite different. 10. )rite t*e failure t*eorie+ and it+ relation+*ip bet-een ten+ion and +*ear. 1. %a,imum Principal (tre++ !*eory. 1 #a.ine7+ t*eory2 [ y 3 f y /.%a,imum Principal (train !*eory. 1 (t. >enant7+ t*eory2 [ y 3 6.A f y 0. %a,imum (*ear (tre++ !*eory. 1 !re+ca7+ t*eory2 [ y 36.: f y 8.%a,imum (*ear (train !*eory 1 >onP %i+e+ N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2 [ y3 6.:?? f y :. %a,imum (train Energy !*eory. 1 9eltrami !*eory2 [ y3 6.A1?f y . 18. )rite t*e volumetric +train per unit volume. f y / L /E /6. Define " 'cta*edral (tre++e+ A plane, -*ic* i+ eJually inclined to t*e t*ree a,e+ of reference, i+ called octa*edral plane. !*e normal and +*earing +tre++ acting on t*i+ plane are called octa*edral +tre++e+. @ oct 3 1L 0 W 1 U 1 N U /2/ O 1 U / N U 02 / O 1 U 0 N U 12 / /1. Define" Pla+ticity ellip+e. !*e grap*ical +urface of a %a,imum (*ear (train !*eory 1>on P%i+e+N &enc.y t*eory or Di+tortion energy t*eory2 i+ a +traig*t circular cylinder. !*e eJuation in /D i+ U 1/ N U 1U / O U // 3 f y / -*ic* i+ called t*e Pla+ticity ellip+e

1<

UN ! " > AD>ANCED !'P C( N 9END NG 1. )*at are t*e a++umption+ made in t*e analy+i+ of curved bar+F 1.Plane +ection+ remain plane during bending. /.!*e material obey+ &oo.e7+ la-. 0.#adial +train i+ negligible. 8.!*e fibre+ are free to e,pand or contract -it*out any con+training effect from t*e adCacent fibre+. /. )rite t*e formula for +tre++ u+ing )in.lerN9ac* t*eoryF 3 % 1 O #/ y / #,A * #O y -*ere 3 9endind +tre++ 1i.e., b 2 % 3 9ending moment -it* -*ic* t*e bar i+ +ubCected # 3 #adiu+ of curvature of curved bar or it i+ t*e di+tance of a,i+ of curvature from centroidal a,i+. A 3 Area of cro++N+ection */ 3 i+ a con+tant for a cro++N+ection 3 1 y/dA A 1O y #

0. Define un+ymmetrical bending. f t*e plane of loading or t*at of bending, doe+ not lie in 1or parallel to2 a plane t*at contain+ t*e principal centroidal a,i+of t*e cro++N+ection, t*e bending i+ called un+ymmetrical bending. 8. )*at are t*e rea+on+ for un+ymmetrical bendingF 1.!*e +ection i+ +ymmetrical but t*e load line i+ inclined to bot* t*e principal a,e+. /.!*e +ection it+elf i+ un+ymmetrical and t*e load line i+ along t*e centroidal a,i+. :. &o- -ill you calculate t*e +tre++ due to un+ymmetrical bendingF 3 -*ere u 3 , co+ O y +in v 3 y co+ N , +in <. &o- -ill you calculate t*e di+tance of neutral a,i+ from centroidal a,i+. 1?
Mu.u Mv.v + Ivv Iuu

y6 3 N # , */ # O */ Nve +ign +*o-+ t*at neutral a,i+ i+ belo- t*e centroidal a,i+. ?. &o- -ill you calculate t*e angle of inclination of neutral a,i+ -it* re+pect to principal a,i+F 3 tanN1 UU tan
>>

A. )rite t*e formula for deflection of a beam cau+ing un+ymmetrical bending. 3 =)l0 +in/ O co+/ / / E vv uu )*ere = 3 a con+tant depending upon t*e end condition+ of t*e beam and t*e po+ition of t*e load along t*e beam l 3 lengt* of t*e beam 3 angle of inclination of load ) -it* re+pect to >> principal a,i+ B. &o- -ill you calculate t*e re+ultant +tre++ in a curved bar +ubCected to direct +tre++ and bending +tre++. r 3 o O b -*ere o 3 Direct +tre++ 3 PLA b 3 9ending +tre++ 16. &o- eill you calculate t*e re+ultant +tre++ in a c*ain lin.. r 3 o O b -*ere o 3 Direct +tre++ 3 P , +in /A b 3 9ending +tre++ 11. )*at i+ +*ear centre or angle of t-i+tF !*e +*ear centre for any tran+ver+e +ection of t*e beam i+ t*e point of inter+ection of t*e bending a,i+ and t*e plane of t*e tran+ver+e +ection. 1/. )*o po+tulated t*e t*eory of curved beamF )in.lerN9ac* po+tulated t*e t*eory of curved beam. 10. )*at i+ t*e +*ape of di+tribution of bending +tre++ in a curved beamF !*e di+tribution of bending +tre++ i+ *yperbolic in a curved beam. 18. )*ere doe+ t*e neutral a,i+ lie in a curved beamF !*e neutral a,i+ doe+ not coincide -it* t*e geometric a,i+. 1:. )*at i+ t*e nature of +tre++ in t*e in+ide +ection of a crane *oo.F !en+ile +tre++ 1<. )*ere doe+ t*e ma,imum +tre++ in a ring under ten+ion occurF !*e ma,imum +tre++ in a ring under ten+ion occur+ along t*e line of action of load. 1A

1?. )*at i+ t*e mo+t +uitable +ection for a craneF !rapeKoidal +ection. 1A. )*at i+ pure bending of a beamF )*en t*e load+ pa++ t*roug* t*e bending a,i+ of a beam, t*en t*ere +*all be pure bending of t*e beam. 1B. &o- -ill you determine t*e product of inertia. !*e product of inertia i+ determined -it* re+pect to a +et of a,e+ -*ic* are perpendicular to eac* ot*er. !*e product of inertia i+ obtained by multiplying eac* elementary area dA by it+ coN ordinate+ , and y and integrated over t*e area A. ,y dA \$ 3 /6. Define principal moment of inertia. !*e perpendicular a,i+ about -*ic* t*e product of inertia i+ Kero are called ]principal a,e+^ and t*e moment+ of inertia -it* re+pect to t*e+e a,e+ are called a+ principal moment+ of inertia. !*e ma,imum moment of inertia i+ .no-n a+ %aCor principal moment of inertia and t*e minimum moment of inertia i+ .no-n a+ %inor principal moment of inertia.

1B

PA#! P 9 1. Calculate t*e +train energy +tored in a cantilever beam of 8m +pan, carrying a point load 16 =N at free end. !a.e E 3 /:666 =Nm/. /. (tate and prove %a,-ell7+ reciprocal t*eorem. 0. (tate and prove Ca+tigliano7+ t*eorem. 8. ii2 Hind t*e deflection at t*e mid +pan of a +imply +upported beam carrying an uniformly di+tributed load of /=NLm over t*e entire +pan u+ing principle of virtual -or.. !a.e +pan 3 :m_ E 3 /6666 =Nm/. :. A plane tru++ i+ +*o-n in Hig. Hind t*e *oriKontal deflection of Coint 9 by virtual -or. met*od. Area of cro++ +ection 3 /6666mm/ 1comp. member+2 Area of cro++ +ection 3 16666mm/ 1ten+ion member+2 E 3 /66 =NLmm/

<. A continuou+ beam i+ +*o-n in Hig. Dra- t*e 9%D and (HD indicating +alient point+.

?. Hor t*e fi,ed beam +*o-n in Hig. Dra- 9%D and (HD.

A.U+ing Euler7+ t*eory, find t*e buc.ling load for fi,edNfree column B.U+ing Euler7+ t*eory, find t*e buc.ling load for fi,edNfi,ed column /6

16.U+ing Euler7+ t*eory, find t*e buc.ling load for *ingedN*inged column 11.U+ing Euler7+ t*eory, find t*e buc.ling load for fi,edN*inged column . 1/.Hind t*e ratio of buc.ling +trengt* of a +olid column to t*at of a *ollo- column of t*e +ame material and *aving t*e +ame cro++ +ectional area. !*e internal diameter of t*e *ollo- column i+ *alf of it+ e,ternal diameter. 9ot* t*e column+ are *inged and t*e +ame lengt*. 10..Determine t*e principal +tre++e+ and principal direction+ for t*e follo-ing 0DN +tre++ field. B < 0 X Y 3 < : / 0 / 8 18. n a t-o dimen+ional +tre++ +y+tem, t*e direct +tre++e+ on t-o mutually perpendicular plane+ are and 1/6 NLmm/. n addition t*e+e plane+ carry a +*ear +tre++ of 86 NLmm/. Hind t*e value of at -*ic* t*e +*ear +tain energy i+ lea+t. f failure occur+ at t*i+ value of t*e +*ear +train energy, e+timate t*e ela+tic limut of t*e material in +imple ten+ion. !a.e t*e factor of +afety on ela+tic limit a+ 0. 1:. Hind t*e centroidal principal moment+ of inertia of a eJual angle +ection A6mm , A6mm , 16 mm. 1<.A curved bar of rectangular cro++ +ection <6mm -ide , ?:mm deep in t*e plane of bending initially un+tre++ed, i+ +ubCected to a bending moment of /./: =Nm -*ic* tend+ to +traig*ten t*e bar. !*e mean radiu+ of curvature i+ 1:6mm. Hind" 1i2 po+ition of neutral a,i+ 1ii2 t*e greate+t bending +tre++. 1?. A bolt i+ under an a,ial t*ru+t of B.< =N toget*er -it* a tranver+e force of 8.A =N. Calculate t*e diameter of t*e bolt according to failure t*eorie+. 1A. !*e in+ide and out+ide diameter+ of a ca+t iron cylinder are /86mm and 1:6mm re+p. f t*e ultimate +trengt* of ca+t iron i+ 1A6 %NLm/, find t*e internal pre++ure -*ic* could cau+e rupture according to failure t*eorie+. 1B. Calculate t*e +afe compre++ive load on a *ollo- ca+t iron column 1one end fi,ed and ot*er end *inged2 of 1:6mm e,ternal diameter, 166mm internal diameter and 16mm lengt*. U+e Euler7+ formula -it* a factor of +afety of : and E 3 B: GNLm/. /6. Calculate t*e t*ic.ne++ of a metal nece++ary for a cylindrical +*all of internal diameter 1<6mm to -it*+tand an internal pre++ure of /: %NLm/, if ma,imum ten+ile +tre++ i+ 1/: %NLm/.

/1