1.

Plants used to make beverages: hot infusions are prepared, mainly from dried and processed seeds or leaves Scientific name Common Main active compound name Camellia sinensis Tea caffeine C. arabica arabica coffee caffeine C. canephora robusta coffee C. liberica liberica coffee Theobroma cacao cocoa Theobromine & caffeine Ilex paraguariensis mate caffeine Paullinia cupana Guarana caffeine

2. Masticatory plants: the stimulating effect is obtained by chewing plant parts, often fresh or dried seed, sometimes in combination with other products Scientific name Areca catechu Piper betle Cola nitida or Cola acuminata Common name areca palm betel pepper kola Main active compound arecoline phenols caffeine

3. Plants for smoking

Scientific name Nicotiana tabacum

Common name tobacco

Main active compound nicotine

After tobacco is arvested! it is cured "dried#! and t en aged to improve its flavor. $ ere are four common met ods of curing tobacco: air curing! fire curing! flue curing! and sun curing. Air%cured tobacco is s eltered from &ind and sun in a &ell% ventilated barn! & ere it air dries for si' to eig t &eeks. Air% cured tobacco is lo& in sugar! & ic gives t e tobacco smoke a lig t! s&eet flavor! and ig in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are air cured. n fire curing! smoke from a lo&%burning fire on t e barn floor permeates t e leaves. $ is gives t e leaves a distinctive smoky aroma and flavor. (ire curing takes t ree to ten &eeks and produces a tobacco lo& in sugar and ig in nicotine. Pipe tobacco! c e&ing tobacco! and snuff are fire cured. (lue%cured tobacco is kept in an enclosed barn eated by flues "pipes# of ot air! but t e tobacco is not directly e'posed to smoke. $ is met od produces cigarette tobacco t at is ig in sugar and as medium to ig levels of nicotine. )t is t e fastest met od of curing! re*uiring about a &eek. +irginia tobacco t at as been flue cured is also called brig t tobacco! because flue curing turns its leaves gold! orange! or yello&. Sun%cured tobacco dries uncovered in t e sun. $ is met od is used in ,reece! $urkey! and ot er Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun%cured tobacco is lo& in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes. -nce t e tobacco is cured! &orkers tie it into small bundles of about 2. leaves! called ands! or use a mac ine to make large blocks! called bales. $ e ands or bales are carefully aged for one to t ree years to improve flavor and reduce bitterness.

Classification of Malaysian /ard&ood $imbers

In Malaysia, hardwood timbers are classified into three categories based on their average density (at 1 ! moisture content" and natural durability# 1$ /eavy /ard&oods "//0# %ensity# &'' ( 11)' kg*m+ %urability# ,aturally durable in e-posed conditions .pplication & /sage# 0eavy construction, railway sleepers, bridges, decking, posts, boat1building, furniture, flooring$ 1'amples Trade name# 2alau %ipterocarpaceae 3pecies# Shorea astylosa (balau gunung", S. atrinervosa (b$ hitam", S.exelliptica (b$ tembaga", S. laevis (b$ kumus", S. maxwelliana (b$ kumus hitam" & S. submontana (b$ ga4ah" Trade name# 2itis 3apotaceae 3pecies# Madhuca utilis (bitis", Pala uium ridleyi (bitis paya" and Pala uium stellatum (bitis bukit" Trade name# 5hengal %ipterocarpaceae 3pecies# Neobalanocarpus heimii Trade name# Merbau 6abaceae 3pecies# Intsia palembanica Trade name# Tembusu 7oganiaceae 3pecies# !agraea "ragrans )$ Medium /ard&oods "M/0# %ensity# 8)' ( &&' kg*m+ %urability# Moderately durable in e-posed conditions .pplication & /sage# Medium construction, furniture, flooring9 need to be treated if used in e-posed conditions for heavy construction, railway sleepers, post, decking$ 1'amples: :apur (#ryobalanops aromatica" %ipterocarpaceae :asai (Pometia pinnata" 3apindaceae :eruing (#ipterocarpus sp$" %ipterocarpaceae :ulim (Scorodocarpus borneesis" ;lacaceae :elat ($ugenia grandis" Myrtaceae <engas (%luta renghas" .nacardiaceae +$ 2ig t /ard&oods "2/0# M70 means Mi-ed 7ight 0ardwood %ensity# ='' ( 8)' kg*m+ %urability# ,ot naturally durable in e-posed conditions .pplication & /sage# 7ight to medium construction, furniture, floor, plywood, fiberboard$