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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Now a day the demand of power is growing at an alarming rate. To meet the high demand the power station is producing more and more power. As a result the earths conventional power sources (petrol, diesel, natural gas, coal etc) are getting less day by day. The conventional fuel is also getting expensive day by day. Oil prices are all time high. Besides the environment pollution and global warming is also a side effect of the fossil fuel. The nuclear power is a solution for power crisis. But the nuclear power plants waste (nuclear waste) is a great threat to the human and the environment. There is no safe disposal of nuclear waste. Beside the nuclear fuel is expensive. The most effective, free and abundant source of power is renewable power. Renewable power can solve our power crisis. Besides it is environment friendlily. One of the renewable power sources is solar power. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Solar power can be used either directly using photovoltaic, or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar power is abundant in the day. Free energy can be obtained from solar power. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. Thesolar cell is now being used widely all over the world.
Figure 1.1 Solar Pannel But the power produced by a solar cell or photovoltaic cell is low. So to use the maximum power from the solar cell we need a maximum power point tracker. It helps to use the maximum power from the solar cell. 1
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is a technique that uses to obtain the maximum possible power from one or more photovoltaic devices. Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar irradiation, temperature and total resistance, that reduces the output power which can be analyzed based on the I-V curve. The purpose of the MPPT is to improve the output of power of the cells for any value of load at any given environmental conditions. The MPPT uses different types of algorithm to detect the maximum power point.
Figure 1.2 An Arrangement to Extract Maximum Power From Solar Cell Using MPPT
The maximum power point tracker is used to match the load to the solar cells load. The manufactures of the solar cell makes the cell to give maximum output for a certain value of load. The value of load considered by the manufactures and the load bought by a consumer may differ. So the MPPT is used to match value of load with the manufactures consideration. The maximum power point tracker is made using a dc-dc converter (buck, boost or buck-boost), operational amplifier, gain controller etc.
M. Veerachary, T. Senjyu and K. Uezato invented voltage-based maximum power point tracking control of PV system in the year 2002. T. Tafticht, K. Agbossou, M.L. Doumbia and A. Chriti invented an improved maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems in the year 2008. J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman told about solar engineering of thermal process in the year 1980. R. Akkaya, A.A. Kulaksiz and O. Aydogdu invented DSP implementation of a PV system with GA-MLP-NN based MPPT controller supplying BLDC motor drive in the year 2007. S. Alepuz et al have interfaced renewable energy sources to the utility grid using a three-level inverter in the year 2006. G. Saravana Ilango, P. Srinivasa Rao, A. Karthikeyan and C. Nagamani invented single-stage sine-wave inverter for an autonomous operation of solar photovoltaic energy conversion system in the year 2010. J.M. Enrique, E. Durn, M. Sidrach-de-Cardona and J.M. Andjar showed theoretical assessment of the maximum power point tracking efficiency of photovoltaic facilities with different converter topologies in the year 2007. N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnolo and M. Vitelli showed optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method in the year 2005. N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnolo and M. Vitelli showed how to Increase the efficiency of P&O by converter dynamic matching in the year 2004. J. Youngseok, S. Junghun, Y. Gwonjong and C. Jaeho have improved perturbation and observation method (IP&O) of MPPT control for photovoltaic power systems in the year 2005. T. Wu, C. Chang and Y. Chen invented a fuzzy-logic-controlled single-stage converter for PVpowered lighting system applications in the year 2000. R.M. Hilloowala and A.M. Sharaf invented a rule-based fuzzy logic controller for a phase width modulation (PWM) inverter in photovoltaic energy conversion scheme in the year 1992. S. Lalounia, D. Rekioua, T. Rekioua and E. Matagne invented fuzzy logic control of standalone photovoltaic system with battery storage in the year 2009.
Figure 1.3 Block diagram of t he solar PV system Ali Kargarnejad from the Department of Computer, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mohsen Taherbaneh from the Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST) and Amir Hosein Kashefi from the Young Researchers Club, South Tehran Branch, and Islamic Azad University has designed a new fuzzy-based maximum power point tracker for a solar panel based on datasheet values. The design is given below:
Figure 1.3 MPPT System Using Fuzzy-Based MPPT Algorithm Roberto Francisco Coelho and Denizar Cruz Martins from the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Electrical Engineer Department of Power Electronics Institute, Florianpolis, Brazil have designed an optimized maximum power point tracking method based on PV surface temperature measurement.
C. Liu, B. Wu and R. Cheung Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering of Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada have designed advanced algorithm for MPPT control of photovoltaic systems. There circuit is given below:
Dezso Sera, Tamas Kerekes, Remus Teodorescu and Frede Blaabjerg Aalborg University/Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg, Denmark have Improved MPPT algorithms for rapidly changing environmental conditions. 5
Jawad Ahmad and Hee-Jun Kim of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology have designed a voltage based maximum power point tracker for low power and low cost photovoltaic applications. The designed is given below:
1.6 Summary
The importance of a solar cell as an electricity generator is explained in this chapter. It is important to have a maximum power point tracker to extract the best out of it. There should be a simple algorithm to design MPPT circuit.