THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE I. TECHNICAL TERMS 1. Absolutist 2. Utopian 3. Plebisicite 4. Suffrage 5. Conservatism 6. Feminist 7. Ideology 8. Ethnic 9.

Allegory VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. How can you say that the first expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution of 1789? The first clear expression of nationalism undoubtedly came with the French Revolution of 1789. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. 2. What did the French revolutionaries consider as the mission and the destiny of the French nation? The French revolutionaries considered it as the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations. 3. When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, what did students and other members of educated middle classes begin to do? When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. 4. Which things outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes brought about by Napoleon? The things which outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes brought about by Napoleon were increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe. 5. How was the aristocracy organized in Europe in the nineteenth century? In Europe the members of the aristocracy were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and also town houses. Their families were often connected by ties of marriage. However they were numerically a small group.

II.

6. Which new social classes rose as a result of industrialization? Two new social classes, namely a working class and a middle class rose as a result of industrialization. The working class included labourers whereas the middle class comprised industrialists, businessmen and professionals. 7. Who were granted political rights in France? In France political rights such as the right to vote and to get elected were granted exclusively to property owing men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. 8. What was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes during the nineteenth century? Freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes during the nineteenth century. 9. Write a short note on the customs union, known as Zollverein? The customs union, known as Zollverein was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia. Most of the German states joined this union. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two. 10. Who were conservatives? Conservatives were those people who supported traditional institutions. They believed that established traditional institutions like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. 11. When did the first upheaval take place in France and with what result? The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. As a result of this upheaval the Bourbon kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries and a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head was installed. 12. What do you know about the revolt of weavers in Silesia in 1845? In 1845, weavers in Silesia revolted against contractors. These contractors supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles. But they reduced payments of the weavers. So the weavers led a revolt against them. 13. What was the impact of the February 1848 Revolution on France? (i) The monarch was forced to abdicate the throne. (ii) A republic based on universal male suffrage was proclaimed. 14. What did Friedrich William IV, king of Prussia do when he was offered a crown subject to a parliament? When Friedrich William IV, king of Prussia, was offered a crown subject to a parliament, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. 15. Which allegory did artists use during the French Revolution to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic? During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and Republic. These ideas were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes of Liberty were the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.

16. What is Liberalism? Word Liberalism has been derived from the word Liber which is a word of Latin language. Meaning of Liber is free. So the meaning of liberalism is the representative government through parliament and the end of autocracy and certain privileges of clerics. 17. Who were known as conservatives? Conservatives were actually totally against liberals. Conservative people believe that established traditional institutions of society should be preserved and saved like church, monarchy, family, property etc. 18. Which important change came in France with Revolution of 1830. The important change came in France with revolution of 1830 was that the power of Bourbon King was thrown away by revolutionaries and France came under constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe. 19. What was the result of Revolution of France of 1848? Two main results came of revolution of France of 1848 was that Louis Philippe was thrown out of power by liberal middle class and a republic based on universal male suffrage was established over there. 20. When Ireland and United Kingdom were united and what was its impact? Ireland and United Kingdom were united in 1800 A.D. and Great Britain came into being. With Great Britain, its new symbols like language, flag, national anthem etc. also came forward. 21. Which areas were included in the Balkan region? Balkan region was a vast territory which was lying between the Black Sea and the Adriatic sea. Modern countries of Croatia, Albania, Romania, Greece, Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia etc were included in this region. People living in Balkan region were known as slavs. 22. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four points in 1848. His four points visualized a dream of that world which is made up of social republics and democratic countries. 23. Which role did Bismarck play in unification of Germany? Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia who worked a lot for the unification of Germany. He followed the policy of Blood and Iron and even defeated Austria in 1866 and France in 1870. Just because of his efforts, many independent states were unified under the leadership of Prussia with the new name of Germany. 24. What is meant by Allegory? When an abstract idea ( for example greed, envy, liberty, freedom ) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. What is a nation? Mention any two traits of a nation.

2.

(1) (2) 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

A nation is a community which considers itself one. It is held together by ties like living on the same land, speaking a common language, having a common tradition or history and a common heritage besides having a feeling of unity. The two important traits of a nation are : (1) common territory and (2) common heritage What is meant by Imperialism? give two features of imperialism. The term imperialism means the practice of extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of area outside its own borders. The following are the two main features of imperialism: The first essential feature of imperialism is exploitation of economic resources of the occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country. The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly over the trade of its colonies. What is meant by Pan Slav Movement? Some of the East European provinces of the ottoman Empire were inhabited by the people of Slav race. These were Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece. The Russians were also Slav people. The Ottoman Empire was rapidly advancing towards decay and collapse. The Slav people under the Ottoman Empire organized movement for freedom. The Russian Czars encouraged this movement against the Ottoman Turks. This movement was known as Pan Slav Movement. Describe the character of Louis XVI. Louis XVI became the king of France in 1774. He was a weak ruler and had no foresight. He did not take any inters tint he administration. He had assigned all the administrative duties to such officers as had no welfare of the people at heart. As a result, the people revolted against administration. Describe the role of Rousseau in the French Revolution. Rousseau gave his ideas in his book Social Contract. He propounded that the people were the real masters of the state and the king ruled with their consent. Thus under the influence of the writing of Rousseau people of France began to agitate for a revolution. Somebody had rightly said but for Rousseau there had been no French Revolution. Rousseau declared that all political organizations were tyrannical and open to abuses. Man was born free but he was everywhere in chains. He propounded the idea of sovereignty of people. Mention the contribution of Voltaire to the French Revolution. Voltaire attacked the vices society, the church and the blind faith. He gave the church the name of an infamous thing. He instigated people to ask for reform. Voltaire attacked the traditions, belief and abuses inverse, prose, history , drama and romance. The church in France was a main target of his attack. He declared since we are all steeped in errors and follies we must forgive each other, worship god and be a good man. What was the role of Montesquieu in the French Revolution?

(i)

Montesquieu was a famous and great philosopher of his time. he was vehemently opposed to the Divine Right Theory of Kingship and was in favour of the blemishes of the monarchial system. His ideas gave impetus to the revolutionary sentiments. (ii) Montesquieu initiated a philosophic movement and a chain of criticism which were to strike at the root of ancient regime of France. He stood for the constitutional form of government. (iii) He believed in the supremacy of law and the separation of the three organs of the government. His book the Spirit of Laws awakened the French society and created the atmosphere for the revolution. 8. What were the reactions of the local populations to the French rule in the areas conquered by Napoleon? (i) In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to the French rule were mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. (ii) But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. (iii) Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. 9. How were conservative regimes set up in 1815 autocratic? (i) Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic in real sense of the word. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. (ii) They sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. (iii) Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution. 10. What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiments? (i) Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. (ii) In 1813, an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. (iv) The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. 11. Who was Garibaldi? What was his main achievement? Or Discuss the contribution of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. (i) Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionary of Italy. He was born in 1807 and his parents wanted to make him a priest but he had no interest in this profession.

(ii)

He was very much interested in sea life and later on became a good sailor. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy. (iii) He started Young Italy movement with Mazzini. He was involved in the revolt of Sardinian sailors in 1835 but it was failed. (iv) In 1848 he declared Rome as republic by overthrowing Papal authority over Rome. He organized a force called Red Shirts which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later on joined by Sardinia. In this way, Garibaldi played a great role in the unification of Italy. 12. What was the contribution of King Victor Emmanuel in the process of unification of Italy? (i) Victor Emmanuel belongs to royal family of Savoy and was the son of Charles Albert. Victor Emmanuel was the king of Sardinia who gave help to revolutionaries to achieve the objective of unification of Italy. (ii) It is right that Mazzini and Cavour have played a great role in unification of Italy but the contribution of King Victor Emmanuel cannot be undermined. King of Victor. (iii) Emmanuel was the king of Sardinia who finally completed the task of unification when Cavour died after capturing Venetia and Rome. (iv) With this capturing of Venetia and Rome, work of unification of Italy was completed which was left incomplete by Cavour. Thus unified Italy came into existence in 1871 under the leadership of Sardinian King. 13. What were the similar earlier political conditions in the process of unification of Italy and Germany? (i) Both Italy and Germany were divided into many small states which lack unity among each other. (ii) Both the countries of Italy and Germany had faced reactionary policies of Austria. (iii) Napoleon encouraged unification in both the countries but they were again divided into smaller states by Congress of Vienna in 1815. (iv) Both countries had fought wars against Austria before their unification. (v) Both the countries got courageous leaders ( Bismarck for Germany and Cavour, Mazzini etc. for Italy ) who gave a lot of contribution in unification of their respective countries. 14. What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany? (i) Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia was main state in unification of Germany and it was the powerful state. (ii) Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head of German Confedration of states. (iii) Bismarck always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly believed in use of force in unification of Italy. (iv) Italian states lacked unity and thats why its processs of unification was very difficult but this process in case of Germany was not very much difficult.

15. Explain liberalism in political and economic fields prevailing in Europe in the nineteenth century. Liberalism was closely related to the ideas of national unity in Europe in nineteenth century. For individuals it stood at equality before law and for middle class it stood for freedom of every aspect. (i) Liberalism in political field. After French revolution, the meaning of liberalism is took as a end of monarchy or autocracy and privileges of the church election of democratic government with constitution. It also stood for government by consent means people should elect the government. (ii) Liberalism in Economic field. In the economic field, liberalism was taken as freedom of movement of goods and capital from restrictions imposed by state and freedom of market. New middle class was emerged which raised its voice for unrestricted movement of goods, capital and people and creation of unified economic territory. 16. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe? Explain with four examples. (i) Culture. Culture played a very important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe. Music, art and poetry developed in creating the idea of nationalism. Poets and romantic artists focused on emotions and institutions and criticized the glorification of science and reason. Romanticism gave rise to nationalist sentiments. (ii) Language. Language also played a great role in developing nationalism. After Russian occupation the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed in 1813 an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was crushed. After this many members of Poland, Casland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Music and dance. True spirit of the nation was popularized through poetry, dances and folk songs. (iv) Literature. A number of great writers of this age aroused sentiments of nationalism. Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu etc., attacked the church and instigated the people to ask for reform. 17. Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek war of independence. (i) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe led to the supporting of a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks and they fought for the independence. (ii) Greeks living in exile also supported the nationalism in Greece and it helped in the Greek war of Independence. (iii) The treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation. (iv) Lord Byron, the English poet organized funds and went to fight in the war. III. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. How can you explain that there were no nation states in mid 18th century Europe? We can explain in the following ways that there were no nation states in mid 18th century Europe:

(i)

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms. Duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. (ii) Eastern and central Europe were under autocratic monarchies with in the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture often they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. (iii) The Habsburg empire that ruled over Austria and Hungary was a patch work of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions, Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as Bohemia where the Aristocracy was predominantly German speaking. It also included the Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. (iv) In Hungary half of the population spoke Magyer, while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. (v) In Galicia the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Corniola. Croats to the south and Roumans to the east in Transylvania. (vi) Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. 2. Define nation. What were the significant aspects of the nation states in the early 19th century? The English word nation has been derived from the Latin word Natus which means a race. According to Bryce a nation is the nationality which has organized itself into a political body either independent or desiring to be independent. Thus a nation is a community which considers itself one and is held together by many ties. According to the Carr nations in the modern sense of the word did not emerge until the close of the middle age. After the French Revolution strong and independent states emerged in Europe as distinct political units. They were called nation states. For example: Spain, Belgium, Poland, Austria, France, England, Italy and Germany states were nation states. The following were the significant aspects of the nation states in the early 19th century: (i) Before the establishment of the nation states there existed autocratic rule. The people had to fight against the autocratic rulers. The autocratic rulers were compelled to accept to the legitimated demands of the people and to make necessary reforms in the administration or to abdicate. Thus the nation states were established after a long struggle by the people. (ii) Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. This is why it was called a nation state. (iii) The nation states held the people together on the basis of common territory, common language, common culture and economic interdependence. The people got opportunities to develop their talents. (iv) In some nation states the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten constitutions were established. England is the best example of it. (v) The establishment of the nation states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific system of boundaries.

(vi)

The establishment of the strong nation states extended the facilities for development in the fields of agriculture, industries and commerce and thereby helped the people to raise their economic conditions. 3. Describe the Vienna congress. (i) In 1815, representatives of the European powers, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The congress was hosted by the Austrian chancellor, Duke Metternich. (ii) The Delegates drew up the treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come out in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty which has been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. (iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in feature. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the Northern Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. (iv) Prussia was given importance to new territories on its western frontiers while Austria was given control of Northern Italy. But German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. (v) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by the Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe. 4. Which obstacles were there in the way of unification of Italy? Or Discuss the obstacle in the way of Italian unification. Many obstacles were there in the way of Italian unification and some of the main obstacles are given below: (i) Small states. In 16th century Italy became a very weak country. It was divided into many smaller states who were so weak that they were unable to counter the attack of any foreigner ruler. They also used to quarrel with each other and that is why they had no unity among them. (ii) Rule of foreign countries. Italy was invaded many foreigner rulers many a times because of weakness of smaller states. Some states like Modena, Tuscany were under influence of France and some state like Venetia, Lombardy was under influence of Austria. Even Napoleon had won all of the Italian states. So rule of foreign countries was a great obstacle. (iii) Congress of Vienna 1815. In 1815, Napoleon was defeated by unified forces. Italy which was under occupation of Napoleon was divided by winners of war of Waterloo. Some states were given to France and some were given to Austria. Rule of old rulers was restored in those states. So congress of Vienna has divided Italy and it was also one of the great obstacles in the way of unification of Italy. (iv) Pope. Pope is the spiritual head of Christians and has its dominance over Papal state i.e. Rome. He was known as spiritual head of all the Christian states in the world. He had kept foreign

forces in Rome for his security and was always remained away from nationalists. So Pope was also one of the obstacles in the way of unification of Italy. 5. Why nationalism was rise in Europe? Or Which factors led to rise of nationalism in Europe after 1830s? Nationalism was one of the important forces of 19th century Europe which gave birth to many new countries. Certain factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism and these factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism and these factors are given below: (i) Feudalism was emerged in medieval period in Europe and became one of the most powerful forces of Europe. It was one of the great obstacles in the way of nationalism because it became very powerful with the passage of time. But due to certain reasons it fall down and declined. Some feudal lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to their fall. Without the decline of feudalism, feudalism could not have risen to this must extent. (ii) In medieval period church was very powerful and had a great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like Renaissance and Reformation. It led to decline in the authority and power of Pope. So decline of Popes authority has led to establishment of national church in many countries. (iii) Many wars have also arose sentiments of nationalism among the people. When the respect of country is on stake then it is necessary that nationalism will arose among the people. (iv) Foreign rule also became one of the factor in the growth of nationalism among the people. Foreign rulers generally like to suppress the feelings of the nation under their occupation. It had led to growth of sense of nationalism and people started to think about throwing foreign rule out of their country. (v) Many writers also have contributed towards growth of nationalism among the people. Great writers wrote about nationalism, nation etc. which has aroused political consciousness among the people and they started to think about nationalism. 6. When did the first clear cut expression of nationalism come in France? How did the French Revolution lead to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens? Explain any three measures taken by the French revolutionaries in this regard. First clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with French revolution of 1789. In 1789 A.D., France was under the rule of an absolute monarch and was a full fledged territorial state. But French revolution led to many political and constitutional changes with which it transferred its sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Revolution also proclaimed that now people of the country will shape its destiny. French revolutionaries introduced various measures in this regard to create sense of collective identity among the French people. These measures are: (i) They made popular the idea of the Fatherland among the citizens. These ideas laid stress on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

(ii) (iii)

They chose a new French flag, the tricolor to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was renamed the National Assembly. (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. (v) A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 7. How has French artist, Frederic Sorrieu, visualized in his first print, of the series of four prints, his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics? Explain. Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist prepared a series of four prints in 1848, in which he visualized his dream of a world which was made up of democratic and social republics. (i) In first print, he showed that European and American people are marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty when they pass by it. It also shows that a female carries a torch of enlightenment in one hand and the charter of Rights of Man in the other. On the earth shattered remains of symbols of absolutist institutions monarchy lies. (ii) People of the world are grouped in distinct nations which are identified by their flags and national costumes in Sorrieus Utopian Vision. (iii) Countries are going through a long procession lead by U.S.A., Switzerland which were followed by France and Germany. Germany was followed by Austria, Kingdom of two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia. (iv) Christ, saints and angels are looking at the scene from the heavens above. Here artist has shown the fraternity among different nations of the world.

IV. 1. a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. d.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS In which century nationalism emerged in Europe? 16th century 20th century 19th century 17th century When French revolution took place in France? 1789 1799 1792 1795 Who was the king of France at the time of French revolution? Marie Antoniate Louis XVI Czar Nicolas Edward II

4. Who was defeated by collective forces of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1815 at Waterloo? a. Louis XVI b. Edward II c. Czar Nicolas d. Napoleon 5. When Treaty of Vienna took place? a. 1815 b. 1828 c. 1820 d. 1819 6. Which of these was responsible for unification of Italy? a. Mazzini b. Cavour c. Garibaldi d. All of these 7. When German unification took place? a. 1869 b. 1871 c. 1873 d. 1875 8. Who was declared as German emperor after unification of Germany? a. Kaiser William I b. Czar Nicolas c. Louis XVI d. Napoleon 9. In which year revolution of liberals took place? a. 1849 b. 1830 c. 1789 d. 1848 10. Who played the most important role in unification of Germany? a. Kaiser William I b. Czar Nicolas c. Otto Von Bismarck d. Napoleon II 11. When Act of Union passed between England and Scotland, which resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain a. 1709 b. 1707

c. 1708 d. 1710 12. Who took charge of France after French Revolution? a. National Assembly b. Napoleon c. Louis XVI d. Estate General 13. Which of these underground societies was formed by Giuseppe Mazzini? a. Young Germany b. Young Italy c. Young Asia d. Young world 14. Which of these played a great role in French revolution? a. Voltaire b. Rousseau c. Montesquieu d. All of these 15. When Slav nationalists gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman empire? a. 1905 b. 1907 c. 1909 d. 1911 16. When Greek revolution for independence begins? a. 1819 b. 1821 c. 1823 d. 1825 17. Who was Frederic Sorrieu? a. A French General b. Member of National Assembly c. A French Artist d. A French philosopher 18. Who followed the policy of Blood and Iron for unification of Germany? a. Garibaldi b. Napoleon c. Victor Emmanuel d. Bismarck 19. Which of these was the obstacle in the way of Italian unification? a. Small states b. Rule of Foreign countries

c. Pope d. All of these 20. Who become the king of unified Italy? a. Czar Nicolas b. Victor Emmanuel c. Napoleon d. Garibaldi 21. When Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made of democratic and social republics? a. 1848 b. 1852 c. 1856 d. 1860 22. When Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians? a. 1865 b. 1863 c. 1867 d. 1869 23. Where was Kaiser William I of Prussia proclaimed as new German Emperor? a. Palace of Versailles b. Palace of Berlin c. Palace of Brussels d. Palace of Prussia 24. When Sardinia Piedmond succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces? a. 1857 b. 1861 c. 1859 d. 1863 25. Which one of the following is not true regarding the conservative regimes set up in 1815? a. They did not tolerate criticism regarding the legitimacy of autocratic governments. b. Most of them imposed censorship on press. c. They believed in the established traditional institutions like Monarchy, Church etc. d. They favored the idea of liberty and freedom. 26. Which one of the following is not true regarding the Balkan problem? a. The Balkan states were very jealous of each other. b. Each state wanted to gain more territory at the expense of others. c. The Balkans were also the scene of big power rivalry. d. The Balkans were not under the control of Ottoman Empire KEY

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. A 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. C 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. D