Tensile structures

Stayed
Tensile structures

Suspended

Anticlastic
Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Pneumatic

Trussed
1

Stayed

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

McCormick exhibit hall Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM To span railroad trucks underneath, the truss roof is suspended by stay cables from concrete pylons. 1 Axon 2 Section 3 Center joint 4 Exterior joint A Pylon top B Stay cable C Truss web bar D Stay bracket E Edge stay, resists wind uplift

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Imos factory, Newport, UK Architect: Richard Rogers Engineer: Anthony Hunt

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Patscenter Princeton Architect: Richard Rogers Engineer: Ove Arup Stays resist both gravity load and wind uplift

Design alternates

Lines meet = concentric joints

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Renault Center Swindon, UK Architect: Norman Foster

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Suspended

Golden Gate Bridge, photo courtesy Peter Craig

Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 7

Suspension span/sag ratios: Small sag = large stress Large sag = small stress but tall supports Optimal span/sag ratio = 10

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

New York bridges: George Washington Bridge, top Brookline Bridge, bottom & left (diagonal hangers resist deformation)

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Stability issues: 1 Point load deformation 2 Wind deformation 3 Stabilizing cable to resist wind uplift 4 Dead load to resist wind uplift (increases seismic load) 6 US pavilion Expo 57, Brussels Circular compression ring resists lateral thrust effectively

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

10

Oakland Coliseum (1967) Architect: SOM Engineer: Ammann and Whitney Diameter 400 ft Outer concrete compression ring Inner steel tension ring Steel strands for main support Concrete ribs resist unbalanced load X-columns resist lateral seismic load

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

11

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

12

 Dulles Airport Terminal Left: Initial structure Below: 1990 expansion

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

13

Exhibit Hall Hanover Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann

Roof features: 3x40 cm steel suspender band

Prefab wood panels with ballast gravel

Skylights provide lighting and ventilation (prevent balanced suspender support) Prestressed glass wall avoids buckling of mullions due to roof deflection

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

14

Anticlastic

Anticlastic = saddle shape, inverse curvatures

Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 15

Minimal Surface

The minimal surface conditions: Minimum surface area between any boundary Equal and opposite curvature at any point Uniform stress throughout the surface f1/f2 = A/B (Schierle, 1977 *) Minimal surface equations (Schierle, 1977 *) Y= f1(X/S1)(f1+f2)/f1 + X tan Y= f2 (Z/S2)(f1+f2)/f2 * Published in Journal of Optimization Theory and Application Minimal surface vs. Hyperbolic Paraboloid 1 2 3 4 Minimal surface of square plan Hyperbolic Paraboloid of square plan Minimal surface of rhomboid plan (membrane center below mid-height) Hyperbolic Paraboloid of rhomboid plan (membrane center at mid-height)
Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 16

Tensile structures

Anticlastic Surface 1 Opposing strings stabilize a point in space 2 Several opposing strings stabilize several points 3 Anticlastic curvature stabilizes a membrane Membrane shear causes wrinkles in fabric Stress without wrinkles HP-surface Quadratic equation Minimal surface
17

4 5 6 7
Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Fiber Orientation (Schierle, 1968) 1 Orthogonal (causes shear stress) 2 Principal curvature (avoids shear stress) 3 Principal curvature vs. 4 Generating lines 5 Principal curvature orientation (small deflections) 6 Generating line orientation (large deflections) Lesson: Orient fibers in principal curvature Avoid generating line orientation

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Test model

18

Edge Conditions

1, 2 Edge Cable

3, 4 Edge Arch

5, 6 Edge Frame

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

19

Edge Cable

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

20

Edge Arch

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

21

Edge Frame

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

22

Surface Conditions Saddle shapes

Arch shapes

Wave shapes

Point shapes

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

23

Saddle Shapes 1 2 Square / cable edge Hexagon / cable edge

3 4

Square / arch edge Oval / arch edge

5 6
Tensile structures

Square / beam edge Hexagon / beam edge

24

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Saddle Shapes

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

25

Expo 64 Lausanne
Architect: Saugey / Schierle Engineer: Froadvaux et Weber 26 restaurants featured regional cuisines Symbolized sailing and mountain peaks

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

26

Arch Shapes

1, 2 Single arch / edge cable

3, 4 Twin arch / edge cable

Twin arch / edge arch

Single arch / edge arch

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

27

Arch Shapes

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

28

Skating rink Munich Architect: Ackermann Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

Prismatic steel truss arch, 100 m span Anticlastic cable nets Wood slats Translucent fabric

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

29

Wave Shapes 1 2 3 4 Ridge/valley cables, cable edge Ridge/valley cables, beam edge Ridge/valley beams, beam edge Ridge beam/valley cable beam edge

5 6
5 6

Ridge/valley cables, closed end Ridge/valley cables, circular plan

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

30

Wave Shapes

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

31

Circular Wave Shapes

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

32

Point Shapes 1 Mast punctures fabric 2 Radial cables 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ring with radial cables Loop cable Dish top Eye cable Twin mast rows Three mast rows

9 Suspension cables 10 Supporting cables

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

33

Point Shapes
Sea World Africa USA Architect: Schierle Engineer: ASI

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

34

German Pavilion, Montreal Expo 1967

Architect: Rolf Gutbrot / Frei Otto Engineer: Fritz Leonhard

Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 35

German Pavilion Montreal Expo 67 Cable net of 75x75 cm meshes Translucent membrane suspended from cable net

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

36

Retractable roof Bad Hersfeld Architect: Frei Otto Architect: Bodo Rush
Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Retractable umbrellas Medina

37

Design Process

Stretch fabric models

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

38

Design Process computer models Cutting patterns by triangulation

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

39

Erection

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

40

Details

Edge cable Prestress turn buckle Fabric holder webbing

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

41

Balance Forces

Balanced
Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

Unbalanced
42

Balance Forces

Balanced tension ring

Unbalanced Tension ring requires costly footings

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

43

Olympic facilities Munich Architect: Guenter Behnisch / Frei Otto Engineer: Fritz Leonhard Design competition model

Design metaphor: Spider web over landscape

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

44

Olympic Stadium Munich Architect: Guenter Behnisch Engineer: Leonhardt und Andrae

The roof consists of 7 saddle-shape cable nets Anticlastic curvature provides stability: Concave cables support gravity Convex cables resist wind uplift Cable net supported by: Masts at rear Ring cable Flying buttress

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

45

Stretch fabric model

Piano wire model

Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 46

Cable net of 75 cm (2.5 ft) square mesh (flat squares formed anticlastic rhomboids)

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

edge cable soil anchor

edge cable

47

Cable net lifted into space

Flat squares meshes deformed into rhomboids to assume anticlastic curvature

Twin cables facilitate the deformation

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

48

Cable net assumed anticlastic shape

Anticlastic net with acrylic glass roof

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

49

Arena roof Translucent skin below cable net: Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric

Glass wall with cantilever trusses

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

50

Swim arena Point shape cable net (high and low points) Translucent skin below net consists of: Two layers of translucent fabric 4 thermal insulation between fabric

External mast support

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

51

Acrylic panels of 3x3m (10x10) with neoprene joints are supported by 75x75 cm (2.5x2.5) net of twin cables

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

52

Cable details

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

53

Mast details

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

54

Pneumatic

Air Supported

Air Inflated Fuji pavilion Osaka Expo 1970

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

55

Pneumatic structure types: Left: Air inflated Right: Air supported 1 Air inflated cushion 2 Air inflated vault 3 Air inflated dome 4 Air inflated dome grid 5 Air supported dome 6 Air supported vault 7 Air supported vault with cables 8 Air supported dome grid

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

56

US Pavilion Expo Osaka (1970) Architect: Davis Brody Engineer: Geiger, Berger Size: 465 x 265 ft Steel cables Teflon-coated fiberglass fabric

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

57

Silverdome Pontiac, MI (1975) Architect: O'Dell Hewlett & Luckenbach Engineer: Geiger/Berger Building data: Capacity: 90,000 Size: 770 x 600 Air pressure: 5 psf 10 - 75 hp fans 15 - 100 hp fans 50 revolving doors 93 pressure balance doors

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

58

Cable Truss
G G Schierle & UC Berkeley students

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

59

Cable trusses 1 Lintel trusses 2 Concave trusses 3 Lintel truss with compression braces 4 Lintel truss with compression struts 5 Concave truss with tension braces 6 Concave truss with tension struts 7 Concave/lintel truss with braces 8 Concave/lintel truss with struts 9 Gable truss with radial strut 10 Gable truss with center compression struts 11 Radial brace truss 12 Flat chord truss with compression struts
Tensile structures Copyright Prof Schierle 2012 60

Auditorium Utica, NY Architect: Gehron & Seltzer Engineer: Lev Zetlin

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

61

 Olympic pool 4 multipurpose gyms Cable trusses, 120 span

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

62

Loyola University Pavilion Architect: Kahn, Kappe, Lottery, Boccato Engineer: Reiss and Brown Consultant: Dr Schierle Spanning the long way provides openings to join outdoor seating for large events

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

63

Watts Tower Crescent Architect: Ado / Schierle Engineer: ASI

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

64

Stadium roof Oldenburg, Germany Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann Cable truss & anticlastic membrane panels

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

65

Tensile structures are fun

Tensile structures

Copyright Prof Schierle 2012

66