Synergy of Form and Structure

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

Synergy - pragmatic example

Synergy is a system, greater than the sum of its parts. Comparing wood beams of 1x12 boards. Stiffness is defined by the moment of inertia I: 1 board, I = 12x13/12 10 boards, I = 10 (12x13/12) 10 boards glued, I = 12x103/12 I=1 I = 10 I = 1000

NO Synergy

Strength is defined by Section modulus S = I/c:

Synergy

1 board, S = 1/o.5 S=2 10 boards, S = 10/0.5 S = 20 10 boards, glued, S =1000/5 S = 200 Note: The same amount of material is 100 times stiffer and 10 times stronger when glued to resist shear to engage fibers in tension and compression.

Design Synergy follows

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Machu Picchu - Inca Empire - Peru - 1450

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu_early_morning.JPG
Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

OSTIA ANTICA - PORT CITY OF ANCIENT ROME

Wall structures
Synergy of form and structure

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City Hall Siena

Synergy of form and structure

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Villa Hadrian

Synergy of form and structure

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Tivoli Gardens Rome

Composition of strength and beauty

Synergy of form and structure

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Palazzo Farnese Caparola

- defensive pentagon plan

Villa Lante Vignola - integration with landscape

Synergy of form and structure

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San Gimignano

Synergy of form and structure

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Synergy of form and structure

Assisi

Portofino

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Alhambra Granada Spain

(1248-1354)

composition

Space definition

composition
Synergy of form and structure

composition
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texture

composition
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Post and beam structures

Synergy of form and structure

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Karnak temple
C. 1300 BC The Hypostyle Hall features Bell Capital columns

Luxor temple
1400-1300 BC Bud Capital columns

Synergy of form and structure

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Minoan Palace Knossos Crete

1700-1300 BC Unique inverse tapered columns

Synergy of form and structure

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Parthenon (447 BC Doric) Acropolis Athens

Synergy of form and structure

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Arch - Vault - Dome Structures

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Citadel Micenae
Corbelled arch and dome (1350-1225 BC; for-runner of true arch) Corbelled arch Location True arch Corbelled dome section plan Citadel plan

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Lions gate

Corbelled arch

corbelled dome (tomb of Agamemnon)

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Synergy of form and structure

Ponte Fabricio Rome

62 BC Romans pioneered the use of arches for bridges, buildings, and aqueducts.

True arch

Ponte S. Angelo Rome 110 AD

Synergy of form and structure

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Synergy of form and structure

Roman aqueduct Segovia

Cordoba mosque

Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard

Roman bridge Alcantara, Spain

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Vault (extruded arch)

Basilica of Constantine Forum Romanum Rome

308-312 AD

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Synergy of form and structure

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Pantheon Rome

Dome (rotated arch)

120 BC (Hadrian)

143 longest span for 17 centuries !

Synergy of form and structure

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Dome vs. funicular GGS computer study Dotted funicular line Solid dome line Dome without ballast rings would be subject to tensile stress Ballast rings reduce tensile stress

Ballast rings

Synergy of form and structure

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Florence Cathedral - S. Maria del Fiore (1296-1462) Architect/Engineer: Brunneleschi

Twin shell provides stiffness with minimum weight Pointed form resists distributed and lantern point load Ribs join twin shells Stone compression rings Wood tension ring at base Herring bone brick allowed construction without formwork

Synergy of form and structure

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Hagia Sophia Istanbul

Rebuilt 532-537 after the first church burned Lateral thrust of 33 m dome resisted by: Half-domes east and west Buttress piers north and south Byzantine church associated with one of the greatest creative ages of over thousand years Converted to mosque 1453 by Sultan Mehmet

Synergy of form and structure

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Gothic cathedral Chartres

Synergy of form and structure

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Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)

30 m

Synergy of form and structure

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Contemporary structures

Synergy of form and structure

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Suspension bridges
Rope bridge Suspender form = global moment

Chain link bridge Budapest (1849)

Golden Gate bridge

cable bridge (1934)

Synergy of form and structure

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Casa Terragni Como Italy

Architect: Terragni Concrete moment frame for ductility Shear wall for stiffness Fail-save earthquake performance

Todays Ductile concrete structures: Use more concrete (to avoid brittle concrete failure) Use less steel (to strain steel before concrete failure) Extend column reinforcing through beam Extend beam reinforcing through column

Synergy of form and structure

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Horizontal bending resistant

Steel joists, beams, and girders

IIT building Chicago

Architect: Mies Van der Rohe Stiffeners resist web buckling Joists suspended from girders reduce volume and express structure

Synergy of form and structure

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Labor Palace Turin

Engineer: Nervi The labor palace consists of 16 units, 125x125. Radial steel girder cantilever from concrete pillars. Modular design allowed fast construction, erecting units on the site as others were done in the shop.

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Brackets join girders to pillars

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Horizontal - Bending Resistant

Vierendeel frame
UC Davis sports center
Architect: Perkins & Will Engineer: Riesemberg Two-way Vierendeel frame of 16x16 steel tubing

Synergy of form and structure

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Cylindrical shell
Kimbell Museum, Fort Worth
Architect: Louis Kahn Engineer: Kommendant

Photos: Michael Bodycomb 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

Synergy of form and structure

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Axial resistant
Centre Pompidou Paris
Architect: Piano and Rodgers Engineer: Ove Arup The Centre Pompidou features six exhibit levels 60x166 m. The column-free space is flanked by a mechanical service zone at rear and a circulation zone in front. Steel trusses span between outrigger Gerberettes (French diminutive of Gerber, inventor of the Gerber beam (continuous beam with joints at inflection points to prevent failure at uneven settlements). Bracing resist lateral loads

Synergy of form and structure

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Synergy of form and structure

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CDG Metro Station 2 Paris

Architect/Engineer: Paul Andrew

Synergy of form and structure

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SPACE TRUSS
Space trusses span 2-ways. Thus are only effective for equal spans both ways. At unequal spans: The longer span would only carry a fraction of the load.

Javits Center New York

Architect: I M Pei Engineer: Weidlinger

Synergy of form and structure

Interior view
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Larkspur Ferry Terminal

San Francisco Architect: Jacques De Brer Engineer: Kaiser Engineers Triangular plan of 192 side length Composed of triangular modules

Synergy of form and structure

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TREE STRUCTURE
Airport Terminal Stuttgart
Architect: Von Gerkan Marc Engineer: Weidleplan The terminal roof features 12 tree structures of 24 m square that rise from a stem of four bundled steel pipes to branch out from 4 to 12, to 48 supports of the steel lattice roof. Linear skylights separate the units.

Synergy of form and structure

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Airport Terminal Stansted

Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Ove Arup A single level makes public activities clear Departing passengers arrive at south-east wing and proceed to the departing lounge. Arriving passengers proceed inversely. 24 trees, 36x36 m, support steel lattice roofs Mechanical system in trees keep the roof clear Four steel strands secure each panel to a tree

Synergy of form and structure

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Arch - Vault - Dome

Exposition Hall Turin

Engineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi The 85/112 m concrete vault consists of prefab Ferro-cement units, joined by site-cast concrete

A Ferro-cement unit B Site-cast concrete rib C Skylight

Synergy of form and structure

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CNIT Exhibit Hall Paris

Architect: Camelot Maily and Zehrfuss Engineer: Nicholas Esquillan Based on an equilateral triangular plan the CNIT (National Center of Industry and Technology) features the longest span shell of 225 m (735). The RC vault consist of double-skin ribs 8 m wide on top. Glass walls enclose the sides.

Synergy of form and structure

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Bus Station Chur Switzerland

Architect: Richard Brosi / Robert Obrist Engineer: Toscano / Ove Arup (Peter Rice) Inclined 16 steel arches span a 164 platform. Radial strands resist lateral thrust and buckling.

Synergy of form and structure

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Exhibit Hall Leipzig

Architect: Von Gerkan Marc Engineer: Ian Ritchy Features: Point-supported glass vault suspended from trussed arches Automatic daylight shading

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

Point-supported glass with silicon joints

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Olympic stadium Athens

Architect/Engineer: Santiago Calatrava
Length section

Cross section Support arch Suspenders Tension chord Rafters

Deformation simulation

Synergy of form and structure

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Olympic Dome Rome

Architect: Marcello Piacentini Engineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi 48 pylons resist gravity and lateral load 144 ferro-cement ribs resist buckling and improve acoustics

Synergy of form and structure

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Expo 2000 Hanover

Grid Shell Structure

Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Julius Natterer The theme pavilion advanced the philosophy: Wood is the only renewable material Requires the least energy for production Wood use maintains healthy forests A translucent fabric rests on wood grid shells

Synergy of form and structure

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Suspended Structure

Exhibit Hall Hanover

Architect: Thomas Herzog Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann Suspended steel bands of 3x40 cm (1.2x16 inch) support prefab wood panels, filled with gravel to resist wind uplift. In width direction the roof is slightly convex for drainage; which also provides a pleasing interior space.

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

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Olympic Stadium Munich

Architect: Guenter Behnisch Engineer: Leonhardt und Andrae The roof consists of seven saddle-shape cable nets of 75 cm (2.5) meshes Anticlastic curvature provides stability: Concave cables support gravity Convex cables resist wind uplift Cable nets supported by masts Ring cable Flying buttresses support ring & cable net Neoprene cylinders support Plexiglas

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

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Skating Rink Munich

Architect: Ackermann Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann A prismatic steel truss arch of 100 m span, rising from concrete piers, support anticlastic cable nets A translucent PVC membrane is attached to wood slats that rest on the cable net

(244/25.4 =

9.6)

(267/25.4 = 10.5)

Synergy of form and structure

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Stadium Roof Oldenburg Germany

Architect: Kulla Herr und Partners Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann The roof consists of 14 anticlastic PVC fabric panels suspended from cable trusses

Synergy of form and structure

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San Diego Convention Center

Architect: Arthur Erickson Engineer: Horst Berger

Fabric Structure

Concrete pylons support cables and membrane

Guy cables support flying buttresses Ridge cables supported by flying buttresses Valley cables resist wind uplift Fabric spans ridge to valley cables

Synergy of form and structure

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STAYED STRUCTURES
Imos factory Newport UK
Architect: Richard Rogers Engineer: Anthony Hunt

Renault Center Swindon UK

Architect: Foster Modules are suspended from mast by 4 rods Inner rods resist buckling Link beams join modules Guys stabilize edge modules

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

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McCormick Exhibit Hall Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM To span railroad trucks underneath. The truss roof is suspended from stay cables on concrete pylons.

Synergy of form and structure

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Curved shear walls

City Hall Toronto Architect: Viljo Revel

Synergy of form and structure

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Cantilever
Pirelli Tower Milan
Architect: Ponti Engineer: Nervi

Synergy of form and structure

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Framed Tube Structure

AMP Tower Melbourne

Architect: SOM Engineer: SOM Framed tube tower, flanked by L-shaped low-rise wing

First Interstate Bank Los Angeles Architect: I M Pei Engineer: CBM Framed tube exterior combined with braced core

Synergy of form and structure

Prof Schierle

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Sears Tower Chicago

Architect/Engineer: SOM The Sears tower is a bundled tube. Bundled tubes have interior walls to transfer shear from tension side to compression side to minimize shear lag

Bundled Tube structure

Synergy of form and structure

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Braced Frame
Hotel Artes Barcelona
Architect/Engineer: SOM Features: Exposed steel 5 from skin for fire protection Belt trusses reduce lateral drift

Synergy of form and structure

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Vierendeel
Commerzbank
Frankfurt Architect: Norman Foster Engineer: Ove Arup

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Inspiration through technology

Synergy of form and structure

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