Halie Ryan Victoria Keri

Energy

The capacity to do work or produce heat Can be converted from one form to another Is a state function Potential energy: stored energy Kinetic energy: energy due to motion The internal energy for a system is the sum of its potential and kinetic energies The internal energy of a system can be changed by work and heat
E = q + w

Energy
Example of frictional heating A ball rolls down a hill, the kinetic energy is transferred from the ball to the surface area of the hill as heat The temperature of the hill increases slightly, but the

worlds energy remains constant

Heat
The transfer of energy due to a temperature difference
In chemical reactions, the energy transfer we

measure is heat Exothermic: energy as heat flows out of a system Endothermic: energy as heat flows into a system

How is Heat different from Temperature?

Heat
TRANSFER of energy

Temperature
A PROPERTY that reflects

between two objects Due to a temperature difference

the random motions of particles Measures heat (F, C, K, ect)

Work
Work- in physics it refers to a force acting over a

distance, in chemistry it refers to gases expanding or compressing and is expressed in Joules(J) Energy is often referred to the ability to do work
E=q (heat) + w (work)

Work
+ w if work is done on the system (compression)
- w if work is done by the system (expansion) When related to gases, work is a function of pressure

Work = -PV

Real World
First Law- energy is constant
Second Law- entropy is always increasing

When we utilize fossil fuels we change the chemical potential energy to kinetic and heat energy. Therefore the energy is more spread out and disordered. This means the entropy of the universe has increased

Calculating Enthalpy
H=E+PV

E=Eternal Energy P=Pressure V=Volume

Hesss Law
Hreaction=the total enthalpy of the reaction

Hf(products)=the sum of the combined enthalpies of

formation of the products (given) Hf(reactants)=the sum of the combined enthalpies of formation of the reactants (given) Multiply an elements H by the number of moles, also known as its coefficient when calculating Hreaction

Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Fusion Hfus-heat absorbed to melt 1 mole of a solid liquid at melting point
Enthalpy of Vaporization Hvap-heat

absorbed to vaporize or boil 1 mole liquid to vapor at boiling point

Enthalpy of Combustion Hcomb-heat absorbed or

released by combustion

Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Reaction Hrxn-amount of heat released

or absorbed during a reaction Enthalpy of Formation Hf-heat absorbed or released when ONE mole of compound is formed from elements in their standard states