Explain the the key differences between single mode fiber and multi mode fiber with regard

to light transmission and related properties. Also explain why single mode fiber can transmit light signals reliably over longer distances than multi mode fiber. 1) Single Mode fiber cables have one diametral core that allows only one mode of light to propagate, while multi-mode fibers allow multiple modes of light to propagate. Single mode fibers transmit light signals more reliably over long distances because the number of light reflections created through the core decreases as the light travels. This lowers attenuation and allows the signal to travel further and faster. Meanwhile, light signals traveling in multi-mode fibers reflect more as they travel, yielding more traveling data, but also harming the quality of the signal over long distances. For these reasons, multimode fibers are typically used for short distance audio and video applications in LANs. http://www.multicominc.com/active/manufacturer/multicom/Fiber%20Optics/singlemode -multimode.html http://www.luxlink.com/faq/multi_or_single.htm 2) Raman amplification is a stimulated emission process that allows all-optical amplification. Lower frequency signal photons induce inelastic scattering of a higher frequency photon in an optical medium. This causes another signal photon to be produced, and the surplus energy is resonantly passed to the vibrational states of the medium. http://www.rp-photonics.com/raman_amplifiers.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_amplification

3) The clock sync problem arises from the issue that both encoding and decoding processes are clock-driven. For each clock cycle, a bit is transmitted from the sender and recovered by the receiver. The only way to ensure the sender and receiver are operating on the same bit for each clock cycle, the senders and receivers clocks must be synchronized precisely. Having one clock slightly faster than the other will disrupt the encoding and decoding processes, thus resulting in incorrectly decoded/encoded signals. 4) Baseline wander is a problem associated with NRZ encoding. In order to distinguish between high and low signals, the receiver keeps an average of all the signals it has received, and determines all signals well below average as 0s, and ones well above average as 1s. Problems with this method arise when there are long runs of just 0s or just 1s. A consecutive pattern causes the average to change and thus makes it more difficult to determine significant changes in the signal. Therefore, distinguishing between high and low signals is problematic.

5)
1)

NRZ

Clock

Manchester

NRZI

2) 1110 0101 0000 0011 11100 01011 11110 10101

NRZI

5)

110101111101011111101011111110 110101111100101111101010111110110

6)

1101011111010111110010111110110 1101011111101111101011111110 There are no stuffing errors. Runs of 5 1s are followed by a 0, which is correct. Only a run of 7 1s would cause an error.

12) Altering the bits in the corners of a rectangle would result in an undetectable error. This is the case because parity bits would not be affected by such a change. 20) c(x) = x3+x2+1 = 1101 a) P = 110 000 P/C = 100 P = 110 111 P/C = 100 b) P = 000 000 P/C = 000 C*q = 000 000 P 000 001 010 011 100 101 111 Q 000 001 011 010 111 110 101 C*q 000000 001101 010111 011010 100011 101100 111001

6) A) 3+4 = 7 0011 + 0100 = 0111 0111 = 7 b) -3 4 = -7 1100 + 1011 = 1000 Carry increments result from 0111 to 1000. 1000 = -7