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1. Range 15-60 CFM/Peison
2. Most Common Range 15-35 CFM/Peison, Based on type of Occupancy
3. Aveiage Range 15-20 CFM/Peison
4. Smoking Lounges 60 CFM/Peison
5. Outdooi Backgiound Level 350 ppm CO
2
Avg.
6. Recommends 1000 ppm CO
2
max.
7. OSHA & U.S. Aii Foice Pioposing 650 ppm CO
2
Max.
8. Human Discomfoit Begins 800-1000 ppm CO
2
9. Long-Teim Health Effects 12,000 ppm CO
2
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1.
a. Intakes oi exhausts-10 feet fiom lot lines, buildings on same lot oi centei line of
stieet oi public way
b. Intakes-10 feet fiom any hazaidous oi noxious contaminant (plumbing vents,
chimneys, vents, stacks, alleys, stieets, paiking lots, loading docks). When within 10
feet, intake must be a minimum of 2 feet below any souice of contaminant.
c. Exhausts-shall not cieate a nuisance oi be diiected onto walkways.
2.
a. Intakes-10 feet fiom any hazaidous oi noxious contaminant (plumbing vents,
chimneys, vents, stacks, alleys, stieets, paiking lots, loading docks). When within 10
feet, intake must be a minimum of 2 feet below any souice of contaminant.
3.
a. Intakes-10 feet fiom any hazaidous oi noxious contaminant (plumbing vents, chim-
neys, vents, stacks, alleys, stieets, paiking lots, loading docks). When within 10 feet,
intake must be a minimum of 3 feet below any souice of contaminant.
4. - - - -OAIACom-
mittee on Aichitectuie foi Health and U.S. Depaitment of Health and Human Seivices:
a. Fiesh aii intakes shall be located at least 25 feet fiom exhaust outlets of ventilating sys-
tems, combustion equipment stacks, medical-suigical vacuum systems, plumbing
vents, oi aieas that may collect vehiculai exhaust oi othei noxious fumes. Pievailing
winds and/oi pioximity to othei stiuctuies may iequiie gieatei cleaiances.
b. Plumbing and vacuum vents that teiminate at a level above the top of the aii intake
may be as close as 10 feet.
c. The bottom of outdooi aii intakes seiving cential systems shall be as high as piactical,
but at least 6 feet above gioundlevel, oi if installedabove the ioof, 3 feet above ioof level.
d. Exhaust outlets fiom aieas that may be contaminated shall be above ioof level and
aiianged to minimize ieciiculation of exhaust aii into the building.
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1. Inadequate Ventilation-50% of all IAQ pioblems due to lack of ventilation
2. Pooi Intake/Exhaust Locations
3. Inadequate Filtiation oi Diity Filteis
4. Inteimittent Aiiflow
5. Pooi Aii Distiibution
6. Inadequate Opeiation
7. Inadequate Maintenance
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1. Contiol Tempeiatuie and Humidity
2. Ventilation-Dilution
3. Remove Pollution Souice
4. Filtiation

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1. Theimal Enviionment
2. Smoke
3. Odois
4. Iiiitants-Dust
5. Stiess Pioblems (Peiceptible, Non-Peiceptible)
6. Toxic Gases-Caibon Monoxide, Caibon Dioxide
7. Alleigens-Pollen
8. Biological Contaminants-Bacteiia, Mold, Pathogens, Legionella, Micio-oiganisms, Fungi
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1. 2.0 CFM/Sq.Ft.
2. 10 AC/Hi.
3. 100 CFM/Watei Closet and Uiinal
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1. Foi toilet iooms with high fixtuie densities (stadiums, auditoiiums), the 75 CFM/Watei
Closet and Uiinal dictates.
2. Foi toilet iooms with ceiling heights ovei 12 feet, the 10 AC/Hi dictates.
3. Foi toilet iooms ceiling heights 12 feet and undei, the 2.0 CFM/Sq.Ft. dictates.
4. If toilet iooms aie designed foi 100 CFM/Watei Closet and Uiinal, all thiee majoi U.S.
codes and the 10 AC/Hi. can be met.
5. Note that sometimes women`s toilet iooms will contain less fixtuies. If both men`s and
women`s toilet iooms aie essentially the same size, use the laigei (men`s) CFM foi both
toilet iooms when using the CFM/Watei Closet and Uiinal method.
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1. Geneially, electiical equipment iooms only iequiie ventilation to keep equipment fiom
oveiheating. Most electiical iooms aie designed foi 95 F. to 104 F; howevei, consult
electiical engineei foi equipment tempeiatuie toleiances. If space tempeiatuies below
90 F. aie iequiied by equipment, aii conditioning of the space will be iequiied.
2. If outside aii is used to ventilate the electiical ioom, the electiical ioom design tempei-
atuie will be 10 F. to 15 F. above outside summei design tempeiatuies.
3. If conditioned aii fiom an adjacent space is used to ventilate the electiical ioom, the
electiical ioom tempeiatuie can be 10 F. to 20 F. above the adjacent spaces.
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1. 8 CFM/BHP Combustion Aii
2. 2 CFM/BHP Ventilation
3. 1 BHP 34,500 Btuh
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1. Geneially, mechanical equipment iooms only iequiie ventilation. Most mechanical
iooms aie designed foi 95 F. to 104 F; howevei, veiify mechanical equipment tempeia-
tuie toleiances. If space tempeiatuies below 90 F. aie iequiied by mechanical equip-
ment, aii conditioning of the space will be iequiied.
2. If outside aii is used to ventilate the mechanical ioom, the mechanical ioom design tem-
peiatuie will be 10 F. to 15 F. above outside summei design tempeiatuies.
3. If conditioned aii fiom an adjacent space is used to ventilate the mechanical ioom, the
mechanical ioom tempeiatuie can be 10 F. to 20 F. above the adjacent spaces.

1. See foi complete iefiigeiation system iequiiements.
2. Scope:
a. To establish safeguaids of life, limb, health, and piopeity.
b. Defines piactices that aie consistent with safety.
c. Piesciibes safety standaids.
3. Application. The standaid applies to all iefiigeiating systems and heat pumps used in
institutional, public assembly, iesidential, commeicial, industiial, and mixed use occu-
pancies and to paits and components added aftei adoption of this code.
4. Refiigeiant Classification is shown in the table on page 81.
5. Requiiements foi Refiigeiant Use:
a. Requiiements foi iefiigeiant use aie based on piobability that iefiigeiant will entei
occupied space and on type of occupancy (institutional, public assembly, iesidential,
commeicial, industiial, and mixed use).
b. The total amount of iefiigeiant peimitted to be installed in a systemis deteimined by
the type of occupancy, the iefiigeiant gioup, and the piobability that iefiigeiant will
entei occupied space.
c. Refiigeiant systems, piping, and associated appuitenances shall not be installed in oi
on staiiways, staii landings, entiances, oi exits.
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d. Refiigeiation system components shall not inteifeie with fiee passage thiough pub-
lic hallways and limitations on size aie based on iefiigeiant type.
6. Seivice Piovisions:
a. All seiviceable components of iefiigeiating systems shall be safely accessible.
b. Piopeily located stop valves, liquid tiansfei valves, iefiigeiant stoiage tanks, and ade-
quate venting aie iequiied when needed foi safe seivicing of equipment.
c. Refiigeiant Systems with moie than 6.6 Lbs. of Refiigeiant (except Gioup A1) iequiie
stop valves at:
1) Suction inlet of each compiessoi, compiessoi unit, oi condensing unit.
2) Dischaige outlet of each compiessoi, compiessoi unit, oi condensing unit.
3) The outlet of each liquid ieceivei.
d. Refiigeiant Systems with moie than 110 Lbs. of Refiigeiant iequiie stop valves at:
1) Suction inlet of each compiessoi, compiessoi unit, oi condensing unit.
2) Dischaige outlet of each compiessoi, compiessoi unit, oi condensing unit.
3) The inlet of each liquid ieceivei, except foi self-contained systems oi wheie the
ieceivei is an integial pait of the condensei oi condensing unit.
4) The outlet of each liquid ieceivei.
5) The inlet and outlet of condenseis whenmoie thanone condensei is usedinpaiallel.
7. Installation Requiiements:
a. Aii ducts passing thiough machineiy iooms shall be of tight constiuction and shall
have no openings in such iooms.
b. Refiigeiant piping ciossing an open space that affoids passageway in any building
shall not be less than 7 -3 above the flooi.
c. Passages shall not be obstiucted by iefiigeiant piping.
d. Refiigeiant piping shall not be placed in oi pass thiough any elevatoi, dumbwaitei, oi
othei shaft containing moving objects oi in any shaft that has openings to living
quaiteis oi to main exits.
e. Refiigeiant piping shall not be placed in exits, lobbies, oi staiiways, except that such
iefiigeiant piping may pass acioss an exit if theie aie no joints in the section in the exit.
f. Refiigeiant piping shall not be installed veitically thiough floois fiom one stoiy to
anothei except as follow:

1) Basement to fiist flooi, top flooi to mechanical equipment penthouse oi ioof.
2) Foi the puipose of inteiconnecting sepaiate pieces of equipment. The piping may
be caiiied in an appioved, iigid and tight, continuous fiie-iesistive pipe, duct, oi
shaft having no openings into floois not seived by the iefiigeiating system oi cai-
iied exposed on the outei wall of the building.
8. Refiigeiation Equipment Room Requiiements:
a. Piovide piopei space foi seivice, maintenance, and opeiation.
b. Minimum cleai head ioom shall be 7 -3 .
c. Doois shall be outwaid opening, self closing, fiie iated, and tight fitting. No othei
openings shall be peimitted in equipment iooms (except doois) that will peimit pas-
sage of iefiigeiant to othei pait of the building.
d. Gioup A1 iefiigeiants iequiie an oxygen sensoi located in the equipment ioom set to
alaim when oxygen levels fall below 19.5 volume peicent.
e. Gioup A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3 iefiigeiants iequiie a iefiigeiant vapoi detectoi located
in the equipment ioom set to alaim and stait the ventilation system when the level
ieaches the iefiigeiant`s toxicity level.
f. Peiiodic test of alaim and sensois aie iequiied.
g. Mechanical iooms shall be vented to the outdoois.
h. Mechanical ventilation shall be capable of exhausting the aii quantity deteimined by
the foimula in Pait 5, Equations. The exhaust quantity is dependant on the amount
of iefiigeiant contained in the system.
i. No open flames that use combustion aii fiom the machineiy ioom shall be installed
wheie any iefiigeiant othei than caibon dioxide is used.
j. Theie shall be no flame pioducing device oi continuously opeiating hot suiface ovei
800 F peimanently installed in the ioom.
k. Refiigeiation compiessois, piping, equipment, valves, switches, ventilation equipment,
and associated appuitenances shall be labeled in accoidance with /
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1. Inside Aii: 1 Sq.In./1000 Btuh.
2. Outside Aii:
a. 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh without Hoiizontal Ducts.
b. 1 Sq.In./2000 Btuh with Hoiizontal Ducts.
3. 1 opening high and 1 opening low foi both paiagiaphs 1 and 2 above. Aiea listed is foi
each opening.
4. Mechanical Ventilation: 1 CFM/3000 Btuh.

1. Inside Aii:
a. 40 Cu.Ft. of Room Volume/1000 Btuh.
b. 1 Sq.In./1000 Btuh; 100 Sq.In. Minimum.
2. Outside Aii:
a. 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh with out Hoiizontal Ducts.
b. 1 Sq.In./2000 Btuh with Hoiizontal Ducts.
c. 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh foi Flooi, Ceiling, oi Veitical Duct openings.
3. 1 opening high and 1 opening low foi both paiagiaphs 1 and 2 above. Aiea listed is foi
each opening.
4. Mechanical Ventilation: 1 CFM/3000 Btuh
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1. Solid Fuels 2 Sq.In./1000 Btuh; 200 Sq.In. Min.
2. Liquid & Gas Fuels:
a. Confined Spaces:
1) Inside Aii: 1 Sq.In./1000 Btuh; 100 Sq.In. Min.
2) Outside Aii:
a) 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh with out Hoiizontal Ducts.
b) 1 Sq.In./2000 Btuh with Hoiizontal Ducts.
b. Unconfined Spaces:
1) Outside Aii: 1 Sq.In./5000 Btuh.
3. 1 opening 12 above finished flooi and 1 opening 12 below top of space applies to all
fuels and spaces. Aiea listed foi each opening.

1. Confined Spaces:
a. Inside Aii: 1 Sq.In./1000 Btuh Each Opening.
b. Outside Aii:
1) 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh with out Hoiizontal Ducts.
2) 1 Sq.In./2000 Btuh with Hoiizontal Ducts.
2. Unconfined Spaces:
a. Outside Aii: 1 Sq.In./5000 Btuh.
3. 1 opening 12 above finished flooi and 1 opening 12 below top of space applies to all
spaces.
1
2 aiea high,
1
2 aiea low.
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1. Confined Spaces:
a. Inside Aii: 1 Sq.In./1000 Btuh; 100 Sq.In. Min.
b. Outside Aii:
1) 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh; Diiect communication with outside.
2) 1 Sq.In./4000 Btuh with Veitical Ducts.
3) 1 Sq.In./2000 Btuh with Hoiizontal Ducts.
2. Unconfined spaces:
a. Tight Buildings: As specified foi confined spaces.
b. Leaky Buildings: Infiltiation may be adequate.
3. 1 opening 12 above finished flooi and 1 opening 12 below top of space. Aiea listed foi
each opening.
4. Louveis and giilles-
1
4 mesh scieens minimum; Wood louveis 20-25% fiee aiea; Metal
louveis 60-75% fiee aiea.
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1. Class I: Class I locations aie spaces oi aieas which contain flammable gases oi vapois.
a. Class I locations aie subdivided into foui gioups based on type of flammable gases oi
vapois:
1) Gioup A: Acetylene.

2) Gioup B: Hydiogen, Ethylene Oxide, Piopylene Oxide.
3) Gioup C: Ethyl Ethei, Ethylene.
4) Gioup D: Acetone, Ammonia, Butane, Gasoline, Piopane.
b. Class I locations aie also subdivided into 2 divisions:
1) Class I, Division 1:
a) Locations wheie ignitable concentiations of flammable gases oi vapois can
exist undei noimal opeiating conditions; oi
b) Locations wheie ignitable concentiations of flammable gases oi vapois may exist
fiequently because of iepaii oi maintenance opeiations oi because of leakage; oi
c) Locations wheie bieakdownoi faulty opeiationof equipment oi piocesses might
ielease ignitable concentiations of flammable gases oi vapois, and might cause
simultaneous failuie of electiic equipment.
2) Class I, Division 2:
a) Locations wheie volatile flammable liquids oi flammable gases aie handled,
piocessed, oi used, but in which the liquids, vapois, oi gases will noimally be
confined within closed containeis oi closed systems wheie they can escape only
in case of an accidental iuptuie oi bieakdown of such containeis oi systems; oi
b) Locations wheie ignitable concentiations of gases oi vapois aie noimally pie-
vented by positive mechanical ventilation, and have the potential to become haz-
aidous thiough failuie oi abnoimal opeiation of the ventilating equipment; oi
c) Locations that aie adjacent toClass I, Division 1 locations, and to whichignitable
concentiations of gases oi vapois might occasionally be communicated unless
such communication is pievented by adequate positive piessuie ventilation
fiom a souice of clean aii, and effective safeguaids against ventilation failuie aie
piovided.
2. Class II: Class II locations aie spaces oi aieas which contain combustible dusts.
3. Class III: Class II locations aie spaces oi aieas which contain easily ignitable fibeis oi
flyings.
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1. Puiged and Piessuiized Systems: Spaces and equipment aie piessuiized at piessuies
above the exteinal atmospheie with non-contaminated aii oi othei non-flammable gas
to pievent explosive gases oi vapois fiom enteiing the enclosuie.
2. Intiinsically Safe Systems: Electiical ciicuits aie designed so that they do not ielease suf-
ficient eneigy to ignite an explosive atmospheie.
3. Explosionpioof Equipment: Explosionpioof equipment is designed and built to with-
stand an inteinal explosion without igniting the suiiounding atmospheie.
4. Nonicendive Ciicuits and Components: Ciicuits designed to pievent any aic oi theimal
effect pioduced, undei intended opeiating conditions of the equipment oi pioduced by
opening, shoiting, oi giounding of the field wiiing, is not capable, undei specified test
conditions, of igniting the flammable gas, vapoi, oi dust-aii mixtuie.
5. Oil Immeised Equipment: The aicing poitions of the equipment aie immeised in an oil
at a depth that the aic will not set off any hazaidous gases oi vapois above the suiface of
the oil.
6. Heimetically Sealed Equipment: The equipment is sealed against the exteinal atmo-
spheie to pievent the entiy of hazaidous gases oi vapois.
7. Dust-Ignitionpioof Equipment: Dust-ignitionpioof equipment is designed and built to
exclude dusts and, wheie installed and piotected, will not peimit aics, spaiks, oi heat
geneiated oi libeiated inside the enclosuie to cause ignition of the exteiioi accumula-
tions oi atmospheiic suspensions of a specified dust on oi in the enclosuie.
8. Classification veisus Piotection Techniques is shown in the following table:
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1. Ventilation, natuial oi mechanical, must be sufficient to limit the concentiations of flam-
mable gases oi vapois to a maximum level of 25% of theii Lowei Flammable Limit/Lowei
Explosive Limit (LFL/LEL).
2. Minimum Ventilation Requiied: 1.0 CFM/Sq. Ft. of flooi aiea oi 6.0 aii changes pei
houi, whichevei is gieatei. If a ieduction in the classification is desiied, the aiiflow must
be 4 times the aiiflow specified above.
3. Recommendation: Ventilate all hazaidous locations with 2.0 CFM/Sq. Ft. of flooi aiea oi
12 aii changes pei houi minimum with half the aiiflow supplied and exhausted high
(within 6 inches of the ceiling oi stiuctuie) and half the aiiflow supplied and exhausted
low (within 6 inches of the flooi).
4. Ventilation iate a minimum of 4 times the ventilation iate iequiied to pievent the space
fiomexceeding the maximumlevel of 25%LFL/LEL using fugitive emissions calculations.
5. Ventilate the space so that accumulation pockets foi lightei than aii oi heaviei than aii
gases oi vapois aie eliminated.
6. Monitoiing of the space is iecommended to assuie that the 25% LFL/LEL is not exceeded.
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1. Boiling Point. The tempeiatuie at which the vapoi piessuie of a liquid equals the
atmospheiic piessuie of 14.7 pounds pei squaie inch absolute.
2. Combustible Liquids. Liquids having flash points at oi above 100 F. Combustible liq-
uids shall be subdivided as Class II oi Class III liquids as follows:
a. Class II. Liquids having flash points at oi above 100 F. and below 140 F.
b. Class IIIA. Liquids having flash points at oi above 140 F. and below 200 F.
c. Class IIIB. Liquids having flash points at oi above 200 F.
3. Explosion. An effect pioduced by the sudden violent expansion of gases, which can be
accompanied by a shockwave oi disiuption, oi both, of enclosing mateiials oi stiuctuies.
Anexplosion might iesult fiomchemical changes such as iapid oxidation, deflagiation, oi
detonation; decomposition of molecules, and iunaway polymeiization; oi physical
changes such as piessuie tank iuptuies.
4. Explosive. Any chemical compound, mixtuie, oi device, the piimaiy oi common pui-
pose of which is to function by explosion.

5. Flammable. Any mateiial capable of being ignited fiom common souices of heat oi at
a tempeiatuie of 600 F. oi less.
6. Flammable Compiessed Gas. An aii/gas mixtuie that is flammable when the gas is 13%
oi less by volume oi when the flammable iange of the gas is widei than 12% iegaidless
of the lowei limitation deteimined at atmospheiic tempeiatuie and piessuies.
7. Flammable Liquids. Liquids having flash points below 100 F. and having vapoi pies-
suies not exceeding 40 pounds pei squaie inch absolute at 100 F. Flammable liquids
shall be subdivided as Class IA, IB, and IC as follows:
a. Class IA. Liquids having flash points below 73 F. and having boiling points below
100 F.
b. Class IB. Liquids having flash points below 73 F. and having boiling points above
100 F.
c. Class IC. Liquids having flash points at oi above 73 F. and below 100 F.
8. Flammable Solids. A solid, othei than a blasting agent oi explosive, that is capable of
causing a fiie thiough fiiction, absoiption of moistuie, spontaneous chemical change,
oi ietaining heat fiom manufactuiing oi piocessing, oi which has an ignition tempei-
atuie below 212 F. oi which buins so vigoiously and peisistently when ignited as to cie-
ate a seiious hazaid.
9. Flash Point. The minimum tempeiatuie in F. at which a flammable liquid will give off
sufficient vapois to foim an ignitable mixtuie with aii neai the suiface oi in the con-
tainei, but will not sustain combustion.
10. Noncombustible. Amateiial that, in the foimin which it is used and undei the conditions
anticipated, will not ignite, buin, suppoit combustion, oi ielease flammable vapois when
subject to fiie oi heat.
11. Pyiophoiic. A mateiial that will spontaneously ignite in aii at oi below 130 F.