I.

TITLE OF THE RESEARCH The title of this research is ANALYSIS OF METAPHORICAL CONCEPTS USED BY MARGARET THATCHER IN THE IRON LADY MOVIE. II. FIELD OF STUDY It is commonly known that metaphor belongs to figurative language, which brings us to the literature study. That was before the year of 1980 when a book Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff and Johnson: 1980) changed the perception of traditional metaphor. It now seems clearer that metaphor has new look as the study of linguistic since it is a cognitive science. Lakoff and Johnson even said that metaphor is a matter of thought and action rather than a device of poetic imagination and the rhetoric flourish (1980: 3). In this case it is necessary to take a look the object of this research that is utterances which specifically belongs to linguistics. Even more specific, utterance needs context to be understood. According to Mulyana ( 2005: 78), a study of the use of language in communication particularly the relationships between utterance and the context in which they are use is called Pragmatics, so this reasearch will partly become Pragmatics field. The research will focus on methaporical concept which brings some analogies uttered by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie.

III. INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study Language is used among people to communicate each other in order to interact in social life, and is can be simply called a sign system (Hudson, 2000: 2). One character of human language is that there is a pragmatic usage in it (Hidayat, 2006: 25). It is used to understand the meaning of one communication through the situation in which it is used. Pragmatics is important to bring the concepts of language (meaning, context, and communication) into a whole conversation, so the meaning can easily be understood within the communication. It has been said before that Metaphors We Live By has changed the concepts of metaphor itself. Once it always has been a matter of poetic and literature but it now gives boarder field of study that might have not been noticed in linguistic field. Its concept is same as literature, which is the concept of analogy. An analogy is a mapping between two represented situations in which common relational structure is aligned (Gibbs, 2008: 109). When we wanted to say A we may replace it with B in order to make the meaning deeper or stronger, or just to make it different with the literal meaning. In such way, literature is not only the object of this field, but as we do not realize it we might say lots of metaphorical concepts in our daily life. The way we think, what we experienced, what we do everyday is very much a matter of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 3).

The methaporical concepts that we used are various depend on the context and several circumstances that should be considered when something is uttered. One may differ from another, for example A is B, but it has a chance for A is C or B is D. It shows how rich are the analogy of metaphorical concepts. Communication without figurative language will be dry and uninteresting. It is a need for people to use and understand the communication with a figurative language. Although we may not realize it, figurative language helps people to understand other utterance and it also helps people to express what they wanted to say within illiteral words in order to extend their meaning. If literal words can not describe the things beyond meanings, then figurative language will replace it. For example, if you wanted to say directly to your lover that she or he made you act like an unconscious person that you can not even think which is right or wrong, you might simply say: You got me hypnotized. Hypnotized can cover the description of unconscious and all of the symptoms. So, rather than saying a long literal sequence of words, you just can say hypnotized instead. In addition, it sound more beautiful and it sounds stronger, clearer, and also covers the whole meaning. Despite the frequency of the metaphor that we unrecognizably used, hence, the researcher wants to analyze the metaphorical concepts they used in daily life,

through a based on true story movie which can represent the daily utterances the researcher wanted to obtain. Moreover, the researcher has chosen The Iron Lady movie as the object, because the utterances are naturally spoken that fit the theory the researcher used. Language can be found everywhere, as we know written and spoken. In order to find the closest language experience of English native speaker, the research choose movie as the object. There are some reasons of choosing movie as the object of thesis. First, movies can show us the social and culture of other country without exactly coming to the country itself. Movies are the representation of social and culture, which bring language within (Denzin, 2004: 241). Second, by obtaining the utterances from movies, the researcher at least have valid data that can not be easily provided by other object. It becomes consideration that the utterances produced should be what people are commonly said in their everyday life, no matter the circumstances are. Whether it is about economic, politic, social, and soon as long as the utterances still within the human common sense, it will be regarded as natural. Natural, based on Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2003: 883) means existing in nature, normal, as you would expect. Thus, natural is a condition when something or someone normally exists, as everybody knows and sees. Thus, movies that have nonsense topic or something we cannot accept by our sense, they will not fit with the concept of we live by. Consider this utterance:

She casts a spell on me! In ordinary life (or in this case a movie) this utterance is being regard as metaphor, since in the world we live by the word spell does not really exist. It belongs to witchcraft, and in this world, there is no witch or wizard, and the word spell is just the way people say to communicate and express by making analogy. Furthermore, the context does not fit. The person who said the utterances is not in the sorcery context, he was not actually got spelt, it is just a matter of structure. Based on Metaphor We Live By, the utterance has a concept of LOVE IS MAGIC (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 49). Again, the context must be involved in order to catch the whole meaning, thus the concept will be acceptable. Now, with the same utterance, some movies are common with the word spell, say, Harry Potter movies. Imagine that the context is fit, imagine that this world is full of sorcery and magic thing, then the utterance will no longer considered as metaphor, because the person was really got spelt. If there is no analogy, it means no metaphor. B. Research Questions In this research, the problems are formulated as follows: 1. What are the metaphorical concepts used by Margaret Thatcher used in The Iron Lady movie?

2. What is the explanation of each metaphorical concept regarding the context and situation in which the utterances are spoken? C. Purposes of Research
The purposes of this research are:

1. To make metaphorical concepts used by Margaret Thatcher used in The Iron Lady movie. 2. To describe the thought of each metaphorical concept regarding the context and situation in which the utterances are spoken. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW In this section the researcher tries to present the theory from several experts related to this research. A. Metaphor For many people, metaphors are means of poets or writers, in other words, creative people in order to express their feelings through beautiful and

extraordinary words. It is considered more sophisticated when the literature workers use, instead of daily languages, figurative languages such as metaphor, personification, symbol, allegory and so on. For metaphor itself they can compare or make analogy for something that ordinary people will think of something less noticeable, something that they hear and understand in everyday life, into a bunch of beautiful sequence of words that can build emotion. Just a few people are aware of the fact that we actually use metaphorical expressions every day. It depends on the view everybody has what

someone thinks about it. Metaphor is the comparison that implied, that is, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term (Perrine, 3rd ed., 1991: 65). Korte (1997) in Body Language in Literature stated that there are several definitions metaphors, all the definitions are related to figurative language: an indirect comparison without a word showing the comparison itself but rather put a comparison word, for example the word like. Aristotle found the first term of metaphor. He said that a metaphor consists in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else; the transference being either from genius to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or on the ground of analogy. It can be concluded that metaphor has to be something represented by and or representing something. B. Metaphorical Concept While common metaphors deal with figurative language and literature study, metaphorical concept deals with linguistics because it rather deals with thought and cognitive matter than sense of feeling. Metaphorical concepts are primarily found in nature, it means that we have found the way to begin to identify in detail just what the metaphors are that structure how to percieve, how we think, and what we do (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 4). Look at the following utterances:

I demolished his argument. He attacked every weak point in my argument. You disagree? Okay, shoot! Your claims are indefensible. Those italicized words are considered as war terms. In this case, the metaphorical concept would be ARGUMENT IS WAR. In this context and utterances, we can imagine that we are in the middle or meeting or debate, and the argument we might hear is being compared with the term of war. Though there is no physical battle, the structure of battles such as attack, counterattack, shoot, etc are replacing the verbal battle, or in this case, the argument uttered. According to Lakoff and Johnson, metaphorical concepts are divided into four groups which are presented in the following, started with structural metaphors, followed by orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors, and the last one is metonymy. 1. Structural Metaphors The group of structural metaphors is said to be the biggest group. Different parts conceptualized of experiences which are complex but abstract are

with the help of simple but known experiences. It means for

something that people can not express or explain in ordinary literal words are replaced by the different context (and also choice of words), its function is to make the sense stronger, deeper, and sometimes to make beauty. For example is the concepts of war as seen in the examples below:

a) Criticisms were right on the target b) To defend an argument c) The leader of the discussion d) To attack the opponent with words In this example, one tries to explain the abstract concept discussion with the help of the concrete concept war and typical words which are linked to it. Also an important feature in this group is the so-called highlighting and hiding phenomenon. That means that certain aspects get special attention whereas other ones are out of sight. In the example above, when someone is arguing with you can be viewed as giving you his time, but when we are preoccupied with the battle aspect we often lose sight of the cooperative aspect (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 10). Thus, we can say that the feature of conflict is highlighted and being concerned both by the speaker and hearer, on the other hand if we talked about real war those terms on the examples that are italised would be unrecognized so that they are hidden. 2. Orientational Metaphors Another group is the orientational metaphors. Unlike the previous metaphor (which is making analogy of certain contexts), this kind of metaphor does not structure in terms of another but instead organized a whole system of concepts since most of them have to do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, etc. (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 14). The point is, orientational metaphor deals with space or something that has opposite word. Therefore, a spatial relationship is made for a concept. This relationship is normally based on our experiences of the physical

space we have, because our experience will not be the same and it always changes from positive to negative and vice versa. For example: happy is high; sad is down. Lakoff and Johnson see the physical state in the fact that someone who is sad has a bowed posture and a happy person is upright. In some other cases, context or situation is a thing to be concerned since not all positive things would be up and negative things would be down. Hence, we must find the different priorities given to the values and metaphors by the context that uses them (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 23). 3. Ontological Metaphors Ontological metaphor serves various purposes and it is the ways of viewing events, activities, emotion, ideas, etc., as entities and substances (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 25). In other words, viewing abstract as the concept of physical object. In general, ontological metaphor allows us to refer quantity, identify a particular aspect, see a cause, act, and even believe that we understand something (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 26). Take an example of: a) We need to combat inflation b) It will take a lot of patience to finish this book c) My mind is not operating Those examples clearly show the non-physical object such as inflation, patience, mind, etc., that are treated like they are physical object that we can see, touch, count, and soon.

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Another concept is the container metaphor. According to Lakoff and Johnson, human beings are containers in terms of inside and outside which makes them transformed into non-physical object (events, actions, activities, states). Lakoff and Johnson also mention about personification as a part of metaphor, as long as they have analogy and can be refered. Personification allows us to comprehend a wide variety of experience with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivations, characteristics, and activities (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 33). 4. Metonymy According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 35), metonymy occurs if we are using one entity to refer to another that is related to it. Lakoff and Johnson also mentioned about the term of synecdoche in this category where the part stands for the whole. For example: we need new faces here. Face as a part of our body refering the whole body, means the speaker obviously need the entire body of human being not just the face. This example shows the role of ones part of body in order to refer the whole as unity. There are several concepts of metonymy that Lakoff and Johnson had given since the extension of metomymy can be broadened. C. Context Context is usually considered as the situation of conversation. Haliday and Hasan (1985: 5) define context as the total environment in which a text unfold. Hymes (in Haliday and Hasan, 1985: 9) proposed a set of concepts for describing the context of situation as follow:

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a. Form and content of the message: it deals and concerns about the words choice which are relevant to the content. b. Setting: means the time and place the conversation occurred. c. Participant: the speaker and hearer that included in a conversation and it may help to reveal the meaning d. Intent and effect of the communication: the messege is delivered whether implicitly or explicitly. e. Key: is the way we deliver the messege f. Medium: it is tool to deliver messege (telephone, email, short text, etc.) g. Genre: is the form of delivering messege (poem, film, song, etc.) h. Norm of interaction: is the rule in communication, to decide which act is allowed or not. In the daily conversation, it is important to look at the context since its role is to understand the meaning as a whole. In addition, context also has a function to determine whether it is a metaphor or not, since in some cases, the same words will not considered as metaphor if the context fits with the words choice, and it can be seen from the setting and the participation as the most important ones, although there may be another to consider. D. MOVIE Denzin (2004: 241) in A Companion of Qualitative Research stated that visual representations reflect and define problematic cultural experiences, including war, divorce, incest, alcoholism, drug abuse, political corruption, love, birth and death.

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Hence, movies are the simplest media of knowing the social life and the culture of certain country. Through movies people do not need to go aboard, because movies are considered as visual representation that show lives in different areas. E. THE IRON LADY The Iron Lady is a 2011 British biographical film based on the life of Margaret Thatcher (19252013), the longest-serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (19791990) of the 20th century. The movie is not primarily concerned on politics in that era, but it is mixed by the personal life of the main character and also her journey to achieve the Prime Minister position. The story begin when the retired Margaret, who has Dementia, was grumbling about the economic and politic problems at that time. She has a kind of imagination that her husband, Denis, is still alive and talked to her about the condition of the country. The plot is mixed up, a lot of flashbacks, jumped from a young Margaret to the old one, then onto the time when she ruled the government, then back again to the retired Margaret and so on. Margaret Thatcher is known as the first and only female Prime Minister in England. She got her nickname The Iron Lady because of her toughness and strong will when she was in her position. Born on October 13, 1925, in Grantham, England, Margaret Thatcher became Britain's Conservative Party leader and in 1979, she was elected Prime Minister. During her three terms, she cut social welfare programs, reduced trade union power and privatized certain industries. Thatcher resigned in 1991 due to unpopular policy and power struggles in her party. She died on April 8, 2013, at age 87 (http://www.biography.com/people/margaret-thatcher-9504796).

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V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Types of Research The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method for this research. Qualitative research is considered identical with research without static formula or number. It usually deals with a research which finds out information more detail (Arikunto, 2006). It is used to answer the question of What, Why, and How (Hariwijaya, 2008:57).
The researcher will describe the object of the research systematically in order to reach a good result to achieve understandable conclusion. B. Source of Data

According to Arikunto (2006: 129), data source is a set of subject where the data is obtained. In addition, Sarwono (2006: 209) stated that there are two kinds of data primary and secondary data. 1. Primary data The primary data are the data obtained directly from the source. In this research, the primary data are The Iron Lady movie focusing on Margaret Thatcher utterances showed in the subtitle. 2. Secondary data The secondary data are the data obtained indirectly from the additional source taken by the researcher such as books, journals, websites, and dictionary that support the primary data.

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C. Technique of Data Collection In this research, the data collected is limited on literature works especialy the ones related to the research question. Tere are some ways to collect the data: 1. Watch The Iron Lady movie. 2. Identifying the utterances or speech that contain problem mentioned in research questions. 3. Make a transcript of the utterances by writing down the subtitle provided by the movie. 4. Finding information and guidance related to the theory of metaphorical concepts and the context. D. Data analysis Data analysis is the most important part of the research to answer the question. The process of data analysis is based on data reduction and interpretation. There are three steps: 1. Data reduction The researcher collects the data which are related to the object first; in this case Margaret Thatcher character is obviously the most important data. The researcher will write down all her utterances, then select the utterance that contain the problem. This should be done since there are too much metaphors uttered by all the

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characters. The researcher must sharpen the data and classify whether the data contain problems discussed or not. The unnecessary data will be eliminated. 2. Data display Data display shows data rows or columns for qualitative data and determine the type and form of data entered into boxes (Miles, 1994). In data display the researcher will show all result of analysis using researchers knowledge supported by the theory and other data needed. It will be the transcript (utterance) with analysis of metaphorical concept and some quotations from literature review if necessary. 3. Data conclusion The research draws conclusion when the analysis of the data have been completed. The researcher will conclude the types and metaphorical concepts used by Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady movie, which involves the relationship between the utterances and the contexts.

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REFERENCES

Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Denzin, Norman K. 2004. Reading Film: Using Films and Videos as Empirical Social Science Material. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Haliday, M.A.K. and Ruqiya Hasan. 1985. Language, Context, and Text: Aspect of Language in Socio-Semantic Perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press. Hidayat, Asep Ahmad. 2006. Filsafat Bahasa: Mengungkap Hakikat Bahasa, Makna, Tanda. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Hornby, A.S. 2003. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hudson, Grover. 2000. Essential Introductory Linguistics. UK: Blackwell Publisher. Korte, Barbara. 1997. Body Language in Literature. University of Toronto Press:
Scholarly Publishing Division.

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Cichago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Miles, M.B. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Mulyana. 2005. Kajian Wacana: Teori, Metode, dan Aplikasi Prinsip-prinsip Analisis Wacana. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Tiara Wacana.

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Perrine, Laurence. 1991. Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry 3rd edition. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Atlanta: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. Sarwono, Jonathatn. 2006. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. http://www.biography.com/people/margaret-thatcher-9504796.

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