Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Radio Network
IP Network/ Internet
Business network
new mobile devices required cellphones, PDAs etc. some support simultaneous packet-switched and circuit-switched, some not device will scan for a local GPRS channel when switched on and attempt to attach to the network
1
Networks: L17
Networks: L17
upgrade to Base Stations required : software upgrade to Base Transceiver Stations and Controllers additional hardware module a Packet Control Unit (PCU)
- to manage the packet transfer between mobile devices and GPRS network - also supports data frame retransmission and other GPRS protocol functions
- provides services for authenticating external network access, Quality of Service - provides tunnelling for access to Virtual Private Networks - supports roaming by routing incoming traffic to the appropriate SGSN where the user is located
Networks: L17
Protocol stack :
GTP : GPRS Tunnelling Protocol tunnels user data and signalling between GPRS support nodes in the GPRS backbone network TCP : carries GTP PDUs in the GPRS backbone network for protocols that need a reliable data link; UDP for protocols not needing a reliable link IP : the GPRS backbone network protocol for user data and control signalling
4
Networks: L17
SNDCP : Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol maps networklevel characteristics onto the characteristics of the underlying network LLC : Logical Link Control provides a reliable ciphered logical link Relay : relays PDUs between the Um/Gb and Gb/Gn interfaces BSSGP : Base Station System GPRS Protocol conveys routing and QoS information between BSS and SGSN Network Service (NS) : transports BSSGP PDUs - based on Frame Relay (a high-performance WAN protocol originally developed for ISDN)
may traverse a multi-hop network of Frame Relay switching nodes
RLC : Radio Link Control provides a radio-technique-dependent reliable link MAC : Medium Access Control controls access signalling (request and grant) procedures for the radio channel
Networks: L17
Networks: L17
2 slots
3 slots
effective bandwidth thereby increased nominally 13.4kbps per slot system notified at time of transmission how many slots needed for sending and receiving separately supports both low speed and higher speed in a single network
7
Networks: L17
Coding Schemes :
four coding schemes defined with varying degrees of error correction options : Forward Error Correction, CRCs, convolutional codes etc. transmission speed varied based on the coding scheme in use CS-1 : 9.05kbs - highest level of error correction CS-2 : 13.4kbs (equivalent to the GSM CSD bearer service) CS-3 : 15.6kbs CS-4 : 21.4bps - least error correction speeds number of slots allocated 9.05kbps for 1 slot using CS-1 172.40kbps for 8 slots using CS-4 the better the radio link, the less error correction needed all transparent to the user only CS-1 and CS-2 in use yet
Networks: L17
theoretical 172kbs available but normal allocation includes : 1 slot needed for a control packet at least 2 slots reserved for voice traffic remaining slots possibly for data packets
- 29 combinations of downlink and uplink slots defined
maximum data rate one user can usually expect : type 4+1
- 4 slots downlink = 413.4kbs = 53.6kbs, 1 slot uplink = 13.4kbs
mobiles classified as to their ability to support simultaneous voice and data class A : simultaneous voice and data class B : automatic switching between voice and data
- only one active at a time - user can put data on hold while they receive phone calls and vice versa
Networks: L17
same symbol rate but different modulation rate three times as many bits as GPRS during the same period of time users data rates take header sizes into account, radio data rates do not
10
Networks: L17
GMSK : one bit per symbol equivalent to 2-phase modulation 8-Phase Shift Keying : coded using eight phases gives three bits per symbol
(0,1,0) (0,0,0) (0,1,1)
(0,0,1)
(1,1,1)
(1,0,1) (1,0,0)
(1,1,0)
three consecutive bits mapped into one symbol more susceptible to misinterpretation Shannons theorem etc. under good reception conditions, better throughput under poor reception conditions, the extra bits can be used to add more errorcorrecting coding, and the correct information recovered in the worst reception conditions, GMSK better
- EDGE therefore defines a mixture of GMSK and 8-PSK modulation
11
Networks: L17
Coding schemes
nine more schemes introduced for EDGE MCS1 to MCS9 MCS1 to MCS4 for GMSK, MCS5 to MCS9 for 8PSK GPRS tops out at 20kbs, EDGE goes up to 59,2kbs
Retransmission
a packet sent using a higher coding scheme that is not properly received can be retransmitted with a lower coding scheme requires changes in payload sizes to take account of extra error correction bits GPRS required same coding scheme to be used again in retransmissions even if radio environment had changed EDGE has a faster scheme for analysing the radio link quality allows faster adaptation to the current radio environment
Interleaving
entire block retransmitted in GPRS if any of the 4 bursts not received correctly EDGE interleaves over two bursts instead of four better likelihood of success
12
Networks: L17
a development from GSM and CDMA also known as W-CDMA auction of licenses for spectrum
Vodafone paid 5.96billion, BT (now Mmo2), One2One and Orange paid 4bn for 2 or 3 paired 5MHz channels all now regretting the amounts paid! auctions also in other countries but beauty contests in some extremely expensive to set up the new infrastructure needed
new handsets required to deal with new CDMA technology and applications
dual purpose handsets have to be back-operable with GSM
13
Networks: L17
Paired frequencies in the ranges 1.92GHz 1.98GHz uplink, 2.11GHz 2.17GHz downlink B : Vodafone; C : BT (Mmo2); D : One2One; E : Orange A : reserved for a late entrant taken by Hutchison 3G for 4.4bn but still the first in service!
14
Networks: L17
similarities between GSM and WCDMA : Radio Access Network v. Base Station System (can be co-sited) Base Station Controller v. Radio Network Controller (RNCs cross-connected) Base Transceiver Station v. Radio Base Station (multiple cells per RBS) both connect to and share the same Core Network essential to minimise costs
15
Networks: L17
WCDMA
all users use the same frequency band and transmit at the same time orthogonal Walsh codes for spreading Gold codes used for synchronisation and scrambling should provide : higher bit rates up to 2Mbs higher spectrum efficiency better QoS developments in DSP and fabrication costs make CDMA feasible for handsets chip rate of 3.84Mcps spreading factors variable from 4 to 512 competing CDMA2000 in USA same frequency bands not available in USA uses 1.25MHz bands and chip rate of 1.22Mcps developed by QualComm the main CDMA patent-holders
16
Networks: L17
High Load
Low Load 17
Networks: L17
18
Networks: L17
Handover to GSM
limited initial 3G coverage requires interoperability with GSM need to swap to GSM when moving out of WCDMA cell range though same quality of service not possible e.g. fast data rates a positive effect on capacity through load sharing when possible handset has to identify which is the best GSM cell to swap to
Inter-frequency handover
in high capacity areas where multiple 5MHz carriers are deployed some users may need to be swapped to a lower-loaded band
Networks: L17
Admission Control
to avoid system overload and to maintain quality of service when a new user seeks to access the network, admission control estimates the network load if the new load is sustainable, the new user is admitted if not, the user is blocked out
Congestion Control
overload can still occur e.g. when a user moves to a new area possible actions : reduce the bit-rate of non real-time applications if not sufficient, invoke an inter-frequency handover hand some users over to GSM discontinue the connection
10