HS Ravenburg-Weingarten

Calculation of Inertia and reactance of a Synchronous generator

Scientific Project

Submitted to: Prof. Gerd Thieleke

Submitted by:
Shasank Mallela (23823) Jamshid Ummattam Kuzhiyil (23562) Chakradhar Naidu (23648) Sharath Chandra Kasoju (23645)

Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Synchronous Generators .................................................................................................................. 3 Calculation of Synchronous reactance .............................................................................................. 6 Moment Of Inertia .......................................................................................................................... 10 References ...................................................................................................................................... 22

1. Introduction
As part of this scientific project, we are measuring the Moment of Inertia and Reactance parameters of a synchronous generator. The inertia is a parameter of rotating electrical machinery often required by customers as guaranteed data. Besides, it is commonly used by power systems analysts who use it as input data for simulation programs. It has the advantage of conferring simplicity to the motion equation for calculation of torque. We are using a Liebherr synchronous generator for which the inertia value is not provided by the manufacturer. The experiment includes the calculation of Inertia theoretically and practically. Theoretical calculations are derived from the generator plan whereas practical value is obtained by running the machine. The ability to predict the reactance of a generator is of prime importance. The reactance has a significant impact on the magnitude of the fault currents generated within the machine during an event such as a 3 phase short-circuit. Power system designers routinely use the generator reactance as a key parameter to aid in the design of the complete power generation system. Generator reactances are used for two distinctly different purposes. One use is to calculate the flow of symmetrical short circuit current in coordination studies. A second use for generator reactances is in specifications that limit the sub-transient reactance in order to limit the voltage distortion induced by non-linear loads.

2. Synchronous Generators
In a synchronous generator, a DC current is applied to the rotor winding producing a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by external means producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase voltage within the stator winding. Field windings are the windings producing the main magnetic field (rotor windings for synchronous machines); armature windings are the windings where the main voltage is induced (stator windings for synchronous machines). The frequency of the resulting voltage and current is synchronized with rotor mechanical speed. Resulting stator currents also produce a rotating mmf that, under steady-state operation, rotates at the same speed as rotor with an angular separation (depending on electrical output torque Te (or power P). This project involves a Liebherr Typ GD 720 S 34 Synchronous generator with the following details.

Generator Ratings as given by the manufacturer: Liebherr Typ GD 720 S 34 SY- GEN 380V 10 KVA 1500 U/mim Err = 180V GEG-Err = 24 V 0.74 A

Nr. G04470 15.2A Cos 1.0 50Hz 1.72 A

The generator rotor is rotated by means of a pelton turbine which provides the mechanical energy which is converted in to the generated electrical energy. The basic requirement of generator operation is that they must remain in synchronism. TURBINE: The turbine exerts a torque in one direction which causes the shaft to rotate. The torque is called the mechanical torque Tm. GENERATOR: The generator exerts a torque in the direction opposite to the mechanical torque which retards the motion caused by the mechanical torque. The torque is electromagnetic called Te. If the machine is in synchronism then Tm = Te In this steady state, the electrical torque is equal to the mechanical torque, and hence the accelerating power will be zero. During this period the rotor will move at synchronous speed ws in rad/s. If it is not equal then it leads to accelerating torque because of the difference Tm- Te and it is indicated by Ta. The accelerating torque can be positive or negative depending on the direction of acceleration. The electrical rated torque is calculated from the following equation Te = The above equation is related to torque and power If we consider the position of the rotor angle of that from the generator reference frame the Angular acceleration is given from the following Equation. Let us consider a three-phase synchronous alternator that is driven by a prime mover. The equation of motion of the machine rotor is given by

where J Tm Te is the total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kgm2 is the mechanical torque supplied by the prime mover in N-m is the electrical torque output of the alternator in N-m is the angular position of the rotor in rad

This is where moment of inertia comes in to picture which is required for the calculation of accelerating torque.

3. Calculation of Synchronous reactance

AIM: - To measure direct axis synchronous reactance of synchronous machine. THEORY:Direct axis synchronous reactance and quadrature axis synchronous reactance are the steady state reactance of the synchronous machine. These reactances can be measured by Performing open circuit, short circuit tests and the slip test on synchronous machine. It may be noted that the direct- and quadrature-axis synchronous reactances of a round-rotor (non-salient pole) machine have same values. The machine we are using is a non-salient pole machine, hence we calculated only the d-axis reactance.

Direct-axis synchronous reactances (Xd ):The direct axis synchronous reactance of synchronous machine in per unit is equal to the ratio of field current. Ifsc at rated armature current from the short circuit test, to the field current, Ifo at rated voltage on the air gap line. Direct axis synchronous reactance (Xd) = Ifsc /Ifoc per unit This direct-axis reactance can be found out by performing open circuit and short test on alternator.

1. The Open-Circuit Test :The open-circuit test, or the no-load test, is performed by 1) Generator is rotated at the rated speed. 2) No load is connected at the terminals. 3) Field current is increased from 0 to maximum. 4) Record values of the terminal voltage and field current value.

Circuit diagram to perform open-circuit test. With the terminals open, IA=0, so EA = V. It is thus possible to construct a plot of EA or VT vs IF graph. This plot is called open-circuit characteristic (OCC) of a generator. With this characteristic, it is possible to find the internal generated voltage of the generator for any given field current.

Open-circuit characteristic (OCC) of a generator

The OCC follows a straight-line relation as long as the magnetic circuit of the synchronous generator does not saturate. Since, in the linear region, most of the applied mmf is consumed by the air-gap, the straight line is appropriately called the air-gap line.

2. The Short-Circuit Test The short-circuit test provides information about the current capabilities of a synchronous generator. It is performed by 1) Generator is rotated at rated speed. 2) Adjust field current to 0. 3) Short circuit the terminals. 4) Measure armature current or line current as the field current is increased.

SCC is essentially a straight line. To understand why this characteristic is a straight line, look at the equivalent circuit below when the terminals are short circuited.

Circuit diagram to perform short-circuit test.

When the terminals are short circuited, the armature current IA is:

And its magnitude is:

From both tests, here we can find the internal machine impedance (EA from OCC, IA from SCC):

Since Xs >> RA , the equation reduces to:

After doing the above tests we got the data as shown in the following pages.

4. Moment Of Inertia
Moment of inertia is basically rotational inertia. It's the resistance to rotational acceleration/deceleration of a mass. Inertia has effect on the cost of machine as for achieving higher inertia value, the cost of machine will increase. We are calculating here the moment of inertia of the combined generator-turbine set. The experiment involves calculation of the theoretical and practical values of inertia and compares them for convergence.

Theoretical calculation:
Theoretical value is obtained from the generator plan provided. A general outline of the plan is shown below.

Rotor
Part 1:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J1 = M1R12

J1 = V1R12
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V1 Volume = R12l1 M1 Mass J1 = (3.8)4 6.25 7.8 1000 kgm2

J1 = 0.001597 kgm2

Part 2:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J2 = M2R22 J2 = V2R22
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V2 Volume = R22l2 M2 Mass J2 = (0.035)4 0.195 7.8 1000 kgm2

J2 = 3.585 10-3 kgm2

Part 3:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J3 = M3R32 J3 = V3R32
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V3 Volume = R32l3 M3 Mass J3 = (0.03)4 0.115 7.8 1000 kgm2

J3 = 1.141 10-3 kgm2

Part 4:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J4 = M4R42 J4 = V4R42

Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V4 Volume = R42l4 M4 Mass J4 = (0.028)4 0.066 7.8 1000 kgm2

J4 = 0.000497 kgm2 Part 5:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J5 = M5R52 J5 = V5R52
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V5 Volume = R52l5 M5 Mass J5 = (0.027)4 0.091 7.8 1000 kgm2

J5 = 5.925 10-5 kgm2

Part 6:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J6 = M6R62 J6 = V6R62
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V6 Volume = R62l6 M6 Mass J6 = (0.021)4 0.02 7.8 1000 kgm2

J6 = 4.765 10-5 kgm2

Part 7:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J7 = M7R72 J7 = V7R72

Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V7 Volume = R72l7 M7 Mass J7 = (0.0325)4 0.1025 7.8 1000 kgm2

J7 = 1.4 10-4 kgm2

Part 8:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J8 = M8R82 J8 = V8R82
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V8 Volume = R82l28 M8 Mass J8 = (0.02725)4 0.126 7.8 1000 kgm2

J8 = 8.45*10-4 kgm2

Part 9:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J9 = M9R92 J9 = V9R92
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V9 Volume = R92l9 M9 Mass J9 = (0.025)4 0.042 7.8 1000 kgm2

J9 = 2.034 10-4 kgm2

Part 10:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J10 = M10R102 J10 = V10R102

Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V10 Volume = R102l10 M10 Mass J10 = (0.024)4 0.082 7.8 1000 kgm2

J10 = 3.313 10-4 kgm2 Part 11:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J11 = M11R112 J11 = V11R112

Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V11 Volume = R112l11 M11 Mass J11 = (0.0125)4 0.054 7.8 1000 kgm2

J11 = 2 10-5 kgm2 Part 12: Moment of inertia of part 12 (neglecting the small hole and considered it as a uniform cylinder)

J12 = M12R122

J12 = V12R122
Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V12 Volume = R122l12 M12 Mass J13 = (0.019)4 0.086 7.8 1000 kgm2

J13 = 1.26 10-4 kgm2

Part 13:

Moment of inertia with respect to center axis

J13 = M13R132 J13 = V13R132

Where: Density of the material (assume to be steel alloy = 7.8 g/cm3 = 7.8*1000 kg/m3) V13 Volume = R132l13 M13 Mass J13 = (0.01535)4 0.05 7.8 1000 kgm2

J13 = 3.31 10-5 kgm2

Part 14: Moment of Inertia of the rotor winding around the axis

J14 = M14 (Ra2 + Rb2) J14 = l (Ra2 + Rb2)

Density assumed as = 80 % Cu + 20% Steel = .8 8900 + .2 7800

= 8680 Kg/m3 J14 = 8680 Kg/m3 (.258) ((.105)4 (.035)4)

J14 = 0.422 Kg m2

Turbine
Part 1:

I1 = I1 =

M (a2+b2) (0.042+0.0192) h (R2-r2)

I1 = 2.52 10-3kgm2
Part 2: I2 =

M (a2+b2)

I2 = (0.2152) (0.0522-0.042) I2 = 2.90 10-3Kgm2

Part 3: I3 = I3 =

M (a2+b2) M (0.071+0.0522)

I3 = 8.86 10-3Kgm2 Total moment of inertia of the whole system is given by Inertia = turbine inertia + motor inertia Inertia = 0.4454 kg m2

Practical Calculation:
The speed vs time characteristics of the generator is as shown below.
Auslaufversuch bei Ierr = 0A und 1.6A
1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 n in U/min 800 600 400 200 0 0 -200 -400 t in ms
n (0A) Series1

y = -0.0057x + 1575.9 R = 1

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

0 450000

-1

Rated electrical torque is given by Te = Pw 9.554 / n Te = 36.78 Nm (where power = 5776 W, n = 1500 rpm)

As per the theoretical calculation assumption of the mechanical torque of a synchronous motor Te Tm The accelerating torque is approximated to nearly 99.99% The accelerating Torque = 0.24 Nm Ta = J. (2 / 60). dn /dt Therefore inertia of the system is calculated from the following equation J = td = J = 0.63 kg m2

Comparison Of Inertia values:Theoretical value 0.4454 kgm2 Practical value 0.63 kgm2

5. References
Synchronous Generators by Dr. Suad Ibrahim Shahl Synchronous machine parameters estimation by Paladin Grid Inertia and Frequency Control in Power Systems with High Penetration of Renewables by Pieter Tielens, Dirk Van Hertem