3 - Transient Flow Equation and Solutions

Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011
AP. Dr. Muhannad Talib Shuker

GPE Department
Transient Flow Equation
In the course of development of the transient flow
equation three independent equations will be used:

1. Continuity equation: material balance equation which
states conservation of mass

2. Equation of motion : Darcys equation which defines
fluid flow through porous media

3. Equation of state : Compressibility equation which
describes changes in the fluid volume as a function of
pressure

Continuity Equation (1/6)
Schematic of reservoir
Well
Formation
thickness
Reservoir
boundary
r
w
r

r+Ar

Ar

h

Flow Element
(control volume)
Mass in Mass out
Making a mass balance over the
volume element during a time
period of At
Mass entering
volume element
during At
Mass leaving
volume element
during At
Mass accumulated
in the volume
element during At
=
Under the steady-state flow
conditions, the same amount of
fluid enters and leaves the flow
element. However they are not
equal to each other during
unsteady-state (transient) flow
conditions. Nevertheless, the
mass must be conserved in both
cases.
(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) t v h r r Mass
r r in
A A + =
A +
t 2
MASS IN MASS OUT
MASS
ACCUMULATED
=
where;
v = velocity of flowing fluid
= fluid density at r+Ar

A = area at r+Ar

At = time interval
The area of the volume element at the
entry:
A = 2t(r+Ar)h
( ) | | t Av Mass
r r in
A =
A +
(3)
(2)
( ) ( ) t v rh Mass
r out
A = t 2
similarly;
(4)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
t t t Acc
r rh Mass | | t A =
A +
2
.
Mass accumulated = mass at time At mass at time t
(5)
( ) ( )
t t
r rh Mass | t A = 2
(6)
On the other hand;
Substituting in above definition:
( ) ( )
t t t t
r rh Mass
A + A +
A = | t 2
(7)
Substituting Equations 3, 4 and 7 in equation 1:
(8)
( )( ) | | ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
t t t r r r
r hr t v hr t v r r h | | t t t A = A A A +
A + A +
2 2 2
( )( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
t t t r r r
r hr v r v r r t h | | t t A = A + A
A + A +
2 2
Rearranging equation 8:
(9)
Dividing the both sides of the equation 9 by 2thAr At :
(10)
( )( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
t r h
r hr
t r h
v r v r r t h
t t t r r r
A A
A
=
A A
A + A
A + A +
t
| | t
t
t
2
2
2
2
Hence finally:
(11)
( )( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
t r
v r v r r
r
t t t r r r
A
=
A
A +
A + A +
| | 1
Lets take limits as both Ar and At approaches zero;
(12)
or:
(13)
( )( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
t r
v r v r r
r
t t t
t
r r r
r
A
=
A
A +
A +
A
A +
A
| |
0 0
lim
1
lim
( ) | | | | |
t
v r
r r c
c
=
c
c 1
where;
v = velocity of flowing fluid
= fluid density at r+Ar

| = porosity

Continuity equation
Equation of Motion
Darcys law;
(14)
(15)
r
P kA
q
c
c
=
definition of velocity;
A
q
v =
Substituting in equation 14;
r
P k
v
c
c
=
(16)
where;
k = permeability
= fluid viscosity

Transient Flow Equation (1/2)
Substituting equation 16 in equation 13;
(17)
Expanding the right hand side of equation 13:
(18)
| | |
t r
P k
r
r r c
c
=
(
c
c
c
c 1
| |
t t t c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c |
| |
Porosity is related to the formation compressibility by:
P
c
r
c
c
=
|
|
1
(19)
(20)
Applying the chain rule of differentiation to c|/ct:
t
P
P t c
c
c
c
=
c
c | |
Transient Flow Equation (2/2)
Substituting equation 19 in equation 20;
(21)
substituting this into equation 18 :
(22)
| |
t
P
c
t t
r
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
|
| |
Finally substituting equation 22 into equation 17:
(23)
Equation 23 is the general partial differential equation that describes
the flow of any type of fluid in porous medium.
t
P
c
t
r
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
t
P
c
t r
P k
r
r r
r
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
c
c
c
c
|
1
for Slightly Compressible Fluids (1/6)
Let us simplify equation 23 by assuming permeability and viscosity
are constants with respect to pressure, time and distance;
(24)
Expanding above equation gives :
(25)
Applying the chain rule in the the above equation:
(26)
t
P
c
t r
P
r
r r
k
r
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
t t
P
c
r r
P
r
P
r
P
r
k
r
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
2
2
P t
P
t
P
c
P r
P
r
P
r
P
r
k
r
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
2
2
2
Dividing the both sides of the above equation by ;
(27)
Remembering fluid compressibility is related to its density by:
(28)
Combining equations 27 and 28:
(29)
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
P t
P
t
P
c
P r
P
r
P
r
P
r
k
r

| |

1 1 1
2
2
2
P
c
f
c
c
=

1
t
P
c
t
P
c
r
P
c
r
P
r
P
r
k
f r f
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
2
2
2
1
The square of pressure gradient over distance can be considered
very small and negligible which yields;
(30)
Defining the total compressibility c
t
:
(31)
Substituting equations 31 in 30 and rearranging:
(32)
( )
t
P
c c
r
P
r
P
r
k
f r
c
c
+ =
(
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
2
2
1
f r t
c c c + =
t
P
k
c
r
P
r r
P
t
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c | 1
2
2
Equation 32 is called as DIFFUSIVITY EQUATION and is
considered one of the most important and widely used
mathematical expression in Petroleum Engineering.
The diffusivity equation can be rearranged with the inclusion of
field units and is used in the analysis of well testing data where
time is commonly in hours.
(32)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r r
P
t
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c | 1
2
2
Where;
k = permeability, md
r = radial position, ft
P = pressure, psia
c
t
= total compressibility, psi
-1
t = time, hours
| = porosity, fraction
= viscosity, cp

(33)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r r
P
t
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
0002637 . 0
1
2
2
|
Assumptions inherent in equation 33 (2,3,4):
1. Radial flow into well opened entire thickness of
formation
2. Laminar flow (Darcy)
3. Homogeneous and isotropic porous medium
4. Porous medium has constant permeability and
compressibility
5. Gravity effects are negligible
6. Isothermal conditions
7. Fluid has small and constant compressibility
8. Fluid viscosity is constant

Diffusivity equation is generally is shown as:

(34)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r
r r
t
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c | 1
Solutions to Diffusivity Equation
There are three basic cases of interest towards
the solution of Diffusivity Equation:

1. Constant production rate, Infinite
Reservoir
2. Constant production rate, no-flow at the
outer boundary
3. Constant production, constant pressure at
the outer boundary
Initial and Boundary Conditions
for
Constant Production Rate, Infinite Boundary
(34)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r
r r
t
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c | 1
Equation:
Initial Condition:
( )
i
P r P = 0 ,
(35)
Boundary Conditions:
Inner Boundary
w
r
r
P
r
kh
q
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
t 2
(36)
Outer Boundary ( )
i
P t r P = ,
(37)
(34)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r
r r
t
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c | 1
Equation:
Initial Condition:
( )
i
P r P = 0 ,
(35)
Inner Boundary
w
r
r
P
r
kh
q
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
t 2
(36)
Outer Boundary
0 =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
e
r
r
P
(38)
for
Constant Production Rate, No-Flow Boundary
(34)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r
r r
t
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c | 1
Equation:
Initial Condition:
( )
i
P r P = 0 ,
(35)
Inner Boundary
w
r
r
P
r
kh
q
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
t 2
(36)
Outer Boundary
(39) ( )
i e
P t r r P = = ,
for
Constant Production Rate, Constant Pressure Boundary
Dimensionless Form of
Diffusivity Equation
(34)
t
P
k
c
r
P
r
r r
t
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c | 1
Most of the time dimensionless groups are used to express Diffusivity
equation more simply. Many well test analysis techniques use
dimensionless variables to depict general trends rather than working
with specific parameters (like k, t, r
w
, r
e
and h).
One must define dimensionless groups to be able to convert the
diffusivity equation below to its dimensionless form.
Dimensionless Groups for
(40)
Dimensionless Pressure:
( ) P P
qB
kh
P
i D
=
Dimensionless Radius:
w
D
r
r
r = (41)
Dimensionless time:
2
w t
D
r c
kt
t
|
= (42)
Dimensionless form of
The diffusivity equation then can be expressed in dimensionless
form by utilizing the dimensionless groups as:
(43)
D
D
D
D
D
D D
t
P
r
P
r
r r c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c 1
Now it is needed to express the boundary and initial conditions
in dimensionless forms.
Dimensionless Boundary and Initial Conditions for the
Diffusivity Equation for Constant Rate, Infinite Reservoir
(44)
Initial Condition:
( ) 0 0 , = =
D D D
t r P
Outer Boundary:
(45)
Inner Boundary:
( )
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
r
P
(46)
( ) 0 , =
D D D
t r P
Diffusivity Equation for Constant Rate, No-Flow Boundary
(47)
Initial Condition:
( ) 0 0 , = =
D D D
t r P
Outer Boundary:
(48)
Inner Boundary:
(49)
0 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
eD
r
D
D
r
P
( )
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
r
P
Diffusivity Equation for Constant Rate, Constant Pressure
Boundary
(50)
Initial Condition:
( ) 0 0 , = =
D D D
t r P
Outer Boundary:
(51)
Inner Boundary:
(52)
( )
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
r
P
( ) 0 , = =
D eD D D
t r r P

ASSIGNMENT

Prove that the below partial differential equation is the dimensionless
form of Diffusivity Equation.
Prove also that the below initial and boundary conditions are the
dimensionless forms of Constant Rate Infinite Boundary case.
Initial Condition: ( ) 0 0 , = =
D D D
t r P
Outer Boundary:
Inner Boundary:
( )
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
r
P
( ) 0 , =
D D D
t r P
D
D
D
D
D
D D
t
P
r
P
r
r r c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c 1
Solution to Diffusivity Equation for Constant Line Source
Production Rate Infinite Boundary Case
Diffusivity Equation:
Initial Condition: ( ) 0 0 , = =
D D D
t r P
Outer Boundary:
Inner Boundary:
1 lim
0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
D
D
r
D
D
D
r
r
P
r
( ) 0 , =
D D D
t r P
D
D
D
D
D
D D
t
P
r
P
r
r r c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c 1
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
D
D
i D
t
r
E P
4 2
1
2
This is the line source solution of the Diffusivity Equation for constant production rate and
infinite reservoir case.

For
(83)
Exponential integral can be approximated as

(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 80907 . 0 ln
2
1
2
D
D
D
r
t
P
(84)
01 . 0
4
2
<
D
D
t
r
And the dimensionless pressure at the wellbore
(85)
Exponential integral can be approximated as

) | | 80907 . 0 ln
2
1
+ =
D wellbore D
t P
(86)
1 =
D
r
This is the solution for dimensionless bottom hole well pressure for
constant production rate infinite reservoir case.

References
1. Dominique Bourdet, Well Test Analysis: The Use of Advanced Interpretation
Models, Handbook of Petroleum Exploration and Production, 3. Elsevier, 2002
(Chapter 1)
2. Tarek Ahmed, and Paul D. McKinney, Advanced Reservoir Engineering,
Elsevier, 2005 (Chapter 1)
3. John Lee, John B. Rollins, and John P. Spivey, Pressure Transient Testing, SPE
Textbook series Vol. 9.
4. C. S. Matthews, and D. G. Russell, Pressure Buildup and Flow Tests in Wells,
SPE Monograph Vol. 1

3 - Transient Flow Equation and Solutions

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Well Test Analysis, UTP MAY 2011

AP. Dr. Muhannad Talib Shuker

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