ANALYSIS OF FULLY DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN A AXISYMMETRIC PIPE USING ANSYS FLUENT SOFTWARE

Manish Joshi1 P!i"an#a Bish$% D!& Ani!'(h G')$a*

1

M. Tech Scholar, 2M. Tech Scholar, 3 Associate Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bipin Tripathi Kumaon nstitute of Technolog!, D"arahat, Almora, #ttara$han% & n%ia' 2(3()3

A+s$!a,$
This paper presents computational in*estigation of tur+ulent flo" insi%e a pipe. n this paper, a a,is!mmetric mo%el of full! %e*elope% tur+ulent flo" in a pipe is implemente% "ith the help of A.S/S 01#E.T 12.3 soft"are an% the *ariation of a,ial *elocit! an% s$in friction coefficient along the length of pipe is anal!se%. The flui%s use% for this purpose are 0reon an% ammonia. The results o+taine% computationall! are foun% in "ell agreement "ith the results o+taine% anal!ticall!. Keywords: ANSYS FLUENT 14.0, Fully developed flow, Grid, Boundary layer, GA B!T

parameters such as s$in friction coefficient an% centerline *elocit! associate% "ith it.

%& M-,hanis. o/ In$-!na0 /0o1

Although not all con%uits use% to transport flui% from one location to another are roun% in cross section, Most of the common ones are. These inclu%e t!pical "ater pipes, h!%raulic hoses, an% other con%uits that are %esigne% to "ithstan% a consi%era+le pressure %ifferences across their "alls "ithout un%ue %istortion of their shape. T!pical con%uits of noncircular cross section inclu%e heating an% air con%itioning %ucts that are often of rectangular cross section. .ormall! the pressure %ifference +et"een insi%e an% outsi%e of these %uct is relati*el! small. Most of the +asic principles in*ol*e% are in%epen%ent of cross section shape, although the %etails of flo" ma! +e %epen%ent on it. #nless other"ise specifie%, "e "ill assume that the con%uit is roun%. 9e assume that the pipe is completel! fille% "ith the flui% +eing transporte%. The flui% +o%! is of finite %imensions an% is confine% +! the channel or pipe "alls. At the entr! region to a channel, the flui% %e*elops a +oun%ar! la!er ne,t to the channel "alls, "hile the central :core: of the flui% ma! remain as a uniform flo". 9ithin the +oun%ar! la!er, *iscous stresses are *er! prominent, slo"ing %o"n the flui% %ue to its friction "ith the channel "alls. This slo"%o"n propagates a"a! from the "alls. As the flui% enters the channel the flui% particles imme%iatel! ne,t to the "alls are slo"e% %o"n, these particles then *iscousl! interact "ith an% slo" %o"n those in the secon% la!er from the "all, an% so on. Do"nstream, the +oun%ar! la!ers therefore thic$en an% e*entuall! come together, eliminating the central core. E*entuall!, the *elocit! assumes some a*erage profile across the channel "hich is no longer

1& In$!o(',$ion
The anal!sis of pipe flo" is *er! important in engineering point of *ie". A lot of engineering pro+lem %ealt "ith it. Due to rigorous engineering application an% implications the anal!sis is important. The flo" of real flui% e,hi+its *iscous effects in pipe flo". 4ere this effect is i%entifie% for tur+ulent flo" con%ition. The application of momentum e5uation is use% to e*aluate the friction loss coefficient. The e,pression %efining the *elocit! %istri+ution in a pipe flo" across tur+ulent flo" is %eri*e% an% %emonstrate%. 4!%ro %!namicall! %e*elope% flo" is achie*e% in a pipe after a certain length i.e. entrance length Ld , "hen the erect of *iscosit! reaches the center of the pipe. This is the point of concern of this e,periment an% +! the help of 60D anal!sis pac$age 01#E.T, the pro+lem is anal!7e%. After this point, the flo" is essentiall! one-%imensional. The o+8ecti*e of the present "or$ is to in*estigate the nature of full! %e*elope% tur+ulent flo" in a pipe computationall! an% to %etermine the *arious

Fi2'!-13 M-,hanis. o/ in$-!na0 /0o1 influence% +! an! e%ge effects arising from the entrance region. At this point, the flo" no longer %epen%s on "hat has occurre% at the channel entrance, an% "e coul% sol*e for its properties &such as the *elocit! profile' "ithout inclu%ing an entrance region in the calculations. At this stage, "e sa! that the flo" has +ecome :full! %e*elope%.: 8et in%uction to impro*e the a*aila+le techni5ues to mathematicall! mo%el the performance of aspirate% smo$e %etection s!stems. 4e state% that there is a significant area of uncertaint! in %etermining the friction factor an% it has not +een esta+lishe% that the friction factor is unaffecte% +! upstream %istur+ances to the flo" regime "hether that regime is tur+ulent, laminar or transitional. 4e suggeste% that the assumption that the flo" regime can +e regar%e% as full! %e*elope% ma! not +e true. Similar to the "or$ carrie% out +! Ta!lor &1<=2', 6ole &1<<<' suggeste% that the energ! losses in an! pipe fitting can +e +ro$en %o"n into three components? entr! loss, e,it loss an% friction losses. Saho -$ a0& 9%>>6< in*estigate% the accurac! of numerical mo%elling of the laminar e5uation to %etermine the friction factor of pipe. The numerical %ifferential e5uation is iterate% an% con*erge% through the 60D pac$age 01#E.T "here the friction factor is foun% to +e 3.31)1 at the entrance length of 2.@3(= m. "hile the e,perimental result sho"s the *alue of friction factor as 3.31)@.Besi%es these pre*ious "or$s, a num+er of formulations an% anal!tical results ha*e +een %iscusse% in *arious +oo$s. The e,pression %efining the *elocit! %istri+ution in a pipe flo" across tur+ulent flo" is %eri*e% an% %emonstrate% in B-?an @Con4-,$i4- h-a$ $!ans/-! ,o-//i,i-n$A 166; . 4!%ro %!namicall! %e*elope% flo" is achie*e% in a pipe after a certain length i.e. entrance length Le , "here the effect of *iscosit! reaches the centre of pipe. At this point the *elocit! assumes some a*erage profile across the pipe "hich is no longer influence% +! an! e%ge effects arising from the entrance region. The flo" of real flui%s e,hi+it *iscous effects in pipe flo". 4ere this effect is i%entifie% for tur+ulent flo" con%itions. The relationships %efining friction in pipes ha*e +een %emonstrate% in Whi$-

*& Li$-!a$'!- !-4i-1

A large num+er of research anal!ses ha*e +een carrie% out on the internal flo"s %uring the recent !ears. La'/-! J& The structure of tur+ulence in full! %e*elope% pipe flo", .A6A ;eport, .A6A-T.-2<)2 &1<)3'. Po1- an( To1n-s 5167*8 in*estigate% the tur+ulence structure for full! %e*elope% flo" in rough pipes. The metho% use% to %etermine the tur+ulence structure in*ol*e% e,amination of the fluctuating *elocit! spectra in all three coor%inate %irections. An important conclusion of this "or$ "as that in the central region of the pipe, the flo" "as relati*el! in%epen%ent of the nature of the soli% +oun%ar!. Ta"0o! 916:;< mathematicall! mo%elle% the airflo" through sampling pipes. Ta!lor &1<=2' +egins +! stating that for a stea%! incompressi+le flui% flo" through a smooth pipe, the energ! conser*ation e5uation can +e use%. 4e 5uote% Darc!>s formula forehea% loss in pipes cause% +! friction. 4e also commente% that this e5uation is applica+le to either laminar or tur+ulent flo". n more recent "or$, =oh 5166%8 presente% an e5uation to represent the mean *elocit! %istri+ution across the inner la!er of a tur+ulent +oun%ar! la!er, an% use% this *elocit! profile to %eri*e a friction factor correlation for full! %e*elope% tur+ulent pipe flo". Co0- 91666< in*estigate% the %istur+ances to pipe flo" regimes +!

F&M& F0'i( M-,hani,s *!( -(i$ion 166;. The anal!sis of incompressi+le laminar flo" "ill +e %one +! the momentum e5uation of an element of flo" in a con%uit? the application of the shear stress-*elocit! relationship an% $no"le%ge of flo" con%ition at the pipe "all "hich allo"s constant of integration to +e %emonstrate% in S$i$,hin2 B& ABo'n(a!"-La"-! Th-o!"A 7$hE(i$ion&.,G!a1-Bi00 1676&. The application of momentum e5uation is use% to e*aluate the friction loss coefficient. The e,pression %efining the *elocit! %istri+ution in a pipe flo" across laminar flo" is %eri*e% an% %emonstrate% in Whi$- F!an# M& AVis,o's F0'i( F0o1A In$-!na$iona0 E(i$ion M,G!a1-Bi00 1661.

No.-n,0a$'!" # $ % L & 'f n 6enterline Aelocit! or A,ial Aelocit! mBs ;a%ius of Pipe, m Diameter of Pipe, m 1ength of Pipe, m Aolume flo" rate, m3Bs S$in friction coefficient 0unction of the ;e!nol%s num+er $ ( w ) p " * f ;a%ius of elementar! ring, m 9all shear stress 6hange in pressure, .Bm2 Aelocit! of flo", mBs Densit! of flui%, $gBm3 0riction factor

Fi2'!- %3 Pi)- G-o.-$!"

& = 2$ 2"# & n + 1'& 2 n + 1'

$ 2" , therefore we get Since & =

2n 2

;& Ana0"$i,a0 So0'$ion

The correlation for the *elocit! profile in tur+ulent flo" is gi*en +!
u "# r = &1 $ '

1 n

" 2n 2 = "# & n +1'& 2 n +1' The formula for calculating the value of skin friction coefficient is given by

9here u is the time mean a*erage of ,- component of instantaneous *elocit!, "# is the centreline *elocit! or a,ial *elocit!, $ is the ra%ius of pipe, r is the ra%ius of elementar! ring an% n is a function of the ;e!nol%s num+er. To %etermine the centreline *elocit!, "# , "e must $no" the relationship +et"een " &the a*erage *elocit!' an% "# . . This can +e o+taine% +! integration of e5uation &1'. Since the flo" is a,is!metric,
& = A" =

'f =

w 1 v 2 2

Where, w is the wall shear stress is given by

p =

2 L " % 2

Where f is the friction factor an is calculate with the hel! of "oo y chart#

r =$

udA

"#

r =3

(1-

r $

1 n

(2r)

dr

In)'$ Pa!a.-$-!s
S&No&
1 2 3 2 ) ( @ = < 13

Pa!a.-$-! Diameter of pipe &m' 1ength of pipe&m' 0lo"ing 0lui% Temperature & K ' Densit! of flui% &KgBm ' Aiscosit! of flui% & KgBms' Aelocit! of flui% at inlet &mBs' Cutsi%e Pressure &atm' 0lo" Mo%el Material of pipe
3

T'!+'0-n$ /0o1 3.2 23 0reon, Ammonia 2<3,2<3 1333,(12 2.(332e -32 , 2.1<3<(e-32 3.31,3.33) 1,1 K- mo%el copper

C& Mo(-00in2 an( Si.'0a$ion

The "hole anal!sis is carrie% out "ith the help of soft"are DA.S/S 0luent 12.3E. A.S/S 0luent 12.3 is

computational flui% %!namics &60D' soft"are pac$age to stimulate flui% flo" pro+lems. t uses the finite *olume metho% to sol*e the go*erning e5uations for a flui% Feometr! an% gri% generation is %one using FAMB T "hich is the pre-processor +un%le% "ith 01#E.T. The t"o %imensional computational %omain mo%elle% using he, mesh for mo%els are as sho"n in fig 2. The complete %omain of a,i-s!mmetric tu+e

consists of 21(3( no%es 21333 Elements. Fri% in%epen%ence test "as performe% to chec$ the *ali%it! of the 5ualit! of the mesh on the solution. 0urther refinement %i% not change the result +! more than 3.<G "hich is ta$en as the appropriate mesh 5ualit! for computation.

Fi2'!- *3 ADia0 V-0o,i$" o/ F!-on a0on2 $h- )osi$ion o/ )i)-

Fi2'!- ;3 S#in /!i,$ion ,o-//i,i-n$ o/ F!-on a0on2 $h- )osi$ion o/ )i)-

Fi2'!- C3 ADia0 4-0o,i$" o/ a..onia a0on2 $h- )osi$ion o/ )i)-

Fi2'!- E3 S#in /!i,$ion ,o-//i,i-n$ o/ a..onia a0on2 $h- )osi$ion o/ )i)-

E& Results and Discussion

0or tur+ulent case of 0reon as sho"n in figure 3, the centreline *elocit! for full! %e*elope% region is aroun% 3.312mBs "hile the *alue calculate% anal!ticall! is 3.312@mBs. Similarl!, for tur+ulent case of Ammonia, the *alue of centreline *elocit! for full! %e*elope% region accor%ing to figure 2 is 3.33(@<mBs "hile the *alue o+taine% anal!ticall! is e5ual to 3.33(=mBs. Similarl!, for full! %e*elope% tur+ulent flo" of 0reon an% Ammonia, the *alue of s$in friction coefficient comes out to +e 3.313@)an% 3.313@) respecti*el! "hile the *alues o+taine% computationall! are 3.3133 an% 3.31()3 &figure ) an% figure ('. t is also o+ser*e% from the results that the a,ial *elocit! against position of centerline also re*eal that the a,ial *elocit! increases along the length of pipe an% after some %istance it +ecomes constant "hich is in conformit! to the results o+taine% e,perimentall!. The results of the s$in friction coefficient against position of centerline also re*eal that the s$in friction %ecreases along the length of pipe an% after some %istance it +ecomes constant "hich is in conformit! to the results o+taine% e,perimentall!

7& Con,0'sion
Base% on the 60D anal!sis of the flo" insi%e the pipe the follo"ing conclusions can +e %ra"n? 1. 6ompute% friction factors an% a,ial *elocit! "ere foun% in close agreement "ith the anal!tical *alues. 2. S$in friction coefficient %ecreases along "ith the length of pipe an% +ecomes constant after entering the full! %e*elope% regime.

3. A,ial *elocit! increases along "ith the length of pipe an% in the full! %e*elope% regime it +ecomes constant. 2. 60D anal!sis represents successfull! the h!%ro%!namic of the s!stem.

:& R-/-!-n,-s
H1I1A#0E;, J., The structure of tur+ulence in full! %e*elope% pipe flo", .A6A ;eport,.A6A-T.2<)2 &1<)3'.

H2IPo"e, ;. E. an% To"nes, 4. 9., KTur+ulence structure for full! %e*elope% flo" in rough pipes,: J. 0lui%s Eng., pp. 2))-2(1, 1<@3. H3I Ta!lor, ..A. &1<=2' Mo%eling of Air 0lo"s Through the Sample Pipe of a Smo$e Detecting S!stem, #nite% King%om Atomic Energ! Authorit! Koh, /., Tur+ulent flo" near a rough "all,: J. 0lui%s Eng., Aol. 112, pp. )3@L)22, 1<<2. H2I 6ole, M., Distur+ance of 0lo" ;egimes +! Jet n%uction, P4.D Thesis, Aictoria #ni*ersit! of Technolog!, Australia, 1<<<. H)I M. Sahu, Kishan8it Kumar Khatua an% Kanhu 6haran Patra, T. .ai$, De*elope% laminar flo" in pipe using computational flui% %!namics, 233<,@ th

nternational ; M D 6onference on De*elopment an% Management of 9ater an% Energ! ;esources, 2-( 0e+ruar!233<, Bhu+anes"ar, n%ia H(I A%rian Be8an,E6on*ecti*e 4eat TransferE, John 9ile! an% Sons, 1<<2. H@I9hite, 0.M., 0lui% Mechanics, 3r% e%ition, 1<<2. H=IStitching, 4.,EBoun%ar!-1a!er Theor!E, @thK E%ition.mcFra"-4ill, 1<@<. H<I9hite, 0ran$ M.,EAiscous 0lui% 0lo"E, nternational E%ition, McFra"-4ill, 1<<1.