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CHAPTER 9

LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT: BEHAVIOURAL AND REPRODUCTIVE ADAPTATIONS

LEARNING INTENTION
To learn about behavioural adaptations of animals, both individual and group behaviours that increase their chances of survival.

SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete Chapter 9 questions 1, 2, 4 and 6 Complete worksheet on Biological Rhythms.

Adaptations in action:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKLSbpITFp8

ADAPTATIONS AND THEIR SURVIVAL VALUE


All organisms have structures and behaviours that improve their chance of survival in their natural environment. Those with the most favourable adaptations will have the greatest chance of survival. Types of adaptations include: Structural adaptations Behavioural adaptations including rhythmic behaviours , living in groups, communication, courtship and reproductive behaviours.

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS
These are anatomical adaptations that an organism possesses that improve their ability to survive. They are innate (the animal is born with them) e.g. kangaroos use their tails for balance.

BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATIONS
These are learned behaviours that an organism possesses that improves their ability to survive e.g. if we get hot we might move into a shaded area, so that we don't get dehydrated or heatstroke.
The tawny Frogmouth is well camouflaged as long as it remains still.

RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOURS
Many organisms have behaviours that occur at specific times or in specific patterns. These are governed by their interaction with other organisms or with the environment.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
These are patterns of behaviour that occur within a 24 hour period. Some animals are - nocturnal (active at night), some are - diurnal (active during the day) and others - crepuscular (active at dawn or dusk).

MIGRATION
This is the movement of a group of organisms based on seasonal changes such as food availability, breeding seasons and weather conditions. Migrations may occur on land, by air or through water.

LIVING IN GROUPS
Some animals live solitary lives and only come together at certain times. Other animals live in groups. For example hundreds of penguins all live in close proximity while the Sumatran tiger is generally solitary and has a range of up to 50 square kilometres.

Generally there are advantages to living in groups. Some of these include: - Detecting predators: some species such as meerkats have sentries that keep a lookout for predators and warn others of their presence. - Safety in numbers: increasing the size of a group means that it is less likely that a specific individual will be taken by a predator. Predators are also less likely to attack large groups.

Raising young: if an entire group assists in the feeding and care of the young then those individuals are more likely to survive to maturity.
Obtaining food: some species of predators such as lions hunt in packs, increasing the chances of catching their prey. The food is shared increasing the chances of the group surviving.

Discuss answers to questions 1, 2, 4 and 6 Complete worksheet on Biological Rhythms.

LEARNING INTENTION
To learn about the different signals and behaviours animals use to communicate.

SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete Chapter 9 questions 9, 11, 12, 14 and 15. Complete worksheet on Animal Communication.

GETTING THE MESSAGE ACROSS


Signallers put out a signal e.g. pheromones, calls etc. that are received by another organism of the same species that causes a change in behaviour of that organism.

Acoustic signals
Acoustic signals - these are only effective within earshot. They may be mating calls, indicate the presence of danger etc.

Chemical signals
Chemical signals (pheromones): many species secrete pheromones to attract a mate, others mark their territories with urine or other chemicals.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CAjWaZx2Ks

Visual signals
Visual signals - these are only effective in direct line of sight e.g. birds have elaborate mating dances, dogs show teeth to indicate aggression.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NtegAOQpSs

Camouflaged animals:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpdoDBYuHIA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmDTtkZlMwM

Discuss answers to questions 9, 11, 12, 14 and 15.

LEARNING INTENTION To learn how and why different animals migrate. To learn about the reproductive adaptations of animals. SUCCESS CRITERIA Complete Chapter 9 questions 17, 19, 21 and 23. Complete worksheet on Breeding Behaviour. Complete worksheet on Parental Care.

MIGRATION
Some animals hibernate during the colder months when food is scarce, others migrate. Migration may only involve distances of a few metres or many thousands of kilometres. Factors that influence migration are: - food availability - weather - breeding seasons.

MIGRATION
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNKgh6TfWXo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MU2Fch9FxVc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLoXDFDeD9E

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdfIuVcwcQs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2VcUre72Wg

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
Finding a mate, reproducing and raising young are all reproductive behaviours.

COURTSHIP AND REPRODUCTION


Types of courtship behaviours include: Pheromones: females emit pheromones indicating that they are ready to mate. These pheromones attract potential mates. Aggressive behaviour: the potential mates for a female will fight, with the strongest winning. This ensures the production of stronger, healthier offspring.

Displays: displays may be visual or vocal. A mate is selected on having the best call or the most attractive plumage.

Offerings: males bring presents to the female such as food or attractive items e.g. male bower birds place blue objects into bowers in order to attract females.

BOWER BIRDS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG5SUX1V6BE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U89tw093s_Y

PEACOCK SPIDER
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/3160792.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-nmeYirsvA http://www.amusingplanet.com/2012/12/meetmost-gorgeous-peacock-spider.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqsMTZQ-pmE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKKabd3W904 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW8GX2n4qbY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcdKlgFOPsQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NKtuTS8eFA

NO PARENTING
Some species e.g. turtles do not look after their offspring at all; they just lay eggs and leave them. Organisms that parent in this way try to ensure the survival of the species by producing large numbers of offspring as the majority of the offspring do not reach adulthood.

SHORT PERIOD OF PARENTING


In some species, one parent, usually the mother spends a certain period of time teaching the young what it needs to know in order to survive, before getting the offspring to leave their territory.

GROUP PARENTING
Some species live in large groups such as herds, packs or prides. In this case many of members of the group will contribute towards keeping the young safe until they mature.

LONG PERIOD OF PARENTING


Some species look after their offspring for a long period of time. These offspring are likely to reach maturity and so the numbers of offspring produced are very low.

Discuss answers to questions 17, 19, 21 and 23.

Discuss worksheet Breeding Behaviour.


Complete worksheet Parental Care.

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