Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones Using Microwaves

Abstract of Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones Using Microwaves With mobile phones becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk time and battery standby according to their manufacture and batteries. All these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries have to be put to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of this current proposal is to make the recharging of the mobile phones independent of their manufacturer and battery make. In this paper a new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone! This is done by use of microwaves. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency is 2.45 GHz. There are minimal additions, which have to be made in the mobile handsets, which are the addition of a sensor, a Rectenna, and a filter. With the above setup, the need for separate chargers for mobile phones is eliminated and makes charging universal. Thus the more you talk, the more is your mobile phone charged! With this proposal the manufacturers would be able to remove the talk time and battery stand by from their phone specifications. Introduction of Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones Using Microwaves The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with

regularity. Some experimentation has been done with inverse rectenna, converting electricity into microwave energy, but efficiencies are much lower-only in the area of 1%. With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices can be brought down to molecular level. It has been theorized that similar devices, scaled down to the proportions used in nanotechnology, could be used to convert light into electricity at much greater efficiencies than what is currently possible with solar cells. This type of device is called an optical rectenna. Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device shrinks, but experiments funded by the United States National Renewable energy Laboratory have so
far only obtained roughly 1% efficiency while using infrared light. Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a simple sensor.

Receiver Design :
The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity.

Rectifies received microwaves into DC current a rectenna comprises of a mesh of dipoles and diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter and converting it into electric power. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from

most antennae. A simple rectenna can be constructed from a Schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles as shown in Fig... The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectenna are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. In future rectennass will be used to generate large-scale power from microwave beams delivered from orbiting SPS satellites. The sensor circuitry is a simple circuit, which detects if the mobile phone receives any message signal. This is required, as the phone has to be charged as long as the user is talking. Thus a simple F to V converter would serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile phone operators is generally 900MHz or 1800MHz for the GSM system for mobile communication.
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High Speed Packet Access - HSPA

Abstract of HSPA The High Speed Packet Access technology is the most widely used mobile broadband technology in communication world. It was already built in more than 3.8 billion connection with GSM family of technologies. The HSPA technology is referred to both High Speed Downlink Packet Access (3GPP Release 5) and to High Speed Uplink Packet Access (3GPP Release 6). The Evolved HSPA technology or HSPA + is the evolution of HSPA that extends operators investments before the next generations technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE or 3GPP Release 8). The HSPA technology is implemented on third generation (3G) UMTS/WCDMA network and accepted as the leader in mobile data communication. Using the HSDPA optimization on downlink is performed, whereas the HSUPA technology applying Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) sets some improvements for the uplink performance optimization. The products that support HSUPA became available in 2007 and the combination of both HSDPA and HSUPA were called HSPA. Adopting these technologies the throughput, latency and spectral efficiency were improved. Introducing HSPA resulted to the increase of overall throughput approximately to 85 % on the uplink and a rise more than 50 % in user

throughput. The HSPA downlink available rates are 1 to 4 Mbps and for the uplink are 500 kbps to 2Mbps as of 1 quarter of 2009. The theoretical bit rates are 14Mbps at the downlink and 5.8 Mbps at the uplink in a 5MHz channel. Besides, the latency is notably reduced as well. In the improved network, the latency is less than 50ms, and after the introduction of 2ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) latency is expected to be just 30ms. High Speed Downlink Packet Access The main idea of HSDPA concept is a growth of packet access throughput with methods known from Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)/ Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) standards, involving link adaptation and fast physical layers (L1) retransmission combining. The demand of arriving to possible memory requirements and bringing control for link adaptation closer to the air interface brought forward the High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HSDSCH). The functioning of HSDPA is done in a way that after calculating the quality of every HSDPA user based for example on power control, ACK/NACK ratio, and HSDPA specific user feedback at the Node-B, then scheduling and link adaptation are immediately conducted depending on the active scheduling algorithm and user prioritization scheme. Using HSDPA the fundamental features of WCDMA like variable spreading factor (SF) and fast power control are switched off and replaced by adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), extensive multicode operation and a fast and spectrally efficient retransmission strategy. The power control dynamics in downlink is 20 dB, and at the uplink it is 70 dB. Due to intra-cell interference (interference between users on parallel code channels) and Node-B implementation some limitation are appeared for the downlink dynamics. Consequently, a near to Node-B users power is unable to be reduced maximally by the power control. Moreover, the reduced power beyond 20 dB influences a little on the capacity. With HSDPA, this property is handled by the link adaptation function and AMC to choose a coding and modulation combination that demands higher Ec/Io, which is available to the user near to Node-B. This leads to the increase of customer throughput. Utilizing simultaneously up to 15 multicodes in parallel, a large dynamic range of the HSDPA link adaptation and maintenance of a good spectral efficiency are enabled. Using more robust coding, fast Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) and multicode operation makes the variable SF no more necessary.

In order to profit from the short term variations, the scheduling decisions are performed in the Node-B, so the capacity allocations for one user are done in a short time, in a friendly conditions. The physical layer packet combining is that the terminal accumulates the received data packets in soft memory and in the case of decoding failure, the new transmission is combined with the old one before channel decoding. The retransmission can be the same as the first transmission or can be with different bits relatively to the channel encoder output received during the last transmission. With addition incremental strategy, a diversity gain and improving decoding efficiency can be achieved. The Physical Layer Operation Procedure

The steps of the physical layer operation of the HSDPA: The scheduler in the Node B estimates the conditions of the channel, the pended data in the buffer, the expired time since the last session of the user and so on. After defining TTI for the terminal, the HS-DSCH parameters are assigned. In order to inform the terminal of the necessary parameters, the HS-SCCH two slots are transmitted by the Node-B before the corresponding HS-DSCH TTI. The given HS-SCCHs are monitored and after the decoding of the Part1 from an HSSCCHdetermined for that terminal, the rest of the HS-SCCH is decoded and terminalwill buffer the necessary codes from the HS-DSCH. As soon as the HS-SCCH parameters are decoded from Part 2, the terminal can define to which ARQ process the data belongs and the whether it is required the combine of the data and that already in the soft buffer.

After the potentially combined data is decoded, the terminal sends ACK/NACK i If the transmission is performed in the same TTI the same HS-SCCH is used. References