Grape seed extract and dental health

Root caries is especially prevalent among the elderly population due to gingival recession and the exposure of susceptible root surface (61). Approximately 8% of the population are expected to ac uire one or more ne! root caries lesions yearly in "orth America (6#). $uring root caries development% the dentin mineral is dissolved by acid produced from oral bacterial biofilm and the deminerali&ed dentin matrix is further degraded% allo!ing bacteria to infiltrate the intertubular area (6'). $entin is a complex minerali&ed tissue composed of ()% mineral% #)% organic component% and 1)% fluid (6*). +he organic matrix of dentin consists of ,)% fibrillar type - collagen% !hile the remaining 1)% is composed of noncollagenous proteins such as phosphoproteins and proteoglycans (6*%6.). +he preservation and stability of dentin collagen may be essential during the reminerali&ation process% because it acts as a scaffold for mineral deposition. -t has also been suggested that the presence of an organic matrix may reduce the progression of erosion in dentin (66%6(). /ne of the important strategies regarding preventive therapies for root caries is to promote reminerali&ation of deminerali&ed dentin (680(1). 1roanthocyanidin (1A) is a naturally occurring plant metabolite !idely available in fruits% vegetables% nuts% seeds% flo!ers% and bar2 ((#). 3ommonly used as natural antioxidants and free4radical scavengers% 1A has been proven to be safe in various clinical applications and as dietary supplements (#(%('). 5rape seed extract (567) is a rich source of 1A% !hich has been reported to strengthen collagen4based tissues by increasing collagen cross4lin2s ((*). 1A from cranberries inhibited the surface4adsorbed glucosyltransferases and acid production by S. mutans ((.). 6tudies have also sho!n that 1A increased collagen synthesis and accelerated the conversion of soluble collagen to insoluble collagen during development ((6%((). 1A4treated collagen matrices !ere demonstrated to be nontoxic and resisted en&yme digestion in vitro and in vivo ((8). 8ie et al. ((,) performed a study to examine the effect of 567 on the reminerali&ation and deminerali&ation of the collagen4rich root tissue of human teeth. +o evaluate the effect of 567 on the reminerali&ation of artificial root caries% an in vitro p94 cycling model !as used ((,). +eeth fragments obtained from the cervical portion of the root !ere stored in a deminerali&ation solution for ,6 h at '(:3 to induce artificial root caries lesions. +he fragments !ere then divided into ' treatment groups; 6..% 567% 1))) mg<= fluoride ("a>)% and an untreated control. +he deminerali&ed samples !ere p94cycled through treatment solutions% acidic buffer% and neutral buffer for 8 d at 6 cycles<d. +he samples !ere subse uently evaluated using a microhardness tester% polari&ed light microscopy% and confocal laser scanning microscopy. $ata !ere analy&ed using A"/?A and >isher@s tests (P A ).).). Results obtained from this study sho!ed that fluoride treatment inhibited further deminerali&ation of existed artificial root lesions and increased the microhardness value of

lesions. +reatment !ith 567 !as also found to increase the microhardness of the lesions compared !ith the untreated control group (P A ).).). 1olari&ed light microscopy data revealed a significantly thic2er mineral precipitation band on the surface layer of the 5674 treated lesions% !hich !as further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. +he data supported the fact that 567 positively affected the deminerali&ation and<or reminerali&ation processes of artificial root caries lesions% most li2ely through a different mechanism than that of fluoride ((,). 567 may contribute to mineral deposition on the superficial layer of the lesion and may also interact !ith the organic portion of the root dentin through 1A4collagen interaction% thereby stabili&ing the exposed collagen matrix. 567 may be a potential adBunct or alternative to fluoride in the treatment of root caries during minimally invasive therapy. >urther investigation is !arranted. /ther articles in this supplement include

Full Length Research Paper

Inhibitory effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on cariogenic bacteria

Hala El-Adawi
Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotech Institute, City for Scientific Research, New Borg E ara!, "#$%&' (le)andria, Egypt* E'mail+ halaeladawi,hotmail*com* (ccepted "# (ugust, "-#"

Abstract Streptococcus mutans plays an important role in the de.elopment of dental caries in humans* (lthough fluoride and other pre.enti.e efforts ha.e led to a dramatic decline in dental caries, the a!ility to control the actual infection has !een limited* /herefore, this study was aimed at in.estigating in details the effect of a grape seed e)tract 0GSE1 on the growth and the !iofilm formation of S. mutans* Cytoto)icity assay of GSE was used to determine the non'to)ic concentrations to the host cell 02Ep'" cell line1* (ntimicro!ial acti.ity of GSE was e)amined in vitro on S. mutans isolate to determine the minimum inhi!itory concentration 0MIC1 !y using microtiter plate method* /he potentiality of GSE on the !acterial adherence 0!iofilm1 was also tested on growing cells on the !ottom of cell culture plate* /he presence of S. mutans increases the free radical stress, which initiates the DN( fragmentation of the host cells* In addition, the free sca.enging acti.ity of GSE was measured !y using #,#'dipicryl'"'phenyl hydra3yl 0D4421 assay5 DN( fragmentation was carried out in the presence and a!sence of GSE treatment* /he results o!tained indicate that the non'to)ic dose of GSE and its ma6or constituents 0gallic acid, catechin and epicatechin1 was #7, 8, 7 and #79, respecti.ely* (ll the

treatments ha.e the a!ility to inhi!it the growth of S. mutans and !iofilm formation with priority to GSE and epicatechin 0:-*$: and ;;*"79, respecti.ely1* Moreo.er, the GSE could sca.enge the free radicals up to :79 and completely inhi!it the DN( fragmentation* GSE, especially epicatechin therefore showed an interesting action on S. mutans and could !e used for lowering this potentially cariogenic species in the oral ca.ity* Key words: Streptococcus mutans, grape seed e)tract 0GSE1, cytoto)icity, !iofilm, non'to)ic dose*

0715 Effect of a grape seed extract on Streptococcus mutans

M.-C. BADET , A. FURIGA , A. LONVAUD-FUNEL , and M. WATTS , U.F.R. of Odontolog , Bo!d"a#$ C"d"$, F!an%", Un&'"!(&t V&%to! )"gal"nBo!d"a#$2, F!an%", *&"!!" Fa+!" MEDICAMENT, Ca(t!"(, F!an%"
1 2 2 3 1 2 3

O+,"%t&'"(- Streptococcus mutans .la ( a /a,o! !ol" &n t0" d"'"lo./"nt of o!al d&("a("( l&1" d"ntal %a!&"(. On" of t0" &/.o!tant '&!#l"n%" .!o."!t&"( of t0&( /&%!o o!gan&(/ &( &t( a+&l&t to %olon&2" d"ntal (#!fa%"( &n t0" .!"("n%" of d&"ta! (#%!o(" T0" a&/ of t0&( 3o!1 3a( to &n'"(t&gat" t0" a%t&on of a G!a." )""d E$t!a%t 4G)E5 on t0" g!o3t0 and ad0"!"n%" of S. mutans. M"t0od(- E$."!&/"nt( 3"!" don" &n '&t!o on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Ant&/&%!o+&al a%t&'&t of t0" .ol .0"nol&% "$t!a%t 3a( "$a/&n"d + d"t"!/&n&ng t0" MIC and MBC #(&ng t0" /a%!o d&l#t&on +!ot0 t"%0n&6#". T0" "ff"%t on g!o3t0 3a( d"t"!/&n"d + t0" %o#nt&ng of CFU, aft"! a 27 0o#!("$.o(#!" to t0" %o/.o#nd. It( a%t&on on t0" ad0"!"n%" 3a( t"(t"d on g!o3&ng %"ll( on a gla(( (#!fa%", a%%o!d&ng to t0" /"t0od of 8a/ada and To!&& 419:;5. T0" %on%"nt!at&on fo! total +a%t"!&al ad0"!"n%" &n0&+&t&on 4TBAI5 3a( d"f&n"d a( t0" lo3"(t %on%"nt!at&on t0at allo3"d no '&(&+l" %"ll ad0"!"n%" on t0" gla(( (#!fa%". *o(&t&'" %ont!ol 3a( /ad" 3&t0 %0lo!0"$&d&n". R"(#lt(- G)E (0o3( a +a%t"!&o(tat&%al a%t&'&t 3&t0 MIC and MBC 'al#"( of !"(."%t&'"l 1<<< and 7<<< =g>/l. It (&gn&f&%antl 4(t#d"nt t t"(t, .?<.<@5 &n0&+&t( t0" g!o3t0 of S. mutans aft"! t0" %on%"nt!at&on of @<<=g>/l. At t0" %on%"nt!at&on of @<=g>/l, G)E l"ad( to t0" fo!/at&on of a 3"a1l ad0"!"nt +&of&l/. =g>/l, t0" fo!/at&on of +&of&l/ &( totall &n0&+&t"d. F!o/ t0" %on%"nt!at&on of 2<< Con%l#(&on- G)E (0o3( an &nt"!"(t&ng a%t&on on Streptococcus mutans and %o#ld

+" #("d fo! t0" lo3"!&ng of t0&( .ot"nt&all %a!&og"n&% (."%&"( &n o!al %a'&t . T0&( 3o!1 3a( (#..o!t"d + t0" La+o!ato&!" *&"!!" Fa+!" )"6 A93 - Streptococci A 2-<< *M-3-1@ *M, T0#!(da , B#l 3, 2<<; M"t!o To!onto Con'"nt&on C"nt!" E$0&+&t 8all D-E *o(t"!

Abstract
Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. However, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. In this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well known dental pathogen. Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties !abernet "ranc and #inot $oir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties %aco $oir and $oiret. &he anthocyanins and flavan ' ols content were highly variable depending on grape variety and type of extract (whole fruit vs fermented pomace). $evertheless, all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases % and ! (()*+,- inhibition) at concentrations as low as ./., 0g1m2 ( P 3 ).)4). "urthermore, the glycolytic pH drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts without affecting the bacterial viability5 an effect that can be attributed to partial inhibition of " 6&#ase activity (')*.,- inhibition at 4/, 0g1m25 P 3 ).)4). &he biological activity of fermented pomace was either as effective as or significantly better than whole fruit grape extracts. &he results showed that grape phenolic extracts, especially from pomace, are highly effective against specific virulence traits of S. mutansdespite ma7or differences in their phenolic content.
Keywords:

Grapes5 polyphenols5 flavan-3-ols5 anthocyanins5 S. mutans5glucosyltransferases5 glycolysis