Genetic Engineering

In Bacteria: Human insulin 1. The plasmid in the bacteria is isolated, a part of it is cut off using the restriction enzyme and then a gene is cut off from the DNA using the same restriction enzyme, 2.This gene is the gene which controls the production of human insulin, 3. That gene is stuck to the plasmid using the lipase enzyme and then the plasmid is put back into the bacteria, and then once the bacteria is genetically modified it is cultured into a fermenter to produce more amounts. Enzymes for washing powder Many stains are biological, hence enzymes are used to digest the large insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble ones which means that they are dissolved by the water. Hence these enzymes are modified in order for them to withstand high temperature and Ph hence perfect for washing machines. Human growth hormone The pituary gland of some children does not produce sufficient quantities of this hormone and their growth is retarded. Injections of growth hormone from genetically modified bacteria to restore normal growth patterns. In Animals Since animal just like plants are multicellular, it is not enough to simply transfer gene to cell. The cell has to grow into a whole organism hence the most successful method involves injecting DNA directly into a newly fertilised egg cell , which develops into an embryo then a an adult. The desired gene is cut using restriction enzymes and then is injected into a fertilised egg cell which is then put into the surrogate mother and then the babies are born which will have the desired characteristics. Belgium Blues The Belgium blues cows are one example of genetically engineered animals, A single genetic defect, a faulty myostatin gene, is responsible for its enormous bulk, and that defect was carefully passed on through the breed for more than a century before it was even causing even known what was causing the cattles impressive double muscling . Enviropig-Pig manure is high in phytate, a form of phosphorus, so when farmers use the manure as fertilizer, the chemical drains into the lake and eutrophication occurs. So scientists added an E. Coli bacteria and mouse DNA to a pig embryo. This modification decreases a pigs phosphorous output by as much as 70 percent making the pig more environmentally friendly. Xenotransplantation involves the transplantation of nonhuman tissues or organs into human recipients. Chimpanzee kidneys have been transplanted into patients with renal failure. The potential threat however with xenotransplantation is that infectious diseases can be spread easily. Additionally, novel infections may be transmitted from the donor to the recipient and spread to the human population Medicinal Eggs British scientists have created a breed of genetically modified hens that produce cancer-fighting medicines in their eggs. In Plant modification is done just like bacteria modification. In this case Agrobacterium which regularly inserts plasmids into plant cells, it is called a vector. The plasmid from the bacteria is isolated and then it is cut open using the restriction enzymes and then the DNA is cut with restriction enzyme to isolate desired gene and then it is joined with the plasmid using ligase. Then obtain leaf discs from the plant to be modified, the discs floating on the liquid containing the plasmids of which some will be absorbed by the leaf discs. Then these are cultivated on a nutrient medium, which will grow as plants. However this technique cannot be used on other plants, hence the gene gun is used. Tiny pellets of gold are coated with DNA that contains desired gene and these are fired directl y into plant tissue. If the plant tissue is young, delicate then the DNA uptake is good. Then theses are grown into plants. Cereal plants like Tobacco, Carrot, Soybean, Apple, Oilseed rape and Cotton are genetically modified with the gene gun. Flood-Resistant Rice-Scientists in Philippines on genetically-modified rice that can withstand flooding. If field trials are successful, the rice could be available as early as next year. Papaya-Papayas resistance have been increased