Kuliah-3 Kuliah 3 Teknik Reservoir (3 SKS)

Dosen : Ir. D I Andry A d Halim, H li MM Universitas Trisakti - Jakarta 2012

Objective/Sasaran
jenis-2 reservoir tekanan reservoir

Jenis-jenis Jenis jenis Reservoir Berdasarkan diagram fasa:

1. R 1 Reservoir i minyak i k 2. Reservoir gas gas condensate ( (retrograde) g ) 3. Reservoir g

Jenis-2 Jenis 2 Rservoir

Types of Reservoir Fluids

Black oil Volatile oil Retrograde gas W gas Wet Dry gas

R Reservoir i Classification Cl ifi ti

Basis
Rock composition Grain cementation Porosity system Hydrocarbon system Natural drive mechanism Saturation conditions

Basis for

Reservoir types
Sand, , sandstone, , carbonate, , shaly y sand, , fractured shale Consolidated, friable, unconsolidated Single porosity, dual porosity Heavy oil, light oil, condensate, wet gas, dry gas Solution gas, gas cap, water aquifer, gravity drainage Saturated, undersaturated

Saturated Reservoirs
Initial pressure < = Bubble point press Rs , Bo and o are continuous functions of pressure May contain initial gas cap As pressure declines, f free gas starts t t to t form f in the reservoir Rp increases above Rs
Pressure Rs Bo o

Undersaturated Reservoirs
Initial pressure > Bubble point Rs , Bo and o vs Pressure are not continuous functions Do not contain initial gas cap No free gas forms in the reservoir Rp equals Rs
Rs Bo o Pb Pressure

Pressure-Temperature p Diagrams g

for Pure Substances

Soild

Liquid

Critical P i t Point Vapor p Pressure Line Gas

Triple Point

Pressure-Temperature Diagrams

for Mixtures of Components

Liquid Cricondenbar Bubble Point Line
100% 75% 50% 25%

Critical Point

P
Quality Lines

Gas

Dew Point Line

Cricondentherm

Reservoir Fluids Phase Diagram Nomenclature

BUBBLEPOINT CURVE

CRICONDENBAR
CRITICAL POINT
DEW POINT CURVE

P PRESSU URE

75%

QUALITY LINES

50%

CRICONDENTHERM
25%

TEMPERATURE

(From ARS)

Black Oil

(From: The properties of Petroleum Fluids by William D. McCain, Jr)

Volatile Oil

(From: The properties of Petroleum Fluids by William D. McCain, Jr)

Retrograde Gas

(From: The properties of Petroleum Fluids by William D. McCain, Jr)

Wet Gas

(From: The properties of Petroleum Fluids by William D. McCain, Jr)

Dry Gas

(From: The properties of Petroleum Fluids by William D. McCain, Jr)

Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
As previously mentioned, hydrocarbon accumulations occur in partially sealed structures where the upward migration of oil and gas from the source beds is blocked by an impermeable barrier. barrier As hydrocarbon accumulates, accumulates formation water is expelled from the porous reservoir rock. Unless subsequent tectonic movements completely seal the reservoir, the underlying waters are contiguous and pressures in the aquifer will approximate to some local or regional hydrostatic gradient. In a water column, the pressure at any depth is approximated to;

Although ground waters are saline, temperatures increasing with depth tend to reduce the water density and a common normal value of Gw is 0.433 psi/ft (0.1 kg/cm2/m), which is approximately a fresh water gradient. Gradients within the range 0.43 0 43 to 0.5 0 5 psi/ft are considered normal

Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
Hydrocarbon H d b reservoirs i are found f d over a wide id range of f present t day d depths d th of f burial, the majority being in the range 500-4000 mSS. In our concept of the petroliterous sedimentary basin a region of water into which sediment has accumulated and hydrocarbons have been generated and trapped, we may have an expectation t ti off a regional i l hydrostatic h d t ti gradient. di t That is, in a water column representing vertical pore fluid continuity the pressure at any point is approximated by the relationship

where

X is the depth below a reference datum (such as sea level) and G, is the pressure exerted by unit height of water. The value of G, depends on the salinity of the waters and on the temperature in th system. the t F h water Fresh t exhibits hibit a gradient di t of f 9.79 9 79 kpa/m k / (0.433 (0 433 psi/ft) i/ft) and d reservoir water systems are commonly encountered with gradients in the range of 10 kpa/m (0.44 psi/ft) to 12 kpa/m (0.53 psi/ft). In reservoirs found at depths between 2000 mSS and 4000 mSS we might use a gradient of 11 kpa/m to predict pore fluid pressures around 220 bar to 440 bar as shown in Table 2.1. 21

Reservoir Pressure
General Reservoir pore pressure in Brent Sand Equilibrium Gradien Pressure

Reservoir Pressure
There is Th i a balance b l i a reservoir in i system t b t between Q the th pressure gradients di t representing rock overburden, (Gr), pore fluids (Gf) and sediment grain pressure (Gg). The pore fluids can be considered to take part of the overburden pressure and relie e that part of the overburden relieve o erb rden load on the rock grains. grains A representation of this is and is shown in Fig. 2.12.

FLUID PRESSURES IN A HYDROCARBON ZONE

We will define a fluid contact between oil and water as the depth in the reservoir at which the pressure in the oil phase (P,) is equal to the pressure in thc water phase ( P , ) . Reference to Fig. 2.13 shows this condition as an ecluilibriuln condition. Strictly speaking, the position Po = P, defines the free water level (FWL), as in some reservoirs a zone of 100% water saturation can occur above the free water level by capillarity. In layered sand systems which do not have equilibrium with a common aquifer, multiple fluid contacts can be found as shown in Fig. 2.14

FLUID PRESSURES IN A HYDROCARBON ZONE

At the water-oil contact, P, is given by the average tcmperature-salinity gradient ot water from the surface datum of sea level. As an equation of a straight line below

where the constant C, can reprcsent any degree of under- or overpressure. At somc dcyth, X,,,,, we can therefore write the prcssure Pw(owc) = Po(owc). Above thc water-oil contact the prcssure in the oil phasc is the pressure that the oil had at the water-oil contact less the density head of the oil. At any depth XD above the water-oil contact, the pressure in the oil phase will be Po(XD) as follows

where po is the local oil density. At the gas-oil contact Po(goc) = Pw(goc). The prcswre in the gas phase at the top of the reservoir XT will therefore be:

Where g' is the ratio of gravitational acceleration g to the universal constant g,

FLUID PRESSURES IN A HYDROCARBON ZONE

The estimat~on and recognition of flulci contacts are essential in evaluating hydrocarbons in place. The placing of tluid contact\ often rcsults frorn consideration of information from several l sources, i.e. i (a) equilibrium pressures from RFT or gradient surveys; (b) equilibrium pressures from well tests; (c) flow of particular fluid from particular minimum or maximum depth; (d) fluid fl id densities d iti from f f formation ti samples; l (e) saturations interpreted from wireline log data; (f) capillary pressure data from core samples; (g) fluid saturations from recovered core. Th proving The i of f an oil-water il t contact t t from f fl flow t t gives tests i rise i to t the th terminology t i l of f LKO (lowest known oil) or ODT (oil down to) depths and HKW (highest known water) or WUT (water up to) depths. The combination of uncertainties in fluid properties for gradient extrapolation and in well test intervals means that a fluid contact t t is i often ft represented t d as a depth d th range until til data d t from f several l wells ll in i a reservoir have been correlated. A particular difficulty in hydrocarbon-water contact evaluation concerns identification in the presence of increasing shaliness. The effect of shaliness is manifest if t in i small ll pore throats th t and d high hi h threshold th h ld capillary ill pressure which hi h give i high hi h water saturation. Some of these difficulties may be resolved by capillary pressure analysis using representative core samples.

Abnormal Pressures

Under certain depositional p conditions or because of tectonic movements which close the reservoir structure, fluid pressures may depart substantially from the normal range. Abnormal pressures can occur when some part of the overburden load is transmitted to the formation fluids. Abnormal pressures corresponding to gradients of 0.8 to 0.9 psi/ft and approaching the geostatic gradient (generally taken as approximately equivalent to 1.0 psi/ft) may occasionally be encountered d and d can be b considered id d dangerously d l high. hi h

RESERVOIR TEMPERATURES
Reservoir temperature may be expected to conform to the regional or local geothermal gradient. In many petroliferous basins this is around 0.029 K/m (1.6 oF/100 ft). The overburden and reservoir rock, which have large thermal capacities, t th with together ith large l surface f areas for f heat h t transfer t f within ithi the th reservoir, i lead l d to t a reasonable assumption that reservoir condition processes tend to be isothermal. The temperature profile from surface conditions will reflect rock property variations and can be obtained from maximum reading thermometers used with logging tools. Th local The l l geothermal th l gradient di t can be b disturbed di t b d around d a wellbore llb b drilling by d illi operations and fluids, and a Horner type analysis using a suite of temperatures at a given depth from successive logging runs, can be used to obtain an indication of the undisturbed local temperature (Fig. 2.15). When temperature gradients are represented t d by b a straight t i ht line li from f th surface the f t the to th reservoir i interval, i t l there th may be b an implied correction for water depth in offshore operations. temperature of the North Sea has been taken as 43C. As shown in Fig. 2.16, a typical geostatic temperature gradient in the reservoir interval of a northern North Sea well might i ht be b 0 0.029oK/m 029 K/ (0 (0.016oF/ft). 016 F/ft)

RESERVOIR TEMPERATURES
Reservoir temperatures will conform to the regional or local geothermal gradient, a normal value being 1.6 F/100 ft. Because of the large thermal capacity of the rock matrix, which comprises about 80% of the bulk reservoir volume, and the very large area for heat transfer, conditions within the reservoir may be considered isothermal in most cases.

RESERVOIR TEMPERATURES

Reservoir Testing

Reservoir
HC SlipeSlider,Worldwide Practical Petroleum Reservoir Engineering Methods

Productivity Index

Reservoir
Damage Ratio

Normalized PI

Capillary Pressure
Interfacial tension Wetting gp phase Pw

cos

Non-wetting phase Pnw r

Oil-water capillary pressure Pc = Pnw - Pw Force balance: ( r2) Pc = (2 r) cos Pc = 2 cos / r

Capillary Pressure Curves

Capillary Pressure

SwcH

Swcm

SwcL

1.0

Water Saturation

Capillary Pressure J-Function

Dimensionless function J = Pc(k/)0.5/ cos Uses: Averaging Pc curves Calculating Pc curves for reservoir Flow unit identification Capillary desaturation curves (CDC)

J(Sw)

Sw*

1.0

Questions ?

Latihan soal
1. Suatu reservoir dengan g data sbb : kedalaman reservoir di sumur-A= 5000 m ketinggian lantai bor = 1000 m above sea level (datum=mss) density minyak = 30 oAPI gradien grain pressure = 0,1 psi/ft Hitung (dalam satuan psi) : a) Gradien fluid reservoir dan tekanan fluida reservoir b) Tekanan T k ( i pressure) (grain ) c) Gradien overburden dan tekanan overburden reservoir tsb

Latihan soal
Suatu reservoir dg data sbb : Laju alir = 250 m3/d Permeabilitas = 200 md Tekanan reservoir = 200 ksc (kg/cm2) Tekanan di dasara sumur = 1900 psia Viskositas minyak = 1 cp Diameter casing produksi = 7 inch Radius reservoir = 175 m Skin=1 FVF = Bo =1 1 Tebal reservoir = 10 m Hitung : 1. PI 2 Specific PI 2. 3. Jika diasumsi tdk ada skin hitung PI

PR-3
1. 2. 3. 4. Apa p y yang g dimaksud dengan g Reservoir ? (nilai 10) ( ) Sebutkan jenis-2 reservoir dan jelaskan secara singkat (nilai 10) Apa yang dimaksud dengan tekanan reservoir dan temperatur reservoir serta jelaskan secara singkat fenomena ini (nilai 20) Suatu reservoir dengan data sbb : kedalaman reservoir di sumur-A= 4000 m ketinggian lantai bor = 1000 m above sea level (datum) density minyak = 20 oAPI gradien grain pressure = 0,1 psi/ft Hitung (dalam satuan psi) : a) Gradien fluid reservoir dan tekanan fluida reservoir (nilai 20) b) Tekanan (grain pressure) (nilai 20) c) Gradien overburden dan tekanan overburden reservoir tsb (nilai 20)