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Energy production from agricultural and forestry biomass by gasification

Dr. Tanaka+, Mr. Yakushido+ & Dr. Murakami++, Dr. Sakai++


+: National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region ++: Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science

BIOMASS UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED IN JAPAN EU


Primary demand is for heat output Comparatively easy to obtain biomass resources

Japan
Primary demand is for electric power, and liquid and gas fuel Mountainous topology limits availability of biomass resources

Conventional technology can be applied.

New technology is required for conversion to high-quality energy on a small scale.

Determination of Biomass Vision in Community


Biomass
Production, Excessive& transportable Amount

Renewable resources
Demand of Bioproducts&Energy

Technology
Specification of each technology

Identify the amount for RE along sustainable agric. productions

R&D for High efficien cost

Diagnostic check of a target area by material flow


Re-examination
technology, target area, administration, etc.

Assessment of new material flow system


Approach from Economical & LCA

Community Agreement

No

Yes

Biomass Recycling and Utilization Vision in Community

Cascade Cascadeutilization utilizationof ofbiomass biomassin inlivestock livestockindustry industry Biomass


High utility value biomass
Feed Materials for livestock bedding Composting Methane fermentation Gasification ETC.

Low utility value biomass

Biomass energy

Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 2


Target : Livestock excretion Dual-fuel Engine-Driven Power Generation

Whole view of Co-generation System using Multistage Carbonization & Gasification

Material recycling system in local community

Food Residue etc. Food industry in Local area

Livestock Excrement

Co-generation System
-High energy efficiency by combinations of carbonization, gasification and heat recovering systems -Electronic power generation and feed and fertilizer productions

Household

Electronic Power

Fertilizer

Feed

Promote utilizations of un-used biomass in local community


Biomass need to be collected to the facility from surrounding areas, but it is a hard task & costly. Recycling system should be materialized within the local community to save transportation fees and

Material flow in Actual Scale Co-generation System


Actual scale)

Livestock Excrement (34t/day)

Electric power Co-generation System consisted of Multistage Carbonization & Gasification


High efficiency power generation & heat recovering system Surplus Power 3,000kW/day

4,000kWh/day

(1300 head beef cattle)

1.6 t/day
500 head Swine

Feed

Food Residue (7 t/day) Fertilizer


1.4 t/day
superphosphate

-Energy efficiency=70% by power generation & heat recovering -Feed Production by drying food residue using waste heat -Effective uses of ash by gasification as fertilizer

Biomass Flow in Co-generation System


High NH3, Sulfur, Chlorine, Tar Contents NOX, SOX, Hydrogen Chloride, Dioxin

Pretreatment
(Drying)

Carbonization
(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)

Direct fired deodorization

Heat
Feed production from food waste, etc.

Power Generation
Electricity

Gasification

pulverizing

Ash
High Contents of Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium Utilization of Ash as Fertilizer

:Material flow :Heat :Gas

Pre-treatment (Drying biomass


Water contents of most of biomass are high (Energy density based on weight is low) Biomass needs to be dried by low cost treatment.

Biomass
Livestock excrement & forestry biomass

2WK

NH3

Trapped by biomass, and is utilized as fertilizer

5 14 D
Fermentation with FA
Efficiency using microorganism is 2030 times higher than using fossil fuel

Water content 6070% Biomass=34t

Drying in Green House

40-45%, 17t

25%, 12.5t

Carbonization
0%, 10t

Biomass
Forced draft drier Exhaust Heat from carbonization, 230C

Deodorization equipment

Forced Forced draft draft drier drier Dried Dried Biomass Biomass

(Tar, NH3,H2S etc.)


Exhaust gas
Pre-carbonization Pre-carbonizationfurnace furnace

Carbonization

Carbonization Carbonizationfurnace furnace

Exhaust gas

Carbide Pulverizer Pulverizer Super steam


Heat from Direct fired deodorizing equipment
Boiler Boiler
Super heater Super heater burner burner

Gasification Gasification Furnace Furnace

Direct Directfired fireddeodorizing deodorizingequipment equipment

Water Water

Super steam

Characteristic of Gasification Furnace


Gasification using self combustion heat of biomass Gasification temperature800 1,000 C Combustion method to decomposes tar Biomass supply : Continuous Composition of combustible gas : CO, H2, CH4, N2, CO2 Heat quantity of gas : 800- 1,500 kcal/Nm3 Problem: Meltdown of potassium, sodium, and stick on surface of furnace

Gasifier

Left : Direct fired deodorizing equipment Right : Multistage carbonization

Dual-fuel (heavy oil and syngas)Type Electric Power Generator

Ministry of Agriculture Biomass Unit 3


Target : Forestry Biomass Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation

Target biomass for the unit 3


Biomass such as rice husks, rice straw, sugarcane (bagasse, trash) & forestry biomass, etc. Rice Straw Water content of most of biomass is high, so the biomass need be dried, <30%.

Mulberry Leaves

Biomass is pulverized into particles measuring about 1~2mm.

Powdered Cedar Wood

HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION
Hot Gas Generation Furnace Air Dehydration Equipment Fuel Cell

Output
Electricity

Chips

Reaction Water

Gas Engine

Electricity

Heat Gas Tank Fuel Gas Biomass Gasifier Pulverizer Exhaust Flue Gas Methanol Synthesis Methanol

Powder

High-calorie syngas can be used for gas fuel, liquid fuel, and electric power.

High-calorie gas Fuel Gas

Fuel Cell (Electricity)

Methanol Gas Engine (Electricity) Methanol Synthesis

Possible output of High calorie gas

SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGHCALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW


[Conventional Technology] Partial Combustion Gasification Using O2 and Steam
H C
Organic Substance Biomass

O2

Steam (H2O)
Gasifying Agent

High Temp. Heat Release

CO2 H2O

Ineffective Gas

Low Temp. Heat Absorption

CO Effective Gas H2

[New Technology] Suspension/External Heat Type Gasification Using Steam


External Heat

H C
Organic Substance Biomass Gasifying Agent

External heat is required, although it comes high calorie gas

Steam (H2O)

CO 800~1000 H2 N2 Free clean & High calorie gas Effective Gas

100 H2,CO,CH4,C2~,CO2 (vol%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 H2 CO CH4 CO2 C2

Unit 3
Requited Heat Input

0.25 0.50 0.75 Oxygen Ratio [O2]/[C] External Heat Surplus Heat

1.00

External heat is required, although the amount of effective gas is maximized due to the complete absence of oxygen (see left side of diagram).

SUSPENSION/EXTERNAL HEAT TYPE HIGHCALORIE GASIFICATION; ENLARGED VIEW


Biomass
(Powder)

Secondary Gasification
Breakdown of Tar and Soot

Reaction Tube Thermal Radiation

(Metal Temp. of 850

Clean HighCalorie Gas

Reaction Water

To Water Removal and Power Generation Processes Exhaust Gas


Heat Recovery

Primary Gasification
Reaction Time of 0.3~0.7s

High Temp. Gas Heating


(950~1000)

Raw Material of Powdered Biomass Biomass Powder is Gasified Due to Partial Combustion

Biomass Combustion Flue Gas 950~1000

Total Reaction Time = 2- 3 S

Reaction Water Evaporizer Ash Reduction of Tar and Soot

Superheated steam (800)

Schematic Gasifying Phenomena

Powdered biomass is heated by an external source, and reacts with

Powder Feeder Chip Feeder

Combustor

Gasifier Furnace

Heat exchanger Evaporator Syngas Tank

COMPOSITIONAL EXAMPLE OF THE MAJOR GASES PRODUCED


H2 CO CH4 C2~ CO2 Total 50.0 vol% 25.5 vol% 6.5 vol% 1.0 vol% 17.0 vol% 100 vol%
Gasified gas from biomass burns with a clean flame.

No Formation of Tar or Soot Volume Ratio of Steam/Biomass = 2 (4061kcal/ Nm3) Composition (dry vol.%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 2.8 3.4 times greater (3344kcal/ Nm3) CO2 C2+ CH4 CO H2 N2
Direct Combustion

20 16 12

800 900 1000 Comparison: Composition and HHV of Product Gas Conventional Gasification (5MJ/Nm3, 1194kcal/ Nm3) All organic matter, with the exception of ash, is converted to gas.

High Heating Value (MJ/Nm3)

C1.3H2O0.9 0.4H2O Biomass Steam

H2, CO, CH4,CO2

Insulated Theoretical Temperature (25C Air Combustion)


Methane (CH4) Gasoline Propane Carbon (C) Gasified Gas Biomass Hydrogen (H2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Methanol Ethanol 1800 1921 1961 1963 1990 2013 2056 2080 2084 1850 1895 2000 1900 Theoretical Temperature (C) 2100

Gasified gas from biomass features a higher theoretical temperature than asoline, Methane and Propane, so the gas also can be applied to gas engine & as turbine.

Gas Engine-Driven Power Generation System


Powder Wood Steam Reformer Hopper Grass Crashing Waste Chips Straw Electric Power Steam Fuel Gas Boiler Steam Exhaust Gas Output Heat Smokestack Water

Air

Combustor

Gas Engine

Fuel Gas Fuel Gas Tank

Light Output

50kW Gas Engine

Syngas fire (Bamboo)

Dr. Sakai

Exhaust air to atmosphere

Gas Gas Engine-Driven Engine-Driven Power Power Generation Generation System System
Main Main Specification Specification

Power Output50kW Engine Efficiency 30% Gasification Efficiency: 75%

Biomass Powder Feed Rate 31kg/h Wood Chips Feed Rate 20kg/h
Gasifying Agency H2O

113kg/h (H2O : Biomass= 2 : 1)

Total Efficiency : 21% Syngas Products 45.6m3/h

EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF HIGH-CALORIE GASIFICATION ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND CONVENTIONAL (DIRECT COMBUSTION) GENERATION
Biomass (ton/year) Electric Power Efficiency (%)
40 60 600 6,000 60,000 600,000

Small Scale Plant


30
The system has the highest efficiency in the world.

Power Generation by Biomass Gasification

20 Pilot plant 50kW, 21% 10

Direct Combustion/Steam Power Generation


Data From References Woody Material (Thailand) Woody Material (Japan)

0 10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

Plant Capacity of Power Generation (kW)

Particularly in Japan, where biomass resources are dispersed, small-scale installations would be highly effective.

HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY CONVERSION AND CO-GENERATION UTILIZATION


Electricity Biomass Heat Utilization

Q e
Qth

Total Efficiency (Q e + Q th ) = (3 ~ 4) Q e
100 Total Efficiency (%) 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20

3 2

Waste Heat

Qth

Biomass energy is converted into electricity and heat. Generally, the ratio of heat to electricity is

Qe
30

Qth

Qe

= 2~3

Generating Efficiency (%)


Generating Efficiency Generated Energy/Biomass Energy Input x100

With generating efficiency of over 25%, total thermal efficiency of 80% can be achieved.

High Calorie Gasification using manure, Lab. test


Dried biomass Carbonization

Specification of carbonized excretion Carbonization Temp. Supply speed Volatile component Fixed carbon Ash content 580 19.05 44.28 36.67 2.1 C % % % % 90 kg/h

Milling

Carbide

Water content

Composition of produced gas Combustion Temp. 1000 C H2O/Biomass Ratio


Gasification Produced gas

H2 CO CO2 CH4 C 2H 4

63.0 % 14.4 % 20.5 % 2.1 % 0.01 %

Gasification flow for biomass in Asia, proposal


Low water content biomass
Rice husks, Rice straw

Effectual utilization system of heat

Heat

High water content biomass

Drying by Fermentation or/and Heat

Sugarcane (bagasse, trash)

Milling
Sand separation

High-Calorie Gasification

Unit 3 Carbonization
Livestock excretion Coconut & Palm residue
Empty fruit bunch

Gas
Electricity Fuel gas

Unit 2

Liquid fuel

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