Thomas Gsell

November 2013
Reactive Power Compensation
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering
IIEE 38th Annual National Convention and 3E XPO
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 2
Alstom Grid
Equipment & services for power generation
Alstom Thermal Power
Equipment & services for rail transport
Equipment & services for power transmission
Alstom Renewable Power
Alstom Transport
Three main activities in 4 sectors
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 3
ALSTOM Grid Ltd. Tampere, Finland
Employs around 300 people in Tampere and Vantaa
Sales office of other Alstom Grid products in Vantaa
Turnover of 68 million EUR year 2012-13
Exports account for 95 % of the output
Main market areas: Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, Russia, Alstom Grid
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 4
Alstom Grid Tampere offering
Reactive Power Compensation Power Electronics Activities
LV products up to 1kV
LV capacitor units
LV reactors
Electronic products
LV capacitor banks
LV active filters
HV products up to 145kV
HV capacitor units
HV reactors
Electronic products
HV capacitor banks
Compensation systems
Static Var Compensators
(SVC)
Industrial SVCs
Utility SVCs
SVC MaxSine (STATCOM)
Series capacitor banks
HV products over 145kV
HV capacitor banks
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 5
There are three kinds of reactive power:
Reactive Power
Inductive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q
1L
)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the right
Capacitive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q
1C
)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the left
Harmonics Reactive Power (D)
=> Non-sinusoidal current
2 2
1
D Q Q + = ( )
2
1 1 1 C L
Q Q Q =
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 6
Inductive Reactive Power
S
Uq
R
L
iL
uL
Uq uL
iL
L
uL;iL
t
iL
uL
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 7
Capacitive Reactive Power
S
Uq
R
C
iC
u
Uq uC
iC
C
uC;iC
uC
iC
t
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 8
Harmonics Reactive Power
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
uq, uL, iL
-400
0
400
Firing Angle: 140 Firing Angle: 120 Firing Angle: 90 (half power) Firing Angle: 30
Dimmer
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 9
Harmonics Reactive Power
t
I
L
Dimmer with smoothing reactor
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 10
Harmonics Reactive Power
UL2-L3
UL1-N
UL2-N
N
UL3-L1
L3
UL3-N
L1
IL2
L2
UL1-L2
IL1
M
IL3
t
I
L1,2,3
3-phase dimmer; Thyristor-DC-Drive
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 11
Harmonics Reactive Power
q
Iq
-
+
IR
C
R UR
1-phase B4 diode rectifier
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 12
Harmonics Reactive Power
3-phase B6 diode rectifier
t
I
L1,2,3
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 13
Harmonics power consumers are:
Non-Linear Loads
etc.
Drives (frequency converters, DC-drives)
Dimmers
Power supplies (computers)
Furnaces (induction furnaces, arc furnaces)
Lightings (gas-discharge lamps, fluorescent tubes)
Diode Rectifiers
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 14
Harmonics Theory
A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal wave with a certain
amplitude and an integer (whole number) multiple of a
fundamental frequency. A harmonic is a component of a
periodical signal with a fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have
frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, etc.
The mathematical procedure to calculate amplitudes and
frequencies of harmonics is the Fourier Transformation!
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 15
Fourier Transformation
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
+11
th
+13
th
1
st
1
st
+3
rd
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
+11
th
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
+11
th
+13
th
1
st
3
rd
5
th
7
th
9
th
11
th
13
th
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 16
Fourier Transformation
= 1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
+11
th
+13
th
1
st
+3
rd
+5
th
+7
th
+9
th
+11
th
+13
th
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 17
Harmonics Data-Demonstration
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 18
Fundamental reactive current as well as harmonics reactive
currents cause stress to:
Whats up with Reactive Current?
What means reactive power?
Lines
Transformers
Generators
etc.
The product of a sinusoidal alternating voltage with a alternating current
contributes no power if that current is a reactive current. In this case only
reactive energy flows - there is no net transfer of energy to the load.
Also known as idle current; quadrature current; watt-less current.
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 19
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 20
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 21
Inductive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 22
Capacitive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 23
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th)
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 24
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics Reactive Power (7th)
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 25
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th + 7th)
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 26
In contrast to fundamental reactive current, harmonics
currents cause harmonics voltages which cause disturbances
to consumers installed in the same electrical network:
Harmonics Consequences
Finally triple harmonics cumulate in the neutral wire which
causes overload and dramatic consequences:
Reduction of the life span and thus premature failure of condensers and
electric motors due to thermal overloading
Malfunctioning with electronics
Malfunctioning of protection device
Malfunctioning of ripple control systems
Impairment of the ground fault deletion
Cable fire
Transformer breakdown
Noise emission
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 27
Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltages
in electrical networks?
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 28
- Active harmonics filters
Basically there are two possibilities to compensate
harmonics currents:
What to do against harmonics?
- Passive harmonics filters (tuned parallel resonance circuits)
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 29
Passive harmonics compensation
(tuned parallel resonance circuit)
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 30
Active harmonics compensation with MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 31
Active Filters: Pro and Contra
Active Filters Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Direct compensation of harmonics currents
Easy dimensioning
Independent from the mains voltage quality
Independent from the network impedance
Excellent dynamics
No influence to ripple control systems
Electronic overload protection
No capacitive reactive power injection
Compensation possibility close to consumers
More expensive (than passive filters)
Higher power losses
Ripple current
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 32
To measure harmonics voltages and currents the following
equipment can be used:
Measuring Harmonics
Total harmonics distortion factor (THD)
Europe: THDR, USA: THDF
Oscilloscope (the data can be analyzed after the measurement results
were stored)
Power meter (Fluke, Tektronix etc.)
Data logger (TOPAS, Dranetz etc.)
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
; ;
F
F
R F R
THD
THD
THD
I
I
THD
I
I
THD
+
= = =


>

> v
v
v
v
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
; ;
F
F
R F R
THD
THD
THD
I
I
THD
I
I
THD
+
= = =


>

> v
v
v
v
%-THD may not contain a sufficient informative value for currents. An absolute
harmonics THD-value in Amperes may be preferred instead!
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 33
Power:
Calculating Power
Power factor:

>
= =
= =
1
2
1 1 1
1 1
; sin
cos ;
v
v

I U D I U Q
I U P I U S
2 2
1
D Q Q + =
2 2
1
2
D Q P S + + =
1
2
cos 1 = =
R
THD
S
P
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 34
Slip-ups with Harmonics
No differentiation in between THDR and THDF
No differentiation in between Q and Q1
No differentiation in between and cos
No differentiation in between RMS- and peak-values of Fourier
Transformation results
Meaningless usage of current THD values
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liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 35
Stand Alone MaxSine Compact Module
New Active Filter MaxSine
MaxSine100AV6C
MaxSine100AV6CE
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 36
MaxSine Compact Cubicle Version
New Active Filter MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 37
Main Features
Small size enables customized modular cabinet construction
Ethernet connection and Web Server for monitoring, setting and control
User interface: PC or optional HMI
Several menu languages (also character languages)
Relay output for run indication
Standby in case of small load current
Adjustable relay output for cubicle fan
Selectable dual parameter page setting e.g. for emergency generator
supply
Devices available for 3-wire as well as 3-wire + neutral (4-wire)
Several overload protection algorithms:
Output limiting factor by current peak
Output limiting factor by temperature
High temperature switch-off
New Active Filter MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 38
Compensation Features
Two compensation modes:
Fast mode, selectable harmonics, amplitude and phase, 1-50th
Ultra fast mode, global compensation
Adjustable output overall factors for amplitude and phase
Total power factor can be forced to 1
Possibility to balance line currents
Ability to eliminate neutral current
6 current inputs for multiple circuits (open loop, closed loop, CT-additions, etc.)
Excellent dynamics; Response time < 1ms in ultra fast mode and adjustable from
1 network period to 50 network periods in fast mode
Selectable current input sensors:
Rogowski coils
Current transformers (CTs)
Selectable compensation priorities:
1. Fundamental has priority
2. Harmonics have priority
3. Only fundamental
4. Only harmonics
New Active Filter MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 39
Extended Measurement and power meter functions
Date/Time
Load, network and compensation currents in phases and neutral
RMS, fundamental, harmonics currents and crest factors
Active, reactive, apparent and harmonics power, cosphi
THD(u), THD(i), current and voltage harmonics spectrum
up to 50th harmonics
Waveforms of currents
Cabinet temperature and external temperature (e.g. heat sink) if
sensor connected
Uploading of measurements for reporting
Network mains voltages
One set of measurement values is always saved to memory when
system stops
New Active Filter MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
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Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 40
Active Filter Applications
Frequency Converter
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 41
Active Filter Applications
Network current (frequency converter)
before and after compensation with MaxSine
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 42
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
before compensation
Active Filter Applications
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 35,50 91,55% 100,00%
3 150 0,52 1,33% 1,45% I RMS / A:
5 250 14,57 37,57% 41,04% 38,77
7 350 5,25 13,55% 14,80%
9 450 0,08 0,20% 0,22% THDr:
11 550 1,93 4,98% 5,44% 40,51%
13 650 1,03 2,66% 2,91%
15 750 0,10 0,25% 0,27% THDf:
17 850 0,92 2,37% 2,59% 44,24%
19 950 0,52 1,33% 1,46%
21 1050 0,08 0,20% 0,22%
23 1150 0,51 1,31% 1,43%
25 1250 0,33 0,86% 0,94%

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 43
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
after compensation
Active Filter Applications
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 36,91 99,49% 100,00%
3 150 0,16 0,44% 0,44% I RMS / A:
5 250 0,27 0,73% 0,73% 37,10
7 350 0,27 0,73% 0,73%
9 450 0,12 0,33% 0,34% THDr:
11 550 0,16 0,43% 0,43% 3,20%
13 650 0,16 0,43% 0,43%
15 750 0,17 0,46% 0,46% THDf:
17 850 0,34 0,91% 0,92% 3,22%
19 950 0,03 0,08% 0,09%
21 1050 0,12 0,33% 0,33%
23 1150 0,14 0,38% 0,38%
25 1250 0,26 0,69% 0,70%

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 44
Personal Computers
Active Filter Applications
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 45
Network current (Personal Computers) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Active Filter Applications
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 46
Dynamic DC-Drive
Active Filter Applications
ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 47
Network current (dynamic 3-phase load) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Active Filter Applications
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