Dynamic Improvement of Induction Generators Connected to Distribution Systems Using a DSTATCOM

Walmir Freitas, Member, IEEE, Eduardo Asada, Student Member, IEEE, Andre Morelato, Member IEEE, and Wilsun Xu, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract-- Recently, the usage of distributed generation and de-

to improve the voltage stability perfonnance of distribution systems with induction generators is investigated. Such invesvices based on power electronics have significantly increased in tigation is based on three-phase non-linear dynamic simulaelectric power distribution systems. In this context, induction tions utilizing the Power System Blockset for use with Matgenerators have received more attention. However, it is known lab/Simulink [4]. Two control strategies for a DSTATCOM that such machines draw very large reactive currents during are analyzed: voltage and power factor control. In such studfault occurrence, which depresses the network voltage further and can lead to voltage instability. A solution for this problem is ies, a DSTATCOM is represented by a model based on conto employ local dynamic reactive power compensation. There- trollable three-phase voltage sources and an algebraic model fore, in this work the behavior of a DSTATCOM to improve the of the dc link, which has shown to be suitable for stability voltage stability performance of distribution systems with induc- studies [5]. Various simulation results are presented, showing tion generators is investigated based on three-phase non-linear the dynamic behavior of an induction generator and a dynamic simulations. Two control strategies for a DSTATCOM are analyzed: voltage and power factor control. In such studies, a DSTATCOM in the presence of balanced and unbalanced DSTATCOM is simulated through a model based on controllable faults.
three-phase voltage sources, which has shown to be suitable for stability studies. Test results have indicated that a DSTATCOM with voltage control mode can improve the voltage stability margins.
Index Terms-

DSTATCOM, induction generator, voltage

stability.

I. INTRODUCTION HE operation of power distribution system worldwide has been greatly influenced by the increasing usage of distributed generation and devices based on power electronics driven by market deregulation [l], [2]. In t h i s context, induction generators have received more attention, which have been employed in thermal, small-hydro and wind generation plants. Induction generators have some technical advantages when compared with synchronous generators; for example: increased robustness, reduced size, decreased cost, greater electromechanical damping [l], [3]. However, it is well known that induction generators draw very large reactive currents during fault occurrence, depressing the network voltage further and leading the system to voltage instability. An alternative for solving thls problem is to adopt local dynamic reactive power compensation. Therefore, in t h i s work the usage of a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator)

This work was supported by the FAPESP, Brazil. W. Freitas, E. Asada and A. Morelato are with the Department of Electrical Energy Systems, State University of Campinas, Brazil (e-mails: {walmir; asada; morelato}@dsee.fee.unicamp.br). W. Xu is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (e-mail: wxu@ee.ualberta.ca).

11. SYSTEM MODEL Distribution systems are inherently unbalanced due to factors such as occurrence of asymmetrical line spacing, combination of single, double and three-phase line sections and imbalance of customers load. In consequence, single-phase models cannot be used if accurate studies should be done during operation. Therefore, in this work all network components are represented by three-phase models. The loads are simulated using three parallel I U impedances wye-connected, with the neutral connected to the ground. The distribution feeders are modeled as series U impedances, because these feeders can be considered short lines. On the other hand, the three-phase transformers are simulated taking into account the core losses, however, the saturation effects are neglected. The one-line diagram of the test network employed in this work is shown in Fig. 1, which is derived from [I]. Such network comprises a 133 kV, 60 Hz, sub-transmission system with short-circuit level of 100 MVA, represented by a Thivenin equivalent (Sub), which feeds a 33 kV distribution system through two 132/33 kV, NY, transformers. In this system there is one induction generator (IG) with capacity of 30 MVA connected to bus 6, whose mechanical power is considered constant, i.e. the primer mover and governor effects are neglected. Thls machine can represent one generator in a thermal generation plant, as well as, an equivalent of various generators in a wind or small-hydro generation plant. In some cases simulated, there is a DSTATCOM with capacity of 5 MVA connected to bus 5 through a 33/2 kV, Y/A, transformer. The induction generator and DSTATCOM models are presented in following sections.

0-7803-7459-2/02/$17.00 0 2002 I EEE

- 173 -

2
3

5 33/0.69kV

(j

soidal in the fundamental frequency, assuming convenient design. Indeed, if the concern is not harmonics or commutation failure, DSTATCOM devices can be represented by a controllable three-phase voltage source behind a transformer, as depicted in Fig. 3. In this figure, vA, VB and vc represent the instantaneous terminal voltage, i.e. h g h voltage of the transformer, while v * ~ v*b , and v * represent ~ the reference instantaneous voltages to the converter in pu, which are determined from the control signals ( f a , , ) .

vdo

Fig. 1 . Test system.

INDUCTION GENERATORS An induction generator can be seen as an induction motor that is dnven by one prime mover above the synchronous speed to produce electrical energy. In [3] is presented a detailed comparative analysis between synchronous and induction generators, which is not the scope of:this work. Here, the dynamic behavior of the induction generator is represented for a sixth order three-phase model in the dq rotor reference frame. The electrical part of the machme is represented by a fourth-order state-space model and the mechanical part by a second-order system. Moreover, all electrical variables and parameters are referred to the stator [4].
111.

three-phase transformer

control signals

I -

Fig. 3. Generalized DSTATCOM model. I V . DSTATCOM A DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator), which is schematically depicted in Fig. 2, consists of a voltage source converter connected in shunt to the distribution network through a coupling transformer [e], [6]. Such configuration allows the device to absorb or generate controllable reactive power.

L -

L -

V.

Indeed, the output voltages of the converter in volts are dependent ofthe dc link voltage, i.e. v, = vdcV*a, vb = Vdcvb and v, = vdcv*c. Therefore, it is important to represent the dc link dynamics. This can be built based on the energy conservation principle [5]. The energy conservation principle resides in the physical fact that the instantaneous power at the ac output terminals must always be equal, neglecting the converter losses, to the instantaneous power at the dc input terminal [6]. Such fact can be expressed mathematical1y.a.sfollows:

Vd,I, =vu io +vbib +vc i,

Q
Fig. 2. DSTATCOM structure.

where vdc and Idc are the voltage and current in the dc link, respectively, and iabc are the currents injected into the network by the DSTATCOM. Equation (1) can be iteratively solved by means of an algebraic loop. Moreover, the relation between v d c and is given by (2), where c is the dc capacitance value. The block diagram of the dc link model is shown in Fig. 4. It has been recognized that this model is robust and suitable for stability studies. Moreover, it can be easily implemented in various dynamic simulation programs, e.g. Power System Blockset [6]. The Power System Blockset diagram for this model is shown in Fig. 5.

In distribution voltage level devices, the employed switching element is the IGBT (Integrated Gate Bipolar Transistor), due to its lower switching losses and reduced size. Hence, the output voltage control can be executed through PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) switching pattern, eliminating the harmonic components. Thus, the output three-phase voltages produced by a voltage source converter can be considered sinu- 174 -

Vdc=--

1 C

JIdcdt

to bus 6. Thus, the DSTATCOM is responsible to provide the reactive power demand to the transformer 5-6, as well as, to the load and the induction generator at bus 6.
iabc = [ia;ib;ic]

Fig. 4. DC link model.

VABC(p(

vuIcw'

x-

VOLTAQE CONTROLLER

I
vd vdc

DC LINK MODEL

Fig. 6 . Voltage controller.

Fig. 5. DSTATCOM model using the Power System Blockset.

A. Voltage Controller 1 In this section, the voltage controller analyzed in this work is Id presented. The controller block diagram is exhlbited in Fig 6 . It is important to mention that Vdcand iabc are given in pu and, V,, is the measured three-phase RMS voltage in pu. Such controller consists of a Phase Locked Loop (PLL), which role is to synchronize the output three-phase voltage of the converter with the zero crossings of the fundamental component of the phase-A voltage. Therefore, the PLL provides the angle to abc-dq0 (dqO-abc)transformation. There are also four PI regulators. One is responsible for controlling the terminal voltage through the reactive power exchange with the ac netvdc I work. This PI regulator provides Z , reference value, which is limited between + I pu capacitive and -1 pu inductive. Conse- Fig. 7. Factor power controller. quently, the DSTATCOM power capacity is considered in an V. RESULTS approximate way. Moreover, this regulator has one droop, usually f 5%, which allows the terminal voltage varies a small In this section, the simulation results are presented. In the amount, to avoid oscillations [6].Other PI regulator is respon- cases simulated without a DSTATCOM, all reactive power sible to keep constant the dc voltage through a small active demand of the induction generator is provided from a threepower exchange with ac network, compensating the active phase capacitor bank; in consequence, the terminal voltage is power losses in the transformer and in the inverter. This PI equal to 1 pu during steady state. On the other hand, in the regulator provides I, reference value. The others two PI regu- cases simulated with a DSTATCOM, the dc capacitor value lators determine Vd and V, reference voltage components, is adopted equal to 0,Ol F and the reference dc voltage is which, after a dq0 to abc transformation, are sent to the PWM 4000 V. Moreover, in all cases the simulated faults are applied at bus 4 at t = 0,5 second and eliminated after 9 cycles controller of the converter. (150 ms) through the tripping of the branch 2-4. Three cases are studied as follows. B. Power Factor Controller Case (a): The induction generator is injecting 25 MW into The power factor controller adopted here is shown in Fig. 7. the network when a three-phase-ground short circuit occurs. This controller is very similar to that presented in previous The terminal voltage responses for this case are shown in section. The main difference comes from the reactive power Fig. 8. It can be verified that all the three situations, i.e. withexchange controller, which is generally regulated to provide out DSTATCOM, DSTACOM controlled by voltage and all reactive power consumption at the facility, i.e. unitary power factor, are stable. However, only in the cases with power factor operation. Thus, Q' is generally fixed equal to DSTATCOM the terminal voltage is recovered to approxizero and Q is the reactive power demand of the customer in- mately 1 pu after the fault elimination. Moreover, when stallation. In this case, Q is the reactive power flow from bus 5 DSTATCOM is controlled by power factor, the pre-fault ter-

-175-

mina1 voltage is greater than 1 pu, because the controller goal is to keep the unitary power factor. The dc voltage behavior is exhlbited in Fig. 9, where can be verified that such voltage is kept approximately constant for all the simulationperiod. Case (b): This case is equal to the previous one; the only difference is that the induction generator is injecting 30 MW into the network at the fault moment. The terminal voltage responses are presented in Fig. 10. It is observed that only the case in which the DSTATCOM is controlled by voltage is stable. Without a DSTATCOM, the system becomes unstable due to reactive power lack. In the other situations, the DSTATCOM acts as a reactive power source. However, the reactive power injection of the DSTATCOM is completely different each other. The behavior of the reactive power injected by DSTATCOM into the network in each case is shown in Fig. 11 for the time interval up to 1,5 second. Such different behavior can explain distinct lmpacts on the system stability.

I
time (s)

Fig. 10. Case (b): terminal voltage response: - no DSTATCOM; - DSTATCOM controlled by voltage; -.- DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

4t

time (s)

Fig. 8. Case (a): terminal voltage response - no DSTATCOM; - DSTATCOM controlled by voltage; DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

-.-

time (s)

Fig. 11. Case (b): reactive power injected into network - DSTATCOM controlled by voltage; - DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

3000 3500

t
I

time (s)

00

3
time (s)

Fig. 9. Case (a): dc voltage response: - - DSTATCOM controlled by voltage; -DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

Fig. 12. Case (c): terminal voltage response: - no DSTATCOM; - DSTATCOM controlled by voltage; DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

-.-

176-

Bus 2 3 4 6 IVoltageI Power

V, (kv)

33.0 33.0 33.0 0.69

P (MW) 58.0 6.0 24.0 0.5

Q WVA)
12.0 2.0 5.0 0.1

TABLE

w. INDUCTION GENERATOR PARAMETERS.

RS

~r

XS

I xr I ~m I

time (s) DSTATCOM Fig. 13. Case (c): reactive power injected into network: controlled by voltage; - - DSTATCOM controlled by power factor.

VI11. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would llke to acknowledge Mr. Gilbert Sybille from IREQ for his help in the development of the DSTATCOM model using the Power System Blockset.

IX.
[I] [2]

REFEWNCES

Case (c): The induction generator is injecting 30 MW into

the network when a phase-A-ground fault occurs at bus 4.The terminal voltage responses are depicted in Fig. 12.In all cases, the system is stable, but with the DSTATCOM, the terminal voltage recovers faster to 1 pu. The different behavior of the reactive power injected by DSTATCOM for each kind of controller is shown in Fig. 13.

[3]
[4]

[5]

[6]

VI. CONCLUSIONS Ths work presented a study about the behavior of a DSTATCOM to improve the voltage stability of distribution networks with induction generators. Simulation results show that such devices can increase the voltage stability limit. Moreover, it can be verified that when the DSTATCOM is controlled by voltage its impact on stability is more effective than the control by power factor.

N. Jenkins, R. Allan, P. Crossley, D. Kischen and G. Strbac, Embedded Generation, London: The Institute of Electrical Engineers, 2000. E. Acha, V. G. Agelidis, 0. Anaya-Lara and T. J. E. Miller, Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems, Oxford: Newnes, 2002. J. R. Parsons, Cogeneration Application of Induction Generators, IEEE Trans. Industry Application, vol. 20, pp. 497-503, May/June 1984. Power System Blockset f o r use with Simulink, TEQSM International Inc., June 2001. P. Giroux, G. Sybille and H. Le-Huy, Modeling and simulation of a distribution STATCOM using Simulinks Power System Blockset, in 27 Annual Conference of IEEE/IES - IECONOI, pp. 990-994,2001. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2000.

X. BIOGRAPHIES
Walmir Freitas received his BS and MS degree from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) in 1993 and 1996, respectively, and received his Ph.D degree from Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in 2001, all in Brazil. He is currently a Visiting Researcher at UNICAMP. His areas of re- search interest are power systems stability and control, distributed generation and power electronic applications in power system. Eduardo Asada received his BS and MS degree from Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in 1997 and 2000 respectively, all in Brazil. He is presently working toward his Ph.D. degree at UNICAMP. His main interests are computer applications in power systems, high performance computing and parallel and distributed computing applied to power system operation. AndrC Morelato graduated in Electronics Engineering from Instituto Tecnol6gico de Aeronautica (ITA) in 1970 and received his Ph.D. in 1982 from Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil, where he is currently a Full Professor of Electrical Engineering. During late 1991-1992, he worked at Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., in Japan. His general areas of research interest are transient stability, control & automation of electrical power systems and parallel processing applications. Wilsun Xu obtained the Ph.D. from the University of British Columbia in 1989. From 1989 to 1996, he was with B.C. Hydro as an Electrical Engineer. He joined the University of Alberta as an Associated Professor in September r . 1996, where he is presently a Full Professor of Electrical Engineering. D Xus research interests are power quality, power system stability and distribution automation.

VII. SYSTEM DATA

Source (Sub): 132 kV; Z,,

= 0.00667pu;

Sbase = 100 MVA.

TABLE I. LINEPARAMETERS.

pJTZTpZ1
0.5377 1-2 1-2 5-6 6-7

0.2146 0.3429 0.0446 0.1917 0.9367

I Branch I S (MVA) I Rl=R2 (pu) I Ll=L2 (pu) I &=Xm (pu) ]

I
100 100 30.5 5.0

TBLE 1 1 . TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS.

4.97 10 4.60x 10 5.00x 10 5.00~

2.77 10 2.88x 10 2.65 x 10 2.65 x lo

500 500 100 100

-177-