UD 1 ELECTRICITY 3ºESO 13 14.es - en

ELECTRICITY
1
Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013
-I.OHMS LAW: serial

and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
III. ELECTRIC POWER
-IV.DIRECT AND
ALTERNATING CURRENT
INTRODUCTION
V.ELECTROMAGNETISM
2
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ATOMS

Matter is made up of atoms (made of nucleus and
electrons)
The electric current is moving electrons.
The electrons in the atom are arranged in layers.
To be an electric current the electrons of the
valencia layer must jump to the the conductive
layer, from where they can run. When jumpong,
they leave gaps in the valencia layer that can
receive new incoming electrons .
THE CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS have many proper driving
electrons and holes, so there can be electric
current.
THE INSULATION MATERIALS have no electron
conduction because the valence layer is full,
with no gaps and so no movement of electrons.
The SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS have a few electrons
and holes. This materials are doped with other
atoms that add electrons or holes. The resolt
is that we can generate a electric current a
la carte.
ELECTRON
DRIVING LAYER
Valence shell
CORE
CHEMICAL GENERATORS: BATTERIES

Electricity is the movement of electrons.
Chemical generators create electricity from approaching two
different compounds: the one which gives the elecrons and the
one which receive them. They are the batteries (and some can
some can be recharged by plugging)
Zinc-carbon battery. (Normal battery pack)
Zinc-mercury battery (button cells)
Oxid Lead-Sulfate lead battery (car batteries)
Nickel-cadmium battery.
Hydrogen Battery
Lithium ion battery (Li-ion)
Battery Nickel Metal Hybrid (NiMH)
electrons
Electrolyte
electrons
A substance
that gives
If the cable
together with
the electrons
are on cable
and we can
use
A substance
that takes
electrons
ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATORS: ALTERNATOR
Iteration between electricity and magnetism: If we move an

electric metal wire between two magnets, the elecrons of the
metal are set in motion, generating an electricity current.
N
Electric wire
Electric wire
electrons
electrons
MAGNET
All we have to do is get something that rotates the wire
ACT 4: How would you rotate the wire to generate electricity?

engine
II.2 ELECTRIC BATTERY

DOWNLOAD
In these cells, the anode
element (XH) is separated as
follows:
XH
X+ H+ + e The electrons (e-) are used
to run the engine
The positive ion (H+)
migrates to the cathode
through an intermediate
membrane (electrolite)
At the cathode, the positive ions
and electrons are coupled
with an element (Y) to form
YH.
Y + H + eYH
e-
eH +
process
discharge
H +
XH
Y
X
YH
XH
YH
H +
H +
process
Charging
eRECHARGE.
With the power of a electricity
generator the process is
anode reversed and the battery is
(XH)
ready to be used again
TYPES:
Lithium ion battery (Li-Ion)
Battery Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013
Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra
ecathode
+ (Y)
19
OHM'S LAW
To understand Ohm's law we have to review the 3 fundamental
physical magnitudes of electricity ...
ACTIVITY 0.1:Complete the following table.
Magnitude
and symbol
Definition
Unit of
measure and
symbol
Measuring
instrument
and symbol
Instructions
for measuring
Intensity (I)
Voltage (V)
Resistance (R)
Remember Ohm's law:

More voltage-more intensitiy.
More resistance- less intensity.
All this is expressed in a physical-mathematical formula
that George Simon Ohm discovered:
V
I =
R
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
I.1-OHM'S LAW: FORMULAS

CIRCUITS IN SERIES
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
V.ELECTROMAGNETISMO
8
series connection
The series connection is to put the receivers in a row.
Ie, the output of the first is connected to the input of the next.
intensity
Vtotal
Vtotal
Vtotal
The problem of serial connection is that the two bulbs share the
battery voltage and light power of each bulb is low.
Note that:
> Intensity : through each bulb is the same.
> Resistance: the total of the two lamps at a time is the sum of
the resistances of each bulb separately.
> Voltage: the stack is shared between the bulbs, depending on each
resistance value. If they have the same strength is shared in
same parts. But if one has more resistance used more voltage
than the other.
Let the SERIES CONNECTION.

The intensitiy through the lamps is the same and is
equal to the total intensity of the circuit.
ITotal
number
= I1 = I2
The total resistance of the two bulbs is equal to the

sum of the resistance of each.
RTotal
number
= R1 + R2
The total voltage of the circuito is distributed between

the bulbs according to its resistance: more resistance
more part of the total voltage.
vTotal
number
= V1 + V2
10
OHM'S LAW MAY APPLY TO EACH SEPARATE CIRCUIT ELEMENT OR

AT ALL THE CIRCUIT AT A TIME.
Bulb 1
Bulb 2
-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE BULB 1:
Vbulb1
Ibulb1 =
Rbulb1
-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE BULB 2:
Vbulb2
Ibulb2 =
Rbulb2
-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE TOTAL CIRCUIT:
Vtotal
Itotal =
Rtotal
11
ACTIVITIES 1.1:a) Calculated using Ohm's law the value of the total
voltage of the battery in the following circuit:
As we speak TOTAL voltage for the circuit to do it ALL have to

calculate the resistance value of the total of all the circuit (of
the two bulbs at once)
100
200
Itotal = 0.03
A
b) Now calculate the voltage using each bulb separately.
As we speak now of the voltage of each bulb IN PARTICULAR, we must

calculate the resistance of
Each bulb.
C) Verifies that the sum of the voltage of each bulb is equal to
total.
ACTIVITY 1.2: Perform the same calculations as the previous problem for
a circuit of 3 BULBS IN SERIES, 1200 , 3400 and 10800
resistance respectively. The total intensity is the same, 0.03 A.
12
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
I.2-OHM'S LAW: FORMULAS

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
V.ELECTROMAGNETISMO
13
parallel connection
There is another possibility for connecting the bulbs: as

two independent circuits: With this solution the two bulbs
each use ALL the battery voltage and light at maximum
We can connect the bulbs also this way: to connect the two
inputs of the bulbs to each other and the two outputs
between them. So it is a parallel connection.
parallel connection
Note that now:
intensity is divided between the two roads leading to the
two bulbs. The more the resistance of each bulb, the less
intensity passes through. In fact, if they have the same
resistance the intensity is exactly the same, the half of
the total.
resistance The total is A DIFFERENT VALUE THAN the sum of
the resistance of the two bulbs. On the next page will see
your formula.
The voltage of each bulb is the same than the total of the
circuit.
I total
Itotal
Itotal
I total
Vtotal
Vtotal
Lets see the parallel connection
Itotal
Ipereta1
Itotal
Ipereta2
The total intensity:
ITotal
parallel
= I1 + I2+ ... + In
The total resistance
1
RTotal
parallel =
1 + 1 + ... + 1
R1 R2
Rn
R1 x R2
RTotal
parallelfor2
R1+ R2
The voltatge total:
vTotal
parallel
= V1 = V2= ... = Vn
OHM'S LAW MAY APPLY TO EACH SEPARATE CIRCUIT ELEMENT OR

ALL THE TRACK AT A TIME.
Bulb 1
Bulb 2
-IF YOU APPLY TO HAVE THE BULB 1:
Vbulb1
Ibulb1 =
Rbulb1
-IF YOU APPLY TO HAVE THE BULB 2:
Vbulb2
Ibulb2 =
Rbulb2
-IF YOU APPLY TO ALL THE TRACK:
Vtotal
Itotal =
Rtotal
17
ACTIVITY 1.3 : We will use Ohm's law for a circuit

connected in parallel:
Calculated using Ohm's law the current flowing through
the bulb 1.
I calculated the bulb 2.
Calculate the voltages of the bulbs 1 and 2.
Calculate now the total current in the circuit.
100
200
ACTIVITY 1.4 : Perform the same calculations as above but

for a circuit similar CASE BUT WITH 3 BULBS IN PARALLEL,
resistors 1000 , 2500 and 7250 arespectivamente.
18
Mixed connection
To solve the mixed circuits we have to look at the overall
distribution of the resistors.
If the overall structure is in series first calculate the
value of the equivalent resistances of the resistors in
paralalelo. Then do the final calculations in series.
1.5 Activitat
a) Calculate the value of
the total circuit
resistance
b) What is the total
current passing through
the circuit?
If the structure is generally parallel first calculate the

value of resistencies equivalent of resistors in series in
each branch. Then do the final calculations in parallel.
1.6 Activitat
a) Calculate the value of
the total circuit
resistance
b) What is the total
current passing through
the circuit?
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
II-ELECTRIC ENERGY
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
V.ELECTROMAGNETISMO
20
ELECTRICITY
The bulbs use electricity to

produce light. Light is light
energy.
Electric motors electrical

energy used to produce
movement. The movement is
kinetic energy.
Electric stoves use electricity

to produce heat. Heat is
thermal energy.
21
POWER CONSUMPTION
In what units is measured electrical energy?
We can see in our home electricity bill. At the end of the

month we spent in our house a certain amount of energy.
(This is independent of whether it was all in a single
day or spread throughout the month)
THE POWER IS MEASURED IN Kilowatt-hours (KW x h)

This is because the unit of electrical energy.
Other units of energy: calorie (cal), July (J)
E = P x t
E = V x I x T
E: Electricity (KW x h)
Q: electric power (KW /)
T: time (hour)
E: Electricity (July)
V: voltage (V)
I: intensity (A)
T: time (sec)
E = R x I2x t
E: Electricity (July)
A: RESISTANCE (ohm)
I: intensity (A)
22
T: time (sec)
POWER CONSUMPTION
ACTIVITY 2.1: Calculates the power consumed by a circuit

formed by a 9V battery and 4 resistors in series, 120, 240,
300 and 1230 ohms respectively.
ACTIVITY 2.2: Calculate how much electricity the household has
consumed this month:
A range of 150 W has been on 5 hours.
The refrigerator (300 W) has been on 90 hours.
The TV (70 W) has been on 20 hours.
7 bulbs (100 W) have been 70 hours each.
ACTIVITY 2.3: Ask at your house a bill wattage kind that
yields power in your home.
Analyze it.
How many KW x hours of energy you have consumed?
How much does each Kw x h?
How much did you pay in total?
Much do you think?
23
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
III-POWER ELECTRIC
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
24
Difference between energy and power
A stove "A" gives 1000 calories of thermal energy (heat)

for 6 hours. The range "B" gives 1000 calories in 1 hour.
A) Which of the two stoves has spent more
electricity?
B) Which of the two stoves is more powerful?
Indeed, what is not normally interested in knowing the
amount of electricity you spend a stove or a bulb, but
its power, ie how long the day.
Therefore:
Electric Power is the amount of energy expended
electrical apparatus in a unit time.
(Energy)
P =
Unit: Watt (W)
(Time)
25
Power supply: FORMULA

The formula to calculate the electrical power is:
P = V x I
As we did with Ohm's law can be made two comments:

1) The formula serves equally well for an entire circuit to a
particular device.
If the entire circuit will the values of V, I total
If an apparatus to set the values of V and I of the
apparatus.
2) For mathematical things no other way to write the same
formula.
P2 = R x
I
(This is because as V = R x I by
substituting this value in the first
formula V, is P = (R x R) x R, which is
26
equal to P = R x I2)
Electric Power
ACTIVITY 3.1: Given the following electrical circuit formed

by two lamps in series with a resistor 100 each:
a) Calculate the power of the first formula bulb1
b) Calculate the power of the second formula bulb2
c) Calculate the power circuit.
I = 0.045 A
ACTIVITY 3.2: Given the following electrical circuit formed

by two lamps in parallel, having a resistance of 100 each:
a) Calculate the power of the first formula bulb1
b) Calculate the power of the second formula bulb2
c) Calculate the power circuit.
I = 0.09 A
I = 0.09 A
27
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
IV-CURRENT AND ALTERNATING

CURRENT
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
V.ELECTROMAGNETISMO
28
Generators DC
Batteries and dynamos are generating a type of
electricity called direct current.
These generators maintain a constant voltage, all the
while like.
Since the force that moves electrons around the same
time, the electrons always move at the same speed and in
the same direction.
electrons
29
Generators AC
The turbine-alternator is generating a type of
electrical current called alternating current.
These generators maintain a variable voltage. Their
energy changes with time. First growing towards
positive, then decreases to the same but in reverse.
Strength changes as well, the electrons are accelerated
towards one side, stop and accelerate toward the other
side.
electrons
30
ACTIVITY 4.1: Look at these two diagrams representing the

variation of voltage (Y axis) over time (X axis) and say
which gives direct current and alternating current which.
31
things of the alternating current

1.The power plants and our homes generated and used
alternately, rather than continuous. Why?
Because long-distance transport is cheaper and more
efficient because it's a very high voltages. (Up to
400,000 V!)
To reduce power losses along the way:
power losses = R x I2
I should go down to dismuir losses.
To reduce voltage drops along the way:
voltage loss = R x I
I agree to lower down the falls.
Thus, to lower the intensity, maintaining the power ...
p
I should go much V!.
I =
V
V FOR UP ONLY BE DONE WITH USING AC POWER TRANSFORMERS

32

2. GENERATION AND TRANSPORT OF THE CURRENT.
Alternating electric current is generated in the alternator of
different power stations. The generator is basically a turbine
d'mou electromagnetic generator or alternator. The difference
between them Elctriques Centrals (wind, solar, nuclear, thermal,
etc.). Tipus font is the natural energy mou d'turbine.
Altern is the corrent Elctric des transports power plant nostres fins
to marry them through the Network of transport. Aquesta xarxa is
divideix three trams: High Power Surge (200,000 to 400,000 V),
mitja Power Surge (10,000 V) i baixa Power Surge (220 V).
Medium
voltage
network
LOW
VOLTAGE
Network
Transformer 2
transformer 1
turbine
Transportation
network HIGH
VOLTAGE
alternator
transformer 3
T
33

3. TRANSFORMATION OF AC VOLTAGE
Transformers are the devices which raise and lower
blood pressure or voltage.
Those in the transport network, with high tension towers are
very large.
Those who are within an appliance or electronic device to lower
the voltage of 220 V to need the device (5V) are small
34

4. MODIFICATION OF AC AND CONTINUOUS
Electronic devices use DC and about 5 V. Some get it from your
cell or battery. But many are connected to household
outlet, as you know is AC 220V and about.
We know that low voltage with a transformer.
We need machines that pass the AC to DC.
RECTIFIERS.
Rectifiers are composed of a diode bridge and a condenser.

Here is the diagram of a rectifier.
Out in
continuous
Diode
bridge
alternator
condenser
35

5.The industry-phase alternating current is used.
If instead of putting this:
We put this:
We saved a lot of cables (cheapest around) and it works just

as well.
36
It's called because Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013 3 phase cables.
it uses three-phase or
Luis Garca

6.Vocabulario diagram of sinusoidal alternating
current:
1 cycle
1 cycle
Amplitude
t
Period
Frequency: The number of cycles occurring in 1 second. Is f = 37 Hz

50
is 50 cycles per second that!
ACTIVITY 4. 2: Answers
A) What is the outlet?
B) What advantages does that explain why use?
C) What devices use direct current?
D) What devices use alternating current?
E) What is the three-phase alternating current?
F) What are the advantages?
g) Indicate on the diagram what is the amplitude, period,
cycle and frequency?
t
38
-I.LEY OF OHM:
serial and parallel
formulas
-II. ELECTRICITY
ELECTRIC POWER-III
VI-ELECTROMAGNETISM
-IV.CORRIENTE dc or
ac
V.ELECTROMAGNETISMO
39
MAGNETISM
Magnetism is the property that have some materials to

attract ferrous material and attract-repel other magnets.
MAGNETISM WHY?
Magnetism is caused by an arrangement of the electrical
charges of the atoms of the material.
Normal material
+ Magnetic material
+ -
+ -
+ -
As you can guess, ELECTRICITY and magnetism are caused by the

movement of electrons.
Therefore: Electricity and Magnetism are related.
The union of both is called ELECTRO-MAGNETISM.
40
THERE 3 INTERACTIONS Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013 and Magnetism
BETWEEN FOREIGN-Electricity
Luis
INTERACTION 1
1 Interaction between electricity and magnetism:
A power driver behaves like a magnet.
electrons
Taking advantage of this effect are constructed ELECTRO:

magnets with electrical wires in coil form (increase the
power switch)
N
41
INTERACTION 2
By moving a power line without current in the field of
influence of a magnet, it generates (induces) an electric
current in the cable.
electrons
Since the cable does

not move, nothing
happens
Since the cable does

move the electrons are
set in motion
Are constructed so Electromagnetic generators electric

power with electric cables and magnets (usually magnets).
42
INTERACTION 3
A magnet (or electromagnet) can move to another.
Opposites attract
Combining magnet rotor

gets a turn
Poles repel
Are constructed so
ELECTRIC MOTORS
with electromagnets.
axi
s
brush
+
manifold
rotor
stator
+
43
ACTIVITY 5. 1: Answer
A) Explain the interaction between electricity and
magnetism 1
B) How does an electromagnet?
C) Explain the interaction between electricity and
magnetism 2
D) How does an electromagnetic generator?
E) Explain the interaction between electricity and
magnetism 3 F) How does an electric motor?
44
ended
45

UD 1 ELECTRICITY 3ºESO 13 14.es - en

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ELECTRICITY

-I.OHMS LAW: serial

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND ATOMS

CHEMICAL GENERATORS: BATTERIES

ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATORS: ALTERNATOR

Iteration between electricity and magnetism: If we move an

All we have to do is get something that rotates the wire

ACT 4: How would you rotate the wire to generate electricity?

II.2 ELECTRIC BATTERY

ACTIVITY 0.1:Complete the following table.

Remember Ohm's law:

I.1-OHM'S LAW: FORMULAS

Let the SERIES CONNECTION.

The total resistance of the two bulbs is equal to the

The total voltage of the circuito is distributed between

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

OHM'S LAW MAY APPLY TO EACH SEPARATE CIRCUIT ELEMENT OR

-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE BULB 1:

-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE BULB 2:

-IF YOU APPLY THE LAW TO THE TOTAL CIRCUIT:

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

As we speak TOTAL voltage for the circuit to do it ALL have to

As we speak now of the voltage of each bulb IN PARTICULAR, we must

I.2-OHM'S LAW: FORMULAS

There is another possibility for connecting the bulbs: as

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

Lets see the parallel connection

The total intensity:

The total resistance

The voltatge total:

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

OHM'S LAW MAY APPLY TO EACH SEPARATE CIRCUIT ELEMENT OR

-IF YOU APPLY TO HAVE THE BULB 1:

-IF YOU APPLY TO HAVE THE BULB 2:

-IF YOU APPLY TO ALL THE TRACK:

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

ACTIVITY 1.3 : We will use Ohm's law for a circuit

ACTIVITY 1.4 : Perform the same calculations as above but

If the structure is generally parallel first calculate the

The bulbs use electricity to

Electric motors electrical

Electric stoves use electricity

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

In what units is measured electrical energy?

We can see in our home electricity bill. At the end of the

day or spread throughout the month)

THE POWER IS MEASURED IN Kilowatt-hours (KW x h)

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

ACTIVITY 2.1: Calculates the power consumed by a circuit

Difference between energy and power

A stove "A" gives 1000 calories of thermal energy (heat)

Unit: Watt (W)

Luis Garca Molina. I.E.S Serra Perenxisa. Torrente (Valencia). 2013

Power supply: FORMULA

As we did with Ohm's law can be made two comments:

ACTIVITY 3.1: Given the following electrical circuit formed

ACTIVITY 3.2: Given the following electrical circuit formed

IV-CURRENT AND ALTERNATING

ACTIVITY 4.1: Look at these two diagrams representing the

things of the alternating current

V FOR UP ONLY BE DONE WITH USING AC POWER TRANSFORMERS