ECM 446

MUHAMMAD ADEEB SHAFIQ BIN IZAMUDDIN AHMAD SUHAILI BIN AHMAD TAJUDDIN KHAIRUL ANUAR YAAKOB

2011102915 2011923111 2011717765

SUBSOIL DRAINAGE
Subsoil drainage systems are used in architectural, sewage and irrigation applications to remove excessive water from the soil surrounding a building, provide water to crops or drainage sewage away from a building. Subsoil drainage systems are governed by necessary restrictions dependent on the intended purpose of the system.

Subsoil drainage systems are provided to drain away subsurface water in order to: Increase the stability of the ground and footings of buildings by inducing a more stable moisture regime and reducing foundation movements due to the variations in the soil moisture content Mitigate surface water ponding and waterlogging of soils by lowering watertables Alleviate ground water pressures likely to cause dampness in below-ground internal parts of buildings or damage to foundations of buildings, other structures, or pavements Increase soil strength by reducing the moisture content.

Subsoil drainage is an important part of road construction. Vehicular traffic on pavement with a saturated sub-base results in rapid deterioration of the pavement. Entrapped water that is subject to vehicular loadings creates large hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures within the sub-base, reducing its ability to provide stable support for the pavement. Correctly designed roads and paved areas have a highly permeable base or sub-base construction and may include subsoil drains to promote the rapid outflow of sub-surface water.

DRAIN TYPES
The types of subsoil drains that are commonly used are shown below. These may be installed on flat ground, in a sag or depression, or on sloping ground. The basic parts of a subsoil drain are shown in figure (a) which is a trench with fill or filter material (commonly sand or gravel). This simple arrangement is called a rubble drain or French drain. Figure (b) shows the addition of a geotextile lining to prevent external fine soil particles being washed into the filter material and clogging it. Both this and the unlined rubble drain have only limited effectiveness due to their limited ability to convey water. Figure (c) shows the addition of a pipe to promote more rapid drainage. This is the most common type of subsoil drain. The pipe is perforated to allow easy entry of water and can be rigid or flexible. Figure (d) shows two further variations, an impervious cap for situations where the drain is intended to collect only subsurface flows, and bedding material for cases where the base of the excavation is unsuitable as a pipe support. Figures (e), (f), and (g) show more elaboration. The pipe can be wrapped in geotextile to prevent piping and loss of filter material. Geocomposite drains of various configurations and manufacture can be provided. These are usually of plastic wrapped in geotextile and various proprietary systems are available. Finally, figure (h) shows an external layer of filter material provided around the geotextile encompassing the filter material. This might be used where there is a likelihood of fine particles or deposits, e.g. iron precipitates, clogging the geotextile. In general, subsoil drains connect either into a stormwater pit or an open channel which is part of a surface water drainage system, with the subsoil drain pipe or strip drain penetrating the pit wall.

(a) Basic System

Fill or Filter Material

(b) Geotextile Filter Previous back fill Geotextile layer

(c) Pipe Drain

(d) Pipe Drain with Capping to Exclude Surface Water Impervious Cap

(e) Geotextile around pipe

Pipe Wrapped in Geotextile

(f) Geocomposite Drain in Narrow Trench Vertical Geocomposite Drain

(g) Geocomposite Drain in Shallow Trench

Horizontal Geocomposite Drain

(h) Soil Filter Layer to Avoid Clogging of Geotextile

Pervious Filter Layer on Trench Sides

Geotextile
What is Geotextile? Geotextile are a subtype of geosynthetic material which is human-made materials made from various types of polymers used to enhance, augment and make possible cost effective environmental, transportation and geotechnical engineering construction projects. They are used to provide one or more of the following functions; Separation, Reinforcement, Filtration, Drainage or Liquid barrier. Specifically geotextile is flexible, textile-like fabrics of controlled permeability used to provide filtration, separation or reinforcement in soil, rock and waste materials.

Types of geotextiles 1. Woven construction Woven geotextile warp yarns, which run parallel with the length of the geotextile panel (machine direction), are interlaced with yarns called fill or filling yarns, which run perpendicular to the length of the panel. From UFC, ENGINEERING USE OF GEOTEXTILES by the Department of Defense of USA, 2004 ...Woven construction produces geotextiles with high strengths and moduli in the warp and fill directions and low elongations at rupture. The modulus varies depending on the rate and the direction in which the geotextile is loaded. When woven geotextiles are pulled on a bias, the modulus decreases, although the ultimate breaking strength may increase. The construction can be varied so that the finished geotextile has equal or different strengths in the warp and fill directions. Woven construction produces geotextiles with a simple pore structure and narrow range of pore sizes or openings between fibers. 2. Non-woven construction Non-woven geotextile is formed by a process other than weaving or knitting, and they are generally thicker than woven products. The fibers are generally oriented randomly within the plane of the geotextile but can be given preferential orientation. In the spunbonding process, filaments are extruded, and laid directly on a moving belt to form the mat. These geotextiles may be made either from continuous filaments or from staple fibers. Sub-types consists of needle punching, heat bonding, resin bonding, combination bonding, and composite geotextile.

Eg. of geotextiles

Purpose of Geotextile There exists at least 80 specific purpose of geotextile but it always perform at least one of the following basic purpose which is: Separation, Reinforcement, Filtration, Drainage or Liquid barrier. One purpose of geotextile reinforcement is to hold the dike together until foundation consolidation and strength increase can occur. Another purpose is to reduce horizontal and vertical deformation. A diversion ditch is an open, artificial, gravity flow channel which intercepts and collects precipitation runoff, diverts it away from vulnerable areas, and directs it toward stabilized outlets. A geotextile or revegetation mat can be used to line the ditch. Permeable geotextile silt fence is used to intercept and detain sediment from unprotected areas before it leaves the construction site. It is placed around the entire downslope portion or perimeter of urban construction sites.

Eg. of application

Designing with Geotextile Consider a geotextile under an embankment This geotextile may function simultaneously in filtration, separation, drainage and reinforcement

REFERENCE
1. USA, Department Of Defense. 2004 : UFC Engineering use of Geotextiles 2. USA, Tensar. 2014 : GEOSYNTHETHICS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING