Destiny Cobb

Biology
Chapter 9
pgs. 227-249
Main Idea Notes/Vocabulary
• ATP is the molecule that stores energy for easy use within the cell.
Section 9.1 • ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP. When ATP is
ATP in a broken down, ADP and phosphate is formed and energy is released.
Molecule • ATP is the main link between energy-releasing and energy-using
reactions.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)- energy-storing molecule in cells composed

of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups; energy
is stored in the molecule’s chemical bonds and can be used quickly and
easily by cells

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)- molecule formed from the breaking off of a

phosphate group for ATP; results in a large release of energy that is used
for biological reactions
• Photosynthesis is the process by which cells use light energy to make
Section 9.2 carbohydrate.
Photosynthesis: • Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells traps light energy needed
Trapping the for photosynthesis.
Sun’s Energy • The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP and result in the
splitting of water molecules
• The reactions of the Calvin Cycle make carbohydrates using CO2 along
with ATP and hydrogen from the light reactions.

Photosynthesis- process by which autotrophs, such as algae and plants,

trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to
convert CO2 and H2O into simple sugars
-Equation for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Carbon dioxide)(water) (glucose)(breathable oxygen)

Light-dependent reactions- phase of photosynthesis where light energy is

converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of
water and the release of oxygen

Light-independent reactions- phase of photosynthesis where energy from

the light-dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional
ATP molecules

Pigments- molecule that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight

Chlorophyll- light-absorbing pigments in plants and some protist that is

required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except for
green

Electron transport chain- series of proteins embedded in a membrane

along which energized electrons are transported; as electrons are passed
from molecule to molecule, energy is released

NADP+- (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) electron carrier

 Destiny Cobb
Biology
Chapter 9
pgs. 227-249
molecule; when carrying excited electrons it becomes NADPH

Photolysis- reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a

chloroplasts during light-dependent reactions where 2 molecules of water
are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons

Calvin Cycle- series of reactions during the light-independent phase of

photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide
using ATP and hydrogen from the light-dependent reactions
• Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells break down
Section 9.3 carbohydrates to release energy.
Getting Energy • Cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria, uses oxygen, and
to Make ATP yields many more ATPs than do anaerobic processes.
• Energy can be released anaerobically by glycosis followed by alcoholic
or lactic acid fermentation.

Cellular Respiration- chemical processes where mitochondria break down

food molecules to produce ATP; the 3 stages of cellular respiration are
glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
Anaerobic- chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen

Aerobic- chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen

Glycolysis- in cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in

the cytoplasm that break down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit
of 2 ATP molecules.

Citric acid cycle- in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that

break down glucose and produce ATP; energies electron carriers that pass
the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain

Lactic acid fermentation- series anaerobic chemical reactions in which

pyruvic acid uses NADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in
glycolsis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce

Alcoholic fermentation- anaerobic process where cells convert pyruvic acid

into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and
fungi such as yeasts