Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas Fracking Guide

Hydraulic Fracturing for Mining Natural Gas aka, Fracking
Part 1 Part 2
Part 3 Part 4
From the US Department of the Interior

Already, technological advancements like hydraulic fracturing have allowed development of previously uneconomic natural gas and oil deposits. In fact, since 2008, U.S. oil and natural gas production has increased each year. In 2011, U.S. crude oil production reached its highest level in 8 years, and U.S. natural gas production grew in 2011 as well the largest year-over-year volumetric increase in history easily eclipsing the previous all-time production record set in 1973. Overall, oil imports have been falling since 2005, and oil import dependence declined from 57 percent in 2008 to 45 percent in 2011 the lowest level since 1995.
Discovery now ?....

natural gas part of the energy mix
hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) uses a fluid to create cracks in sedimentary rock and a proppant (small solid) to hold open the crack
Hey professor, what is natural gas ? and since it is natural, can I get it at Whole Foods? Methane plus small amounts of higher hydrocarbons (primarily ethane). In traditional mining operations It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel.
Depending on where you are you may have easy access to refined natural gas
Mostly methane with some ethane and higher hydrocarbons

remember each carbon has 4 valence electrons and therefore has four bonds
Key Personnel Involved in the Issue

Landowners Concerned citizens Process Engineers Fuel and Energy Specialists Environmental/Energy Auditors Local and Federal Officials Involved with Natural Gas Recovery and Processing Water Quality Engineers and Municipal Officers News Media (Print, TV, Radio, Internet) Covering Natural Gas Issues Managers at Natural Gas Companies Popular media stars and sons of slain rock stars
Seminar Outcomes for Parts 1 and 2

global energy picture/position of natural gas options for mining natural gas environmental issues concerning hydraulic fracturing economic and safety issues existing and potential legislation
Prof. Gennaro J. Maffia Jerry Often called a fracking engineer; or words to that effect
Jerry Maffia who is this guy?

1. 2. Professor of Chemical Engineering Manhattan College Manager of Technology Development ARCO a. Petrochemical & Refining b. Start-up & Technical Services
Jerry Maffia some projects

Energy Related Projects a. Alaskan Pipeline and Remote Gas b. Fuel Oxygenates c. Biofuels/Bioseparations d. Energy Integration e. Novel Separations f. Manufacture of Proppants
Jerry Maffia recent locales

Project Visits Dubai Abu Dhabi Dhahran Singapore Pingdingshan Dresden Limoges Prague Dublin Chisinau Oxford Plymouth many NA sites
Student Researchers they do all the work
and so on.............
Drexel University Senior Project Team Using CO2 as a Fracking Fluid Amanda, Amanda
The FracKINGS Design Group

Morgan, Jimmy, Amanda, Amanda
Mining
Methodology....
hydraulic fracturing .how? drill a vertical well extend the drilling horizontally case the well perforate the casing pump in high pressure water and sand to fracture the shale at the perforations recover/dispose of the water cap the well bore send gas to treatment treated gas to interstate pipeline system
What is all the fuss about .........
Hey Jerry whats the story?
SOME HEADLINES......... Regulations and Current Policy
May 2012 News

Safe Drinking Water Act Several statutes may be leveraged to protect water quality, but EPA's central authority to protect drinking water is drawn from the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The protection of USDWs is focused in the Underground Injection Control (UIC) program, which regulates the subsurface emplacement of fluid. Congress provided for exclusions to UIC authority (SDWA 1421(d)), however, with the most recent language added via the Energy Policy Act of 2005:
May 2012 News

"The term 'underground injection' (A) means the subsurface emplacement of fluids by well injection; and (B) excludes (i) the underground injection of natural gas for purposes of storage; and (ii) the underground injection of fluids or propping agents (other than diesel fuels) pursuant to hydraulic fracturing operations related to oil, gas, or geothermal production activities." While the SDWA specifically excludes hydraulic fracturing from UIC regulation under SDWA 1421 (d)(1), the use of diesel fuel during hydraulic fracturing is still regulated by the UIC program.
May 2012 News
State oil and gas agencies may have additional regulations for hydraulic fracturing. In addition, states or EPA have authority under the Clean Water Act to regulate discharge of produced waters from hydraulic fracturing operations. Clean Water Act Disposal of flowback into surface waters of the United States is regulated by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The Clean Water Act authorizes the NPDES program.
Economic Impact A World Scale Petrochemical Plant In Pittsburgh .....are you crazy professor?
Maybe, but ...............
Fracturing now ?....

natural gas part of the energy mix
Hydraulic fracturing Dry Frac Gas Frac uses water uses CO2 uses LPG
GasFrac Inc., Calgary, Alberta
GasFrac Inc., Calgary, Alberta
Boom in Cotulla, Texas
The economic transformation is the result of a new drilling method, hydraulic fracturing, combined with horizontal drilling, that allows companies to extract oil and gas from impermeable layers of shale.
Selected Headlines follow

many differing opinions; often frustrating
Development of Collagen-Based Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid and Study of Proppant Settling Characteristics
Manhattan College Riverdale, New York
Ramiro Magboo, Student Charity Njau, Student Dr. Gennaro Maffia, Professor
The Twenty-Seventh International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management Session 8B, Research Advances 2
March 14, 2012
Objective Collagen and Its Preparation Hydraulic Fracturing & Fluid Natural gas
Outline
Environmental Risk Experimental Procedures Results Conclusion
Collagen fiber formation
From Shanu Shahs Thesis
56 56
STARTING MATERIAL, OFTEN WASTE

Crude Corium
collagen molecule is a triple helix of amino acid chains molecules bundle into fibrils fibrils produce fibers fibers cluster to fiber bundles
Manufacturing Process
US patent 6,660,829 (12/2003)
Type I Raw Material Bovine Hide Collagen (corium)
Product 1
Ball milling Sonication Dispersing Freezing Freeze Drying Sterilizing Cross-linking
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
50 - 100 nm diameter
Bovine Fibrils
from Donna Stauffers Thesis; taken with Dr. Peter Cooke at USDA
FORMULATION OF THE COLLAGEN DISPERSION Dispersing Collagen Nanofibrils blend organic acid DI water milled collagen to make: C/A/W/X the stock solution
where C = 0.1 - 0.75 % collagen A = 5 % acetic acid W = 94.25 - 94.9 % water X = additives
KEY FACTOR: Surface Area ~ 1/fibril diameter ~ 75 m2/g
Standard Dispersion 0.75/5/94.25/X:C/A/W/X
Unique Properties of Fibrils

Placing collagen fibrils in a solution at a pH other than its isoelectric point will induce a surface charge (or chemical potential). The fibrils respond by dispersing and retaining water between them.
+ + + + + +
Fibrils with a diameter of 10-70 nm can hold up to 500x their mass in water in the vicinity of the charged surface.
Viscous phase
Non-viscous phase
20/1 dilution; inverted 3500 rpm, 45 mins, 4 C
Collagen fibrils hold hundreds of times their mass in water in the vicinity of their charged surface
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 3 4 pH 5 6
Swelling Ratio
Swelling ratio is the mass of water plus collagen divided by the mass of collagen solids held in a viscous plug at the bottom of a centrifuge tube.
NG Sourcing
methane and associated light hydrocarbons recovered from natural gas fields extracted during petroleum processing biogas
GWP
What has been done with NG....

unwanted byproduct no market non-transportable consequently gas was vented or flared now often reinjected interstate pipelines (US)
Controversial.... Por qu
Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) concerns contamination of drinking water with natural and synthetic toxins uncontrolled release of gas
What is fuel?
Fuel Biofuel Fossil Fuel solid, liquid or gas oxidized to produce energy recently dead biological material dead biological material
Force, Pressure, Work, Energy, Power

Force: Pressure: Work: Energy: Power: Newton, (kg)(m)(s-2) Pascal, (N)(m-2) Joule, (N)(m) Joule, (N)(m) Watt, (J)(s-1) a 60 W light bulb expends 216 kJ every hour of use and costs the consumer about 1 cent (US)
Example:
Key Units of Energy

Energy
1 BTU = 1055 J 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ 1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 3412 BTU 1 scf natural gas = 1000 BTU 1 TCF = 1 quad (BTU basis) 100 quads = typical annual US consumption of energy
Energy in Colloquial Terms

kWh = 1 kJ/s of power expended for 1 h Typical Power Company Cost ~ $0.165/kWh 293 kWh = mm BTU
2010 Energy Prices per Million BTU Powder River Basin Coal $0.56 Northern Appalachia Coal $2.08
Natural gas $5.67

Ethanol subsidy $5.92 Petroleum $13.56 Propane $13.92 #2 Heating Oil $15.33 Jet fuel $16.01 Diesel $16.21 Gasoline $18.16 Wood pellets $18.57 Ethanol $24.74 Electricity $34.03
Sources for Data Petroleum $13.56 (EIA World Average Price for 1/08/2010) Northern Appalachia Coal $2.08 (EIA Average Weekly Spot 2010 Powder River Basin Coal $0.56 (EIA Average Weekly Spot 1/08/10) Propane $13.92 (EIA Mont Belvieu, TX Spot Price for 1/12/2010) Natural gas $5.67 (NYMEX contract for February 2010) #2 Heating Oil $15.33 (EIA New York Harbor Price for 1/12/2010) Gasoline $18.16 (EIA New York Harbor Price for 1/12/2010) Diesel $16.21 (EIA #2 Low Sulfur New York Harbor for 1/08/2010) Jet fuel (EIA New York Harbor for 1/12/2010) Ethanol $24.74 (NYMEX Spot for February 2010) Wood pellets $18.57 (Typical Wood Pellet Price for 1/12/2010) Electricity $34.03 (EIA Average Retail Price to Consumers for 2009)
Energy Equivalents approximate LHVs Petroleum 138,000 BTU/gal Gasoline 115,000 BTU/gal Diesel 131,000 BTU/gal Ethanol 76,000 BTU/gal Heating oil - 138,000 BTU/gal Jet fuel 135,000 BTU/gal Propane 91,500 BTU/gal Northern Appalachia Coal 13,000 BTU/lb Natural Gas 21,000 BTU/lb Wood pellets 7,000 BTU/lb Electricity 3,412 BTU/kWh
Unit Levels SI Prefixes

1 EW 103 PW 106 TW 109 GW 1012 MW 1015 kW 1018 W 1021 mW 1024 W exa peta tera giga mega kilo ----milli micro Therefore a 1 GW power plant provides 1 million kW (or 1 million kJ/s); so about 31.5 PJ or 0.0315 EJ per year
Natural Gas - Background

Most natural gas is created by two mechanisms: biogenic thermogenic Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms Deeper in the earth, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material
20th Century Production of NG

(conversions 1 MM CF= ~ 1 B BTU; 20 TCF = ~ 20 quads)
Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year
Natural Gas World-Wide Locations
Natural Gas Production and Transportation

millions of years old recently methods for obtaining this gas, bringing it to the surface, and putting it to use were developed. ancient times no transportation or utilization of NG to speak of
Ancient Times Fire coming from the earth, burning the natural gas as it seeped out from underground were the root of much myth and superstition. Mount Parnassus approximately 1000 B.C - Oracle of Delphi, giving out prophecies she claimed were inspired by the flame.
buy low, sell high
First Pipelines
About 500 B.C. that the Chinese formed crude pipelines out of bamboo shoots to transport the gas
Natural gas in the kitchen or vice versa

First Use of Natural Gas in the Home (100 AD) The King of Persia decided to take advantage of this "eternal flame." But instead of having the gas piped to his homelike we do todayhe built his royal kitchen near the flame.
Another first for Pennsylvania that is, after the Chinese Last 200 Years A two-inch diameter pipeline was built, running 5 + miles from the well to the village of Titusville, PA The construction of this pipeline proved that natural gas could be brought safely and relatively easily from its underground source to be used for practical purposes.
19th and early 20th Centuries natural gas was - source of light. Without pipeline capacity - couldnt transport - does this sound familiar?
Bunsen Burner In 1885, German Robert Bunsen invented a device that mixed natural gas with air in the right proportions this created a flame that could be safely used for cooking and heating
Recent Times Without any way to transport it effectively, natural gas discovered pre-WWII was usually just allowed to vent into the atmosphere, or burnt, when found alongside coal and oil, or simply left in the ground when found alone. One of the first lengthy pipelines was constructed in 1891. This pipeline was 120 miles long, and carried natural gas from wells in central Indiana to the city of Chicago.
CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O
Post WWII through the 1960s Welding techniques, pipe rolling, and metallurgical advances were developed thus providing for reliable pipelines Chicago became a hub
Today, Chicago remains a hub for NG projects/destinations
Just for fuel??? No way.................... natural gas to heat homes and operate appliances manufacturing and processing plants boilers used to generate electricity.
How About Remote Gas?

Hey Jerry how do we get the gas off of the North Slope?
Well ??????
Conversion Hydrates Submarines Balloons Alcohols New pipelines Just leave it there Pump it back
We know how to do pipelines are they the answer?
Seems pretty crowded imagine this in Alberta US Pipeline System
Is the US the only place how about Europe?
Are Fracking and Pipelines the Answer for Remote Gas?
You betcha!
Worldwide Energy Consumption

CMO = cubic mile of oil 1 CMO = 152 quads = 160 EJ Natural Gas Oil Coal Other 0.61 CMO 1.06 0.81 0.52
Engineers love new units of measure
Energy Consumption Patterns

500 450 400 350
Quadrillion kJ
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1960 US World
1970
1980 year
1990
2000
2010
Units of quads
Breakdown of US Energy Consumption, at 100 quads % can be used in place of quads or vice versa
45.00%
percent (also ~ number of quads)
40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% coal natural gas petroleum nuclear renewable primary category of fuel consumption
DOE: US Current and Projected Energy Usage (%)

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Coal Nuclear Natural Gas Liquids Biofuels Renewables
World Energy Consumption

Power in TW Fuel type Energy in EJ
Oil Gas Coal Hydroelectric Nuclear Geothermal, wind, solar, wood Total
5.6 3.5 3.8 0.9 0.9 0.13
180 110 120 30 30 4
15
471
as a reference: 174,000 TW (174 PW) incoming solar power
NATURAL GAS SPECIFICATIONS corrosion prevention, avoiding liquid drop out in pipelines, consistency in synthesis and burner performance.
Component Methane Ethane

Chemical Composition of Natural Gas
Typical Analysis (mole %) 95.2 2.5 0.2 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.3 0.7 0.02 trace 0.58 37.8
Range (mole %) 87.0 - 96.0 1.5 - 5.1 0.1 - 1.5 0.01 - 0.3 0.01 - 0.3 trace - 0.14 trace - 0.04 trace - 0.06 0.7 - 5.6 0.1 - 1.0 0.01 - 0.1 trace - 0.02 0.57 - 0.62 36.0 - 40.2
Propane
The table outlines the typical components of natural gas on the Union Gas system and the typical ranges for these values (allowing for the different sources).
iso - Butane normal - Butane iso - Pentane normal - Pentane Hexanes plus Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Hydrogen Specific Gravity Gross Heating Value (MJ/m3), dry basis *
Raw Gas
LHV vs HHV
The gross heating value is the total heat obtained by complete combustion at constant pressure of a unit volume of gas in air, including the heat released by condensing the water vapor in the combustion products (gas, air, and combustion products taken at standard temperature and pressure).
It is a bright, bright world ........
Power Plant Components

Boiler - Energy In Generator Energy Out Surface Condenser Energy Out BFW Pump Energy In
Efficiency (many definitions) one of the simplest is (usable energy out)/(total energy in)
Natural Gas Uses
Industrial Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel 1970 - 2025 (Quadrillion Btu)
Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation - inefficient
How much is left?

With or without fracking ?
Natural Gas Reserves

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Country/Region World Russia Iran Qatar Turkmenistan Saudi Arabia United States United Arab Emirates Nigeria Venezuela Algeria Iraq Australia China Indonesia Kazakhstan Malaysia Norway European Union Uzbekistan Kuwait Canada Natural gas proven reserves (m) 190,163,119,460,000 47,570,000,000,000 29,610,000,000,000 25,470,000,000,000 7,504,000,000,000 7,461,000,000,000 6,928,000,000,000 6,071,000,000,000 5,246,000,000,000 4,983,000,000,000 4,502,000,000,000 3,170,000,000,000 3,115,000,000,000 3,030,000,000,000 3,001,000,000,000 2,407,000,000,000 2,350,000,000,000 2,313,000,000,000 2,250,000,000,000 1,841,000,000,000 1,798,000,000,000 1,754,000,000,000 % of total 100% 25.02% 15.57% 13.39% 3.95% 3.92% 3.64% 3.19% 2.76% 2.62% 2.37% 1.67% 1.64% 1.59% 1.58% 1.27% 1.24% 1.22% 1.18% 0.97% 0.95% 0.92% Date of information 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est
To Frack or Not to Frack in the EU
Sourcing
natural gas fields associated with other hydrocarbon fuels also a source of helium
Sourcing
shallow levels (low pressure) forms by anaerobic decay of organics sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain oil generate natural gas decaying organic wastes of solid waste landfills and from wastewater anaerobic digesters
SOURCING .........
"associated" (found in oil fields) "non-associated" (isolated in natural gas fields) coal beds (as coalbed methane)
SOURCING ..........
commercially extracted from oil fields and natural gas fields gas extracted from oil wells is called casing head gas or associated gas natural gas industry is extracting gas from increasingly more challenging resource types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas, and coal bed methane
Prepping .........
contains significant amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane - heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use methane sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock non-hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide must be removed
Mining
Sophisticated equipment and advanced computer technology have increased the productivity of exploration. Maps of potential deposits now are made using remote-sensing satellites. Seismic prospectinga technique based on measuring the time it takes sound waves to travel through underground formations and return to the surfacehas revolutionized oil and gas exploration. Computers and advanced software analyze seismic data to provide three-dimensional models of subsurface rock formations. Another method of searching for oil and gas is based on collecting and analyzing core samples of rock, clay, and sand in the earth's layers.
Mining
Sophisticated equipment and advanced computer technology have increased the productivity of exploration. Maps of potential deposits now are made using remote-sensing satellites.
Mining .......
Once the drilling reaches the oil or gas natural pressure forces the oil or gas up through the drill hole to the wellhead, where it enters separation and storage tanks if natural pressure is not great enough to force the oil to the surface, pumps may be used. in some cases, water, steam, or gas may be injected into the oil deposit to improve recovery
Mining .......
while oil refineries may be many thousands of miles away from the producing fields gas processing plants typically are near the fields, so that impuritieswater, sulfur, and natural gas liquids can be removed before the gas is piped to customers
Gas Well US DOE Website

Like oil production, some natural gas flows freely to wells because the natural pressure of the underground reservoir forces the gas through the reservoir rocks. These types of gas wells require only a ""Christmas tree", or a series of pipes and valves on the surface, to control the flow of gas.
Primary Pumping Techniques US DOE Website

small number of free-flowing gas formations still exist in many U.S. gas fields, however. pumping system will be required to extract the gas present in the underground formation. "horse head" pump (see photo) which rocks up and down to lift a rod in and out of a well bore, bringing gas and oil to the surface.
Darvaza Burning Gas Craters in Turkmenistan In the heart of the Karakum desert the Darvaza Gas Craters are old Soviet natural gas mines from the 1950s that have been set alight. It can be seen at night from miles away The Karakum Desert is home to the Darvaza Gas Craters
Some gas operations are not so elaborate
Gas supplies still tight in Wuhan, Chongqing, and other Chinese cities, a source from China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) told The Beijing News that the company's major natural gas mines are all overloaded with production
Hydraulic Fracturing
somewhat new drilling technology high-volume hydraulic fracturing reach natural gas reserves that underlie many states including Pennsylvania
"horizontal hydrofracking" or just "fracking," deep-shale natural gas drilling high-pressure injection of water, sand, and chemicals to release the trapped gas
"horizontal hydrofracking" or just "fracking," deep-shale natural gas drilling high-pressure injection of water, sand, and chemicals to release the trapped gas environmental and health impacts from high-volume hydraulic fracturing in several states have been documented significant number of spills, blowouts, leaking wells, and other accidents and releases of contaminants
Fracking and Proppants

Definition: Fracking: The process of initiating, and subsequently propagating a fracture in a rock layer, employing the pressure of a fluid as the source of energy. The fracturing is done from a wellbore drilled into reservoir rock formations, in order to increase the extraction and ultimate recovery rates of oil and natural gas.

Definition: Proppants: A proppant is a material, such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates, that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped.
Proppant Fines Proppant fines generation and the resulting migration in the fracture are considered to be one of the major contributors to poor treatment results and well performance. It has been noted by Coulter & Wells1 that just 5% fines can decrease fracture flow capacity by as much as 60%. Hexions advanced grain-to-grain bonding technology reduces proppant fines generation and migration through the proppant pack. The curable resin coating provides additional strength to individual grains, generates uniform stress distribution throughout the pack, and encapsulates any loose fines that may occur.
Hydraulic fractures may be natural or man-made and are extended by internal fluid pressure which opens the fracture and causes it to extend through the rock. Natural hydraulic fractures include volcanic dikes, sills and fracturing by ice as in frost weathering. Man-made fluid-driven fractures are formed at depth in a borehole and extend into targeted formations. The fracture width is typically maintained after the injection by introducing a proppant into the injected fluid.
Porous Metallic Structures Abstract In one aspect, there are provided methods for producing porous metallic structures, wherein the methods involve the use of collagen fibrils on the nanometer scale as a "sacrificial" scaffold upon which metal particles are deposited. Also disclosed are structures comprising a porous metallic matrix having favorable strength, porosity, and density characteristics. Structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure are useful for, inter alia, the fabrication of devices such as filters, heat exchangers, sound absorbers, electrochemical cathodes, fuel cells,catalyst supports, fluid treatment units, lightweight structures and biomaterials. United States Patent Application Kind Code Maffia; Gennaro J.
20100221136 A1 September 2, 2010
Pseudo 3-D Image
SEM & LM Images
Titanium
Aluminum
Original Sample Using Copper at 600 C
Titanium
Ceramic Proppants
Proppants Suspended in an Aqueous Fracking Fluid

Most natural gas companies note that between 98 and 99 percent of the 5 million gallons of fluid used to hydraulically fracture a Marcellus Shale natural gas well consists of water and sand..... from Wheeling Intelligencer
History, Success and Materials

A typical Marcellus Shale well can be fracked numerous times during its production life. The wells travel thousands of feet into the earth before turning horizontally to reach gas pockets. After the wells are drilled and the protective casing put in place, the fracking process begins.

Petroleum services titan the Halliburton Co. pioneered the fracking process in 1947 Halliburton has performed work in both West Virginia and Pennsylvania.

A typical Marcellus Shale well can be fracked numerous times during its production life. The wells travel thousands of feet into the earth before turning horizontally to reach gas pockets. After the wells are drilled and the protective casing put in place, the fracking process begins.
Marcellus Shale Formation

Petroleum services titan the Halliburton Co. pioneered the fracking process in 1947, and company officials note the firm has performed work in both West Virginia and Pennsylvania. In fact, fracking has been a common occurrence in Wetzel and Tyler counties for years - with no reported incidents of groundwater contamination.

According to Halliburton, 98.47 percent of the material its workers use for fracking consists of water and sand, leaving just 1.53 percent for other materials. Some of the chemicals found in Halliburton's fluid mixture include formaldehyde, ammonium chloride, acetic anhydride, methanol, hydrochloric acid, and propargyl alcohol.
Process Flow Diagram
Formation Profile
Formation and Gear
Materials
Chemicals
Halliburton notes that the force of the water being pumped into the earth which can be as high as 10,000 pounds per square inch - creates tiny fissures in the Marcellus Shale formation. The sand portion of the mixture then flows into these fissures and keeps them open. This creates pathways for the previously trapped natural gas to escape. The entire fracking process takes, on average, three to 10 days to complete.The role of chemicals in the fracking process varies.
Chemicals ........
According to Chesapeake Energy, which says its most common fracking solution contains 0.5 percent worth of chemicals, the chemicals and their roles in the process include: hydrochloric acid - found in swimming pool cleaner, and used to help dissolve minerals and crack the rock; ethylene glycol - found in antifreeze, and used to prevent scale deposits in the pipe that lines the well; isopropanol - found in deodorant, and used to increase the viscosity of the fracture fluid; .
Chemicals ..........
glutaraldehyde - found in disinfectant, and used to eliminate bacteria that can create corrosive by-products; petroleum distillate - found in cosmetics, and used to minimize friction; guar gum - found in common household products, and used as a gel to thicken the water and suspend the sand; ammonium persulfate - found in hair coloring, and used to delay the breakdown of guar gum;
formamide - found in pharmaceuticals, and used to prevent corrosion of the well casing; borate salts - found in laundry detergent, and used to maintain fluid viscosity under high temperatures; citric acid - found in soda pop, and used to prevent precipitation of metal; potassium chloride - found in medicine and salt substitutes, and used to prevent fluid from interacting with soil; sodium or potassium carbonate - found in laundry detergent, and used to balance acidic substances.
Gas Available from Fracking
Pros and Cons

Ryan Dean, manager of corporate development with Chesapeake Energy, said any well can be problematic if not constructed properly. And, drilling and hydraulic fracturing are not interchangeable terms. Steel and concrete need to isolate the well bore from the surrounding ground water. If done correctly, there is zero chance of contamination. To assure this, Chesapeake Energy tests the water source within 2,500 feet prior to drilling, establishing a baseline standard. Rick Simmons, statewide enforcement manager for ODNR, said Ohio's regulations are much tougher than other states, like Pennsylvania, which has encountered problems.
Pros and Cons

For example, Pennsylvania has allowed its natural gas drillers to flush vast quantities of contaminated wastewater into rivers that supply drinking water, according to the Associated Press. Of the 10.6 million barrels of wastewater that gushed from the wells in the final six months of 2010, at least 65 percent was recycled, a dramatic increase from previous years, when little or no recycling took place. But the records also show that at least 2.8 million barrels of well wastewater were sent to treatment plants that discharge into rivers and streams.
Pros and Cons

However, some 3.6 million barrels were sent to the same plants during the 12-month period that ended on June 30. According to the AP, that means that even with the recycling effort ramping up tremendously, more tainted wastewater is being dumped into rivers now than was the case a year ago. Dean explained that upon construction of his company's closed pit system, all frack water is stored in a steel tank until reused in process, eliminating the need for underground injection wells and wastewater treatment. "Our track record speaks for itself," he added. Okey inquired of Dean about the cause of problems in Pennsylvania with water and sewer located in the proximity of wells..
Pros and Cons

Pennsylvania's hilly topography and the lack of pre-drilling testing has been problematic, Dean acknowledged. "Expanding our testing prior to drilling will help with both our peace of mind and the landowners' peace of mind," he added. In fact, in the state of Ohio, Dean said company officials revealed water wells were contaminated before drilling. "Contamination is a public health concern, and pretesting helps to protect us from liabilities," he explained. Due to the increased scrutiny of both the ODNR and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, contamination is highly unlikely. Simmons explained, "Well design and construction is critical for the protection of ground water as well as public health and safety. As liquid waste is produced, it is logged, manifested and tracked from cradle to grave. Ohio has 80,000 fracking wells, mostly vertical.
Pros and Cons of Fracking

Mining companies are pushing hard. As the Stark County lease numbers show, the companies have been calling on landowners, offering to pay for the right to extract gas through fracturing. The companies see a new source for natural gas, something they say the country needs. No doubt they also see profits aplenty. But fracking has opponents, who assert that it will harm the environment and may cause health problems. They point to the mining industrys refusal to identify the chemicals in the fluids pumped underground under high pressure.
Novel Materials
Novel Materials
Halliburton Chemicals Used in the Marcellus Shale
Regulation of Natural Gas Production and Transportation

The U.S. DOT Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) administers the national regulatory program to assure the safe and environmentally sound transportation of natural gas, liquefied natural gas and hazardous liquids by pipeline. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission reviews and authorizes the operation of the interstate natural gas pipelines. Intrastate pipelines that run within one state and do not cross state boundaries are typically regulated by a state government agency. For example in Texas, the Railroad Commission of Texas[4] regulates pipelines, and in Louisiana, it is the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.
Questions
1. Natural gas is everywhere 2. Remote locations require pipelines to transport NG 3. What % of the US total energy picture is NG 4. For #3 how many quads is that 5. Fracking is old technology 6. The Oracle of Delphi was fracked
Questions
7. Fracking is only for horizontal wells 8. The amount of shale gas available is not worth the fracking effort 9. Europe is on board with fracking 10. Environmentalists and gas producers in the use agree on all aspects of fracking
PART 2
Fracking Processes and EHS Issues
Quick Review of Part I
What is Natural Gas?

A naturally occurring gas consisting primarily of methane typically with 020% higher hydrocarbons (primarily ethane).
Where & How?

Historically, natural gas is defined as methane and associated light hydrocarbons that have been recovered from natural gas fields or extracted during petroleum processing.
MIT Study
Hydraulic Fracturing....
Hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) is the process of using a fluid to create cracks in sedimentary rock and a proppant (small solid) to hold open the crack, releasing trapped oil and gas.
Gas Available from Fracking
EHS Issues
Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) concerns have developed over the process of fracking leaks and uncontrolled gas release and contamination of drinking water with natural and synthetic toxins
Who Should Attend

Process Engineers Fuel and Energy Specialists Environmental/Energy Auditors Local and Federal Officials Involved with Natural Gas Recovery and Processing Water Quality Engineers and Municipal Officers News Media (Print, TV, Radio, Internet) Covering Natural Gas Issues Managers at Natural Gas Companies
Brief Biography Course Director

1. Professor of Chemical Engineering 2. Manager of Technology Development a. Petrochemical & Refining b. Start-up & Technical Services 3. Energy Projects a. Alaskan Pipeline and Remote Gas b. Fuel Oxygenates c. Biofuels/Bioseparations d. Energy Integration e. Novel Separations f. Manufacture of Proppants
Student Researchers
Student Researchers
Review of the Learning Objectives

Understand global energy picture and the importance of natural gas Understand fracking for mining natural gas List and understand the environmental issues concerning hydraulic fracturing of sedimentary rock to capture natural gas Assess the economic and safety issues involving the mining of natural gas Understand existing and potential legislation regarding hydraulic fracturing
SI and Imperial Units

Energy
1 BTU = 1055 J 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ 1 kWh = 3600 kJ
Energy in Colloquial Terms

kWh = 1 kJ/s of power expended for 1 h Cost (based on PECO): $0.165/kWh
Unit Levels SI Prefixes

1 EW 103 PW 106 TW 109 GW 1012 MW 1015 kW 1018 W 1021 mW 1024 W exa peta tera giga mega kilo ----milli micro
Natural Gas Background
Worldwide Energy Consumption

CMO = cubic mile of oil 1 CMO = 152 quads = 160 EJ
Energy Consumption Patterns

500 450 400 350
Quadrillion kJ
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1960 US World
1970
1980 year
1990
2000
2010
Raw Gas
Refined Gas
Natural Gas Reserves

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Country/Region World Russia Iran Qatar Turkmenistan Saudi Arabia United States United Arab Emirates Nigeria Venezuela Algeria Iraq Australia China Indonesia Kazakhstan Malaysia Norway European Union Uzbekistan Kuwait Canada Natural gas proven reserves (m) 190,163,119,460,000 47,570,000,000,000 29,610,000,000,000 25,470,000,000,000 7,504,000,000,000 7,461,000,000,000 6,928,000,000,000 6,071,000,000,000 5,246,000,000,000 4,983,000,000,000 4,502,000,000,000 3,170,000,000,000 3,115,000,000,000 3,030,000,000,000 3,001,000,000,000 2,407,000,000,000 2,350,000,000,000 2,313,000,000,000 2,250,000,000,000 1,841,000,000,000 1,798,000,000,000 1,754,000,000,000 % of total 100% 25.02% 15.57% 13.39% 3.95% 3.92% 3.64% 3.19% 2.76% 2.62% 2.37% 1.67% 1.64% 1.59% 1.58% 1.27% 1.24% 1.22% 1.18% 0.97% 0.95% 0.92% Date of information 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est. 1 January 2010 est
Natural Gas Uses
Projected Energy Mix - EIA

1. Fracking Processes for Natural Gas Recovery

1. Fracking Processes for Natural Gas Recovery BASIC PROCESS FOR GAS RECOVERY

Hydraulic fracturing techniques have been refined through years of development in Texas and Oklahoma. Most recent enhancements have focused on the nature of the frack additives and the propping agents such as fine sand or ceramic material employed in the fracking process.

Well stimulation in the Marcellus Formation in Pennsylvania utilizes computer simulation/modeling to design the fracking process, such as, volumes of fluid and proppant to use, pressure required, and determine the composition of the frackng fluid. These data are coordinated with characteristics unique to the formation, such as depth, temperature and thermal maturity, and the structural characteristics of the shale.
Shale Exploration and Gas Recovery Based on OERB (Oklahoma Oil & Gas Producers)
Drilling via a drillbit to below the aquifer; drilling muds are used to keep the drill bit cool
The drillbit is removed and surface casing installed
Cement is then pumped down the casing , turns back up at the shoe and seals the hole
Drill is then lowered again to break through the plug and continue to about 500 ft above the planned horizontal (lateral) run
Curve begins so that the horizontal section can be drilled
The drillbit is again removed and a Measurement While Drilling motor is lowered into the hole
The curve can take up to 0.25 mile to complete
During the lateral drilling the bit may be removed for servicing
When completed, production casing is placed inside the full length of the well bore
The annulus is then filled with cement in a similar manner as before
Casing the well is very important since this contains the gas and allows for efficient removal to the surface
The drilling rig removed and replaced by a temporary collection device; Christmas Tree
A perforating gun is lowered by wire line into the casing, and a small charge is initiated causing perforations in the shell casing and the surrounding shale. The perforating gun is then removed.
Hydraulic Fracturing is next, since the perforations are very tight and will not allow much gas flow as is
The high pressure fracking fluid causes the shale to fracture
A plug is placed between the perforated and fracked stages
Stage 2 is now perforated and fracked
Multi-stage fracking (MSF) has become the standard for tight gas formations; after all of the stages have been fracked the plugs are drilled out.
After the plugs have been removed the gas flows freely to the surface and is collected to the grid through a permanent wellhead (Christmas Tree)
Chemicals (~90/9/<1)
Halliburton notes that the force of the water being pumped into the earth which can be as high as 10,000 pounds per square inch - creates tiny fissures in the Marcellus Shale formation. The sand portion of the mixture then flows into these fissures and keeps them open. This creates pathways for the previously trapped natural gas to escape. The entire fracking process takes, on average, three to 10 days to complete. The role of chemicals in the fracking process varies.
Chemicals ........
According to Chesapeake Energy, which says its most common fracking solution contains 0.5 percent worth of chemicals, the chemicals and their roles in the process include: hydrochloric acid - found in swimming pool cleaner, and used to help dissolve minerals and crack the rock; ethylene glycol - found in antifreeze, and used to prevent scale deposits in the pipe that lines the well; isopropanol - found in deodorant, and used to increase the viscosity of the fracture fluid; .
glutaraldehyde - found in disinfectant, and used to eliminate bacteria that can create corrosive by-products; petroleum distillate - found in cosmetics, and used to minimize friction; guar gum - found in common household products, and used as a gel to thicken the water and suspend the sand; ammonium persulfate - found in hair coloring, and used to delay the breakdown of guar gum;
Each interval isolated in a fracking operation, whether a vertical well or a horizontal well, is subject to a specific sequence of fluid additives, each with its own engineered purpose to facilitate the production of gas from the well. Hydraulic fracturing of Marcellus wells in Pennsylvania typically utilizes a waterbased fluid known as slickwater frac. Slickwater fracs are predominantly water, pumped at high pressure, with lesser amounts of sand, along with very dilute concentrations of certain additives and chemicals designed to stimulate the formation, enhance the return, or flowback of the slickwater solution following well stimulation, and increase the production of gas from the reservoir.
PA DEP
The particular chemistry of the frack fluid may vary from site to site. Each frack interval in a horizontal well may require up to 500,000 to 1 million gallons of water. Vertical wells use the same solutions but typically require two to three times the volume of a single horizontal frack interval. The total volume of frack fluid needed for a horizontal well will be significantly higher than that needed for a vertical well.
PA DEP
The term slickwater refers to friction-reducing agents, such as potassium chloride, polyacrylamide or other chemicals, added to the water to reduce the pressure needed to pump the fluid in the wellbore. These additives may reduce tubular friction in the wellbore by 50 to 60%.
PA DEP
The sequence of additives in fracikng a particular interval 1. An acid stage, consisting of several thousand gallons of water mixed with a dilute acid, such as hydrochloric or muriatic acid. This serves to clear cement debris in the wellbore and provide an open conduit for other frack fluids, by dissolving carbonate minerals and opening fractures near the wellbore. 2. A pad stage, consisting of approximately 100,000 gallons of slickwater without proppant material. The slickwater pad stage fills the wellbore with the slickwater solution (described below), opens the formation and helps to facilitate the flow and placement of proppant material.
PA DEP
3. A prop sequence stage, which may consist of several substages of water combined with proppant material fine mesh sand or ceramic material, intended to keep open, or prop the fractures created and/or enhanced during the fracing operation after the pressure is reduced. This stage may collectively use several hundred thousand gallons of water. Proppant material may vary from a finer particle size to a coarser particle size throughout this sequence. 4. A flushing stage, consisting of a volume of fresh water sufficient to flush the excess proppant from the wellbore. PA DEP
Other additives commonly used in the fracking solution employed in Marcellus wells include: A dilute acid solution, as described in the first stage, used during the initial frack sequence. This cleans out cement and debris around the perforations to facilitate the subsequent slickwater solutions employed in fracturing the formation; A biocide or disinfectant, used to prevent the growth of bacteria in the well that may interfere with the fracking operation. Biocides typically consist of bromine based solutions or glutaraldehyde.
PA DEP
A scale inhibitor, such as ethylene glycol, used to control the precipitation of certain carbonate and sulfate minerals; Iron control/stabilizing agents such as citric acid or hydrochloric acid, used to inhibit precipitation of iron compounds by keeping them in a soluble form; Friction reducing agents, such as potassium chloride or polyacrylamide-based compounds, used to reduce tubular friction and subsequently reduce the pressure needed to pump fluid into the wellbore.
PA DEP
Corrosion inhibitors, such as N,n-dimethyl formamide, and oxygen scavengers,such as ammonium bisulfite, are used to prevent degradation of the steel well casing. Gelling agents, such as guar gum (a common food additive), may be used in small amounts to thicken the water-based solution to help transport the proppant material. Occasionally, a cross-linking agent will be used to enhance the characteristics and ability of the gelling agent to transport the proppant material. These compounds may contain boric acid or ethylene glycol.
PA DEP
Materials
The Eagle Ford Shale is a hydrocarbon producing formation of significant importance due to its capability of producing both gas and more oil than other traditional shale plays. It contains a much higher carbonate shale percentage, upwards to 70% in south Texas, and becomes shallower and the shale content increases as it moves to the northwest. The high percentage of carbonate makes it more brittle and fracable.
The EF shale play trends across Texas from the Mexican border up into East Texas, roughly 50 miles wide and 400 miles long with an average thickness of 250 feet. It is Cretaceous in age resting between the Austin Chalk and the Buda Lime at a depth of approximately 4,000 to 12,000 feet.
Environmental, Health and Safety Issues
Between state differences in the economic importance of natural gas production, political traditions, environmental impacts of drilling activities, and local governmental responses to risk reduction, and entrepreneurial activities are weighed in relation to policymaking initiatives. Colorados regulatory approach offers a greater degree of environmental protection than Texas. Key reforms adopted in 2007-8 can be largely attributed to electoral victories that ensured unified party control over state government and the determined efforts of the pro-environmental governor to make changes in both the regulatory commission and in the substance of natural gas drilling policies.
Critics point to a number of potentially harmful environmental and public health consequences from the continuing use of hydraulic fracturing to extract gas from underground shale formations. Possible contamination of groundwater supplies. reluctance of company officials to disclose trade secrets, some preliminary studies have revealed the use of toxic fracking fluids such as diesel and benzene. In some cases the failure to adequately seal pipes within a wellbore has led to build-up of pressure that results in the release of gas and these drilling fluids into the natural environment (Lustgarten, 2009a). In one case that was subsequently publicized in a pair of documentaries, U.S. EPA officials in Denver investigated citizen complaints from a community in Fremont County, Wyoming and concluded that a quarter of the water wells located near a fracking operation were contaminated.
An additional environmental concern is how to manage produced waters that surface following fracking operations. These waters have absorbed not only fracking fluids such as biocides (used to minimize corrosion of pipes from bacteria) but substantial quantities of naturally occurring salts as well. Companies can deal with wastewater by re-injecting it into the ground, through treatment and release or by recycling fluids for subsequent fracks A recent article about wastewater fracking jobs in Pennsylvania suggested that potentially unsafe concentrations of radioactive contaminants had been detected in produced waters but not reported. According to Urbina (2011), the effluent was then transported by company officials to municipal treatment plants that were not equipped to handle it and was subsequently discharged into rivers not far from water intake plants that supply drinking water to nearby cities.
Further policymakers are also paying attention to the amount of water withdrawn from underground aquifers. Each frack job also requires large quantities of water, an amount that ranges from two to four million gallons. While companies are strongly encouraged to cut water use by recycling fluids whenever possible, the amounts needed to stimulate the release of natural gas from rock formations in water scarce states like Wyoming or Colorado is a matter of concern to state and local officials worried about balancing energy-related demands with those related to municipal consumption and irrigated agriculture.
The location of drilling operations also matters. Groundwater is also more likely to represent a major source of drinking water in more sparsely populated rural areas than in cities. A study of water use in the Barnett Shale play in Texas indicated that fracking operations consumed less water from groundwater than surface sources; however, largely rural Cooke County depends on subsurface withdrawals for 85% of its water supply (Texas Railroad Commission, 2011).
Finally, there are other environmental impacts affecting land use, noise, and air quality. The tranquility of everyday life can be adversely affected by gas-related exploration activities that can include continuous noise and traffic from trucks hauling sand, chemicals, or wastewater through communities. Companies utilize large seismic trucks called thumpers that are deployed to hit (or thump) the ground with considerable force to aid in the identification of subterranean formations with commercially viable gas reserves (Wiseman, 2009).
The activities associated with preparing sites for drilling operations are also associated with another unwanted byproduct air pollution. One of the most productive gas fields in the U.S. located near Pinedale, Wyoming, has not only yielded considerable economic wealth to the area but amounts of ozone pollution that in March, 2011, were measured at 124 parts per billion; i.e., two thirds higher than EPAs maximum daily limit and higher than the worst day reported by Los Angeles in all of 2010 (Associated Press, 2011). In addition, a recent study indicated that increasing amounts of methane (a greenhouse gas) have been released into the atmosphere because of leaks from shale gas wells and from loose pipe fittings attached to gas pipelines (Zeller, 2011).
Interesting Hearing on Fracking in the Upper Delaware River Basin Near Deposit, NY
http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/XTOEnergy_hear ingtranscript060111.pdf Indicative of the conflicting opinions in a small community
Novel Manufacture of Fracking Fluid and Proppants

Definition: Proppants: A proppant is a material, such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates, that prevent the fractures from closing when the injection is stopped. Man-made fluid-driven fractures are formed at depth in a borehole and extend into targeted formations. The fracture width is typically maintained after the injection by introducing a proppant into the injected fluid.
Porous Metallic Structures Abstract In one aspect, there are provided methods for producing porous metallic structures, wherein the methods involve the use of collagen fibrils on the nanometer scale as a "sacrificial" scaffold upon which metal particles are deposited. Also disclosed are structures comprising a porous metallic matrix having favorable strength, porosity, and density characteristics. Structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure are useful for, inter alia, the fabrication of devices such as filters, heat exchangers, sound absorbers, electrochemical cathodes, fuel cells,catalyst supports, fluid treatment units, lightweight structures and biomaterials. United States Patent Application Kind Code Maffia; Gennaro J. 20100221136 A1 September 2, 2010
LOST PROTEIN TECHNOLOGY For sturdy, low density, porous metals with applications in construction, prostheses, cell and bone in-growth, catalysis, proppants
Key Research 2000 - present

Mary Ann Seltzer Joseph Mulato Donna Stauffer Jacklyn Shea Megan Winkelman Andy Lastowka Katie Scherpf Simon Werner Oi (Helen) Chu Chris Vives Chris Morrison Tara Iracki Shannon OBrien Microscopy/Milling Specific Gravity Control Sonication Decorin Binding Crosslinking Catalysis Lost Protein Process Development Filtration
Manufacturing Process
US patent 6,660,829 (12/2003) Type I Raw Material Bovine Hide Collagen (corium)
Product 1
Ball milling Sonication Dispersing Freezing Freeze Drying Sterilizing Cross-linking
Product 2
Product 3
Product 4
Collagen Assembly
alpha chains
triple helix
micro-fibril
fibril
fiber bundle
tissue, etc.
Milling and recovery
fiber
How to Unravel Collagen? Variety of Mechanical Methods (Hammer Mills, Knife Mills, etc.) Ball Milling of Raw Collagen in a Dilute Solution Seems to be the Most Effective
10 g raw BHC 500 mL DI water 7 days
Bovine Fibrils
FORMULATION OF THE COLLAGEN DISPERSION Dispersing Collagen Nanofibrils blend organic acid DI water milled collagen to make: C/A/W/X where the stock solution
C = 0.1 - 0.75 % collagen A = 5 % acetic acid W = 94.25 - 94.9 % water X = additives
KEY FACTOR: Surface Area ~ 1/fibril diameter ~ 75 m2/g
Standard Dispersion 0.75/5/94.25/X:C/A/W/X

where X is the proppant material
Potential Steps Post-Formulation
Matrices
Formulation Casting Freezing Soaking Lyophilization Crosslinking Sintering
Porous Metallic Structures Abstract In one aspect, there are provided methods for producing porous metallic structures, wherein the methods involve the use of collagen fibrils on the nanometer scale as a "sacrificial" scaffold upon which metal particles are deposited. Also disclosed are structures comprising a porous metallic matrix having favorable strength, porosity, and density characteristics. Structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure are useful for, inter alia, the fabrication of devices such as filters, heat exchangers, sound absorbers, electrochemical cathodes, fuel cells, catalyst supports, fluid treatment units, lightweight structures and biomaterials.
United States Patent Application Kind Code Maffia; Gennaro J.
20100221136 A1 September 2, 2010
C, collagen/ A, organic acid/ W, DI water/ X, additive
CAWX
dispersion
C - A,W
collagen sponge plus additive
plus additives (inerts, drugs) X
- A,W X
sponges/ membranes
-C
additive
Lost Protein Production Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Collagen Nanofibrils DIspersion and Metal Powders Blend Shape and Freeze Below Eutectic Controlled Reheat and Lyophilize Sinter Porous Metal Sphere
Titanium 1200C for 1 hour
Pseudo 3-D Image
Nickel 1200C for 1 hour

Sintering of the nickel beads resulted in very delicate beads which would become powder under the slightest pressure.
Tin 220C for 1 hour

Tin beads were sintered just below the melting point of tin. This was not adequate enough to burn off the collagen scaffold.
Spheroid metal powder is sintered together.
Titanium
Pros and Cons

Ryan Dean, manager of corporate development with Chesapeake Energy, said any well can be problematic if not constructed properly. And, drilling and hydraulic fracturing are not interchangeable terms. Steel and concrete need to isolate the well bore from the surrounding ground water. If done correctly, there is zero chance of contamination. To assure this, Chesapeake Energy tests the water source within 2,500 feet prior to drilling, establishing a baseline standard. Rick Simmons, statewide enforcement manager for ODNR, said Ohio's regulations are much tougher than other states, like Pennsylvania, which has encountered problems.
Pros and Cons

For example, Pennsylvania has allowed its natural gas drillers to flush vast quantities of contaminated wastewater into rivers that supply drinking water, according to the Associated Press. Of the 10.6 million barrels of wastewater that gushed from the wells in the final six months of 2010, at least 65 percent was recycled, a dramatic increase from previous years, when little or no recycling took place. But the records also show that at least 2.8 million barrels of well wastewater were sent to treatment plants that discharge into rivers and streams.
Pros and Cons

However, some 3.6 million barrels were sent to the same plants during the 12-month period that ended on June 30. According to the AP, that means that even with the recycling effort ramping up tremendously, more tainted wastewater is being dumped into rivers now than was the case a year ago. Dean explained that upon construction of his company's closed pit system, all frack water is stored in a steel tank until reused in process, eliminating the need for underground injection wells and wastewater treatment. "Our track record speaks for itself," he added. Okey inquired of Dean about the cause of problems in Pennsylvania with water and sewer located in the proximity of wells..
Pros and Cons

Pennsylvania's hilly topography and the lack of pre-drilling testing has been problematic, Dean acknowledged. "Expanding our testing prior to drilling will help with both our peace of mind and the landowners' peace of mind," he added. In fact, in the state of Ohio, Dean said company officials revealed water wells were contaminated before drilling. "Contamination is a public health concern, and pretesting helps to protect us from liabilities," he explained. Due to the increased scrutiny of both the ODNR and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, contamination is highly unlikely. Simmons explained, "Well design and construction is critical for the protection of ground water as well as public health and safety. As liquid waste is produced, it is logged, manifested and tracked from cradle to grave. Ohio has 80,000 fracking wells, mostly vertical.
Pros and Cons of Fracking

Mining companies are pushing hard. As the Stark County lease numbers show, the companies have been calling on landowners, offering to pay for the right to extract gas through fracturing. The companies see a new source for natural gas, something they say the country needs. No doubt they also see profits aplenty. But fracking has opponents, who assert that it will harm the environment and may cause health problems. They point to the mining industrys refusal to identify the chemicals in the fluids pumped underground under high pressure.
Novel Materials
Novel Materials
Regulation of Natural Gas Production and Transportation

The U.S. DOT Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) administers the national regulatory program to assure the safe and environmentally sound transportation of natural gas, liquefied natural gas and hazardous liquids by pipeline. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission reviews and authorizes the operation of the interstate natural gas pipelines. Intrastate pipelines that run within one state and do not cross state boundaries are typically regulated by a state government agency. For example in Texas, the Railroad Commission of Texas[4] regulates pipelines, and in Louisiana, it is the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.
The development of unconventional resources such as shale gas is one of the most promising trends in U.S. energy supplies that could have great potential for enhancing our energy independence and reducing carbon emissions. Many experts have called shale gas an energy game changer that could dramatically alter the energy supply picture for North America and potentially the world as other countries are just beginning to determine the extent of their own unconventional resources and are closely watching developments in North America.
Hydraulic fracturing technology that is critical to unlocking the vast tracks of shale gas located throughout the United States has drawn intense criticism from environmentalists and lawmakers concerned about the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on water supplies and the environment. As a result of numerous health and environmental concerns raised, legislation commonly known as the FRAC Act was introduced in the 111th Congress (2009-2010) calling for greater federal regulation over hydraulic fracturing and disclosure of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing operations.
in March 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it will conduct a comprehensive research study to investigate the potential adverse impacts that hydraulic fracturing may have on water quality and public health. While the FRAC Act did not reach the floor of the 11th Congress, some members of the 112th Congress (2010-2012) have recently expressed their intention to re-introduce the FRAC Act in 2011. Hydraulic fracturing continues to draw criticism from environmentalists and EPAs scrutiny over the industry is intensifying as EPAs study starts to take shape.
How about a movie?
Debunked ..................?
Debunked ..................?
Future
1000 TCF Available Gas 1000 Quads of energy US Consumption ~ 100 Quads per year from all energy sources EIA indicates NG will remain at ~22% of US energy supply picture through 2030
The evolution of global gas markets is unclear. A global liquid natural gas market is beneficial to U.S. and global economic interests and, at the same time, advances security interests through diversity of supply and resilience to disruption. The U.S. should pursue policies that encourage the development of such a market, integrate energy issues fully into the conduct of U.S. foreign policy, and promote sharing of know-how for strategic global expansion of unconventional gas production.
Past research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) programs supported with public funding have led to significant advances for natural gas supply and use. Public-private partnerships supporting a broad natural gas research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) portfolio should be pursued.
Existing federal laws govern most environmental aspects of shale gas development. The Clean Water Act regulates surface discharges of water associated with shale gas drilling and production, as well as storm water runoff from production sites. The Safe Drinking Water Act regulates the underground injection of fluids from shale gas activities. The Clean Air Act limits air emissions from engines, gas processing equipment, and other sources associated with drilling and production. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that exploration and production on federal lands be thoroughly analyzed for environmental impacts.
Most of these federal laws have provisions for granting "primacy" to the states (I.e., state agencies implement the programs with federal oversight). State agencies not only implement and enforce federal laws; they also have their own sets of state laws to administer. The states have broad powers to regulate, permit, and enforce all shale gas development activities-the drilling and fracture of the well, production operations, management and disposal of wastes, and abandonment and plugging of the well.
State regulation of the environmental practices related to shale gas development, usually with federal oversight, can more effectively address the regional and state-specific character of the activities, compared to onesizefits-all regulation at the federal level. Some of these specific factors include: geology, hydrology, climate, topography, industry characteristics, development history, state legal structures,population density, and local economics. State laws often add additional levels of environmenta lprotection and requirements. Also, several states have their own versions of the federal NEPA law,requiring environmental assessments and reviews at the state level and extending those reviews beyond federal lands to state and private lands.
Questions
1. Fracking is 100% environmetally friendly 2. Local citizens are all in favor of fracking 3. Gasland is a fiction 4. Novel materials may help with fracking 5. Proppants are best when lightweight and strong 6. Sand is the most commonly used proppant
Questions
7. Smart fluids would help in the fracking process 8. The amount of shale gas available is not worth the fracking effort 9. Most legislation is likely to be local 10. Some states regulate fracking more than others
Mining Natural Gas: Calculations for Fracking Fluids and Proppants
Mining Natural Gas: Hydraulic Fracturing Calculations (Fourth in a 4-part series) January 10, 2012 at 11:00 a.m.12:30 p.m. (ET) 90 Minute Accredited Online Training
Proppants
Pack width determined by Proppant concentration Closure stress Filtercake and embedment Pack permeability determined by Proppant size and strength Packing and porosity Regained permeability and gel clean up NonDarcy and multiphase flow
White Sand (20/40) 2#/ft2
Closure Stress, psi
Internal versus External Pack Widths

External pack width determined by proppant density and loading External width affected by embedment Spalling causes an internal width loss Wall filtercake is an internal width loss
Carbolite @ 2 lb/ft2
Hydraulic fractures may be natural or man-made and are extended by internal fluid pressure which opens the fracture and causes it to extend through the rock. Natural hydraulic fractures include volcanic dikes, sills and fracturing by ice as in frost weathering. Man-made fluid-driven fractures are formed at depth in a borehole and extend into targeted formations. The fracture width is typically maintained after the injection by introducing a proppant into the injected fluid.
Proteins for Fracking

You have got to be kidding Professor?
Protein Based Fracking Fluids and Proppants Collagen Based Technology

Proppants
Collagen dispersion CAWX Lyophilize to give CX Sinter to give X, lightweight and porous
Fluid
Collagen dispersion CAW a smart fluid Active viscosity control and swelling ratio via pH
MARM - 2008
Porous Metallic Structures

Abstract In one aspect, there are provided methods for producing porous metallic structures, wherein the methods involve the use of collagen fibrils on the nanometer scale as a "sacrificial" scaffold upon which metal particles are deposited. Also disclosed are structures comprising a porous metallic matrix having favorable strength, porosity, and density characteristics. Structures produced in accordance with the present disclosure are useful for, inter alia, the fabrication of devices such as filters, heat exchangers, sound absorbers, electrochemical cathodes, fuel cells,catalyst supports, fluid treatment units, lightweight structures and biomaterials. United States Patent Application Kind Code Maffia; Gennaro J. 20100221136 A1 September 2, 2010
Rheological (Pseudoplastic) Properties of Collagen Dispersion

7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 ln RPM 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 3.00
Day 0
ln RPM vs. ln cp
Day 1 Day 7
3.50 The Center for Professional Advancement 2011 Do not duplicate
4.00
4.50 ln cp
5.00
5.50
6.00
SMART FLUID Collagen fibrils hold hundreds of times their mass in water in the vicinity of their charged surface
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 3 4 pH 5 6
Swelling ratio is the mass of water plus collagen divided by the mass of collagen solids held in a viscous plug at the bottom of a centrifuge tube.
Swelling Ratio
FORMULATION OF THE COLLAGEN DISPERSION Dispersing Collagen Nanofibrils blend organic acid DI water milled collagen to make: C/A/W/X where the stock solution
C = 0.1 - 0.75 % collagen A = 5 % acetic acid W = 94.25 - 94.9 % water X = additives
KEY FACTOR: Surface Area
~ 1/fibril diameter ~ 75 m2/g
Forceinlet Forceoutlet = Forceaccumulation and at steady state Forcegravity Forcedrag = 0
vs = vt n
vs = vt [1 s ]
Dp 0.1 n = 4.4 + 18 [Re t ] D pipe 4Q vs = 2 D pipe
Viscous phase
Less-viscous phase
20/1 dilution; inverted 3500 rpm, 45 mins, 4 C
Kathryn Scherpf and Collagen Beads Made with DipN-Dot molds
Standard Dispersion is the Starting Material
Pseudo 3-D Image
Spheroid metal powder is sintered together.
Macroscopic Visual Inspection
The Center for Professional Advancement 2011 Do not duplicate
PRESSURE DROP IN PACKED SYSTEMS From a fluid mechanical perspective, the most important issue is that of the pressure drop required for the liquid or the gas to flow through the column at a specified flow rate. To calculate this quantity we rely on a friction factor correlation attributed to Ergun.
Other fluid mechanical issues involve the proper distribution of the fluid across the cross-section, and developing models of the velocity profile in the liquid film around a piece of packing material so that heat/mass transfer calculations can be made. Design of packing materials to achieve uniform distribution of the fluid across the cross-section throughout the column is an important subject as well. Here, we only focus on the pressure drop issue.
The Kozeny-Carman equation (or CarmanKozeny equation) is a relation used in the field of fluid dynamics to calculate the pressure drop of a fluid flowing through a packed bed of solids. It is named after Josef Kozeny and Philip C. Carman. The equation is only valid for laminar flow
pressure drop total height of the bed superficial or "empty-tower" velocity, viscosity of the fluid porosity of the bed sphericity of the particles in the packed bed diameter of the related spherical particle This equation holds for flow through packed beds with particle Reynolds numbers up to approximately 1.0, after which point frequent shifting of flow channels in the bed causes considerable kinetic energy losses. This equation can be expressed as "flow is proportional to the pressure drop and inversely proportional to the fluid viscosity", which is known as Darcy's law1.
ERGUN EQUATION
density viscosity v superficial particle dia length void mass velocity RHS dP
1 0.05 0.5 0.001 8 0.5 0.5 9.25 74000 74 10.73283
kg/m3 cP m/s m m
0.0624 0.12097866 1.64 39.37 26.24
lbs/cf lbs/ft-h ft/s mils ft
kg/s-m2
Pa kPa psi
ERGUN EQUATION
density kg/m3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 viscosity cP 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 density lbs/cf 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 0.0624 viscosity lbs/ft-h 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 0.12097866 v superficial m/s 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 v superficial ft/s 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 1.64 particle dia m 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004 0.0045 0.005 0.0055 0.006 0.0065 0.007 0.0075 0.008 0.0085 0.009 0.0095 0.01 particle dia mils 19.685 39.37 59.055 78.74 98.425 118.11 137.795 157.48 177.165 196.85 216.535 236.22 255.905 275.59 295.275 314.96 334.645 354.33 374.015 393.7 length m 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 length ft 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 void mass velocity kg/s-m2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 16.75 9.25 6.75 5.5 4.75 4.25 3.892857 3.625 3.416667 3.25 3.113636 3 2.903846 2.821429 2.75 2.6875 2.632353 2.583333 2.539474 2.5 RHS dP Pa 3350000 925000 450000 275000 190000 141666.7 111224.5 90625 75925.93 65000 56611.57 50000 44674.56 40306.12 36666.67 33593.75 30968.86 28703.7 26731.3 25000 dP kPa 3350 925 450 275 190 141.6667 111.2245 90.625 75.92593 65 56.61157 50 44.67456 40.30612 36.66667 33.59375 30.96886 28.7037 26.7313 25 dP psi 485.8781 134.1604 65.26721 39.88552 27.55727 20.54708 16.1318 13.14409 11.01216 9.427486 8.210843 7.251912 6.479519 5.845929 5.318069 4.872378 4.491669 4.163135 3.877061 3.625956
600
500
400
Dp, psi
300
200
100
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Diameter, mils
1000
100
Dp, psi 10 1 1 10 Diameter, mils 100 1000

Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas Fracking Guide

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Hydraulic Fracturing Natural Gas Fracking Guide

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Hydraulic Fracturing for Mining Natural Gas aka, Fracking

From the US Department of the Interior

Discovery now ?....

Mostly methane with some ethane and higher hydrocarbons

Key Personnel Involved in the Issue

Seminar Outcomes for Parts 1 and 2

Jerry Maffia who is this guy?

Jerry Maffia some projects

Jerry Maffia recent locales

Student Researchers they do all the work

The FracKINGS Design Group

What is all the fuss about .........

Hey Jerry whats the story?

SOME HEADLINES......... Regulations and Current Policy

May 2012 News

May 2012 News

May 2012 News

Maybe, but ...............

Fracturing now ?....

GasFrac Inc., Calgary, Alberta

GasFrac Inc., Calgary, Alberta

Boom in Cotulla, Texas

Selected Headlines follow

Environmental Risk Experimental Procedures Results Conclusion

Collagen fiber formation

From Shanu Shahs Thesis

STARTING MATERIAL, OFTEN WASTE

Type I Raw Material Bovine Hide Collagen (corium)

KEY FACTOR: Surface Area ~ 1/fibril diameter ~ 75 m2/g

Standard Dispersion 0.75/5/94.25/X:C/A/W/X

Unique Properties of Fibrils

20/1 dilution; inverted 3500 rpm, 45 mins, 4 C

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 3 4 pH 5 6

What has been done with NG....

Force, Pressure, Work, Energy, Power

Key Units of Energy

Energy in Colloquial Terms

Natural gas $5.67

Unit Levels SI Prefixes

Natural Gas - Background

20th Century Production of NG

Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year

Natural Gas World-Wide Locations

Natural Gas Production and Transportation

Natural gas in the kitchen or vice versa

Today, Chicago remains a hub for NG projects/destinations

How About Remote Gas?

We know how to do pipelines are they the answer?

Seems pretty crowded imagine this in Alberta US Pipeline System

Is the US the only place how about Europe?

Are Fracking and Pipelines the Answer for Remote Gas?

Worldwide Energy Consumption

Engineers love new units of measure

Energy Consumption Patterns

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1960 US World

percent (also ~ number of quads)

DOE: US Current and Projected Energy Usage (%)

World Energy Consumption

5.6 3.5 3.8 0.9 0.9 0.13

180 110 120 30 30 4

as a reference: 174,000 TW (174 PW) incoming solar power

Component Methane Ethane