REPORT

Experiment 4: Dimensional Measurement

Student: Tt Thnh

Dimensional Measurement
1. Executive summary
The aim of this experiment is to help the students have opportunity to use two mechanical measuring instruments: Vernier caliper and Micrometer. Both of them are used to take measure internal as well as external dimensions. However, they have different characteristics and the users must be reasonble with specific objects. At first, introduction will give basic idea about those two devices and the reason why the students need to study with theories as well as train with experiment. Secondly, it states more clearly about Vernier Caliper and Micrometer as well as how to use or read them. Furthermore, after knowing the characteristics of both two measurement devices, the students may have decisions when to use Vernier and when to use the latter. The next part is for the sample objects figure as well as table of data. The third part is the analysis and dicussion. It is where the students interpret the data with calculations. Also, applying 95% or 99% confidence, the sudents can know the interval of the objects dimension even the times of measuring the object is not enough to ensure the mean is distributed in bell-shape.

2. Introduction
In general, there will be errors of size in any machined work piece. This means that the actual dimension will be different from nominal dimension. Many authors mentioned about this problem and it is essential to solve or reduce the error in any measure to get the more precise result. Guolo (2008) stated that Measurement error affecting the independent variables in regression models is a common problem in many scientific areas. In addition, according to Schennach (2000), In a linear econometric specification, a measurement error on the regressors can be viewed as a particular type of endogeneity problem causing the disturbance to be correlated with the regressors. These errors should be within certain given limits by tolerances and determined by the dimensional measurement to guarantee the product quality. So it is important for Mechanical students to understand the constructions, operating principle of measurement devices, and how to use them efficiently. In addition, it is

necessary to take the measurement several times to collect the data then calculate to estimate the true value of dimension.

Vernier caliper

Vernier caliper is a precision instrument that can be used to measure internal and external dimensions accurately.

Micrometer

A micrometer is commonly used for measuring the thickness and inside or outside diameters of parts. Micrometers are also available for measuring depths. Micrometers can be equipped with digital readout to reduce errors in reading.

3. Vernier caliper
3.1 Introduction

Vernier calipers can measure internal dimensions (using the internal jaws), external dimensions (using the external jaws), and depending on the manufacturer, depth measurements by the use of a probe that is attached to the movable head and slides along the centre of the body. This probe is slender and can get into deep grooves that may prove difficult for other measuring tools. They include both metric and inch measurements on the upper and lower part of the scale. Vernier calipers commonly used in industry provide a precision to a hundredth of a milimetre or one thousand of an inch. The vernier caliper consists of a main scale engraved on a fixed ruler and an auxiliary vernier scale engraved on a movable jaw. The movable auxiliary scale is free to slide along the length of the fixed ruler. This vernier's main scale is calibrated in centimeters with the smallest division in millimeters. The auxiliary scale has 10 divisions that cover the same distance as 9 divisions on the main scale. Therefore, the length of the auxiliary scale is 9.0 mm.

1-Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter of width of an object 2-Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object 3-Depth bar blade: used to measure depths of an object or a hole 4-Main scale: gives measurements in quotient (in cm) 5-Main scale: gives measurements in quotient (in inch) 6-Vernier scale: gives measurements in fraction (in cm) 7-Vernier scale: gives measurements in fraction (in inch) 8-Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring a measurement

3.2 How to use Vernier caliper Step 1: Preparation to take the measurement, loosen the locking screw and move the slider to check if the vernier scale works properly. Before measuring, do make sure the caliper reads 0 when fully closed. If the reading is not 0, adjust the calipers jaws until you get a 0 reading. If you cant adjust the caliper, you will have to remember to add to subtract the correct offset from your final reading. Clean the measuring surfaces of Vernier caliper and the object, then you can take the measurement. Step 2: Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are measuring something round, be sure the axis of the part is perpendicular to the caliper. Namely, make sure you are measuring the full diameter. An ordinary caliper has jaws you can place around an object, and on the other side jaws made to fit inside an object. These secondary jaws are for measuring the inside diameter of an object. Also, a stiff bar extends from the caliper as you open it that can be used to measure depth.

3.3 How to read a measurement from the scales

1) The main metric scale is read first, this shows there are 13 whole divisions before the 0 on the vernier scale.Therefore, the first number is 13. 2) Next read the fraction, only one division on the main scale lines up (aligns) with a division on the vernier scale below it, whilst others do not. In this

figure, the 41st division on the vernier scale lines up exactly with a division on the main scale. 3) The 41 is multiplied by 0.02 (the resolution of caliper) giving 0.82. 4) The 13 and the 0.82 are added together to give the final measurement of 13.82mm.

4. Micrometer
4.1 Introduction Micrometer is an instrument for making precise linear measurement of dimensions such as diameters, thicknesses, and lengths of solid bodies. It is used widely in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades for precision measurement, along with other metrological instrument such as dial calipers and vernier calipers. Micrometer can measure more precisely than Vernier caliper can.

Micrometer construction (0-25mm is the range of measurement 0.01mm is the resolution of this micrometer)

Thimble and Spindle face

Frame, Anvil face and Sleeve

Rachet stop

Ratchet stop is a device to help engineer to apply just enough torque to rotate the thimble in a gentle manner. In principle, it allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the oppostite direction.

A ratchet consists of a round gear or linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, springloaded finger called a pawl that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but asymmetrical, with each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other edge. When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted direction, the pawl easily slides up and over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it (often with an audible click click) into the depression between the teeth as it passes th e tip of each tooth. When the teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch against the steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth and preventing any futher motion in that direction. 4.2 How to use Micrometer Step 1: Carefully open the jaws by revolving the ratchet. Step2: Slightly place the item to be measured against the anvil of the micrometer. Make sure the micrometer is perpendicular to the surfaces being measured. Step 3: Rotate the ratchet stop until the spindle contacts the item. Do not clamp the micrometer tightly on to the workpiece. Use only enough pressure on the

ratchet stop to allow the item to just fit between the anvil and spindle. When you hear click click, you can stop rotating the hatchet. Step4: Lock the lock nut on the micrometer to make sure that the figures can not change any more. 4.3 How to read the measurement from the scales

Read the markings on the sleeve and the thimble, firstly, read the point which the thimble stops at it on the right of the sleeve (It is 5.5mm here, because each line above the centre long line represents 1mm while each line below the centre long line represents 0.5mm). Secondly, read the markings on the thimble, it is 28. At last, add all the reading up: 5.50mm + 28x0.01mm=5.78mm. So the total reading is 5.78mm.

5. Experimental Procedure
5.1 Approach 5.2 Equipment list 5.2.1 Micrometer (Mitutoyo manufacturer) 5.2.2 5.2.3 Range: 25-50mm. Resolution: 0.01mm.

Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo manufacturer) Range: 0-200mm. Resolution: 0.02mm.

Cylinder

0,1 AB

I = 0,03
O 0,01 0,05 AB O 0,01 = 0,02
Rz3,2 Rz20 Rz25 Rz12,5

II

III

IV

O 0,01 = 0,02

Rz3,2

-0,25

+ 0,023

-0,06

+ 0,023

-0,2

42

48

28

30k7(+0,002)

A C D
40 -0,25 20-0,2

E B
35-0,2 120 170 -0,5

Hnh 1

30k7(+0,002)

5.3 Uncertainty: Room temperature, individuals skill, 5.4 Experimental procedures 5.4.1 Use the Micrometer to measure 42 and 28. 5.4.2 Before measuring, dry and clean sample and device. Wash and dry hand. Step 1: Keep the sample vertically. Step 2: Use the Micrometer as the instructions. Step 3: Collect data and analyze.

Use the Vernier caliper to measure L20 and L40 (By using Depth bar blade). Before measuring, dry and clean sample and device. Wash and dry hand. Step 1: Keep the sample vertically. Step 2: Keep the Vernier parallel to sample, slide slowly the Vernier scale until the blade reaches surface C (when you measure L20), surface D (when you measure L40). Note: the blade must be parallel to the sample. Step 3: Collect data and analyze.

6. Results and Discussion

6.1 Data (in mm) Parameters L20-0,2 Times o 1 s 2 3 4 5 Mean 20.22 20.16 20.10 20.26 20.10 20.17 40.14 40.16 40.26 40.30 40.30 40.23 42.14 42.23 42.24 42.10 42.12 42.17 27.96 28.03 27.99 27.92 28.02 27.98 L40-0,25 42-0,25 28-0,2

6.2 Discussion and Analysis With obtained results, the cylinder reaches the standard quality and can be used for working. Error: it is assumed that the sample mean is normal distribution because sample size is 5<30 Sample standard deviation: +L20: Sx = 0.072. +L40: Sx = 0.077. +42: Sx = 0.063. +28: Sx = 0.045. We have the equation:

x t 2,n 1

s s x t 2,n 1 n n

When it is estimated that with 95% confidence, t4,0.025 is 2.776. Then the population mean should be within: +L20: x = 20.17 +L40: x = 40.23 +42: x = 42.17 +28: x = 27.98 0.089. 0.096. 0.078. 0.056.

With 99% confidence t4,0.005 is 4.604, then the population mean should be within: +L20: x = 19.66 +L40: x = 39.84 +42: x = 47.86 +28: x = 27.81 7. Conclusion By doing this experiment, students can know how use and read measurement when using Vernier caliper and Micrometer. In order to get more precise result, it is needed to take more volume of measuring. In addition, if there is not enough time to do that task, we can use longer range of confidence interval to reduce the error. 0.148. 0.159. 0.130. 0.093.