Soluuons: ConcenLrauon &

SolublllLy
g. 219
#1-8
!" $%&'()* +,- ( ./0(' ('',1 )2 ( 2,'34,*"
56,7)8/ 0-, /%(.&'/2 ,9 ./0(' ('',12"
A meLal alloy ls a soluuon
because lL ls a mlxLure of Lwo
sollds.
Cne example ls :6(22 whlch ls
;)*< (soluLe) and <,&&/6
(solvenL).
AnoLher example ls :6,*;/
whlch ls a mlxLure of 4* and
<,&&/6.
=" $%&'()* +,- 0, <+(*>/ ( 8)'30/ 2,'34,* 0, (
<,*</*06(0/8 2,'34,*"
A 8)'30/ soluuon conLalns very llule soluLe.
A <,*</*06(0/8 soluuon conLalns a large
amounL of soluLe compared Lo Lhe solvenL.
1o creaLe a concenLraLed soluuon you could
(88 .,6/ 2,'30/, or you could remove some
of Lhe solvenL. lL ls probably easler Lo add
more soluLe.
?" $%&'()* 0+/ ./(*)*> ,9 0+/ 0/6.2
@2(036(0/8AB @3*2(036(0/8BA (*8
@23&/62(036(0/8B -)0+ 6/9/6/*</ 0, 0+/
(.,3*0 ,9 2,'30/ (*8 2,'7/*0 )* 2,'34,*2"

A 2(036(0/8 2,'34,*2 conLalns Lhe maxlmum amounL
of soluLe for a glven amounL of solvenL (aL a cerLaln
LemperaLure).
An 3*2(036(0/8 2,'34,* means LhaL only a small
amounL of soluLe has been added Lo Lhe solvenL and
more can be dlssolved.
A 23&/62(036(0/8 2,'34,* conLalns more soluLe Lhan
can usually be dlssolved under normal clrcumsLances
(carbonaLed waLer ls a supersaLuraLed soluuon of
carbon dloxlde gas ln waLer. AL Lhe pressure ln Lhe
boule more carbon can be dlssolved ln waLer Lhan aL
our normal aLmospherlc pressure).
C" D+(0 )2 0+/ <,*</*06(4,* ,9 ( 2,'34,*A /%&6/22/8 )* >E
!FF.'A )9 =G > ,9 2,'30/ )2 8)22,'7/8 )* CF .' ,9 -(0/6H I0(0/ 0+/
<,*</*06(4,* )* 0-, 8)J/6/*0 -(12"
23g = ? C
40 mL 100 ml

23g = ? C x 100ml
40ml 100 ml.

23 g x 100 ml = ? C
40 ml
= 62.3 g

?ou mlghL remember Lhls from maLh
class.

1o gure ouL Lhe number of grams
you need Lo geL Lhe C all alone.

llrsL we need Lo geL rld of Lhe 100ml.
1o do LhaL we can muluply Lhe
second slde by 100 ml.

WhaLever we do Lo one slde. We
have Lo do Lo Lhe oLher slde of Lhe
equauon.
K+/6/9,6/ L="G >6(.2 ,9 2,'30/ <(* :/ 8)22,'7/8 )* !FF >6(. ,9 2,'7/*0"
M6 0+/ <,*</*06(4,* ,9 0+/ 2,'34,* )2 L="G>E!FF.'
G" D+1 )2 -(0/6 6/9/66/8 0, (2 0+/ 3*)7/62(' 2,'7/*0H N2
0+)2 8/2<6)&4,* ,9 -(0/6 (<<36(0/H
D(0/6 ls referred Lo as 0+/ 3*)7/62(' 2,'7/*0 because many
dlerenL sollds, llqulds and gases dlssolve ln lL Lo form
soluuons.
D(0/6 )2 ( &,'(6 .,'/<3'/ (has posluve and negauve charges
and can dlssolve oLher polar molecules. WaLer cannoL
dlssolve faLs or ,)'2 because Lhey +(7/ *,* &,'(6 (have no
posluve or negauve charges)
WaLer molecule Cll molecule
L" O2/ 1,36 3*8/620(*8)*> ,9 0+/ 0/6.2 @2,'3:'/B (*8 @)*2,'3:'/B 0,
/%&'()* -+1 1,3 .320 2+(P/ ( :,Q'/ ,9 2('(8 86/22)*> .(8/ -)0+ ,)'
(*8 7)*/>(6 :/9,6/ 1,3 32/ )0"
N*2,'3:'/ means Lhey do noL mlx and
2,'3:'/ means Lhey wlll dlssolve or mlx.
Cnly and vlnegar do noL llke Lo mlx. 1he
vlnegar ls )*2,'3:'/ ln Lhe oll and
Lherefore lL does noL dlssolve.
?ou have Lo shake Lhe oll and vlnegar Lo
encourage Lhe Lwo llqulds Lo mlx.
Powever, Lhey never form a Lrue
mlxLure and very qulckly separaLe back
lnLo Lhe Lwo dlsuncL llqulds.
1hls happens because oll ls a *,* &,'(6
molecule (has no charge) and vlnegar ls
&,'(6 (has a charge) and Lhere are no
forces of auracuon beLween Lhe
molecules and Lherefore are lnsoluble.
R" O2/ 1,36 3*8/620(*8)*> ,9 2,'30/2 (*8 2,'7/*02 0, /%&'()* -+1 (
23&/62(036(0/8 2,'34,* 0/*82 0, :/ 3*20(:'/ (*8 ')P/'1 0, +(7/ 0+/ 2,'30/
<,./ 6(&)8'1 ,30 ,9 2,'34,* -+/* 2+(P/* ,6 8)2036:/8"
A 23&/62(036(0/8 2,'34,* ls a soluuon creaLed where more
soluLe ls dlssolved ln a solvenL Lhen Lhe solvenL can acLually
hold aL normal LemperaLure and pressure. When Lhe
condluons change or go back Lo Lhe normal Lhe soluLe wlll
come ouL of soluuon. 1hls ls why Lhls soluuon Lends Lo be
unsLable, because lL does noL lasL unless Lhe condluons
remaln Lhe same.

An example of Lhls ls carbonaLed waLer. Carbon dloxlde sLays
dlssolved ln Lhe waLer as long as Lhe lld ls on Lhe boule. Cnce
you remove Lhe boule, Lhe pressure changes and Lhe carbon
dloxlde comes ouL of soluuon.
S" N* ( <'(226,,. /%&/6)./*0A G > ,9 23>(6 (6/ (88/8 0, GF .T ,9 -(0/6" N9 !
.T ,9 -(0/6 +(2 ( .(22 ,9 ! >A <('<3'(0/ 0+/ <,*</*06(4,* ,9 0+/ 23>(6
2,'34,* (*8 /%&6/22 1,36 (*2-/6 )* 3*)02 ,9 >E!FF.'"

3 g = ? g
30 mL 100ml

3 g x 100 ml = ? C
30 ml

= 10 g.

1he concenLrauon of Lhe sugar
soluuon would be 10 grams of
soluLe per 100 ml of waLer
(solvenL) or 10g/100ml.
8emember Lo muluple
each slde by 100 ml Lo
lsolaLe Lhe ? C.