Partial Solution Set, Leon 4.3 4.3.

2 Let [u1 , u2 ] and [v1 , v2 ] be ordered bases for R2 , where u1 = (1, 1)T , u2 = (1, 1)T , v1 = (2, 1)T , and v2 = (1, 0)T . Let L be the linear transformation dened by L(x) = (x1 , x2 )T , and let B be the matrix representing L with respect to [u1 , u2 ]. (a) Find the transition matrix S corresponding to the change of basis from [u1 , u2 ] to [v1 , v2 ]. Solution: This part doesnt deal with L yet, rather just the change of basis matrix. The transition matrix in question is the one Ive been calling TU V , i.e., S = V 1 U = 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 = 1 1 1 3 .

(b) Find the matrix A representing L with respect to [v1 , v2 ] by computing A = SBS 1 . Solution: Note that S goes from the [u1 , u2 ] basis to [v1 , v2 ] basis, which is not the way the diagrams are shown in the book.

Now, B is the matrix that corresponds to the [u1 , u2 ] is obtained by 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 B = U 1 L(e1 )L(e2 ) U = 1 = 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 U

Next we nd S 1 = A = SBS 1 =

3 1 . Then it is a simple matter to determine that 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 0 = . 1 3 1 0 2 1 1 4 1 V

1 2

1. Verify that L(v1 ) = a11 v1 + a21 v2 and L(v2 ) = a12 v1 + a22 v2 Solution: Note that L v1 a11 v1 + a21 v2 = 1 Also L v2 =L =L 2 1 = 2 and on the other hand 1

2 1 2 + (4) = , so they match. 1 0 1

1 1 = and on the other hand 0 0 2 1 1 a12 v1 + a22 v2 = 0 + (1) = , so they match. 1 0 0

4.3.3 Let L be the linear transformation on R3 given by L(x) = (2x1 x2 x3 , 2x2 x1 x3 , 2x3 x1 x2 )T , and let A be the matrix representing L with respect to the standard basis for R3 . If u1 = (1, 1, 0)T , u2 = (1, 0, 1)T , and u3 = (0, 1, 1)T , then [u1 , u2 , u3 ] is an ordered basis for R3 . (a) Find the transition matrix U corresponding to the change of basis from [u1 , u2 , u3 ] to the standard basis. (b) Determine the matrix B representing L with respect to [u1 , u2 , u3 ]. Solution: 1 1 0 (a) This is simply U = 1 0 1 . 0 1 1 2

(b) Somewhat surprisingly, B = U 1 AU = A. An interesting sidelight: this means that U A = AU , i.e., we have an instance of a commuting pair of matrices. 4.3.4 Let operator mapping R3 into R3 dened by L(x) = Ax, where A = L be the linear 3 1 2 2 0 2 . Let v1 = (1, 1, 1)T , v2 = (1, 2, 0)T , and v3 = (0, 2, 1)T . Find the 2 1 1 transition matrix V corresponding to a change of basis from [v1 , v2 , v3 ] to the standard basis, and use it to determine the matrix B representing L with respect to [v1 , v2 , v3 ]. 1 1 0 Solution: The transition matrix is V = 1 2 2 . We want 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 = 0 1 0 . B = V 1 AV = 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 4.3.5 Let L be the linear operator on P3 dened by L(p(x)) = xp (x) + p (x). (a) Find the matrix A representing L with respect to [1, x, x2 ]. (b) Find the matrix B representing L with respect to basis B given by [1, x, 1 + x2 ]. (c) Find the matrix S such that B = S 1 AS . (d) Given p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 (1 + x2 ), nd Ln (p(x)). (e) Given p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 (x2 ), nd Ln (p(x)) (this is not in the book, but try it!). Solution: (a) We start by applying L to the basis vectors: L(1) = 0, L(x) = x, and L (x2 ) = 2x2 + 0 0 2 2. The corresponding coordinate vectors become the columns of A = 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 (b) The coordinate vectors for 1 and but the coordinate vector for x are unchanged, 0 0 0 2x2 + 2 is now (0, 0, 2)T , so B = 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 (c) The change of basis matrix has for its columns the vectors in R3 corresponding to each of the vectors in [1, x, 1 + x2 ] since we have to nd the change of basis 2 2 matrix from the arbitrary basis [1, x, 1 + x ] to the standard basis [1, x, x ]: S = 1 0 1 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 3

(d) The coordinate vector of p(x) is (a0 , a1 , a2 )T B with respect to the basis B given by 2 [1, x, 1 + x ]. The nth power of L is given by the nth power of B , which is simple 0 0 0 to compute because of the simple diagonal structure of B ; B n = 0 1 0 . It 0 0 2n n n T follows that the coordinate vector for L (p(x)) is B (a0 , a1 , a2 ) = (0, a1 , 2n a2 ), so Ln (p(x)) = a1 x + 2n a2 (1 + x2 ). (e) There isnt a part (e), but I would like to emphasis how this B = S 1 AS helps: The coordinate vector of p(x) is (a0 , a1 , a2 )T with respect to standard basis. The nth power of L is given by the nth power of A, which is not so simple to computer since A is not diagonal as it was in part (d). However, from B = S 1 AS we can nd A = SBS 1 , so then A2 = (SBS 1 )2 = SBS 1 SBS 1 = SB 2 S 1 . Similarly, A100 = SB 100 S 1 , or generally An = SB n S 1 , for all natural numbers n. Thus 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 An = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 , 0 0 1 0 0 2n 0 0 1 which is easy to computer as a product of three matrices, instead of multiplying A by itself n times. It follows that the coordinate vector for Ln (p(x)) is An (a0 , a1 , a2 )T which is 4.3.8 Suppose that A = S S 1 , where is a diagonal matrix with main diagonal 1 , 2 , . . . , n . (a) Show that Asi = i si for each 1 i n.
n n

(b) Show that if x =

i=1

i si , then A x =
i=1

i k i si .

(c) Suppose that |i | < 1 for each 1 i n. What happens to Ak x as k ? Solution: (a) For any choice of i, 1 i n, we have Asi = = = = = = = 4 S S 1 s i S S 1 si S ei S (ei ) Si ei i S e i i s i .

The reason that S 1 si = ei is because when you multiply S 1 S = I , and so when you multiply the ith column of S by S 1 you get the ith column of I , which is ei .
n

(b) This is easily proven by induction: A x = x =

n i=1

i s i .

Assume that Ak x =
i=1

i k i si for some k N. Then Ak+1 x = AAk x

n

= A
i=1 n

i k i si Ai k i si

=
i=1 n

=
i=1 n

i k i Asi i k i i si
i=1 n +1 i k si , i i=1

= = and the result follows by induction.

(c) Each term in the preceding sum vanishes, since if || < 1 then lim k = 0.
k

4.3.9 Suppose that A = ST , where S is nonsingular. Let B = T S . Show that B is similar to A. Proof: Assume that A is as described, i.e., that A = ST and that S is nonsingular. Then B = T S = (S 1 S )T S = S 1 (ST )S = S 1 AS, so B is similar to A. A second way to present the proof above would be: Proof: Assume that A is as described, i.e., that A = ST and since S is nonsingular T = S 1 A. Then B = T S = (S 1 A)S = S 1 AS, so B is similar to A. Whats the point? Given any square S and T , with at least one of the two nonsingular, we know that its unlikely that ST = T S . But at least ST and T S are similar. And that (as we shall see) means that they have much in common (eigenvalues, for example). 5

4.3.11 Show that if A and B are similar matrices, then det(A) = det(B ). Solution: If A and B are similar, then B = S 1 AS for some nonsingular S . Now use the fact that the determinant of a product is the product of the determinants, along with the commutativity of real multiplication: det B = det(S 1 AS ) = det S 1 det A det S = det S 1 det S det A = det(S 1 S ) det A = det I det A = det A.