Vocabulary 1. Amorphous solid- non-crystalline solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal. 2.

Atmosphere- A unit of pressure equal to the pressure of the air at sea level, about 14.7 pounds per square inch, or 1,013 millibars. atmosphere definition. 3. Barometer- an instrument that measures changes in the air pressure and the weather, or that calculates height above sea level 4. Boiling point- Temperature in which a substance boils. 5. Condensation- small drops of water that are formed when steam or warm air touches a cold surface 6. Crystalline solid- Crystalline solids exhibit cleavage: that is, when you break them, the nature of the break indicates the crystal structure. Thus, grinding a crystal of NaCl. 7. Daltons law of partial pressures- Dalton's law. the law that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases of the mixture. 8. Depositions- In chemistry, deposition refers to the settling of solutes in a solution. This occurs because the weight of the particles or atoms pulls them down towards the bottom of a preexisting surface. Deposition is an aggradational process, meaning it results to a formation of a new phase. 9. Dipole-dipole forces- Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two polar molecules approach each other in space. When this occurs, the partially negative portion of one of the polar molecules is attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar molecule. This type of interaction between molecules accounts for many physically and biologically significant phenomena such as the elevated boiling point of water. 10. Dispersion forces- dispersion force is a weak intermolecular force between two atoms or molecules in close proximity of each other. The force is a quantum force generated by electron repulsion between the electron clouds of two atoms or molecules as they approach each other. 11. Elastic collisions- An encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the encounter. Elastic collisions occur only if there is no net conversion of kinetic energy into other forms. 12. Evaporation- is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase. 13. Freezing point- The temperature in which a substance freezes. 14. Grahams law of effusion- Rate2 is the rate of effusion for the second gas. M1 is the molar mass of gas 1. M2 is the molar mass of gas 2. Graham's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. 15. Hydrogen bond- A hydrogen bond is the electromagnetic attractive interaction between polar molecules, in which hydrogen (H) is bound to a highly electronegative atom, such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F).

16. Kinetic-molecular theory- matter is composed of very small particles called atoms, ions or molecules. All of these small particles are in constant motion, even at the coldest. 17. Melting point- The temperature in which a substance melts or liquefies. 18. Pascal- the SI unit of pressure, equal to one newton per square meter (approximately 0.000145 pounds per square inch, or 9.9 10-6 atmospheres). 19. Phase diagram- a diagram representing the limits of stability of the various phases in a chemical system at equilibrium, with respect to variables such as composition and temperature. 20. Pressure- the continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it. 21. Sublimation- is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. 22. Surface tension- the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area. 23. Surfactant- Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants. 24. Temperature- A measure of the intensity of heat, i.e. the hotness or coldness of a sample, or object. 25. Triple point- In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. 26. Unit cell- The crystal structure of a material (the arrangement of atoms within a given type of crystal) can be described in terms of its unit cell. The unit cell is a small box containing one or more atoms arranged in 3-dimensions. 27. Vaporization- the conversion of a solid or a liquid into a gas. 28. Vapor pressure- Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. 29. Viscosity- Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its molecular makeup results in very little friction when it is in motion.