CHAPTER 13 reaction order -n=0 rate is independent of [ ] -n=1 rate is directly proportional to [ ] -n=2 rate is proportional to the square

of [ ] Summarizing basic kinetic relationships -reaction order and rate law must be determined experimentally -rate law relates the rate of reaction to concentration of reactants -integrated rate law relates the [ ] of reactants to time -half-life is time it takes for [ ] of reactant to fall to one-half of initial value -half life of first order reaction is independent of initial concentration -half lives of zero order and second order reactions depend on initial concentration Summarizing temp and reaction rate: -Ea is # of times that reactants approach activation barrier per unit time -exponential factor is fraction of approaches that are successful in surmounting activation barrier and forming products -exponential factor increases with increasing temp, but decreases with increasing Ea CHAPTER 14 Summarizing the significance of the equilibrium constant: -K<<1 reverse reaction is favored; forward reaction does not proceed very far -K=1 neither direction is favored; forward reaction proceeds about halfway -K>>1 forward reaction is favored; forward reaction proceeds essentially to completion Summarizing direction of change predictions: reaction of quotient (Q) is a measure of progress of a reaction toward equilibrium -Q<K reaction goes right -Q>K reaction goes left -Q=K reaction is at equilibrium Summarizing effect of a concentration change on equilibrium: If a chemical system is at equilibrium: -increasing [ ] of one or more of reactants (Q<K) cause reaction to shift right -increasing [ ] of one or more of products (Q>K) cause reaction to shift left -decreasing [ ] of one or more of reactants (Q>K) cause reaction to shift left -decreasing [ ] of one or more products (Q<K) cause reaction to shift right Summarizing effect of volume change in equilibrium: If a chemical system is at equilibrium: -decreasing volume cause reaction to shift in direction with fewer moles of gas particles -increasing volume causes reaction to shift in direction with greater number of moles of gas particles -if reaction has equal number of moles of gas on both sides of chemical equation, then a change in volume produces no effect on equilibrium -adding inert gas to mixture at a fixed volume has no effect on equilibrium Summarizing effect of temp change on equilibrium In exothermic chemical reaction, heat is produced -increasing temp cause exo reaction to shift left, k decreases -decreasing temp cause exo to shift right, k increases -increasing temp cause endo to shift right, k increases -decreasing temp cause endo to shift left, k decreases